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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Jazz_and_blues_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_and_blues_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Jazz and blues music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_and_blues_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Rock music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_cappella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_cappella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>A cappella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_cappella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_recognitions_of_Iranian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognitions_of_Iranian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International recognitions of Iranian music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_recognitions_of_Iranian_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International recognitions of Iranian music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_recognitions_of_Iranian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>1977</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسيقى الفارسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسيقى الفارسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_musiqisi" title="İran musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranische_Musik" title="Iranische Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iranische Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Música de Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana_muziko" title="Irana muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irana muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موسیقی در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_d%27Iran" title="Musique d'Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique d'Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="이란의 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란의 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_dell%27Iran" title="Musica dell'Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica dell'Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzische_muziek" title="Perzische muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzische muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors_musiqasi" title="Fors musiqasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fors musiqasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_do_Ir%C3%A3o" title="Música do Irão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música do Irão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Музыка Ирана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Ирана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="İran müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Музика Ірану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика Ірану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #0067A5; color:White;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Modal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Melody type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian musical instruments">Instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #0067A5; color:White;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #0067A5; color:White;"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ethnic music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_folk_music" title="Armenian folk music">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_music" title="Balochi music">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_music" title="Luri music">Luri</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakshy" title="Bakshy">Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuli" title="Katuli">Katuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_maqam" title="Persian maqam">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music_in_Iran" title="Religious music in Iran">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandari_music" title="Bandari music">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_music_in_Iran" title="Symphonic music in Iran">Symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasnif" title="Tasnif">Tasnif</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #0067A5; color:White;"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_International_Music_Festival" title="Fajr International Music Festival">Fajr Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Festival_of_Youth_Music" title="National Festival of Youth Music">Youth Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicema_Awards" title="Musicema Awards">Musicema Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Contemporary_Music_Festival" title="Tehran Contemporary Music Festival">Tehran Contemporary Music Festival</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caltex_Records" title="Caltex Records">Caltex Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_TV" title="GEM TV">GEM TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Records" title="Hermes Records">Hermes Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC_(TV_channel)" title="PMC (TV channel)">PMC</a></li> <li>Radio Javan</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #0067A5; color:White;"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Current:</b></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran">The Eastern Sun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1990)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Former:</b></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sal%C4%81m-e_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Salām-e Shāh">The Royal Salute</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1909)</span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">The Imperial Anthem</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1979)</span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Payandeh_Bada_Iran" title="Payandeh Bada Iran">Long Live Iran</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–1990)</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sal%C4%81m-e_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Salām-e Shāh">The Young Iran</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="List of festivals in Iran">Festivals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iran" title="Irreligion in Iran">Irreligion</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Iran" title="Arts of Iran">Arts</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Iran" title="Literature in Iran">Literature</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Dance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Theater</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Gardens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Visual art history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Modern art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Miniature painting</a>)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_handicrafts" title="Iranian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_embroidery" title="Persian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Carpet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Pottery</a>,</li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jewels" title="Persian Jewels">Jewelry</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish cuisine</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Iran" title="Template:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of Iran</b> encompasses <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> artists. In addition to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genres</a>, it also includes <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">pop</a> and internationally celebrated styles such as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">hip hop</a>. </p><p>Iranian music influenced other cultures in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, building up much of the musical terminology of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> cultures, and reached <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> through the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th-century</a> <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, whose court promoted new musical forms by bringing Iranian musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_records">Earliest records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music in Iran, as evidenced by the "pre-Iranian" <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> records of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, the oldest civilization in southwestern Iran, dates back thousands of years. Iran is the birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, which date back to the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> were found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iran" title="Eastern Iran">eastern Iran</a> that are attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a> and date back between 2200 and 1750 BC. The use of both vertical and horizontal <a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">angular harps</a> have been documented at the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Darreh_Shahr_Ancient_City" title="Darreh Shahr Ancient City">Madaktu</a> (650 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Kul-e_Farah" title="Kul-e Farah">Kul-e Fara</a> (900–600 BC), with the largest collection of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> instruments documented at <a href="/wiki/Kul-e_Farah" title="Kul-e Farah">Kul-e Fara</a>. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">depictions</a> of horizontal harps were also sculpted in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> palaces, dating back between 865 and 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_music" title="Parthian music">Parthian music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid music">Sassanid music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG/220px-Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG/330px-Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG/440px-Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">Karna</a>, an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthian_lute_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Parthian_lute_player.jpg/170px-Parthian_lute_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Parthian_lute_player.jpg/255px-Parthian_lute_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Parthian_lute_player.jpg/340px-Parthian_lute_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lute player statue from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, kept at the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known about music in the classical Iranian empires of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> apart from what can be gleaned from the comments of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> historians. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a>, who were a <a href="/wiki/Priestly_caste" title="Priestly caste">priestly caste</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">ancient Iran</a>, accompanied their sacrifice rituals with singing. <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i>, mentions a court singer who had sung a warning to the king of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">the plans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who would later establish the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athenaeus also notes the capture of singing girls at the court of the last Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (336–330 BC) by <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Parmenion" title="Parmenion">Parmenion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i> mentions a great number of singing women at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">gōsān</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> for "minstrel") had a prominent role in society.<sup id="cite_ref-gosan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They performed for their audiences at royal courts<sup id="cite_ref-dastansarai_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dastansarai-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in public theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-gosan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i>Life of Crassus</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (32.3), they praised their national heroes and ridiculed their <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rivals. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> reports that the Parthian youth were taught songs about "the deeds both of the gods and of the noblest men".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parthian songs were later absorbed into the Iranian national epic of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Šhāhnāmeh</a></i>, composed by 10th-century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šāhnāme</i></span> itself was based on <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal">Xwadāynāmag</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Khwaday-Namag" title="Khwaday-Namag">Khwaday-Namag</a>), an earlier <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> work, which was an important part of <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian folklore</a> and that is now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i>Life of Crassus</i> (23.7) that the Parthians used <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> to prepare for battle.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harp-Sassanid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harp-Sassanid.png/220px-Harp-Sassanid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harp-Sassanid.png/330px-Harp-Sassanid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harp-Sassanid.png/440px-Harp-Sassanid.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chang_(instrument)" title="Chang (instrument)">Chang</a> players depicted on a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> relief at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/220px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/330px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/440px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> silver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>, the Middle Persian term <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">huniyāgar</i></span> was used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gosan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian music</a> is better documented than earlier periods, and is especially evident in <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> texts. The recitation of the Sasanian Avestan text of <i><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidād</a></i> has been connected to the Oxus trumpet. The <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> paradise itself was known as the "House of Song" (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal">garōdmān</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>), "where music induced perpetual joy". Musical instruments were not accompanied with formal Zoroastrian worship, but they were used in the festivals. Sasanian musical scenes are depicted especially on silver vessels and some wall reliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of Sasanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> is regarded as a "golden age" for Iranian music. He is shown among his musicians on a large relief at the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>, holding a bow and arrows himself and standing in a boat amidst a group of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harpists</a>. The relief depicts two boats that are shown at "two successive moments within the same panel".<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court of Khosrow II hosted a number of prominent musicians, including Azad, <a href="/wiki/Bamshad" title="Bamshad">Bamshad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a>, Ramtin, and <a href="/wiki/Sarkash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarkash">Sarkash</a>. Among these attested names, Barbad is remembered in many documents and has been named as remarkably highly skilled. He was a poet-musician who performed on occasions such as state banquets and the festivals of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehrgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have invented the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and the musical tradition that gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Dastgah_music" title="Dastgah music">dastgah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_maqam" title="Persian maqam">maqam</a>. He has been credited to have organized a musical system consisting of seven "royal modes" (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">xosrovāni</i></span>), 30 derived modes (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">navā</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 360 melodies (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">dāstān</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are in accordance with the number of days in a week, month, and year in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Sasanian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-farhat3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farhat3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theories these <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal</a> systems were based on are not known. However, writers of later periods have left a list of these modes and melodies. Some of them are named after epic figures, such as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Kin-e Iraj</i></span> ("Vengeance of Iraj"), <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Kin-e Siāvaš</i></span> ("Vengeance of Siavash"), and <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Taxt-e Ardašir</i></span> ("Throne of Ardashir"), some are named in honor of the Sasanian royal court, such as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Bāğ-e Širin</i></span> ("Garden of Shirin"), <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Bāğ-e Šahryār</i></span> ("Garden of the Sovereign"), and <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Haft Ganj</i></span> ("Seven Treasures"), and some are named after nature, such as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Rowšan Čerāğ</i></span> ("Bright Light").<sup id="cite_ref-farhat3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farhat3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academic <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">classical music of Iran</a>, in addition to preserving <a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">melody types</a> that are attributed to Sasanian musicians, is based on the theories of sonic aesthetics expounded by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qotb-ed-Din Shirazi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Urmawi" title="Safi al-Din al-Urmawi">Safi-ed-Din Urmawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two prominent Iranian musicians who lived under reign of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">third Arab caliphate</a> were <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mawsili" title="Ibrahim al-Mawsili">Ebrahim Mawseli</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Eshaq Mawseli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Zaryab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, a student of Eshaq, is credited with influencing <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">classical Andalusian music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>, who lived under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a>, set his own poems to music. At the court of the <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a>, who ruled Iran between 977 and 1186, 10th-century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrokhi Sistani</a> composed songs together with <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songster</a> Andalib and <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a> player Buqi. <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a> player Mohammad Barbati and songstress Setti Zarrin-kamar also entertained the Ghaznavid rulers at their court.<sup id="cite_ref-650_TO_1370_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-650_TO_1370-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IranianMusicGroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/IranianMusicGroup.jpg/220px-IranianMusicGroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/IranianMusicGroup.jpg/330px-IranianMusicGroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/IranianMusicGroup.jpg/440px-IranianMusicGroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser-ed-Din Shah</a>, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Kamal-ol-molk" title="Kamal-ol-molk">Kamal-ol-molk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_national_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Iran_national_orchestra.jpg/220px-Iran_national_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Iran_national_orchestra.jpg/330px-Iran_national_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Iran_national_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Iran's Society for National Music was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khaleqi" title="Ruhollah Khaleqi">Khaleqi</a> in 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-medieval era, musical performances continued to be observed and promoted through especially princely courts, <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a>, and modernizing social forces.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, Iranian music was renewed through the development of classical <a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">melody types</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">radif</a>), that is the basic repertoire of Iran's classical music, and the introduction of modern technologies and principles that were introduced from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abdollah" title="Mirza Abdollah">Mirza Abdollah</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a> master and one of the most respected musicians of the court of the late Qajar period, is considered a major influence on the teaching of classical Iranian music in Iran's contemporary conservatories and universities. <a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a>, the repertoire that he developed in the 19th century, is the oldest documented version of the seven <a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">dastgah</a> system, and is regarded as a rearrangement of the older 12 maqam system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ali-Naqi_Vaziri" title="Ali-Naqi Vaziri">Ali-Naqi Vaziri</a>, a respected player of numerous Iranian and western instruments who studied western <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">musical theory</a> and composition in Europe, was one of the most prominent and influential musicians of the late <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> periods. He established a private <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">music school</a> in 1924, where he also created a school orchestra composed of his students, formed by a combination of the tar and some western instruments. Vaziri then founded an association named <i>Music Club</i> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Kolub-e Musiqi</i></span>), formed by a number of progressive-minded writers and scholars, where the school orchestra performed concerts that were conducted by himself. He was an extraordinary figure among the Iranian musicians of the 20th century, and his primary goal was to provide music for ordinary citizens through a public arena.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tehran Symphony Orchestra">Tehran Symphony Orchestra</a> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Orkestr-e Samfoni-ye Tehrān</i></span>) was founded by Gholamhossein Minbashian in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reformed by <a href="/wiki/Parviz_Mahmoud" title="Parviz Mahmoud">Parviz Mahmoud</a> in 1946, and is currently the oldest and largest symphony orchestra in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khaleqi" title="Ruhollah Khaleqi">Ruhollah Khaleqi</a>, a student of Vaziri, established the Society for National Music (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Anjoman-e Musiqi-ye Melli</i></span>) in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-khaleqi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaleqi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous musical compositions were produced within the parameters of classical Iranian modes, and many involved western <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">musical harmonies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian folkloric songs</a> and poems of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets were incorporated for the arrangement of orchestral pieces that would bear the new influences.<sup id="cite_ref-khaleqi_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaleqi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 1950s, Iran's music industry was dominated by classical artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New western influences were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">popular music of Iran</a> by the 1950s, with <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and other imported characteristics accompanying the indigenous instruments and forms, and the popular music developed by the contributions of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Viguen" title="Viguen">Viguen</a>, who was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Sultan</a>" of Iranian pop and jazz music.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigen-bbc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mass_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viguen was one of Iran's first musicians to perform with a guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Revolution">1979 Revolution</a>, the music industry of Iran went under a strict supervision, and pop music was prohibited for almost two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-rockrolls_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockrolls-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were banned from singing as soloists for male audiences. In the 1990s, the new regime began to produce and promote pop music in a new standardized framework, in order to compete with the abroad and unsanctioned sources of Iranian music.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Khatami</a>, as a result of easing cultural restrictions within Iran, a number of new pop singers emerged from within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rockrolls_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockrolls-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the new administration took office, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Islamic_Guidance" title="Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance">Ministry of Ershad</a> adopted a different policy, mainly to make it easier to monitor the industry. The newly adopted policy included loosening restrictions for a small number of artists, while tightening it for the rest. However, the number of album releases increased. </p><p>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian hip hop</a> in the 2000s also resulted in major movements and influences in the music of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></div> <p>The classical music of Iran consists of <a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">melody types</a> developed through the country's classical and medieval eras.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">musical mode</a> in Iran's classical music, despite its popularity, has always been the preserve of the elite. The influence of dastgah is seen as the reservoir of authenticity that other forms of musical genres derive melodic and performance inspiration from. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian folk music</a></div> <p>Iran's folk, ceremonial, and popular songs might be considered "vernacular" in the sense that they are known and appreciated by a major part of the society (as opposed to the art music, which caters for the most part to more elite social classes).<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variance of the folk music of Iran has often been stressed, in accordance to the cultural diversity of the country's local and ethnic groups. </p><p>Iranian folk songs are categorized in various themes, including those of historical, social, religious, and nostalgic contexts. There are also folk songs that apply to particular occasions, such as weddings and harvests, as well as lullabies, children's songs, and riddles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several traditional specialists of folk music in Iran. Professional folk instrumentalists and vocalists perform at formal events such as weddings. Storytellers (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">naqqāl</i></span>; <span title="Parthian-language romanization"><i lang="xpr-Latn">gōsān</i></span>) would recite epic poetry, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Shahname" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahname"><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šāhnāme</i></span></a>, using traditional melodic forms, interspersing with spoken commentary, which is a practice found also in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Bakshy" title="Bakshy">bakshy</a> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">baxši</i></span>), wandering minstrels who play the <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dotar</a>, entertain their audiences at social gatherings with romantic ballads about warriors and warlords. There are also <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> singers (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">rowze-xān</i></span>), who recite verses that would commemorate the martyrdom of religious figures.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranian singers of both classical and folk music may improvise the lyric and the melody within the proper musical mode.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Iranian folk songs have the potential of being adapted into major or minor tonalities, and therefore, a number of Iranian folk songs were arranged for orchestral accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-khaleqi_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaleqi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Iran's old folkloric songs were revitalized through a project developed by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Intellectual_Development_of_Children_and_Young_Adults" title="Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults">Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults</a>, a cultural and educational institute that was founded under the patronage of Iran's former empress <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah Pahlavi</a> in 1965. They were produced in a collection of quality recordings, performed by professional vocalists such as <a href="/wiki/Pari_Zanganeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pari Zanganeh">Pari Zanganeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monir_Vakili" title="Monir Vakili">Monir Vakili</a>, and Minu Javan, and were highly influential in Iran's both folk and pop music productions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symphonic_music">Symphonic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symphonic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_music_in_Iran" title="Symphonic music in Iran">Symphonic music in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rahbari_tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Rahbari_tehran.jpg/220px-Rahbari_tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/Rahbari_tehran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Rahbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rahbari">Ali Rahbari</a> conducting <i>Jeunesse Musicale de Téhéran</i>, in 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonic</a> music, as observed in the modern times, was developed by the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. In addition to instrumental compositions, some of Iran's symphonic pieces are based on the country's folk songs, and some are based on poetry of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets.<sup id="cite_ref-khaleqi_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaleqi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Symphonische_Dichtungen_aus_Persien" title="Symphonische Dichtungen aus Persien">Symphonische Dichtungen aus Persien</a></i> ("Symphonic Poems from Persia"), a collection of Persian symphonic works, was performed by the German <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra">Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra</a> and conducted by Iranian conductor <a href="/wiki/Ali_Rahbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rahbari">Ali Rahbari</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Loris_Tjeknavorian" title="Loris Tjeknavorian">Loris Tjeknavorian</a>, an acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iranian Armenian</a> composer and conductor, composed <i><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> with <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> that is based on the tragedy of <i><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> from Iran's long epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Šāhnāme</a></i>, in over two decades. It was first performed by the Tehran Symphony Orchestra at <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roudaki_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Roudaki Hall">Roudaki Hall</a> in December 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rahbari" title="Alexander Rahbari">Alexander Rahbari</a> is an important conductor and composer who has mor than 250 published albums and conducted more than 450 orchestras,he is now conductor of Mariinsky theatre's Orchestra<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Melal_Orchestra" title="Melal Orchestra">Persepolis Orchestra</a> (Melal Orchestra) played a piece that dates back 3000 years. The notes of this piece, which were discovered among some ancient inscriptions, were deciphered by archaeologists and are believed to have belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>. Renowned Iranian musician <a href="/wiki/Peyman_Soltani" title="Peyman Soltani">Peyman Soltani</a> conducted the orchestra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_music">Pop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian pop music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HayedehRohani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HayedehRohani.jpg/170px-HayedehRohani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HayedehRohani.jpg/255px-HayedehRohani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HayedehRohani.jpg/340px-HayedehRohani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hayedeh" title="Hayedeh">Hayedeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anoushiravan_Rohani" title="Anoushiravan Rohani">Anoushiravan Rohani</a> on the Iranian National Television, in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, under the reign of the Qajar dynasty, a form of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> was formed and began to develop in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the arrival of new western influences, such as the use of the guitar and other western instruments, marked a turning point in Iran's popular music by the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian pop music is commonly performed by vocalists who are accompanied with elaborate ensembles, often using a combination of both indigenous Iranian and European instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pop music of Iran is largely promoted through mass media, but it experienced some decade of prohibition after the 1979 Revolution. Public performances were also banned, but they have been occasionally permitted since 1990. The pop music of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diasporan communities</a> has also been significant.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rockrolls_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockrolls-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz_and_blues_music">Jazz and blues music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jazz and blues music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian jazz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vigen.jpg/170px-Vigen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vigen.jpg/255px-Vigen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vigen.jpg/340px-Vigen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viguen" title="Viguen">Viguen</a>, Iran's "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Sultan</a>" of pop and jazz music.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigen-bbc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> music was introduced into Iran's popular music by the emergence of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Viguen" title="Viguen">Viguen</a>, who was known as Iran's "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Sultan of Jazz</a>". Viguen's first song, <i>Moonlight</i>, which was released in 1954, was an instant hit on the radio and is considered highly influential.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigen-bbc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous Iranian elements, such as classical musical forms and poetry, have also been incorporated into Iranian jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rana_Farhan" title="Rana Farhan">Rana Farhan</a>, an Iranian jazz and blues singer living in New York,<sup id="cite_ref-curiel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curiel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combines classical Persian poetry with modern jazz and blues.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her best-known work, <i>Drunk With Love</i>, is based on a poem by prominent 13th-century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-curiel_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curiel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jazz and blues artists who work in post-revolutionary Iran have also gained popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_music">Rock music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rock music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian rock</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a> was introduced into Iran's popular music by the 1960s, together with the emergence of other Western European and American musical genres.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became popular among the young generation, especially at the nightclubs of Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-revolutionary Iran, many rock music artists are not officially sanctioned and have to rely on the Internet and underground scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Angband_(band)" title="Angband (band)">Angband</a> signed with German <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> <a href="/wiki/Pure_Steel_Records" title="Pure Steel Records">Pure Steel Records</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the first Iranian metal band to release internationally through a European label. They had collaborations with well-known producer Achim Köhler.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian hip hop</a></div> <p>Iranian hip hop emerged by the 2000s, from the country's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started with underground artists recording mixtapes influenced by the American <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> culture, and was later combined with elements from the indigenous Iranian musical forms.<sup id="cite_ref-hamshahri_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamshahri-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_cappella">A cappella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A cappella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">Iranian A cappella</a> (music without instrument) in 2011 with a new type was first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Damour_Vocal_Band" title="Damour Vocal Band">Damour Vocal Band</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> led by <a href="/wiki/Faraz_Khosravi_Danesh" title="Faraz Khosravi Danesh">Faraz Khosravi Danesh</a>. This genre of music has been performed as a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> in the past, but since 2011 it has become such that the human larynx has replaced <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. Various groups, including the Tehran Vocal Ensemble, began to operate after that, and this style of music flowed in a creative and new way in the Iranian A cappella music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_recognitions_of_Iranian_music">International recognitions of Iranian music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International recognitions of Iranian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are a number of notable internationally awarded Iranian musical works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Motamedi" title="Mohammad Motamedi">Mohammad Motamedi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a> prize winner-2013<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loris_Tjeknavorian" title="Loris Tjeknavorian">Loris Tjeknavorian</a>: Austria's Cross of Honor for Science and Art First Class (2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007">2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asia Society has awarded <a href="/wiki/Shahram_Nazeri" title="Shahram Nazeri">Shahram Nazeri</a> by the prestigious Lifetime Cultural Heritage Award along with Secretary General of United Nations in November 2007.</li> <li>Mozart Medal, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shajarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shajarian">Mohammad Reza Shajarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahram_Nazeri" title="Shahram Nazeri">Shahram Nazeri</a>.</li> <li>Grammy Award (nomination), Endless Vision, and <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Alizadeh" title="Hossein Alizadeh">Hossein Alizadeh</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006">2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grammy Award (nomination), Faryad album, <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Persian_Music" title="Masters of Persian Music">Masters of Persian Music</a>.</li> <li>Grammy Award, Ali Shirazinia, Shahram Tayyebi, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Dish_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Dish (band)">Deep Dish</a>.</li> <li>Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance (nomination), Persian Trilogy by <a href="/wiki/Behzad_Ranjbaran" title="Behzad Ranjbaran">Behzad Ranjbaran</a>.</li> <li>"Best Middle Eastern Song" & "Best Middle Eastern Album", 2006 JPF Awards: <a href="/wiki/Andy_Madadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Madadian">Andy Madadian</a>.</li> <li>"2006 Best International Armenian Album Award", 2006 Armenian Music Awards: City of Angels by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Madadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Madadian">Andy Madadian</a>.</li> <li>3 tan band. J.F.K Awards 2006 For Best eastern rock song "A Drop Of Alcohol".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005">2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Golden Lioness Award for Classical-Best Vocal Ability, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: Akbar Golpa</li> <li>Golden Lioness Award for Classical-Arrange & Pop, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Sattar">Hassan Sattar</a></li> <li>Golden Lioness Award for Best Instrumentalist, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: Muhammad Heidari</li> <li>Golden Lioness Award for Classic-pop, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: <a href="/wiki/Mahasti" title="Mahasti">Mahasti</a></li> <li>Golden Lioness Award for Classical Performance, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: <a href="/wiki/Hooshmand_Aghili" title="Hooshmand Aghili">Hooshmand Aghili</a></li> <li>Golden Lioness Award for Classical Performance, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: <a href="/wiki/Shakila" title="Shakila">Shakila</a>.</li> <li>UNESCO music award (Picasso award), nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Darvishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Darvishi">Mohammad Reza Darvishi</a>.</li> <li>"Best Unsigned U.K. Hip Hop Artist, Riddla:</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003">2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_du_Disque_for_World_Music" title="Grand Prix du Disque for World Music">Grand Prix du Disque for World Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dastan_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastan ensemble">Dastan ensemble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parisa" title="Parisa">Parisa</a>.</li> <li>BBC Awards for World Music, <a href="/wiki/Kayhan_Kalhor" title="Kayhan Kalhor">Kayhan Kalhor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001">2001</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>NAV's best contemporary world music album: <a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_Choice_(band)" title="Axiom of Choice (band)">Axiom of Choice (band)</a>.</li> <li>Best Recombinant World Music Ensemble in 2001 by the LA Weekly Music Awards. (nomination): Axiom of choice band.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000">2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Orville H. Gibson Award, <a href="/wiki/Lily_Afshar" title="Lily Afshar">Lily Afshar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999">1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Picasso Medal, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shajarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shajarian">Mohammad Reza Shajarian</a>.</li> <li>Pikanes award, Thailand's most prestigious music award for an outstanding orchestral performance: <a href="/wiki/Shahrdad_Rohani" title="Shahrdad Rohani">Shahrdad Rohani</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977">1977</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prestigious Gold Medal at the Besançon International Conductors' Competition, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Rahbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rahbari">Ali Rahbari</a>.</li> <li>Silver medal in Geneva International Conducting Competition, Ali Rahbari.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rudolf Nissim Award, <a href="/wiki/Behzad_Ranjbaran" title="Behzad Ranjbaran">Behzad Ranjbaran</a>.</li> <li>Grand Prize in the Aspen Music Festival Guitar Competition, <a href="/wiki/Lily_Afshar" title="Lily Afshar">Lily Afshar</a>.</li> <li>Top Prize in the Guitar Foundation of America Competition, Lily Afshar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loris_Tjeknavorian" title="Loris Tjeknavorian">Loris Tjeknavorian</a>, Homayoon Order and Medal for the composition of "Son et Lumiere Persepolis 2500"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayedeh" title="Hayedeh">Hayedeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_musicians" title="List of Iranian musicians">List of Iranian musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_singers" title="List of Iranian singers">List of Iranian singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_composers" title="List of Iranian composers">List of Iranian composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Arts_Festival" title="Shiraz Arts Festival">Shiraz Arts Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music_in_Iran" title="Religious music in Iran">Religious music in Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IRAN_xi._MUSIC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_xi._MUSIC_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-xi-persian-music">"IRAN xi. MUSIC"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. XIII. March 30, 2012. pp. <span class="nowrap">474–</span>480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+xi.+MUSIC&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E474-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-xi-persian-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-mhphi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawergren2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawergren, Bo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran">"MUSIC HISTORY"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MUSIC+HISTORY&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lawergren&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmusic-history-i-pre-islamic-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gosan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gosan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gosan">"GŌSĀN"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. Xi. February 17, 2012. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C5%8CS%C4%80N&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgosan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dastansarai-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dastansarai_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dastan-sarai">"DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. VII. November 18, 2011. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C4%80ST%C4%80N-SAR%C4%80%CA%BE%C4%AA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdastan-sarai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html">"Plutarch • Life of Crassus"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch+%E2%80%A2+Life+of+Crassus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FCrassus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMtfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Geography</i></a>. Vol. 7. London: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674992665" title="Special:BookSources/9780674992665"><bdi>9780674992665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780674992665&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMtfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle,_John_Andrew" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyle, John Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdowsi#ref69128">"Ferdowsī"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdows%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Boyle%2C+John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdowsi%23ref69128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbad-minstrel">"BĀRBAD"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. III. December 15, 1988. pp. <span class="nowrap">757–</span>758.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%80RBAD&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E757-%3C%2Fspan%3E758&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbarbad-minstrel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cakavak-mid">"ČAKĀVAK"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. IV. December 15, 1990. pp. <span class="nowrap">649–</span>650. <q>(Pers. <i>navā</i>, Ar. <i>laḥn</i>, <i>naḡma</i>, etc.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%8CAK%C4%80VAK&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E650&rft.date=1990-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcakavak-mid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farhat3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farhat3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farhat3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhat2004" class="citation book cs1">Farhat, Hormoz (2004). <i>The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54206-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54206-5"><bdi>0-521-54206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dastgah+Concept+in+Persian+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-54206-5&rft.aulast=Farhat&rft.aufirst=Hormoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). "Ziryāb". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101906" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101906"><bdi>9780759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ziry%C4%81b&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-650_TO_1370-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-650_TO_1370_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-ii">"MUSIC HISTORY ii. CA. 650 TO 1370 CE"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. February 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MUSIC+HISTORY+ii.+CA.+650+TO+1370+CE&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmusic-history-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-mirza">"ʿABDALLĀH, MĪRZĀ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> (online ed.). January 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFABDALL%C4%80H%2C+M%C4%AARZ%C4%80&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabdallah-mirza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/vaziri-ali-naqi">"VAZIRI, ʿAli-Naqi"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> (online ed.). July 20, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VAZIRI%2C+%CA%BFAli-Naqi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2003-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fvaziri-ali-naqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBithellHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Bithell, Caroline; Hill, Juniper (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsKiAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Music Revival</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199765034" title="Special:BookSources/9780199765034"><bdi>9780199765034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Music+Revival&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199765034&rft.aulast=Bithell&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Hill%2C+Juniper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsKiAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/42413/dazzling-performance-at-tso">"Dazzling Performance at TSO"</a>. <i>Financial Tribune</i>. May 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dazzling+Performance+at+TSO&rft.date=2016-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fart-and-culture%2F42413%2Fdazzling-performance-at-tso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khaleqi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khaleqi_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khaleqi_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khaleqi_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khaleqi_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kaleqi-ruh-allah">"ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀH"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. 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April 19, 2012. pp. <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B4%C4%80LEQI%2C+RU%E1%B8%A4-ALL%C4%80H&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkaleqi-ruh-allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vigen_Derderian-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigen_Derderian_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaba2003" class="citation news cs1">Saba, Sadeq (November 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/nov/26/guardianobituaries.iran">"Obituary: Vigen Derderian"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Vigen+Derderian&rft.date=2003-11-26&rft.aulast=Saba&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fnov%2F26%2Fguardianobituaries.iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigen-bbc-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigen-bbc_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaba2003" class="citation web cs1">Saba, Sadeq (October 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3218885.stm">"Iranian pop legend dies at 74"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iranian+pop+legend+dies+at+74&rft.date=2003-10-27&rft.aulast=Saba&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3218885.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mass_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmbrust2000" class="citation book cs1">Armbrust, Walter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TcLEgR9GkMC"><i>Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520219267" title="Special:BookSources/9780520219267"><bdi>9780520219267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Mediations%3A+New+Approaches+to+Popular+Culture+in+the+Middle+East+and+Beyond&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520219267&rft.aulast=Armbrust&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TcLEgR9GkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rockrolls-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rockrolls_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockrolls_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockrolls_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl060200.htm">"Rock Rolls Once More in Iran As Hard-Liners Back Pop Revival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. June 2, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Rock+Rolls+Once+More+in+Iran+As+Hard-Liners+Back+Pop+Revival&rft.date=2000-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fpublic%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fpearl060200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51a3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP10">"هفته‌نامهٔ ایرانشهر"</a> [Iranshahr weekly magazine]. 18. Ketab Corp. 2016: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%94+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51a3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092200/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23,+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over,+Khomeini!+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene,+Within+Limits&pqatl=google">"Roll Over, Khomeini! Iran Cultivates A Local Rock Scene, Within Limits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. August 23, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/78405638.html?dids=78405638:78405638&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+23%2C+2001&author=John+Ward+Anderson&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini!+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&pqatl=google">the original</a> on October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Roll+Over%2C+Khomeini%21+Iran+Cultivates+A+Local+Rock+Scene%2C+Within+Limits&rft.date=2001-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2Faccess%2F78405638.html%3Fdids%3D78405638%3A78405638%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DAug%2B23%252C%2B2001%26author%3DJohn%2BWard%2BAnderson%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DRoll%2BOver%252C%2BKhomeini%21%2BIran%2BCultivates%2BA%2BLocal%2BRock%2BScene%252C%2BWithin%2BLimits%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228082137/http://observers.france24.com/content/20130826-iranian-youth-dance-hip-hop">"Iran's underground hip hop dance scene"</a>. <i>The FRANCE 24 Observers</i>. 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March 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pallett+Releases+%27Endless+Ending%27&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fart-and-culture%2F60586%2Fpallett-releases-endless-ending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-02-26/iranians-love-their-klezmer">"Iranians love their klezmer"</a>. <i>Public Radio International</i>. February 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=Iranians+love+their+klezmer&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2016-02-26%2Firanians-love-their-klezmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/2013/02/130227_aprat_week_09.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'اسکورپیو' در آپارات"</a> ["<i>Eskorpio</i> on Aparat"]. <i>BBC Persian</i> (in Persian). February 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%27%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%27+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Farts%2F2013%2F02%2F130227_aprat_week_09.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/04/irans-rock-stars-and-their-underground-scene">"Iran's rock stars and their underground scene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. June 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+rock+stars+and+their+underground+scene&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Firan-blog%2F2014%2Fjun%2F04%2Firans-rock-stars-and-their-underground-scene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612013028/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=98617">"Iranian Metal Band ANGBAND Signs With Germany's PURE STEEL RECORDS"</a>. <i>Blabbermouth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/BLABBERMOUTH.NET/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=98617">the original</a> on June 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blabbermouth&rft.atitle=Iranian+Metal+Band+ANGBAND+Signs+With+Germany%27s+PURE+STEEL+RECORDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadrunnerrecords.com%2FBLABBERMOUTH.NET%2Fnews.aspx%3Fmode%3DArticle%26newsitemID%3D98617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=146140">"ANGBAND: New Album Release Date, Track Listing Revealed"</a>. <i>Blabbermouth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blabbermouth&rft.atitle=ANGBAND%3A+New+Album+Release+Date%2C+Track+Listing+Revealed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadrunnerrecords.com%2Fblabbermouth.net%2Fnews.aspx%3Fmode%3DArticle%26newsitemID%3D146140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bravewords.com/news/189891">"ANGBAND - Three New Songs Streaming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_Words_%26_Bloody_Knuckles" title="Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles">BW&BK</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BW%26BK&rft.atitle=ANGBAND+-+Three+New+Songs+Streaming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bravewords.com%2Fnews%2F189891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228082137/http://observers.france24.com/content/20130826-iranian-youth-dance-hip-hop">"Iran's underground hip hop dance scene"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. August 29, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observers.france24.com/content/20130826-iranian-youth-dance-hip-hop">the original</a> on February 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+underground+hip+hop+dance+scene&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservers.france24.com%2Fcontent%2F20130826-iranian-youth-dance-hip-hop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamshahri-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamshahri_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717235439/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/print-17824.aspx">"پشت دیوار کیه؟ رپ ایرانی؟"</a>. <i>Hamshahri</i> (in Persian). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamshahri&rft.atitle=%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA+%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%9F+%D8%B1%D9%BE+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamshahrionline.ir%2Fprint-17824.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magiran.com/npview.asp?ID=1209749">"روزنامه اعتماد ملی 85/6/28 – رپ ایرانی ، صدای اعتراض نیست"</a>. Magiran.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C+85%2F6%2F28+%E2%80%93+%D8%B1%D9%BE+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%8C+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA&rft.pub=Magiran.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiran.com%2Fnpview.asp%3FID%3D1209749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010637/http://www.roozna.com/Negaresh_site/FullStory/?Id=29823&Title=%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%20%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF">Maestro Shajarian was awarded the Mozart Medal.(2007)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Azadehfar <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Azadehfar" title="Mohammad Reza Azadehfar">Mohammad Reza Azadehfar</a>, M R. 2011. <i>Rhythmic Structure in Iranian Music</i>, Tehran: University of Arts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964621892X" title="Special:BookSources/964621892X">964621892X</a>.</li> <li>During, Jean and Mirabdolbaghi, Zia, "The Art of Persian Music", Mage Pub; 1st edition (Book & CD) June 1, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-22-2">978-0-934211-22-2</a></li> <li>Nelly Caron and Dariush Safvate, "Iran: Traditions Musicales" (Paris, 1966).</li> <li>Nooshin, Laudan. "The Art of Ornament". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp 355–362. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a>.</li> <li>Nettl, Bruno (1989). <i>Blackfoot Musical Thought: Comparative Perspectives</i>. Ohio: The Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-370-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-370-2">0-87338-370-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheltonChamas2020" class="citation web cs1">Shelton, Tracey; Chamas, Zena (23 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-24/iranian-artist-arrested-featuring-women-sing-and-dance/12573412">"Iranian artists defy government restrictions on women singing and dancing"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Iranian+artists+defy+government+restrictions+on+women+singing+and+dancing&rft.date=2020-08-23&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft.au=Chamas%2C+Zena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-08-24%2Firanian-artist-arrested-featuring-women-sing-and-dance%2F12573412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Youssefzadeh, Ameneh. "Iran's Regional Musical Traditions in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Overview." Iranian Studies, volume 38, number 3, September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(ai50xt45f5xn1qrjp5rr4aiq)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,4,8;journal,6,16;linkingpublicationresults,1:300347,1">Metapress.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>DVD of TOMBAK / Madjid Khaladj – Coproduction: Le Salon de Musique & Ecole de Tombak | Language: français, anglais, espagnol | 172 minutes | Booklet of 80 pages (French/English.)| EDV 937 CV. CD Infinite Breath / Madjid Khaladj, NAFAS / Bâ Music Records.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstimes.com/music/">Iranian/Persian Music - parstimes.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xj57">"World Routes, Simon Broughton in Iran, Iranian classical music - Kayhan Kalhor"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 3</i>. December 1, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+3&rft.atitle=World+Routes%2C+Simon+Broughton+in+Iran%2C+Iranian+classical+music+-+Kayhan+Kalhor&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp005xj57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xj5n">"World Routes, Simon Broughton in Iran, Khorosan to Kurdistan"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 3</i>. December 29, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+3&rft.atitle=World+Routes%2C+Simon+Broughton+in+Iran%2C+Khorosan+to+Kurdistan&rft.date=2001-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp005xj5n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Iran170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Iran" title="Template:Music of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Music_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Music of Iran (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Iran170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_music_in_Iran" title="Symphonic music in Iran">Symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and regional music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_folk_music" title="Armenian folk music">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurish music">Lurish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandari_music" title="Bandari music">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_International_Music_Festival" title="Fajr International Music Festival">Fajr Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Festival_of_Youth_Music" title="National Festival of Youth Music">Junior Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicema_Awards" title="Musicema Awards">Musicema Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Arts_Festival" title="Shiraz Arts Festival">Shiraz Arts Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Contemporary_Music_Festival" title="Tehran Contemporary Music Festival">Tehran Contemporary Music Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caltex_Records" title="Caltex Records">Caltex Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_TV" title="GEM TV">GEM TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Records" title="Hermes Records">Hermes Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC_(TV_channel)" title="PMC (TV channel)">PMC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Javan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Javan (page does not exist)">Radio Javan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avang_Music" title="Avang Music">Avang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_musicians" title="List of Iranian musicians">Musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory84"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_music55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_music55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(classical_music)" title="Arabesque (classical music)">Arabesque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">al-jeel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">khaliji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">samri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Hip hop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Iranian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical music">Ottoman classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Pop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_music" title="Luri music">Luri music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hadhramaut" title="Music of Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israeli folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm in Arabian music">Iqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanto_(music)" title="Kanto (music)">Kanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">Turkish makam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Turkish_music" title="Rhythm in Turkish music">Usul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Asia409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of 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