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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectral_luminosity_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_luminosity_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spectral luminosity class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_luminosity_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_supergiants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_supergiants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Evolutionary supergiants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_supergiants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorisation_of_evolved_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorisation_of_evolved_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Categorisation of evolved stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorisation_of_evolved_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_gravity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_gravity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Surface gravity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_gravity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luminosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luminosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Luminosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luminosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Variability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_abundances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_abundances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chemical abundances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_abundances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernova_progenitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernova_progenitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supernova progenitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernova_progenitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well_known_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well_known_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Well known examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Well_known_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supergiant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superreus" title="Superreus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Superreus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="نجم فائق العملقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم فائق العملقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superxigante" title="Superxigante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Superxigante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0fratn%C9%99h%C9%99ng_ulduzlar" title="İfratnəhəng ulduzlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İfratnəhəng ulduzlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Свръхгигант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свръхгигант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_supergegant" title="Estrella supergegant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrella supergegant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Вышкайсăр гигант – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вышкайсăр гигант" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleobr" title="Veleobr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veleobr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clihiid" title="Ülihiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülihiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Υπεργίγαντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπεργίγαντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergigante" title="Supergigante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Supergigante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergiganto" title="Supergiganto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supergiganto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supererraldoi" title="Supererraldoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Supererraldoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84" title="ابرغول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرغول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_superg%C3%A9ante" title="Étoile supergéante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile supergéante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollfhathach" title="Ollfhathach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollfhathach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="초거성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초거성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="महादानव तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महादानव तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdiv" title="Superdiv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Superdiv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_raksasa" title="Super raksasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Super raksasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_supergigante" title="Stella supergigante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella supergigante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="על-ענק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="על-ענק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rmilzu_zvaigzne" title="Pārmilzu zvaigzne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārmilzu zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouden_Iwwerris" title="Rouden Iwwerris – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rouden Iwwerris" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermil%C5%BEin%C4%97" title="Supermilžinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Supermilžinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Суперџин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суперџин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അതിഭീമ നക്ഷത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിഭീമ നക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergergasi" title="Supergergasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Supergergasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဆူပါ ဧရာမကြယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူပါ ဧရာမကြယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superreus" title="Superreus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superreus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超巨星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkjempe" title="Superkjempe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Superkjempe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkjempe" title="Superkjempe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Superkjempe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBta_gigantlar" title="Oʻta gigantlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻta gigantlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadolbrzym" title="Nadolbrzym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadolbrzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_supergigante" title="Estrela supergigante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela supergigante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea_supergigant%C4%83" title="Stea supergigantă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea supergigantă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Сверхгигант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сверхгигант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supergiant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadobor" title="Nadobor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nadobor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadorjakinja" title="Nadorjakinja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadorjakinja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Супергигантске звезде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Супергигантске звезде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylij%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen" title="Ylijättiläinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylijättiläinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superj%C3%A4tte" title="Superjätte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Superjätte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="பேரரக்கன் (விண்மீன்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேரரக்கன் (விண்மீன்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Үтә зур йолдыз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үтә зур йолдыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ดาวยักษ์ใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวยักษ์ใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cstdev" title="Üstdev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üstdev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant_star&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant star</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of star that is massive and luminous</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Supergiant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supergiant (disambiguation)">Supergiant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR-diag-no-text-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/400px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/600px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/800px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">Spectral type</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/O-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="O-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">O</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/B-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="B-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">B</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/A-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="A-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">A</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/F-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="F-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">F</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/G-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">G</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:268px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/K-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">K</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/M-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="M-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">M</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/L-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="L-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">L</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/T-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="T-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">T</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Brown dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">White dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subdwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Main sequence<br />("dwarfs")</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:262px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subgiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Blue giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Bright giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Supergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:326px; top:76px"><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red supergiant</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:71.2px"><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hypergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">absolute<br />magni-<br />tude<br />(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> <p><b>Supergiants</b> are among the most massive and most luminous <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. <b>Supergiant stars</b> occupy the top region of the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> with <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute visual magnitudes</a> between about −3 and −8. The temperature range of supergiant stars spans from about 3,400 K to over 20,000 K. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title supergiant, as applied to a star, does not have a single concrete definition. The term <i>giant star</i> was first coined by <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung,_Ejnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertzsprung, Ejnar">Hertzsprung</a> when it became apparent that the majority of stars fell into two distinct regions of the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a>. One region contained larger and more luminous stars of spectral types A to M and received the name <i>giant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-russel14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russel14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, as they lacked any measurable parallax, it became apparent that some of these stars were significantly larger and more luminous than the bulk, and the term <i>super-giant</i> arose, quickly adopted as <i>supergiant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supergiants with spectral classes of O to A are typically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supergiants with spectral classes F and G are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiants" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiants">yellow supergiants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those of spectral classes K to M are <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiants" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiants">red supergiants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another convention uses temperature: supergiants with effective temperatures below 4800 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> are deemed red supergiants; those with temperatures between 4800 and 7500 K are yellow supergiants, and those with temperatures exceeding 7500 K are blue supergiants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These correspond approximately to spectral types M and K for red supergiants, G, F, and late A for yellow supergiants, and early A, B, and O for blue supergiants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_luminosity_class">Spectral luminosity class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spectral luminosity class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg/220px-A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg/330px-A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg/440px-A_Snapshot_of_the_Jewel_Box_cluster_with_the_ESO_VLT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>The four brightest stars in <a href="/wiki/NGC_4755" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 4755">NGC 4755</a> are <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue supergiant stars</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/DU_Crucis" title="DU Crucis">red supergiant star</a> at the centre. (ESO VLT)</figcaption></figure> <p>Supergiant stars can be identified on the basis of their spectra, with distinctive lines sensitive to high luminosity and low <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Maury" title="Antonia Maury">Antonia C. Maury</a> had divided stars based on the widths of their spectral lines, with her class "c" identifying stars with the narrowest lines. Although it was not known at the time, these were the most luminous stars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, Morgan and Keenan formalised the definition of spectral luminosity classes, with class I referring to supergiant stars.<sup id="cite_ref-mk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same system of MK <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity class">luminosity classes</a> is still used today, with refinements based on the increased resolution of modern spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-grayI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supergiants occur in every spectral class from young blue <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">class O</a> supergiants to highly evolved red <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">class M</a> supergiants. Because they are enlarged compared to main-sequence and giant stars of the same spectral type, they have lower surface gravities, and changes can be observed in their line profiles. Supergiants are also evolved stars with higher levels of heavy elements than main-sequence stars. This is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Yerkes_spectral_classification" title="Stellar classification">MK luminosity system</a> which assigns stars to luminosity classes purely from observing their spectra. </p><p>In addition to the line changes due to low surface gravity and fusion products, the most luminous stars have high mass-loss rates and resulting clouds of expelled circumstellar materials which can produce <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/P_Cygni_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="P Cygni profile">P Cygni profiles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidden line">forbidden lines</a>. The MK system assigns stars to luminosity classes: <b>Ib</b> for supergiants; <b>Ia</b> for luminous supergiants; and <b>0</b> (zero) or <b>Ia<sup>+</sup></b> for hypergiants. In reality there is much more of a continuum than well defined bands for these classifications, and classifications such as <b>Iab</b> are used for intermediate luminosity supergiants. Supergiant spectra are frequently annotated to indicate <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Spectral_peculiarities" title="Stellar classification">spectral peculiarities</a>, for example B2 Iae or <a href="/wiki/W_Mensae" title="W Mensae">F5 Ipec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_supergiants">Evolutionary supergiants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolutionary supergiants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supergiants can also be defined as a specific phase in the evolutionary history of certain stars. Stars with initial masses above 8-10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> quickly and smoothly initiate helium core fusion after they have exhausted their hydrogen, and continue fusing heavier elements after helium exhaustion until they develop an iron core, at which point the core collapses to produce a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II supernova</a>. Once these massive stars leave the main sequence, their atmospheres inflate, and they are described as supergiants. Stars initially under 10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> will never form an iron core and in evolutionary terms do not become supergiants, although they can reach luminosities thousands of times the sun's. They cannot fuse carbon and heavier elements after the helium is exhausted, so they eventually just lose their outer layers, leaving the core of a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>. The phase where these stars have both hydrogen and helium burning shells is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a> (AGB), as stars gradually become more and more luminous class M stars. Stars of 8-10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> may fuse sufficient carbon on the AGB to produce an oxygen-neon core and an <a href="/wiki/Supernova#Core_collapse" title="Supernova">electron-capture supernova</a>, but astrophysicists categorise these as super-AGB stars rather than supergiants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categorisation_of_evolved_stars">Categorisation of evolved stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Categorisation of evolved stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several categories of evolved stars that are not supergiants in evolutionary terms but may show supergiant spectral features or have luminosities comparable to supergiants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic-giant-branch</a> (AGB) and <a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB stars</a> are highly evolved lower-mass red giants with luminosities that can be comparable to more massive red supergiants, but because of their low mass, being in a different stage of development (helium shell burning), and their lives ending in a different way (<a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> rather than supernova), astrophysicists prefer to keep them separate. The dividing line becomes blurred at around 7–10 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> (or as high as 12 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> in some models<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) where stars start to undergo limited fusion of elements heavier than helium. Specialists studying these stars often refer to them as super AGB stars, since they have many properties in common with AGB such as thermal pulsing. Others describe them as low-mass supergiants since they start to burn elements heavier than helium and can explode as supernovae.<sup id="cite_ref-super_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-super-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many post-AGB stars receive spectral types with supergiant luminosity classes. For example, <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri" title="RV Tauri">RV Tauri</a> has an Ia (<a href="/wiki/Bright_supergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright supergiant">bright supergiant</a>) luminosity class despite being less massive than the sun. Some AGB stars also receive a supergiant luminosity class, most notably <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis variables</a> such as W Virginis itself, stars that are executing a <a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">blue loop</a> triggered by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal pulse">thermal pulsing</a>. A very small number of <a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira variables</a> and other late AGB stars have supergiant luminosity classes, for example <a href="/wiki/%CE%91_Herculis" class="mw-redirect" title="Α Herculis">α Herculis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Cepheid variables">Classical Cepheid variables</a> typically have supergiant luminosity classes, although only the most luminous and massive will actually go on to develop an iron core. The majority of them are intermediate mass stars fusing helium in their cores and will eventually transition to the asymptotic giant branch. <a href="/wiki/%CE%94_Cephei" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ Cephei">δ Cephei</a> itself is an example with a luminosity of 2,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> and a mass of 4.5 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf–Rayet stars">Wolf–Rayet stars</a> are also high-mass luminous evolved stars, hotter than most supergiants and smaller, visually less bright but often more luminous because of their high temperatures. They have spectra dominated by helium and other heavier elements, usually showing little or no hydrogen, which is a clue to their nature as stars even more evolved than supergiants. Just as the AGB stars occur in almost the same region of the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">HR diagram</a> as red supergiants, Wolf–Rayet stars can occur in the same region of the HR diagram as the hottest blue supergiants and main-sequence stars. </p><p>The most massive and luminous main-sequence stars are almost indistinguishable from the supergiants they quickly evolve into. They have almost identical temperatures and very similar luminosities, and only the most detailed analyses can distinguish the spectral features that show they have evolved away from the narrow early <a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O-type main-sequence</a> to the nearby area of early O-type supergiants. Such early O-type supergiants share many features with WNLh Wolf–Rayet stars and are sometimes designated as <a href="/wiki/Spectral_type#The_.22Slash.22_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral type">slash stars</a>, intermediates between the two types. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variables</a> (LBVs) stars occur in the same region of the HR diagram as blue supergiants but are generally classified separately. They are evolved, expanded, massive, and luminous stars, often hypergiants, but they have very specific spectral variability, which defies the assignment of a standard spectral type. LBVs observed only at a particular time or over a period of time when they are stable, may simply be designated as hot supergiants or as candidate LBVs due to their luminosity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiants</a> are frequently treated as a different category of star from supergiants, although in all important respects they are just a more luminous category of supergiant. They are evolved, expanded, massive and luminous stars like supergiants, but at the most massive and luminous extreme, and with particular additional properties of undergoing high mass-loss due to their extreme luminosities and instability. Generally only the more evolved supergiants show hypergiant properties, since their instability increases after high mass-loss and some increase in luminosity. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e] stars</a> are supergiants although other B[e] stars are clearly not. Some researchers distinguish the B[e] objects as separate from supergiants, while researchers prefer to define massive evolved B[e] stars as a subgroup of supergiants. The latter has become more common with the understanding that the B[e] phenomenon arises separately in a number of distinct types of stars, including some that are clearly just a phase in the life of supergiants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg/220px-ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg/330px-ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg/440px-ESO-Betelgeuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>The disc and atmosphere of Betelgeuse (ESO)</figcaption></figure> <p>Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>) upwards, and <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosities</a> from about 1,000 to over a million times the Sun (<var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>). They vary greatly in <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a>, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">solar radii</a> (<var>R</var><sub>☉</sub>). They are massive enough to begin helium-core burning gently before the core becomes degenerate, without a flash and without the strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience. They go on to successively ignite heavier elements, usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high masses, they are destined to explode as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law" title="Stefan–Boltzmann law">Stefan–Boltzmann law</a> dictates that the relatively cool surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiants</a> radiate much less energy per unit area than those of <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiants</a>; thus, for a given luminosity, red supergiants are larger than their blue counterparts. Radiation pressure limits the largest cool supergiants to around 1,500 <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub> and the most massive hot supergiants to around a million <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Bolometric_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">M<sub>bol</sub></a> around −10).<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stars near and occasionally beyond these limits become unstable, pulsate, and experience rapid mass loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_gravity">Surface gravity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surface gravity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supergiant luminosity class is assigned on the basis of spectral features that are largely a measure of surface gravity, although such stars are also affected by other properties such as <a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">microturbulence</a>. Supergiants typically have surface gravities of around log(g) 2.0 cgs and lower, although bright giants (luminosity class II) have statistically very similar surface gravities to normal Ib supergiants.<sup id="cite_ref-grayII_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayII-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cool luminous supergiants have lower surface gravities, with the most luminous (and unstable) stars having log(g) around zero.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hotter supergiants, even the most luminous, have surface gravities around one, due to their higher masses and smaller radii.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are supergiant stars at all of the main spectral classes and across the whole range of temperatures from mid-M class stars at around 3,400 K to the hottest O class stars over 40,000 K. Supergiants are generally not found cooler than mid-M class. This is expected theoretically since they would be catastrophically unstable; however, there are potential exceptions among extreme stars such as <a href="/wiki/VX_Sagittarii" title="VX Sagittarii">VX Sagittarii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levesque_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levesque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although supergiants exist in every class from O to M, the majority are spectral type B (blue supergiants), more than at all other spectral classes combined. A much smaller grouping consists of very low-luminosity G-type supergiants, intermediate mass stars burning helium in their cores before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a>. A distinct grouping is made up of high-luminosity supergiants at early B (B0-2) and very late O (O9.5), more common even than main sequence stars of those spectral types.<sup id="cite_ref-sowell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of post-main sequence blue supergiants is greater than those expected from theoretical models, leading to the "blue supergiant problem".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative numbers of blue, yellow, and red supergiants is an indicator of the speed of stellar evolution and is used as a powerful test of models of the evolution of massive stars.<sup id="cite_ref-massey_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luminosity">Luminosity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luminosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supergiants lie more or less on a horizontal band occupying the entire upper portion of the HR diagram, but there are some variations at different spectral types. These variations are due partly to different methods for assigning luminosity classes at different spectral types, and partly to actual physical differences in the stars. </p><p>The bolometric luminosity of a star reflects its total output of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths. For very hot and very cool stars, the bolometric luminosity is dramatically higher than the visual luminosity, sometimes several magnitudes or a factor of five or more. This <a href="/wiki/Bolometric_correction" title="Bolometric correction">bolometric correction</a> is approximately one magnitude for mid B, late K, and early M stars, increasing to three magnitudes (a factor of 15) for O and mid M stars. </p><p>All supergiants are larger and more luminous than main sequence stars of the same temperature. This means that hot supergiants lie on a relatively narrow band above bright main sequence stars. A B0 main sequence star has an absolute magnitude of about −5, meaning that all B0 supergiants are significantly brighter than absolute magnitude −5. Bolometric luminosities for even the faintest blue supergiants are tens of thousands of times the sun (<var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>). The brightest can be over a million <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> and are often unstable such as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cygni_variable" title="Alpha Cygni variable">α Cygni variables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">luminous blue variables</a>. </p><p>The very hottest supergiants with early O spectral types occur in an extremely narrow range of luminosities above the highly luminous early O main sequence and giant stars. They are not classified separately into normal (Ib) and luminous (Ia) supergiants, although they commonly have other spectral type modifiers such as "f" for nitrogen and helium emission (e.g. O2 If for <a href="/wiki/HD_93129A" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 93129A">HD 93129A</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sota_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sota-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow supergiants</a> can be considerably fainter than absolute magnitude −5, with some examples around −2 (e.g. <a href="/wiki/14_Persei" title="14 Persei">14 Persei</a>). With bolometric corrections around zero, they may only be a few hundred times the luminosity of the sun. These are not massive stars, though; instead, they are stars of intermediate mass that have particularly low surface gravities, often due to instability such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Cepheid</a> pulsations. These intermediate mass stars' being classified as supergiants during a relatively long-lasting phase of their evolution account for the large number of low luminosity yellow supergiants. The most luminous yellow stars, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow hypergiants</a>, are amongst the visually brightest stars, with absolute magnitudes around −9, although still less than a million <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>. </p><p>There is a strong upper limit to the luminosity of <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiants</a> at around half a million <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>. Stars that would be brighter than this shed their outer layers so rapidly that they remain hot supergiants after they leave the main sequence. The majority of red supergiants were 10-15 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> main sequence stars and now have luminosities below 100,000 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>, and there are very few bright supergiant (Ia) M class stars.<sup id="cite_ref-sowell_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The least luminous stars classified as red supergiants are some of the brightest AGB and post-AGB stars, highly expanded and unstable low mass stars such as the <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri variables</a>. The majority of AGB stars are given giant or bright giant luminosity classes, but particularly unstable stars such as <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis variables</a> may be given a supergiant classification (e.g. <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis" title="W Virginis">W Virginis</a> itself). The faintest red supergiants are around absolute magnitude −3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variability">Variability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg/220px-Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg/330px-Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg/440px-Heic1323a_-1243686232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="3910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RS_Puppis" title="RS Puppis">RS Puppis</a> is a supergiant and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical Cepheid variable</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While most supergiants such as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cygni_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Cygni variables">Alpha Cygni variables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiregular variables">semiregular variables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irregular_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular variables">irregular variables</a> show some degree of photometric variability, certain types of variables amongst the supergiants are well defined. The <a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">instability strip</a> crosses the region of supergiants, and specifically many yellow supergiants are <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Cepheid variables">Classical Cepheid variables</a>. The same region of instability extends to include the even more luminous <a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow hypergiants</a>, an extremely rare and short-lived class of luminous supergiant. Many <a href="/wiki/R_Coronae_Borealis_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="R Coronae Borealis variables">R Coronae Borealis variables</a>, although not all, are <a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">yellow supergiants</a>, but this variability is due to their unusual chemical composition rather than a physical instability. </p><p>Further types of variable stars such as <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="RV Tauri variables">RV Tauri variables</a> and <a href="/wiki/PV_Telescopii_variable" title="PV Telescopii variable">PV Telescopii variables</a> are often described as supergiants. RV Tau stars are frequently assigned spectral types with a supergiant luminosity class on account of their low surface gravity, and they are amongst the most luminous of the AGB and post-AGB stars, having masses similar to the sun; likewise, the even rarer PV Tel variables are often classified as supergiants, but have lower luminosities than supergiants and peculiar B[e] spectra extremely deficient in hydrogen. Possibly they are also post-AGB objects or "born-again" AGB stars. </p><p>The LBVs are variable with multiple semi-regular periods and less predictable eruptions and giant outbursts. They are usually supergiants or hypergiants, occasionally with Wolf-Rayet spectra—extremely luminous, massive, evolved stars with expanded outer layers, but they are so distinctive and unusual that they are often treated as a separate category without being referred to as supergiants or given a supergiant spectral type. Often their spectral type will be given just as "LBV" because they have peculiar and highly variable spectral features, with temperatures varying from about 8,000 K in outburst up to 20,000 K or more when "quiescent." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_abundances">Chemical abundances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical abundances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abundance of various elements at the surface of supergiants is different from less luminous stars. Supergiants are evolved stars and may have undergone convection of fusion products to the surface. </p><p>Cool supergiants show enhanced helium and nitrogen at the surface due to convection of these fusion products to the surface during the main sequence of very massive stars, to dredge-ups during shell burning, and to the loss of the outer layers of the star. Helium is formed in the core and shell by fusion of hydrogen and nitrogen which accumulates relative to carbon and oxygen during <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> fusion. At the same time, carbon and oxygen abundances are reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-lancon_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancon-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red supergiants can be distinguished from luminous but less massive AGB stars by unusual chemicals at the surface, enhancement of carbon from deep third dredge-ups, as well as carbon-13, lithium and <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> elements. Late-phase AGB stars can become highly oxygen-enriched, producing OH <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g-h_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-h-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hotter supergiants show differing levels of nitrogen enrichment. This may be due to different levels of mixing on the main sequence due to rotation or because some blue supergiants are newly evolved from the main sequence while others have previously been through a red supergiant phase. Post-red supergiant stars have a generally higher level of nitrogen relative to carbon due to convection of CNO-processed material to the surface and the complete loss of the outer layers. Surface enhancement of helium is also stronger in post-red supergiants, representing more than a third of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-georgy_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgy-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></div> <p>O type main-sequence stars and the most massive of the B type blue-white stars become supergiants. Due to their extreme masses, they have short lifespans, between 30 million years and a few hundred thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are mainly observed in young galactic structures such as <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open clusters</a>, the arms of <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxies</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Irregular_galaxy" title="Irregular galaxy">irregular galaxies</a>. They are less abundant in spiral galaxy bulges and are rarely observed in <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular clusters</a>, which are composed mainly of old stars. </p><p>Supergiants develop when massive main-sequence stars run out of hydrogen in their cores, at which point they start to expand, just like lower-mass stars. Unlike lower-mass stars, however, they begin to fuse helium in the core smoothly and not long after exhausting their hydrogen. This means that they do not increase their luminosity as dramatically as lower-mass stars, and they progress nearly horizontally across the HR diagram to become red supergiants. Also unlike lower-mass stars, red supergiants are massive enough to fuse elements heavier than helium, so they do not puff off their atmospheres as planetary nebulae after a period of hydrogen and helium shell burning; instead, they continue to burn heavier elements in their cores until they collapse. They cannot lose enough mass to form a white dwarf, so they will leave behind a neutron star or black hole remnant, usually after a core collapse supernova explosion. </p><p>Stars more massive than about 40 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> cannot expand into a red supergiant. Because they burn too quickly and lose their outer layers too quickly, they reach the <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a> stage, or perhaps yellow hypergiant, before returning to become hotter stars. The most massive stars, above about 100 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>, hardly move at all from their position as O main-sequence stars. These convect so efficiently that they mix hydrogen from the surface right down to the core. They continue to fuse hydrogen until it is almost entirely depleted throughout the star, then rapidly evolve through a series of stages of similarly hot and luminous stars: supergiants, slash stars, WNh-, WN-, and possibly WC- or WO-type stars. They are expected to explode as supernovae, but it is not clear how far they evolve before this happens. The existence of these supergiants still burning hydrogen in their cores may necessitate a slightly more complex definition of supergiant: a massive star with increased size and luminosity due to fusion products building up, but still with some hydrogen remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-ekstrom_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekstrom-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first stars in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> are thought to have been considerably brighter and more massive than the stars in the modern universe. Part of the theorized <a href="/wiki/Population_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III">population III</a> of stars, their existence is necessary to explain observations of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>. Possibly larger and more luminous than any supergiant known today, their structure was quite different, with reduced convection and less mass loss. Their very short lives are likely to have ended in violent photodisintegration or pair instability supernovae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supernova_progenitors">Supernova progenitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Supernova progenitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></div> <p>Most type II <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> progenitors are thought to be red supergiants, while the less common type Ib/c supernovae are produced by hotter Wolf–Rayet stars that have completely lost more of their hydrogen atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-groh_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost by definition, supergiants are destined to end their lives violently. Stars large enough to start fusing elements heavier than helium do not seem to have any way to lose enough mass to avoid catastrophic core collapse, although some may collapse, almost without trace, into their own central black holes. </p><p>The simple "onion" models showing red supergiants inevitably developing to an iron core and then exploding have been shown, however, to be too simplistic. The progenitor for the unusual type II <a href="/wiki/Supernova_1987A" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova 1987A">Supernova 1987A</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lyman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought to have already passed through the red supergiant phase of its life, and this is now known to be far from an exceptional situation. Much research is now focused on how blue supergiants can explode as a supernova and when red supergiants can survive to become hotter supergiants again.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well_known_examples">Well known examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Well known examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supergiants are rare and short-lived stars, but their high luminosity means that there are many naked-eye examples, including some of the brightest stars in the sky. <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a>, the brightest star in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> is a typical blue-white supergiant; the three stars of <a href="/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt" title="Orion's Belt">Orion's Belt</a> are all blue supergiants; <a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a> is the brightest star in <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>, another blue supergiant; and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Cephei" title="Delta Cephei">Delta Cephei</a> (itself the prototype) and <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a> are Cepheid variables and yellow supergiants. <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> and <a href="/wiki/VV_Cephei_A" class="mw-redirect" title="VV Cephei A">VV Cephei A</a> are <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">μ Cephei</a> is considered a red hypergiant due to its large luminosity and it is one of the reddest stars visible to the naked eye and one of the largest in the galaxy. <a href="/wiki/Rho_Cassiopeiae" title="Rho Cassiopeiae">Rho Cassiopeiae</a>, a variable, yellow hypergiant, is one of the most luminous naked-eye stars. <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> is a red supergiant that may have been a yellow supergiant in antiquity<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second brightest star in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">List of stars with resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">List of largest stars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-russel14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russel14_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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(1979). <i>Enciclopedia dell'Astronomia</i>. Curcio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+dell%27Astronomia&rft.pub=Curcio&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupergiant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://alobel.freeshell.org/rcas.html">http://alobel.freeshell.org/rcas.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/rho-cas.htm">http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/rho-cas.htm</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supernovae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supernovae" title="Template talk:Supernovae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supernovae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Iax_supernova" title="Type Iax supernova">Type Iax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/180px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/270px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/360px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foe_(unit)" title="Foe (unit)">Foe/Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_relationship" title="Phillips relationship">Phillips relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Red hypergiant">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Superbubble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1000%2B0216" title="SN 1000+0216">SN 1000+0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1994D" title="SN 1994D">SN 1994D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2003fg" title="SN 2003fg">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2007bi" title="SN 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2011fe" title="SN 2011fe">SN 2011fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2006gy" title="SN 2006gy">SN 2006gy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2022jli" title="SN 2022jli">SN 2022jli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_H0pe" title="SN H0pe">SN H0pe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">ASAS-SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Supernovae" title="Category:Supernovae">Category:Supernovae</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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