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<span>Clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red supergiant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="نجم أحمر فائق العملقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم أحمر فائق العملقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="লাল অতিদানব তারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাল অতিদানব তারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergegant_roig" title="Supergegant roig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Supergegant roig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хĕрлĕ вышкайсăр гигант – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ вышкайсăр гигант" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_veleobr" title="Červený veleobr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červený veleobr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_superk%C3%A6mpe" title="Rød superkæmpe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rød superkæmpe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_%C3%9Cberriese" title="Roter Überriese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roter Überriese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergigante_roja" title="Supergigante roja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Supergigante roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_supergiganto" title="Ruĝa supergiganto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa supergiganto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supererraldoi_gorri" title="Supererraldoi gorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Supererraldoi gorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="ابرغول سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرغول سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superg%C3%A9ante_rouge" title="Supergéante rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Supergéante rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="적색초거성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적색초거성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="लाल महादानव तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल महादानव तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_raksasa_merah" title="Super raksasa merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Super raksasa merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergigante_rossa" title="Supergigante rossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Supergigante rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="על-ענק אדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="על-ענק אדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="წითელი ზეგიგანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი ზეგიგანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Аса алып қызыл жұлдыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аса алып қызыл жұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_supermil%C5%BEin%C4%97" title="Raudonoji supermilžinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji supermilžinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Црвен суперџин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен суперџин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဆူပါ ဧရာမကြယ်နီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူပါ ဧရာမကြယ်နီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_superreus" title="Rode superreus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode superreus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%89%B2%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="赤色超巨星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤色超巨星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_superkjempe" title="Rød superkjempe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rød superkjempe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_supergigant" title="Qizil supergigant – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil supergigant" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwony_nadolbrzym" title="Czerwony nadolbrzym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwony nadolbrzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergigante_vermelha" title="Supergigante vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Supergigante vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Supergigantă roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Supergigantă roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Красный сверхгигант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красный сверхгигант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red supergiant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_nadobor" title="Červený nadobor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený nadobor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superraksasa_beureum" title="Superraksasa beureum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Superraksasa beureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_ylij%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen" title="Punainen ylijättiläinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen ylijättiläinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6d_superj%C3%A4tte" title="Röd superjätte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röd superjätte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="சிகப்பு பேரரக்கன் (விண்மீன்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிகப்பு பேரரக்கன் (விண்மீன்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_%C3%BCstdev" title="Kırmızı üstdev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırmızı üstdev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Червоний надгігант – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоний надгігант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_si%C3%AAu_kh%E1%BB%95ng_l%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Sao siêu khổng lồ đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao siêu khổng lồ đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅超巨星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅超巨星" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant_star&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">Red supergiant star</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stars with a supergiant luminosity class with a spectral type of K or M</div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR-diag-no-text-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/400px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/600px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/800px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">Spectral type</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/O-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="O-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">O</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/B-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="B-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">B</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/A-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="A-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">A</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/F-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="F-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">F</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/G-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">G</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:268px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/K-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">K</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/M-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="M-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">M</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/L-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="L-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">L</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/T-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="T-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">T</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Brown dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">White dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subdwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Main sequence<br />("dwarfs")</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:262px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subgiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Blue giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Bright giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Supergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:326px; top:76px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red supergiant</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:71.2px"><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hypergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">absolute<br />magni-<br />tude<br />(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> <p><b>Red supergiants</b> (<b>RSGs</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a> luminosity class (<a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Yerkes_spectral_classification" title="Stellar classification">Yerkes class</a> <b>I</b>) and a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">stellar classification</a> K or M.<sup id="cite_ref-LamersCassinelli1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LamersCassinelli1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">largest stars</a> in the universe in terms of <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>, although they are not the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">massive</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">luminous</a>. <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares A</a> are the brightest and best known red supergiants (RSGs), indeed the only first <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> red supergiant stars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stars are classified as supergiants on the basis of their spectral <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity class">luminosity class</a>. This system uses certain diagnostic spectral lines to estimate the <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> of a star, hence determining its size relative to its mass. Larger stars are more luminous at a given temperature and can now be grouped into bands of differing luminosity.<sup id="cite_ref-geisler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geisler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The luminosity differences between stars are most apparent at low temperatures, where giant stars are much brighter than main-sequence stars. Supergiants have the lowest surface gravities and hence are the largest and brightest at a particular temperature. </p><p>The <i>Yerkes</i> or <i>Morgan-Keenan</i> (MK) classification system<sup id="cite_ref-mk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is almost universal. It groups stars into five main luminosity groups designated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">roman numerals</a>: </p> <ul><li>I <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a>;</li> <li>II <a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">bright giant</a>;</li> <li>III <a href="/wiki/Giant_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (star)">giant</a>;</li> <li>IV <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a>;</li> <li>V <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (star)">dwarf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>).</li></ul> <p>Specific to supergiants, the luminosity class is further divided into normal supergiants of class Ib and brightest supergiants of class Ia. The intermediate class Iab is also used. Exceptionally bright, low surface gravity, stars with strong indications of mass loss may be designated by luminosity class 0 (zero) although this is rarely seen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often the designation Ia-0 will be used,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more commonly still Ia<sup>+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">hypergiant</a> spectral classifications are very rarely applied to red supergiants, although the term red hypergiant is sometimes used for the most extended and unstable red supergiants like <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/NML_Cygni" title="NML Cygni">NML Cygni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "red" part of "red supergiant" refers to the cool temperature. Red supergiants are the coolest supergiants, M-type, and at least some K-type stars although there is no precise cutoff. K-type supergiants are uncommon compared to M-type because they are a short-lived transition stage and somewhat unstable. The K-type stars, especially early or hotter K types, are sometimes described as orange supergiants (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Cephei" title="Zeta Cephei">Zeta Cephei</a>), or even as yellow (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow hypergiant</a> <a href="/wiki/HR_5171" title="HR 5171">HR 5171</a> Aa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <caption>Temperature scale for red supergiants<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral<br />type</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Temperature</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>K1–1.5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFD2A5">4,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K2–3</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFD0A1">4,015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K5–M0</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFCC98">3,840 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M0</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFCB96">3,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFCA93">3,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1.5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC992">3,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M2</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC78F">3,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M2.5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC68D">3,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M3</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC68C">3,605 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M3.5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC489">3,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M4–4.5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC488">3,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M5</td> <td style="text-align: right; background-color:#FFC283">3,450 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Red supergiants are cool and large. They have spectral types of K and M, hence surface temperatures below 4,100 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically several hundred to over a thousand times the radius of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although size is not the primary factor in a star being designated as a supergiant. A bright cool giant star can easily be larger than a hotter supergiant. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Herculis" title="Alpha Herculis">Alpha Herculis</a> is classified as a giant star with a radius of between 264 to 303 <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub> while <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Pegasi" title="Epsilon Pegasi">Epsilon Pegasi</a> is a K2 supergiant of only 185 <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub>. </p><p>Although red supergiants are much cooler than the Sun, they are so much larger that they are highly luminous, typically tens or hundreds of thousands <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a theoretical upper limit to the radius of a red supergiant at around 1,500 <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_limit" title="Hayashi limit">Hayashi limit</a>, stars above this radius would be too unstable and simply do not form. </p><p>Red supergiants have masses between about 10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> and 30 or 40 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main-sequence stars more massive than about 40 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> do not expand and cool to become red supergiants. Red supergiants at the upper end of the possible mass and luminosity range are the largest known. Their low surface gravities and high luminosities cause extreme mass loss, millions of times higher than the Sun, producing observable nebulae surrounding the star.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of their lives red supergiants may have lost a substantial fraction of their initial mass. The more massive supergiants lose mass much more rapidly and all red supergiants appear to reach a similar mass of the order of 10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> by the time their cores collapse. The exact value depends on the initial chemical makeup of the star and its rotation rate.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most red supergiants show some degree of visual <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variability</a>, but only rarely with a well-defined period or amplitude. Therefore, they are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Irregular_variable" title="Irregular variable">irregular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variable_star" title="Semiregular variable star">semiregular</a> variables. They even have their own sub-classes, SRC and LC for slow semi-regular and <a href="/wiki/Slow_irregular_variable" title="Slow irregular variable">slow irregular</a> supergiant variables respectively. Variations are typically slow and of small amplitude, but amplitudes up to four magnitudes are known.<sup id="cite_ref-kiss_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiss-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistical analysis of many known variable red supergiants shows a number of likely causes for variation: just a few stars show large amplitudes and strong noise indicating variability at many frequencies, thought to indicate powerful <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a> that occur towards the end of the life of a red supergiant; more common are simultaneous radial mode variations over a few hundred days and probably non-radial mode variations over a few thousand days; only a few stars appear to be truly irregular, with small amplitudes, likely due to <a href="/wiki/Solar_granule" title="Solar granule">photospheric granulation</a>. Red supergiant photospheres contain a relatively small number of very large convection cells compared to stars like the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. This causes variations in surface brightness that can lead to visible <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">brightness variations</a> as the star rotates.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzschild_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spectra of red supergiants are similar to other cool stars, dominated by a forest of absorption lines of metals and molecular bands. Some of these features are used to determine the luminosity class, for example certain near-infrared <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> band strengths and the <a href="/wiki/Ca_II_triplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ca II triplet">Ca II triplet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-white_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_maser" title="Astrophysical maser">Maser</a> emission is common from the circumstellar material around red supergiants. Most commonly this arises from H<sub>2</sub>O and SiO, but hydroxyl (OH) emission also occurs from narrow regions.<sup id="cite_ref-masers_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masers-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to high resolution mapping of the circumstellar material around red supergiants,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VLBI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLBI">VLBI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">VLBA</a> observations of masers can be used to derive accurate parallaxes and distances to their sources.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently this has been applied mainly to individual objects, but it may become useful for analysis of galactic structure and discovery of otherwise obscured red supergiant stars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surface abundances of red supergiants are dominated by hydrogen even though hydrogen at the core has been completely consumed. In the latest stages of mass loss, before a star explodes, surface helium may become enriched to levels comparable with hydrogen. In theoretical extreme mass loss models, sufficient hydrogen may be lost that helium becomes the most abundant element at the surface. When pre-red supergiant stars leave the main sequence, oxygen is more abundant than carbon at the surface, and nitrogen is less abundant than either, reflecting abundances from the formation of the star. Carbon and oxygen are quickly depleted and nitrogen enhanced as a result of the dredge-up of CNO-processed material from the fusion layers.<sup id="cite_ref-georgy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red supergiants are observed to rotate slowly or very slowly. Models indicate that even rapidly rotating main-sequence stars should be braked by their mass loss so that red supergiants hardly rotate at all. Those red supergiants such as <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> that do have modest rates of rotation may have acquired it after reaching the red supergiant stage, perhaps through binary interaction. The cores of red supergiants are still rotating and the differential rotation rate can be very large.<sup id="cite_ref-meynet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meynet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_(HST).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg/220px-Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg/330px-Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg/440px-Betelgeuse_pulsating_UV_%28HST%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Betelgeuse pulsating and showing spectral line profile changes (HST UV images)</figcaption></figure> <p>Supergiant luminosity classes are easy to determine and apply to large numbers of stars, but they group several very different types of stars into a single category. An evolutionary definition restricts the term supergiant to those massive stars which start core helium fusion without developing a degenerate helium core and without undergoing a helium flash. They will universally go on to burn heavier elements and undergo core-collapse resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less massive stars may develop a supergiant spectral luminosity class at relatively low luminosity, around 1,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> when they are on the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a> (AGB) undergoing helium shell burning. Researchers now prefer to categorize these as AGB stars distinct from supergiants because they are less massive, have different chemical compositions at the surface, undergo different types of pulsation and variability, and will evolve differently, usually producing a planetary nebula and white dwarf.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most AGB stars will not become supernovae although there is interest in a class of <i><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-AGB stars">super-AGB stars</a></i>, those almost massive enough to undergo full carbon fusion, which may produce peculiar supernovae although without ever developing an iron core.<sup id="cite_ref-sagb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable group of low mass high luminosity stars are the <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri variables</a>, AGB or post-AGB stars lying on the <a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">instability strip</a> and showing distinctive semi-regular variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg/220px-PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg/330px-PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg/440px-PESSTO_Snaps_Supernova_in_Messier_74.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>A red supergiant ends its life as a type II supernova (bottom left) in a spiral arm of <a href="/wiki/Messier_74" title="Messier 74">M74</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Red supergiants develop from main-sequence stars with masses between about 8 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> and 30 or 40 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher-mass stars never cool sufficiently to become red supergiants. Lower-mass stars develop a degenerate helium core during a red giant phase, undergo a helium flash before fusing helium on the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a>, evolve along the AGB while burning helium in a shell around a degenerate carbon-oxygen core, then rapidly lose their outer layers to become a white dwarf with a planetary nebula.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AGB stars may develop spectra with a supergiant luminosity class as they expand to extreme dimensions relative to their small mass, and they may reach luminosities tens of thousands times the sun's. Intermediate "super-AGB" stars, around 9 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>, can undergo <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> fusion and may produce an electron capture supernova through the collapse of an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> core.<sup id="cite_ref-sagb_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Main-sequence stars, burning hydrogen in their cores, with masses between 10 and 30 or 40 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> will have temperatures between about 25,000K and 32,000K and spectral types of early B, possibly very late O. They are already very luminous stars of 10,000–100,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> due to rapid <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> fusion of hydrogen and they have fully convective cores. In contrast to the Sun, the outer layers of these hot main-sequence stars are not convective.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These pre-red supergiant main-sequence stars exhaust the hydrogen in their cores after 5–20 million years. They then start to burn a shell of hydrogen around the now-predominantly helium core, and this causes them to expand and cool into supergiants. Their luminosity increases by a factor of about three. The surface abundance of helium is now up to 40% but there is little enrichment of heavier elements.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supergiants continue to cool and most will rapidly pass through the <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_instability_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepheid instability strip">Cepheid instability strip</a>, although the most massive will spend a brief period as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow hypergiants</a>. They will reach late K or M class and become a red supergiant. Helium fusion in the core begins smoothly either while the star is expanding or once it is already a red supergiant, but this produces little immediate change at the surface. Red supergiants develop deep convection zones reaching from the surface over halfway to the core and these cause strong enrichment of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> at the surface, with some enrichment of heavier elements.<sup id="cite_ref-heger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some red supergiants undergo <a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">blue loops</a> where they temporarily increase in temperature before returning to the red supergiant state. This depends on the mass, rate of rotation, and chemical makeup of the star. While many red supergiants will not experience a blue loop, some can have several. Temperatures can reach 10,000K at the peak of the blue loop. The exact reasons for blue loops vary in different stars, but they are always related to the helium core increasing as a proportion of the mass of the star and forcing higher mass-loss rates from the outer layers.<sup id="cite_ref-meynet_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meynet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All red supergiants will exhaust the helium in their cores within one or two million years and then start to burn carbon. This continues with fusion of heavier elements until an iron core builds up, which then inevitably collapses to produce a supernova. The time from the onset of carbon fusion until the core collapse is no more than a few thousand years. In most cases, core-collapse occurs while the star is still a red supergiant, the large remaining hydrogen-rich atmosphere is ejected, and this produces a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">type II supernova</a> spectrum. The <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a> of this ejected hydrogen decreases as it cools and this causes an extended delay to the drop in brightness after the initial supernova peak, the characteristic of a Type II-P supernova.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heger_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most luminous red supergiants, at near solar <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>, are expected to lose most of their outer layers before their cores collapse, hence they evolve back to yellow hypergiants and luminous blue variables. Such stars can explode as type II-L supernovae, still with hydrogen in their spectra but not with sufficient hydrogen to cause an extended brightness plateau in their light curves. Stars with even less hydrogen remaining may produce the uncommon type IIb supernova, where there is so little hydrogen remaining that the hydrogen lines in the initial type II spectrum fade to the appearance of a Type Ib supernova.<sup id="cite_ref-woosley_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woosley-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observed progenitors of type II-P supernovae all have temperatures between 3,500K and 4,400K and luminosities between 10,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> and 300,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>. This matches the expected parameters of lower mass red supergiants. A small number of progenitors of type II-L and type IIb supernovae have been observed, all having luminosities around 100,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> and somewhat higher temperatures up to 6,000K. These are a good match for slightly higher mass red supergiants with high mass-loss rates. There are no known supernova progenitors corresponding to the most luminous red supergiants, and it is expected that these evolve to <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Rayet_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Rayet stars">Wolf Rayet stars</a> before exploding.<sup id="cite_ref-meynet_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meynet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clusters">Clusters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ssc2006-03a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ssc2006-03a.jpg/220px-Ssc2006-03a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ssc2006-03a.jpg/330px-Ssc2006-03a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ssc2006-03a.jpg/440px-Ssc2006-03a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RSGC1" title="RSGC1">RSGC1</a>, the first of several massive clusters found to contain multiple red supergiants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Red supergiants are necessarily no more than about 25 million years old and such massive stars are expected to form only in relatively large <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">clusters of stars</a>, so they are expected to be found mostly near prominent clusters. However they are fairly short-lived compared to other phases in the life of a star and only form from relatively uncommon massive stars, so there will generally only be small numbers of red supergiants in each cluster at any one time. The massive <a href="/wiki/Hodge_301" title="Hodge 301">Hodge 301</a> cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Tarantula_Nebula" title="Tarantula Nebula">Tarantula Nebula</a> contains three.<sup id="cite_ref-slesnick_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slesnick-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 21st century the largest number of red supergiants known in a single cluster was five in <a href="/wiki/NGC_7419" title="NGC 7419">NGC 7419</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caron_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caron-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most red supergiants are found singly, for example <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orion_OB1" title="Orion OB1">Orion OB1</a> association and <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scorpius%E2%80%93Centaurus_association" title="Scorpius–Centaurus association">Scorpius–Centaurus association</a>. </p><p>Since 2006, a series of massive clusters have been identified near the base of the <a href="/wiki/Crux-Scutum_Arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Crux-Scutum Arm">Crux-Scutum Arm</a> of the galaxy, each containing multiple red supergiants. <a href="/wiki/RSGC1" title="RSGC1">RSGC1</a> contains at least 12 red supergiants, RSGC2 (also known as <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_2" title="Stephenson 2">Stephenson 2</a>) contains at least 26, <a href="/wiki/RSGC3" title="RSGC3">RSGC3</a> contains at least 8, and RSGC4 (also known as <a href="/wiki/Alicante_8" title="Alicante 8">Alicante 8</a>) also contains at least 8. A total of 80 confirmed red supergiants have been identified within a small area of the sky in the direction of these clusters. These four clusters appear to be part of a massive burst of star formation 10–20 million years ago at the near end of the bar at the centre of the galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar massive clusters have been found near the far end of the galactic bar, but not such large numbers of red supergiants.<sup id="cite_ref-davies_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg/180px-Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg/270px-Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg/360px-Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> region showing the red supergiant <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red supergiants are rare stars, but they are visible at great distance and are often variable so there are a number of well-known naked-eye examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Pegasi" title="Epsilon Pegasi">Epsilon Pegasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Cephei" title="Zeta Cephei">Zeta Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Velorum" title="Lambda Velorum">Lambda Velorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Persei" title="Eta Persei">Eta Persei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_Cygni" title="31 Cygni">31</a> and <a href="/wiki/32_Cygni" title="32 Cygni">32 Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi1_Aurigae" title="Psi1 Aurigae">Psi<sup>1</sup> Aurigae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/119_Tauri" title="119 Tauri">119 Tauri</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mira" title="Mira">Mira</a> was historically thought to be a red supergiant star, but is now widely accepted to be an asymptotic giant branch star.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some red supergiants are larger and more luminous, with radii exceeding over a thousand times that of the Sun. These are hence also referred to as red <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">hypergiants</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">Mu Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VV_Cephei_A" class="mw-redirect" title="VV Cephei A">VV Cephei A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NML_Cygni" title="NML Cygni">NML Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Persei" title="S Persei">S Persei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UY_Scuti" title="UY Scuti">UY Scuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerlund_1-26" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerlund 1-26">Westerlund 1 W26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOH_G64" title="WOH G64">WOH G64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KY_Cygni" title="KY Cygni">KY Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BI_Cygni" title="BI Cygni">BI Cygni</a></li></ul> <p>A survey expected to capture virtually all Magellanic Cloud red supergiants<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detected around a dozen M class stars M<sub>v</sub>−7 and brighter, around a quarter of a million times more luminous than the Sun, and from about 1,000 times the radius of the Sun upwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">List of supernovae</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LamersCassinelli1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LamersCassinelli1999_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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"Red supergiants around the obscured open cluster Stephenson 2". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>547</b>: A15. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.3282">1208.3282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...547A..15N">2012A&A...547A..15N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219540">10.1051/0004-6361/201219540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53662263">53662263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Red+supergiants+around+the+obscured+open+cluster+Stephenson+2&rft.volume=547&rft.pages=A15&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.3282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53662263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219540&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012A%26A...547A..15N&rft.aulast=Negueruela&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Marco%2C+A.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+C.&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Esteban%2C+F.&rft.au=Clark%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+M.&rft.au=Solano%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davies-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davies_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesde_la_FuenteNajarroHinton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Ben; de la Fuente, Diego; Najarro, Francisco; Hinton, Jim A.; Trombley, Christine; Figer, Donald F.; Puga, Elena (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.19840.x">"A newly discovered young massive star cluster at the far end of the Galactic Bar"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>419</b> (3): 1860–1870. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.2630">1111.2630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.419.1860D">2012MNRAS.419.1860D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.19840.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19840.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59405479">59405479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=A+newly+discovered+young+massive+star+cluster+at+the+far+end+of+the+Galactic+Bar&rft.volume=419&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1860-1870&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1111.2630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59405479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.19840.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MNRAS.419.1860D&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=de+la+Fuente%2C+Diego&rft.au=Najarro%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Jim+A.&rft.au=Trombley%2C+Christine&rft.au=Figer%2C+Donald+F.&rft.au=Puga%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2966.2011.19840.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Galaxy_v23n06_1965-08"><i>Galaxy v23n06 (1965 08)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxy+v23n06+%281965+08%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGalaxy_v23n06_1965-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesqueMasseyOlsenPlez2006" class="citation journal cs1">Levesque, E. M.; Massey, P.; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, B.; Meynet, G.; Maeder, A. (2006). "The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>645</b> (2): 1102–1117. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603596">astro-ph/0603596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...645.1102L">2006ApJ...645.1102L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F504417">10.1086/504417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5150686">5150686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Effective+Temperatures+and+Physical+Properties+of+Magellanic+Cloud+Red+Supergiants%3A+The+Effects+of+Metallicity&rft.volume=645&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1102-1117&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0603596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5150686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F504417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ApJ...645.1102L&rft.aulast=Levesque&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft.au=Massey%2C+P.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+K.+A.+G.&rft.au=Plez%2C+B.&rft.au=Meynet%2C+G.&rft.au=Maeder%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDordaNegueruelaGonzález-FernándezTabernero2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dorda, Ricardo; Negueruela, Ignacio; González-Fernández, Carlos; Tabernero, Hugo M. (2016). "Spectral type, temperature, and evolutionary stage in cool supergiants". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>592</b>: A16. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.03239">1605.03239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...592A..16D">2016A&A...592A..16D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201528024">10.1051/0004-6361/201528024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56239945">56239945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Spectral+type%2C+temperature%2C+and+evolutionary+stage+in+cool+supergiants&rft.volume=592&rft.pages=A16&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.03239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56239945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201528024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016A%26A...592A..16D&rft.aulast=Dorda&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Negueruela%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Tabernero%2C+Hugo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiavassaKudritzkiDaviesFreytag2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chiavassa, A.; Kudritzki, R.; Davies, B.; Freytag, B.; De Mink, S. E. (2022). "Probing red supergiant dynamics through photo-center displacements measured by <i>Gaia</i>". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>661</b>: L1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.05156">2205.05156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A&A...661L...1C">2022A&A...661L...1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202243568">10.1051/0004-6361/202243568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248316112">248316112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Probing+red+supergiant+dynamics+through+photo-center+displacements+measured+by+Gaia&rft.volume=661&rft.pages=L1&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2205.05156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248316112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202243568&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022A%26A...661L...1C&rft.aulast=Chiavassa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Kudritzki%2C+R.&rft.au=Davies%2C+B.&rft.au=Freytag%2C+B.&rft.au=De+Mink%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+supergiant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_supergiant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/redsup.html">Red Supergiant Stars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supernovae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supernovae" title="Template talk:Supernovae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supernovae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Iax_supernova" title="Type Iax supernova">Type Iax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/180px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/270px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, 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title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Red hypergiant">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Superbubble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1000%2B0216" title="SN 1000+0216">SN 1000+0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1994D" title="SN 1994D">SN 1994D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2003fg" title="SN 2003fg">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2007bi" title="SN 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2011fe" title="SN 2011fe">SN 2011fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2006gy" title="SN 2006gy">SN 2006gy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2022jli" title="SN 2022jli">SN 2022jli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_H0pe" title="SN H0pe">SN H0pe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">ASAS-SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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