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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indigenous population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International cooperation and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_cooperation_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International cooperation and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Territorial claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arctic waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arctic lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpoolgebied" title="Noordpoolgebied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noordpoolgebied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD" title="አርክቲክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርክቲክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0a" title="Norða – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norða" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المنطقة القطبية الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنطقة القطبية الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artico" title="Artico – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Artico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rticu" title="Árticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="সুমেরু অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমেরু অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арктыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арктыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्कटिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्कटिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rtic" title="Àrtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktida" title="Arktida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arktida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Arctig" title="Yr Arctig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Arctig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αρκτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρκτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rtico" title="Ártico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ártico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkto" title="Arkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikoa" title="Artikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شمالگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمالگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctique" title="Arctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tArtach" title="An tArtach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tArtach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Arctagh" title="Yn Arctagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Arctagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rtico" title="Ártico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ártico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EA%B7%B9" title="북극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arctic" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Արկտիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արկտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्कटिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्कटिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiko" title="Artiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Artiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arctica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrituruaq" title="Irrituruaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Irrituruaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Арктикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арктикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursl%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Norðurslóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðurslóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artide" title="Artide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99" title="האזור הארקטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האזור הארקטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಆರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არქტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiki" title="Aktiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aktiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_Arctica" title="Regio Arctica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regio Arctica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artica" title="Artica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Artica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktisz" title="Arktisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arktisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арктик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арктик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ആർട്ടിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർട്ടിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्क्टिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्क्टिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არქტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არქტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83" title="اركتيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اركتيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artik" title="Artik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Арктикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Арктикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арктик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арктик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အာတိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာတိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpoolgebied" title="Noordpoolgebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordpoolgebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpoolgebied" title="Noordpoolgebied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noordpoolgebied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artic" title="Artic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Artic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਰਕਟਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕਟਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DA%A9" title="آرکٹک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرکٹک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="شمالي قطب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي قطب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatik" title="Aatik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aatik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctike" title="Arctike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arctike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktyka" title="Arktyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arktyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Αρκτικήν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αρκτικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rtico" title="Ártico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ártico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arctica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rticu" title="Àrticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àrticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktiku" title="Arktiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arktiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ආක්ටික් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආක්ටික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arctic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%BD%DA%AA" title="آرڪٽڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرڪٽڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkt%C3%ADda" title="Arktída – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arktída" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ناوچەی جەمسەری باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی جەمسەری باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арктик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арктик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arktis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiko" title="Artiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்க்டிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்க்டிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆర్కిటిక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్కిటిక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="อาร์กติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์กติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ketika" title="ʻĀketika – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻĀketika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Arktika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арктика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DA%A9" title="آرکٹک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرکٹک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arktik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_B%E1%BA%AFc_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Vùng Bắc Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng Bắc Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiko" title="Artiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Artiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goxub_Dottub_B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaar" title="Goxub Dottub Bëj-gànnaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Goxub Dottub Bëj-gànnaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="北极地区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北极地区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ארקטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארקטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rkt%C3%ACk%C3%AC" title="Árktìkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Árktìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="北極地區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北極地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the Arctic Desert.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arctic" title="Talk:Arctic">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_(orthographic_projection_with_highlights).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg/330px-Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg/495px-Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg/660px-Arctic_%28orthographic_projection_with_highlights%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, currently at roughly 66° north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, defines the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic seas">Arctic seas</a> and lands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf/page1-330px-Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf/page1-495px-Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf/page1-660px-Political_Map_of_the_Arctic.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3639" /></a><figcaption>A political map showing land ownership within the Arctic region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctica_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/220px-Arctica_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/330px-Arctica_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/440px-Arctica_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg/220px-Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg/330px-Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg/440px-Sunny_Skies_over_the_Arctic_in_Late_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" title="Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> image of the Arctic</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Arctic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from Greek ἄρκτος, 'bear') is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar region</a> located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic region, from the <a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a> travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway (<a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>), northernmost Sweden (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lappland</a>), northern Finland (<a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lappi</a>), Russia (<a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Okrug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>), the United States (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>), Canada (<a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>), <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish Realm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>), and northern Iceland (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsey" title="Grímsey">Grímsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey" title="Kolbeinsey">Kolbeinsey</a>), along with the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> and adjacent seas. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. Arctic seas contain seasonal <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> in many places. </p><p>The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. The cultures in the region and the <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic indigenous peoples</a> have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions. Life in the Arctic includes <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, fish and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, birds, land animals, plants and human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arctic land is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word Arctic comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρκτικός">ἀρκτικός</a></span> (<i>arktikos</i>), "near the Bear, northern"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the word <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄρκτος">ἄρκτος</a></span> (<i>arktos</i>), meaning bear.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name refers either to the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, or to the constellation <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, the "Little Bear", which contains the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial north pole</a> (currently very near <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, the current north Pole Star, or North Star).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> (about 66° 34'N), the approximate southern limit of the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>. Another definition of the Arctic, which is popular with <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologists</a>, is the region in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> roughly follows the <a href="/wiki/Contour_line#Temperature_and_related_subjects" title="Contour line">isotherm</a> at the boundary of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate of the Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laponie001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Laponie001.jpg/220px-Laponie001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Laponie001.jpg/330px-Laponie001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Laponie001.jpg/440px-Laponie001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A snowy landscape of <a href="/wiki/Inari,_Finland" title="Inari, Finland">Inari</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">climate of the Arctic</a> region is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm (20 in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a>, diminished ice in the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> thaws.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to <a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">polar amplification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> and temperature) is currently shrinking.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most alarming result of this is Arctic sea ice shrinkage. There is a large variance in predictions of Arctic <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2035 to some time around 2067.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arctic life is characterized by adaptation to short growing seasons with long periods of sunlight, and cold, dark, snow-covered winter conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg/220px-Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg/330px-Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg/440px-Arctic_poppy_among_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5226" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papaver_radicatum" title="Papaver radicatum">Arctic poppy</a> in bloom within the <a href="/wiki/Qausuittuq_National_Park" title="Qausuittuq National Park">Qausuittuq National Park</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Bathurst Island (Nunavut)">Bathurst Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a> is composed of plants such as <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">dwarf shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graminoid" title="Graminoid">graminoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, which all grow relatively close to the ground, forming <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. An example of a dwarf shrub is the <a href="/wiki/Bearberry" title="Bearberry">bearberry</a>. As one moves northward, the amount of warmth available for plant growth decreases considerably. In the northernmost areas, plants are at their metabolic limits, and small differences in the total amount of summer warmth make large differences in the amount of energy available for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Colder summer temperatures cause the size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease. Trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height; <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>, mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare; <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular plants</a> such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses and <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_radicatum" title="Papaver radicatum">Arctic poppy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_cetaceans" title="List of Arctic cetaceans">List of Arctic cetaceans</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna of the Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Mammals of the Arctic">Mammals of the Arctic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/220px-Muskus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/330px-Muskus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/440px-Muskus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg/170px-Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg/255px-Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg/340px-Snowy_Owl_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Herbivores on the tundra include the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_hare" title="Arctic hare">Arctic hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">lemming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> (caribou). They are preyed on by the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> is also a predator, though it prefers to hunt for marine life from the ice. There are also many <a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Birds of the Arctic">birds</a> and marine species endemic to the colder regions. Other terrestrial animals include <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ground_squirrel" title="Arctic ground squirrel">Arctic ground squirrels</a>. Marine mammals include <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walruses</a>, and several species of <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetacean</a>—<a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">belugas</a>. An excellent and famous example of a <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">ring species</a> exists and has been described around the Arctic Circle in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i> gulls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources of the Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></div> <p>There are copious <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">natural resources in the Arctic</a> (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and, if the subarctic is included, forest) to which modern technology and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_resources_race" title="Arctic resources race">economic opening up of Russia</a> have given significant new opportunities. The interest of the tourism industry is also on the increase. </p><p>The Arctic contains some of the last and most extensive continuous <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> areas in the world, and its significance in preserving <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a> is considerable. The increasing presence of humans fragments vital habitats. The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcover</a> and to the disturbance of the rare breeding grounds of the animals that are characteristic to the region. The Arctic also holds 1/5 of the Earth's water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous time period</a>, the Arctic still had seasonal snows, though only a light dusting and not enough to permanently hinder plant growth. Animals such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chasmosaurus" title="Chasmosaurus">Chasmosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Troodon" title="Troodon">Troodon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a></i> may have all migrated north to take advantage of the summer growing season, and migrated south to warmer climes when winter came. A similar situation may also have been found amongst <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> that lived in <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> regions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus" title="Muttaburrasaurus">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i> of Australia. </p><p>However, others claim that dinosaurs lived year-round at very high latitudes, such as near the <a href="/wiki/Colville_River_(Alaska)" title="Colville River (Alaska)">Colville River</a>, which is now at about 70° N but at the time (70 million years ago) was 10° further north.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_population">Indigenous population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indigenous population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Circumpolar peoples</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples of Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorset,_Norse,_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/220px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/330px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/440px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Maps showing the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a> and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 to 1500</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png/310px-Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png/465px-Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png/620px-Circumpolar_coastal_human_population_distribution_ca._2009.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Circumpolar coastal human population distribution <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2009</span> (includes indigenous and non-indigenous).</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_small_tool_tradition" title="Arctic small tool tradition">Arctic small tool tradition</a> (AST) and existed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span>. AST consisted of several <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a> cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/Independence_I_culture" title="Independence I culture">Independence cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Dorset" title="Pre-Dorset">Pre-Dorset</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffecker_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffecker-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>: <i>Tuniit</i> or <i>Tunit</i>) refers to the next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BCE. With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> / <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a>, evidence shows that descendants of the Dorset culture, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sadlermiut" title="Sadlermiut">Sadlermiut</a>, survived in Aivilik, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coats_Island" title="Coats Island">Coats Islands</a>, until the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dorset / <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule culture</a> transition dates around the ninth–10th centuries CE. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of the two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with the predecessor culture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence suggested that Inuit descend from the <a href="/wiki/Birnirk_culture" title="Birnirk culture">Birnirk</a> of Siberia, who through the Thule culture <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">expanded</a> into northern Canada and Greenland, where they genetically and culturally completely replaced the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dorset_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset people">Dorset people</a> some time after 1300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of why the Dorset disappeared so completely has led some to suggest that Thule invaders wiped out the Dorset people in "an example of prehistoric genocide."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1300 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century (<a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a> are modern Greenlandic Inuit groups descended from Thule). Over time, the Inuit have migrated throughout the Arctic regions of Eastern Russia, the United States, Canada, and Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Circumpolar North indigenous peoples</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenets" title="Nenets">Nenets</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin" title="Gwichʼin">Gwichʼin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cooperation_and_politics">International cooperation and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International cooperation and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg/220px-Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg/330px-Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg/440px-Polar_bears_near_north_pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bears</a> on the sea ice of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(SSN-718)" title="USS Honolulu (SSN-718)">USS <i>Honolulu</i></a> pictured.</figcaption></figure> <p>The eight Arctic nations (Canada, Kingdom of Denmark [Greenland & The Faroe Islands], Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and US) are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a>, as are organizations representing six indigenous populations (The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council_Indigenous_Peoples_Secretariat#Aleut_International_Association" title="Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat">Aleut International Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council_Indigenous_Peoples_Secretariat#Arctic_Athabaskan_Council" title="Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat">Arctic Athabaskan Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council_Indigenous_Peoples_Secretariat#Gwich'in_Council_International" title="Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat">Gwich'in Council International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Association_of_Indigenous_Peoples_of_the_North" title="Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North">Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a>). The council operates on consensus basis, mostly dealing with environmental treaties and not addressing boundary or resource disputes. </p><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic policy priorities differ</a>, every Arctic nation is concerned about sovereignty/defense, resource development, shipping routes, and environmental protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buixade_Farre_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much work remains on regulatory agreements regarding shipping, tourism, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_resources_race" title="Arctic resources race">resource development</a> in Arctic waters.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arctic shipping is subject to some regulatory control through the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_for_Ships_Operating_in_Polar_Waters" title="International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters">International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> on 1 January 2017 and applies to all ships in Arctic waters over 500 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-IMOPolar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMOPolar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMOPolar1Year_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMOPolar1Year-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in the Arctic has long been a collaborative international effort, evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">International Polar Year</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Arctic_Science_Committee" title="International Arctic Science Committee">International Arctic Science Committee</a>, hundreds of scientists and specialists of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a>, and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council are more examples of collaborative international Arctic research.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_claims">Territorial claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Territorial claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></div> <p>While there are several ongoing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">territorial claims in the Arctic</a>, no country owns the geographic <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The surrounding six Arctic states that border the Arctic Ocean—Canada, Kingdom of Denmark (with Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and the United States—are limited to a 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (370 km; 230 mi) <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) off their coasts. Two Arctic states (Finland and Sweden) do not have direct access to the Arctic Ocean. </p><p>Upon ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>, a country has ten years to make claims to an <a href="/wiki/Extended_continental_shelf" title="Extended continental shelf">extended continental shelf</a> beyond its 200 nautical mile zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buixade_Farre_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, Norway (which ratified the convention in 1996),<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia (ratified in 1997),<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada (ratified in 2003)<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Kingdom of Denmark (ratified in 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched projects to establish claims that certain sectors of the Arctic seabed should belong to their territories. </p><p>On 2 August 2007, two Russian <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">bathyscaphes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">MIR-1 and MIR-2</a>, for the first time in history descended to the Arctic <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> beneath the North Pole and placed there a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> made of rust-proof <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloys" title="Titanium alloys">titanium alloy</a>. The flag-placing, during <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a>, generated commentary on and concern for a race for control of the Arctic's vast hydrocarbon resources.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage,_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage,_and_bathymetry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png/330px-Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png/495px-Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png/660px-Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Arctic region showing the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> within it, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign ministers and other officials representing Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Ilulissat, Greenland</a> on 28 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> and announced the <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blocking any "new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean," and pledging "the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims."<sup id="cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buixade_Farre_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the Kingdom of Denmark is claiming the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge" title="Lomonosov Ridge">Lomonosov Ridge</a> between Greenland and over the North Pole to the northern limit of the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Russia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Russia">exclusive economic zone of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian Federation is also <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Russia#2001_extension_claim" title="Continental shelf of Russia">claiming a large swath of seabed</a> along the Lomonosov Ridge but, unlike Denmark, confined its claim to its side of the Arctic region. In August 2015, Russia made a supplementary submission for the expansion of the external borders of its continental shelf in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, asserting that the eastern part of the Lomonosov Ridge and the <a href="/wiki/Mendeleyev_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleyev Ridge">Mendeleyev Ridge</a> are an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent. In August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf</a> began to consider Russia's submission.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada claims the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> as part of its <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Internal_Waters" title="Canadian Internal Waters">internal waters</a> belonging to Canada, while the United States and most maritime nations<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards it as an <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">international strait</a>, which means that foreign vessels have right of transit passage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></div> <p>Since 1937, the larger portion of the Asian-side Arctic region has been extensively explored by Soviet and Russian crewed <a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">drifting ice stations</a>. Between 1937 and 1991, 88 international polar crews established and occupied scientific settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">drift ice</a> and were carried thousands of kilometres by the ice flow.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contamination_pathways_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Contamination_pathways_large.jpg/370px-Contamination_pathways_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Contamination_pathways_large.jpg/555px-Contamination_pathways_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Contamination_pathways_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Long-range pollution pathways to the Arctic</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arctic is comparatively clean, although there are certain ecologically difficult <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">localized pollution</a> problems that present a serious threat to people's health living around these pollution sources. Due to the prevailing worldwide sea and air currents, the Arctic area is the fallout region for long-range transport <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, and in some places the concentrations exceed the levels of densely populated urban areas. An example of this is the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a>, which is commonly blamed on long-range pollutants. Another example is with the <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> of PCB's (<a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>) in Arctic wildlife and people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Arctic" title="Save the Arctic">Save the Arctic</a></div> <p>There have been many proposals to preserve the Arctic over the years. Most recently a group of stars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a>, on 21 June 2012, proposed protecting the Arctic, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. The initial focus of the campaign will be a UN resolution creating a global sanctuary around the pole, and a ban on oil drilling and unsustainable fishing in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arctic has climate change rates that are amongst the highest in the world. Due to the major impacts to the region from climate change the near climate future of the region will be extremely different under all scenarios of warming.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg/300px-2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg/450px-2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shrinkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic shrinkage">Arctic sea ice coverage</a> as of 2007 compared to 2005 and compared to 1979–2000 average</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>, and melting of the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a>. Potential <a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">methane release</a> from the region, especially through the thawing of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrates</a>, is also a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">amplified response of the Arctic</a> to global warming, it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming. The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arctic region is especially vulnerable to the effects of any <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years. <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate models</a> predict much greater <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a> than the global average,<sup id="cite_ref-HassolArctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HassolArctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in significant international attention to the region. In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> production by micro-organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are potent <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_(15226568739).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg/220px-Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg/330px-Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg/440px-Svolv%C3%A6r_Harbor_%2815226568739%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>The shrinking Arctic: Parts of Norway inside the Arctic Circle has a temperate climate with the 1991–2020 normals, such as <a href="/wiki/Skrova" title="Skrova">Skrova</a> near <a href="/wiki/Svolv%C3%A6r" title="Svolvær">Svolvær</a> with mean annual temperature of 6 °C (43 °F), four months above 10°C and no month below 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from concerns regarding the detrimental effects of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have gained attention. The melting of the ice is making the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>, shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One harbinger of the opening navigability of the Arctic took place in the summer of 2016 when the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Serenity" title="Crystal Serenity">Crystal Serenity</a> successfully navigated the Northwest Passage, a first for a large cruise ship.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, it is believed that the Arctic seabed may contain substantial <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir#Oil_field" title="Petroleum reservoir">oil fields</a> which may become accessible if the ice covering them melts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors have led to recent international debates as to which nations can claim sovereignty or ownership over the waters of the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_sovereignty_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_sovereignty-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arctic_waters">Arctic waters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arctic waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait" title="Davis Strait">Davis Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nares_Strait" title="Nares Strait">Nares Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arctic_lands">Arctic lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arctic lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg/220px-Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg/330px-Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg/440px-Plane_buzzes_Pangnirtung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg/220px-Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg/330px-Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg/440px-Salliaruseq-uummannaq-aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uummannaq_Island" title="Uummannaq Island">Uummannaq Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> reindeer herders in the <a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue,_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_(8029761188).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg/220px-The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg/330px-The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg/440px-The_bush_village_of_Kotzebue%2C_gateway_to_Kobuk_Valley_%288029761188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kotzebue,_Alaska" title="Kotzebue, Alaska">Kotzebue, Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/220px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/330px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/440px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> on Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> is the largest city in the world north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geographic designation </th> <th>National affiliation </th> <th>Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>American <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Canadian archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Diomede" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Diomede">Diomede Island (Big)</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Diomede_Island" title="Little Diomede Island">Diomede Island (Little)</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">Counties of Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Kingdom of Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsey" title="Grímsey">Grímsey</a> </td> <td>Iceland </td> <td>Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuvik_Region" title="Inuvik Region">Inuvik Region</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="List of regions of the Northwest Territories">Administrative region of the Northwest Territories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td>Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions of Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region" title="Kitikmeot Region">Kitikmeot Region</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Nunavut" title="List of regions of Nunavut">Administrative region of Nunavut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_Region" title="Kivalliq Region">Kivalliq Region</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Nunavut" title="List of regions of Nunavut">Administrative region of Nunavut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey" title="Kolbeinsey">Kolbeinsey</a> </td> <td>Iceland </td> <td>Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lappi</a> </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions of Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lappland</a> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces of Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands" title="New Siberian Islands">New Siberian Islands</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">Counties of Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces of Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a> </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions of Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Territory of Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Northern part of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Territory of Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region" title="Qikiqtaaluk Region">Qikiqtaaluk Region</a> (Baffin) </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Nunavut" title="List of regions of Nunavut">Administrative region of Nunavut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Arctic_islands" title="Russian Arctic islands">Russian Arctic islands</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a> </td> <td>Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> region </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Region </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Svalbard" title="Governor of Svalbard">Governor of Svalbard</a> archipelago </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">Counties of Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces of Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapovednik" title="Zapovednik">Zapovednik</a> (nature reserve) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Territory of Canada</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point" title="List of countries by northernmost point">List of countries by northernmost point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sanctuary" title="Arctic sanctuary">Arctic sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Arctic" title="Poverty in the Arctic">Poverty in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_City" title="Winter City">Winter City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word was originally pronounced without the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> sound, but the pronunciation with the k sound is nowadays very common. The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then began to be pronounced.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ahd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142909/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=arctic">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: arctic"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=arctic">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+arctic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Darctic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arctic&allowed_in_frame=0">"Antarctic"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113183224/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arctic&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Antarctic&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Darctic%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krembs, Christopher and Jody Deming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_krembsdeming.html">"Organisms that thrive in Arctic sea ice."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323190329/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_krembsdeming.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 18 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315193">"Arktikos."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102053/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315193&redirect=true">Archived</a> 30 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315199">"Arktos."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102051/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315199&redirect=true">Archived</a> 30 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.souledout.org/nightsky/ursamandm/ursamajorandminor.html">"The Great Bear Constellation Ursa Major"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130031637/http://souledout.org/nightsky/ursamandm/ursamajorandminor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bear+Constellation+Ursa+Major&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.souledout.org%2Fnightsky%2Fursamandm%2Fursamajorandminor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arctic">"arctic."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314115954/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Arctic">Archived</a> 14 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).</i> Random House, Inc. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison2002" class="citation book cs1">Addison, Kenneth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJX9fdU4NvkC&pg=RA1-PA482"><i>Fundamentals of the physical environment</i></a>. Routledge. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23293-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23293-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102124/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJX9fdU4NvkC&pg=RA1-PA482">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+physical+environment&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23293-7&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJX9fdU4NvkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2020" class="citation web cs1">Radford, Tim (2 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatenewsnetwork.net/arctic-heating-races-ahead-of-worst-case-estimates/">"Arctic heating races ahead of worst case estimates"</a>. <i>Climate News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904083815/https://climatenewsnetwork.net/arctic-heating-races-ahead-of-worst-case-estimates/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+News+Network&rft.atitle=Arctic+heating+races+ahead+of+worst+case+estimates&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatenewsnetwork.net%2Farctic-heating-races-ahead-of-worst-case-estimates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDormannWoodin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dormann, C. F.; Woodin, S. J. (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x">"Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments: Meta-analysis of arctic experiments"</a>. <i>Functional Ecology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 4–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0269-8463.2001.00596.x">10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102048/https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Climate+change+in+the+Arctic%3A+using+plant+functional+types+in+a+meta-analysis+of+field+experiments%3A+Meta-analysis+of+arctic+experiments&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-17&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0269-8463.2001.00596.x&rft.aulast=Dormann&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft.au=Woodin%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1046%2Fj.0269-8463.2001.00596.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedescoMoteFettweisHanna2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tedesco, M.; Mote, T.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Booth, J. 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(9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906163">"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 11723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711723T">2016NatCo...711723T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms11723">10.1038/ncomms11723</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906163">4906163</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27277547">27277547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Arctic+cut-off+high+drives+the+poleward+shift+of+a+new+Greenland+melting+record&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=11723&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4906163%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...711723T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27277547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms11723&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Tedesco&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Mote%2C+T.&rft.au=Fettweis%2C+X.&rft.au=Hanna%2C+E.&rft.au=Jeyaratnam%2C+J.&rft.au=Booth%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Datta%2C+R.&rft.au=Briggs%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4906163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2006" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Jim (19 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015173024/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/planet-peril-%E2%80%93-part-i">"The Planet in Peril – Part I"</a>. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/planet-peril-%E2%80%93-part-i">the original</a> on 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Planet+in+Peril+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.pub=Yale+Center+for+the+Study+of+Globalization&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fplanet-peril-%25E2%2580%2593-part-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2020" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Alex (11 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatenewsnetwork.net/end-of-arctic-sea-ice-by-2035-possible-study-finds/">"End of Arctic sea ice by 2035 possible, study finds"</a>. <i>Climate News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915162323/https://climatenewsnetwork.net/end-of-arctic-sea-ice-by-2035-possible-study-finds/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+News+Network&rft.atitle=End+of+Arctic+sea+ice+by+2035+possible%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatenewsnetwork.net%2Fend-of-arctic-sea-ice-by-2035-possible-study-finds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2019" class="citation web cs1">Reich, Katharine (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-11-arctic-ocean-ice-free-year.html">"Arctic Ocean could be ice-free for part of the year as soon as 2044"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930154138/https://phys.org/news/2019-11-arctic-ocean-ice-free-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Arctic+Ocean+could+be+ice-free+for+part+of+the+year+as+soon+as+2044&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-11-arctic-ocean-ice-free-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety2016" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/arctic/">"Arctic"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603203627/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/arctic/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Arctic&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farctic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428686-800-a-palaeontologists-alaskan-adventure/">"A paleontologists Alaskan adventure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 9 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005721/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428686-800-a-palaeontologists-alaskan-adventure/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=A+paleontologists+Alaskan+adventure&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21428686-800-a-palaeontologists-alaskan-adventure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffecker-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffecker_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffecker2005" class="citation book cs1">Hoffecker, John F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rL5F4EAaFkC&pg=PA132"><i>A prehistory of the north: human settlement of the higher latitudes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3469-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-3469-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102129/https://books.google.com/books?id=_rL5F4EAaFkC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+prehistory+of+the+north%3A+human+settlement+of+the+higher+latitudes&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3469-5&rft.aulast=Hoffecker&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rL5F4EAaFkC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, pp. 28–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, pp. 216–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGhee2005" class="citation book cs1">McGhee, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdaAAAAAMAAJ&q=sagdlermiut+genetic"><i>The last imaginary place: a human history of the Arctic world</i></a> (Digitized 7 October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518368-9"><bdi>978-0-19-518368-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102049/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdaAAAAAMAAJ&q=sagdlermiut+genetic">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+imaginary+place%3A+a+human+history+of+the+Arctic+world&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=Digitized+7+October+2008&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518368-9&rft.aulast=McGhee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdaAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsagdlermiut%2Bgenetic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/29/science/study-offers-clues-to-arctic-mystery-paleo-eskimos-abrupt-extinction.html">"New Study Offers Clues to Swift Arctic Extinction"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Study+Offers+Clues+to+Swift+Arctic+Extinction&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F29%2Fscience%2Fstudy-offers-clues-to-arctic-mystery-paleo-eskimos-abrupt-extinction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/dorset-dna-genes-trace-tale-arctics-long-gone-hobbits-n191156">"Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dorset+DNA%3A+Genes+Trace+the+Tale+of+the+Arctic%27s+Long-Gone+%27Hobbits%27&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Fdorset-dna-genes-trace-tale-arctics-long-gone-hobbits-n191156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml">"First Nations Culture Areas Index"</a>. <i>the Canadian Museum of Civilization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033229/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization&rft.atitle=First+Nations+Culture+Areas+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilization.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Ftresors%2Fethno%2Fetb0170e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buixade_Farre_2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buixade_Farre_2014_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuixadé_FarréStephensonChenCzub2014" class="citation journal cs1">Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran, A. P., Sachin; Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1088937X.2014.965769">"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polar_Geography" title="Polar Geography">Polar Geography</a></i>. <b>37</b> (4): 298. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PolGe..37..298B">2014PolGe..37..298B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1088937X.2014.965769">10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Geography&rft.atitle=Commercial+Arctic+shipping+through+the+Northeast+Passage%3A+Routes%2C+resources%2C+governance%2C+technology%2C+and+infrastructure&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1088937X.2014.965769&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PolGe..37..298B&rft.aulast=Buixad%C3%A9+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+Scott+R.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Linling&rft.au=Czub%2C+Michael&rft.au=Dai%2C+Ying&rft.au=Demchev%2C+Denis&rft.au=Efimov%2C+Yaroslav&rft.au=Graczyk%2C+Piotr&rft.au=Grythe%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Keil%2C+Kathrin&rft.au=Kivek%C3%A4s%2C+Niku&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Naresh&rft.au=Liu%2C+Nengye&rft.au=Matelenok%2C+Igor&rft.au=Myksvoll%2C+Mari&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Derek&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Julia&rft.au=Pavithran%2C+A.+P.%2C+Sachin&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Edward&rft.au=Raspotnik%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Ryzhov%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Solski%2C+Jan&rft.au=Suo%2C+Lingling&rft.au=Troein%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Valeeva%2C+Vilena&rft.au=van+Rijckevorsel%2C+Jaap&rft.au=Wighting%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1088937X.2014.965769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Berkman, Paul (23 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2014/stability-and-peace-in-arctic-ocean-through-science-diplomacy">"Stability and Peace in the Arctic Ocean through Science Diplomacy"</a>. <i>Science & Diplomacy</i>. <b>3</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426152211/https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2014/stability-and-peace-in-arctic-ocean-through-science-diplomacy">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Stability+and+Peace+in+the+Arctic+Ocean+through+Science+Diplomacy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.aulast=Berkman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencediplomacy.org%2Fperspective%2F2014%2Fstability-and-peace-in-arctic-ocean-through-science-diplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMOPolar-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMOPolar_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx">"Shipping in polar waters"</a>. IMO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802101244/https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Maritime Executive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802101829/https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/the-polar-code-one-year-on">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polar+Code%2C+One+Year+On&rft.pub=The+Maritime+Executive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-polar-code-one-year-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">King, Lorenz (1992). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronological+lists+of+ratifications+of%2C+accessions+and+successions+to+the+Convention+and+the+related+Agreements&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Freference_files%2Fchronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yenikeyeff, S. M. and Fenton Krysiek, Timothy (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Aug2007-TheBattleforthenextenergyfrontier-ShamilYenikeyeff-and-TimothyFentonKrysiek.pdf"><i>The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Institute_for_Energy_Studies" title="Oxford Institute for Energy Studies">Oxford Institute for Energy Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710021201/http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Aug2007-TheBattleforthenextenergyfrontier-ShamilYenikeyeff-and-TimothyFentonKrysiek.pdf">Archived</a> 10 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.dk/en/servicemenu/news/newsarchives2008/conferenceinilulissatgreenlandlandmarkpoliticaldeclarationonthefutureofthearctic.htm">"Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland: Landmark political declaration on the future of the Arctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark</a>. 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Abrupt+Climate+Change+Focus+Of+U.S.+National+Laboratories&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F09%2F080918192943.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/18/arctic-permafrost-canada-science-climate-crisis">"Scientists shocked by Arctic permafrost thawing 70 years sooner than predicted"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Reuters. 18 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006020220/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/18/arctic-permafrost-canada-science-climate-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scientists+shocked+by+Arctic+permafrost+thawing+70+years+sooner+than+predicted&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fjun%2F18%2Farctic-permafrost-canada-science-climate-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yr.no/en/statistics/table/5-85380/Norway/Nordland/V%C3%A5gan/Skrova%20fyr?q=last-13-months">Skrova climate statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109172300/https://www.yr.no/en/statistics/table/5-85380/Norway/Nordland/V%C3%A5gan/Skrova%20fyr?q=last-13-months">Archived</a> 9 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. yr.no. 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"Testing reliability of short-term responses to predict longer-term responses of bryophytes and lichens to environmental change". <i>Ecological Indicators</i>. <b>58</b>: 77–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2015.05.050">10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=Testing+reliability+of+short-term+responses+to+predict+longer-term+responses+of+bryophytes+and+lichens+to+environmental+change&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=77-85&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2015.05.050&rft.aulast=Alatalo&rft.aufirst=Juha+M.&rft.au=J%C3%A4gerbrand%2C+Annika+K.&rft.au=Molau%2C+Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/08/29/northwest.passage/">"Will ice melt open fabled Northwest Passage?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109062759/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/08/29/northwest.passage/">Archived</a> 9 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. 29 August 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/09/16/crystal-serenity-docks-in-nyc/">"Largest Cruise Ship Ever To Sail Northwest Passage Docks In NYC"</a>. 16 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927065229/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/09/16/crystal-serenity-docks-in-nyc/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cruise+Ship+Ever+To+Sail+Northwest+Passage+Docks+In+NYC&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewyork.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F09%2F16%2Fcrystal-serenity-docks-in-nyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demos, Telis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2007/08/07/news/international/arctic_oil.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2007080810">"The great Arctic Circle oil rush."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134845/https://money.cnn.com/2007/08/07/news/international/arctic_oil.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2007080810">Archived</a> 18 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. 8 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada_sovereignty-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_sovereignty_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=497c719f-a5be-4691-86f4-30ec877101a7&k=77">"New patrol ships will reassert northern sovereignty: PM".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929213616/http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=497c719f-a5be-4691-86f4-30ec877101a7&k=77">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Victoria Times Colonist. 9 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpin, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2155477.ece">"Russia stakes its claim on North Pole in underwater search for oil".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007151839/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2155477.ece">Archived</a> 7 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Times</i>. 28 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcastr.com/videos/news/arctic-melt-stuns-scientists.html">"Arctic melt stuns scientists"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 9 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Arctic+melt+stuns+scientists&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcastr.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Farctic-melt-stuns-scientists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304204151/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=d0135cd8-c15a-48a3-9579-0df5f8e185c1">"Conference could mark start of Arctic power struggle"</a>. Canada.com. 28 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=d0135cd8-c15a-48a3-9579-0df5f8e185c1">the original</a> on 4 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conference+could+mark+start+of+Arctic+power+struggle&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dd0135cd8-c15a-48a3-9579-0df5f8e185c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonKenneth_M._Ames1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gibbon, Guy E.; Kenneth M. Ames (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA29"><i>Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1537 of Garland reference library of the humanities. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-0725-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+prehistoric+native+America%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Guy+E.&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0u2y_SVnmoC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brian W. Coad, James D. Reist. (2017). <i>Marine Fishes of Arctic Canada</i>. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4710-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4710-7">978-1-4426-4710-7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/15118/Global-Security-Climate-Change-and-the-Arctic.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">"Global Security, Climate Change, and the Arctic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052231/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/15118/Global-Security-Climate-Change-and-the-Arctic.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 24-page special journal issue (Fall 2009), <i>Swords and Ploughshares</i>, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403172540/http://globio.info/region/polar/#arctic">GLOBIO Human Impact maps</a> <i>Report on human impacts on the Arctic</i></li> <li>Krupnik, Igor, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/proceedings/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?series=IPY&toplevel=1"><i>Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science.</i></a> Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141017071519/http://mesharpe.metapress.com/content/r500076153444737/?id=R500076153444737/">Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: The Arctic at the Crossroads of Geopolitical Interests</a> Russian Politics and Law, 2012, Vol.50, No.2, pp. 34–54</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/347/the_global_arctic/">Käpylä, Juha & Mikkola, Harri: The Global Arctic: The Growing Arctic Interests of Russia, China, the United States and the European Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915062320/http://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/347/the_global_arctic/">Archived</a> 15 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FIIA Briefing Paper 133, August 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiia.fi/en/">The Finnish Institute of International Affairs</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.ru/pubs/lib/data/access/ram/ticket/29/1415622628fb17e452d635132e55826454dba690db/The%20Arctic%20at%20the%20crossroads%20of%20geopolitical%20interests.pdf">Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. The Arctic at the crossroads of geopolitical interests // Russian Politics and Law, 2012. Vol. 50, No. 2. p. 34–54</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14751798.2014.948276#.VEC8BLkcSpo/">Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic?</a> Defense & Security Analysis, September 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2154896X.2014.913930#.VEDDnrkcSpo/">Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power?</a> Polar Journal, April 2014.</li> <li>McCannon, John. <i>A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation</i>. Reaktion Books and University of Chicago Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780230184" title="Special:BookSources/9781780230184">9781780230184</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Rourke, Ronald (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf"><i>Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changes+in+the+Arctic%3A+Background+and+Issues+for+Congress&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR41153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperry1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Sperry" title="Armstrong Sperry">Sperry, Armstrong</a> (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allaboutarcticansper"><i>All About the Arctic and Antarctic</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/57007518">57007518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+the+Arctic+and+Antarctic&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F57007518&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallaboutarcticansper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Arctic" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Arctic">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arctic" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Arctic">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arctic" class="extiw" title="voy:Arctic">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322" class="extiw" title="d:Q25322">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card">Arctic Report Card</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcticcentre.org/Blossoming-Arctic">Blossoming Arctic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.uaf.edu/">International Arctic Research 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_topics" title="Template talk:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arctic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_deserts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deserts" title="Template:Deserts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deserts" title="Template talk:Deserts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_polar_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_regions" title="Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_regions" title="Template talk:Polar regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="List of countries by southernmost point">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247151216">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVT863byyKmGVYgB7mBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002924-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006955">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arktická oblast"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134555&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arktida"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128386&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295550905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10047102">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43251">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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