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<span>UNCLOS I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNCLOS_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNCLOS_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNCLOS_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>UNCLOS II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNCLOS_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNCLOS_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNCLOS_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>UNCLOS III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNCLOS_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_XI_and_the_1994_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_XI_and_the_1994_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Part XI and the 1994 Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_XI_and_the_1994_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_XII_–_Protecting_the_marine_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_XII_–_Protecting_the_marine_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Part XII – Protecting the marine environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_XII_–_Protecting_the_marine_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Seas_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Seas_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>High Seas Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Seas_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_h%C3%BCququ_haqq%C4%B1nda_Konvensiya" title="Dəniz hüququ haqqında Konvensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz hüququ haqqında Konvensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konp%C3%A9nsi_Paiketan_Wangsa-Wangsa_antuk_Awig_Segara" title="Konpénsi Paiketan Wangsa-Wangsa antuk Awig Segara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Konpénsi Paiketan Wangsa-Wangsa antuk Awig Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6" title="জাতিসংঘ সমুদ্র আইন বিষয়ক সনদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতিসংঘ সমুদ্র আইন বিষয়ক সনদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbensyon_manungod_sa_Ley_kan_Dagat_kan_Mga_Nagkakasararong_Nasyon" title="Kumbensyon manungod sa Ley kan Dagat kan Mga Nagkakasararong Nasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kumbensyon manungod sa Ley kan Dagat kan Mga Nagkakasararong Nasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Конвенция на ООН по морско право – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конвенция на ООН по морско право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides_sobre_el_Dret_de_la_Mar" title="Convenció de les Nacions Unides sobre el Dret de la Mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció de les Nacions Unides sobre el Dret de la Mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amluva_Organizace_spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rod%C5%AF_o_mo%C5%99sk%C3%A9m_pr%C3%A1vu" title="Úmluva Organizace spojených národů o mořském právu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úmluva Organizace spojených národů o mořském právu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confensiwn_y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig_ar_Gyfraith_y_M%C3%B4r" title="Confensiwn y Cenhedloedd Unedig ar Gyfraith y Môr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Confensiwn y Cenhedloedd Unedig ar Gyfraith y Môr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%27s_havretskonvention" title="FN's havretskonvention – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FN's havretskonvention" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN-Seerechts%C3%BCbereinkommen" title="UN-Seerechtsübereinkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UN-Seerechtsübereinkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σύμβαση των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για το Δίκαιο της Θάλασσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμβαση των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για το Δίκαιο της Θάλασσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_de_las_Naciones_Unidas_sobre_el_Derecho_del_Mar" title="Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencio_de_la_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj_pri_Marjuro" title="Konvencio de la Unuiĝintaj Nacioj pri Marjuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvencio de la Unuiĝintaj Nacioj pri Marjuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کنوانسیون ملل متحد درباره حقوق دریاها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون ملل متحد درباره حقوق دریاها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_des_Nations_unies_sur_le_droit_de_la_mer" title="Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas_sobre_o_Dereito_do_Mar" title="Convención das Nacións Unidas sobre o Dereito do Mar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención das Nacións Unidas sobre o Dereito do Mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%EB%B2%95%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="해양법에 관한 유엔 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양법에 관한 유엔 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar_Majalisar_Dinkin_Duniya_kan_Dokar_Teku" title="Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र समुद्र विधि समझौता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र समुद्र विधि समझौता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencija_Ujedinjenih_naroda_o_pravu_mora" title="Konvencija Ujedinjenih naroda o pravu mora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konvencija Ujedinjenih naroda o pravu mora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkwek%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8Bta_Mba_Nd%E1%BB%8B_D%E1%BB%8B_n%27Otu_maka_Iwu_Ok%C3%A9_Osimiri" title="Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafr%C3%A9ttars%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1li_Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0anna" title="Hafréttarsáttmáli Sameinuðu þjóðanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hafréttarsáttmáli Sameinuðu þjóðanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_delle_Nazioni_Unite_sul_diritto_del_mare" title="Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חוק הים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק הים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_ties%C4%ABbu_konvencija" title="Jūras tiesību konvencija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras tiesību konvencija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%B3_teis%C4%97s_konvencija" title="Jūrų teisės konvencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūrų teisės konvencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengerjog" title="Tengerjog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengerjog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="യു.എൻ കടൽ നിയമ കൺവെൻഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യു.എൻ കടൽ നിയമ കൺവെൻഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCLOS_Konvenzjoni_tal-%C4%A0nus_Mag%C4%A7quda_dwar_id-Dritt_tal-Ba%C4%A7ar" title="UNCLOS Konvenzjoni tal-Ġnus Magħquda dwar id-Dritt tal-Baħar – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="UNCLOS Konvenzjoni tal-Ġnus Magħquda dwar id-Dritt tal-Baħar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensyen_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu_tentang_Undang-Undang_Laut" title="Konvensyen Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu tentang Undang-Undang Laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konvensyen Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu tentang Undang-Undang Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82_%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပင်လယ်ဥပဒေ ကွန်ဗင်းရှင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပင်လယ်ဥပဒေ ကွန်ဗင်းရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VN-Zeerechtverdrag" title="VN-Zeerechtverdrag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="VN-Zeerechtverdrag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="海洋法に関する国際連合条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海洋法に関する国際連合条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havrettskonvensjonen" title="Havrettskonvensjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Havrettskonvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havrettstraktaten" title="Havrettstraktaten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Havrettstraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="د بحر د قانون په اړه د ملګرو ملتونو کنوانسیون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بحر د قانون په اړه د ملګرو ملتونو کنوانسیون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_Narod%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych_o_prawie_morza" title="Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawie morza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawie morza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_sobre_o_Direito_do_Mar" title="Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_asupra_dreptului_m%C4%83rii" title="Convenția Națiunilor Unite asupra dreptului mării – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Convenția Națiunilor Unite asupra dreptului mării" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Конвенция ООН по морскому праву – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция ООН по морскому праву" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Naitions_Convention_on_the_Law_o_the_Sea" title="Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konventa_e_Kombeve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara_p%C3%ABr_Ligjin_e_Detit" title="Konventa e Kombeve të Bashkuara për Ligjin e Detit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konventa e Kombeve të Bashkuara për Ligjin e Detit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohovor_Organiz%C3%A1cie_Spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rodov_o_morskom_pr%C3%A1ve" title="Dohovor Organizácie Spojených národov o morskom práve – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dohovor Organizácie Spojených národov o morskom práve" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencija_Ujedinjenih_nacija_o_pravu_mora" title="Konvencija Ujedinjenih nacija o pravu mora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konvencija Ujedinjenih nacija o pravu mora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneiden_kansakuntien_merioikeusyleissopimus" title="Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien merioikeusyleissopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien merioikeusyleissopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationernas_havsr%C3%A4ttskonvention" title="Förenta nationernas havsrättskonvention – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenta nationernas havsrättskonvention" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbensiyon_ukol_sa_Batas_ng_Dagat_ng_Mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" title="Kumbensiyon ukol sa Batas ng Dagat ng Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kumbensiyon ukol sa Batas ng Dagat ng Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் சபையின் கடல் சட்ட சாசனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் சபையின் கடல் சட்ட சாசனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="อนุสัญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยกฎหมายทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสัญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยกฎหมายทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler_Deniz_Hukuku_S%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International maritime law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNCLOS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UNCLOS_logo.svg/120px-UNCLOS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UNCLOS_logo.svg/180px-UNCLOS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UNCLOS_logo.svg/240px-UNCLOS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="354" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Logo of the Convention</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>, Jamaica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1994<sup id="cite_ref-history_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">60 ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">157<sup id="cite_ref-rat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">170</a><sup id="cite_ref-rat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikisource:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</b> (<b>UNCLOS</b>), also called the <b>Law of the Sea Convention</b> or the <b>Law of the Sea Treaty</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaty</a> that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of October 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 169 <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are parties.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a>. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-history_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, agreement was reached on a <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty</a> to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. This would provide measures including <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessments</a>. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-general_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-general of the United Nations">secretary-general of the United Nations</a> receives instruments of <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a> and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the convention, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a> has no direct operational role in the implementation of the convention. A UN <a href="/wiki/Specialized_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized agencies">specialized agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>, does play a role, however, as do other bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> (ISA), which was established by the convention itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea replaces the older "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">freedom of the seas</a>" concept, dating from the 17th century. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastlines</a>, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (<a href="/wiki/Three-mile_limit" title="Three-mile limit">three-mile limit</a>), according to the "<a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> shot" rule developed by the Dutch jurist <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Akashi-Bynkershoek_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akashi-Bynkershoek-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All waters beyond national boundaries were considered <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the <i><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">mare liberum</a></i> principle propounded by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a>, and to provide the means to enforce <a href="/wiki/Pollution#Pollution_control" title="Pollution">pollution controls</a>. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> called a 1930 conference at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, but no agreements resulted.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the customary international-law principle of a nation's right to protect its natural resources, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Other nations were quick to follow suit. Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador extended their rights to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to cover their <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> fishing grounds. Other nations extended their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit,<sup id="cite_ref-Three_Mile_Limit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_Mile_Limit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit. As of 15 July 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, only Jordan still uses the 3-mile (4.8 km) limit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">straits</a>, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> on the acquisition and loss of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> has a target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNCLOS_I">UNCLOS I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UNCLOS I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:10px"> <caption>Territorial waters claims by coastal states in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Breadth claim</th> <th>Number of states </th></tr> <tr> <td>3-mile limit</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-mile limit</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5-mile limit</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6-mile limit</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9-mile limit</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-mile limit</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12-mile limit</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>More than 12-miles</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unspecified</td> <td>11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1958, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea (<a href="/wiki/UNCLOS_I" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS I">UNCLOS I</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland. UNCLOS I<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Territorial_Sea_and_Contiguous_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone">Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone</a>, entry into force: 10 September 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a>, entry into force: 10 June 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a>, entry into force: 30 September 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Fishing_and_Conservation_of_Living_Resources_of_the_High_Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas">Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas</a>, entry into force: 20 March 1966</li></ul> <p>Although UNCLOS I was considered a success, it left open the important issue of breadth of territorial waters.<sup id="cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNCLOS_II">UNCLOS II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: UNCLOS II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, the United Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS II"); however, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in any new agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, developing nations and third world countries participated only as clients, allies, or dependents of the United States or the Soviet Union, with no significant voice of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_Mile_Limit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_Mile_Limit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNCLOS_III">UNCLOS III</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: UNCLOS III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonmar-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zonmar-en.svg/300px-Zonmar-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zonmar-en.svg/450px-Zonmar-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zonmar-en.svg/600px-Zonmar-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Sea areas in international rights (Top view)</figcaption></figure> <p>The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Pardo" title="Arvid Pardo">Arvid Pardo</a> of Malta, and in 1973 the <i>Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea</i> convened in New York. In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus process</a> rather than majority vote. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after the 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty. </p><p>The convention introduced a number of provisions. The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive economic zones">exclusive economic zones</a> (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes. </p><p>The convention set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a>. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, <a href="/wiki/Straight_baselines" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight baselines">straight baselines</a> may be used.) The areas are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">Internal waters</a>: Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. A vessel in the high seas assumes jurisdiction under the internal laws of its flag state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial sea">Territorial sea</a>: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_state" title="Coastal state">coastal state</a> is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource; in essence, the coastal State enjoys Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. Vessels were given the right of <a href="/wiki/Innocent_passage" title="Innocent passage">innocent passage</a> through any territorial sea, with strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as <a href="/wiki/Transit_passage" title="Transit passage">transit passage</a>, in that naval vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in the territorial sea. "Innocent passage" is defined by the convention as passing through waters in an expeditious and continuous manner, which is not "prejudicial to the peace, good order or the security" of the coastal state. Fishing, polluting, weapons practice, and spying are not "innocent", and submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their territorial sea, if doing so is essential for the protection of their security.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelagic waters">Archipelagic waters</a>: The convention set the definition of "Archipelagic States" in Part IV, which also defines how the state can draw its territorial borders. A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands, subject to these points being sufficiently close to one another. All waters inside this baseline are designated "Archipelagic Waters". The state has sovereignty over these waters mostly to the extent it has over internal waters, but subject to existing rights including traditional fishing rights of immediately adjacent states.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCLOS3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCLOS3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign vessels have right of innocent passage through <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelagic waters">archipelagic waters</a>, but archipelagic states may limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous zone">Contiguous zone</a>: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the territorial sea <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a> limit, the contiguous zone. Here a state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas (customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution) if the infringement started or is about to occur within the state's territory or territorial waters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the contiguous zone a <a href="/wiki/Hot_pursuit" title="Hot pursuit">hot pursuit</a> area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zones</a> <b>(EEZs)</b>: These extend 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a>. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf. The EEZs were introduced to halt the increasingly heated clashes over fishing rights, although <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> was also becoming important. The success of an offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in 1947 was soon repeated elsewhere in the world, and by 1970 it was technically feasible to operate in waters 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep. Foreign nations have the freedom of navigation and overflight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states. Foreign states may also lay <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">submarine pipes</a> and cables.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a>: The continental shelf is defined as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_prolongation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural prolongation">natural prolongation</a> of the land territory to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>'s outer edge, or 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. A state's continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles (370 km) until the natural prolongation ends. However, it may never exceed 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline; nor may it exceed 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) beyond the 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) <a href="/wiki/Isobath" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobath">isobath</a> (the line connecting the depth of 2 500 m). Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of their continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Coastal states also have exclusive control over living resources "attached" to the continental shelf, but not to creatures living in the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> beyond the exclusive economic zone.</li></ul> <p>The area outside these areas is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>" or simply "the Area".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from its provisions defining ocean boundaries, the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">common heritage of mankind</a> principle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention also established the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">Landlocked</a> states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_XI_and_the_1994_Agreement">Part XI and the 1994 Agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Part XI and the 1994 Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautical_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/80px-Nautical_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/120px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/160px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></li> <li><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)#Contents" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordinamenta_et_consuetudo_maris" title="Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris">Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfian_Laws" title="Amalfian Laws">Amalfian Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Shipping</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rate" title="Freight rate">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">Merchant marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_mortgage" title="Ship mortgage">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_registration" title="Ship registration">Registration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine insurance</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_collision" title="Ship collision">Collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaworthiness_(law)" title="Seaworthiness (law)">Seaworthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Total loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_security" title="Maritime security">Maritime security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_drug_trafficking_in_Latin_America" title="Maritime drug trafficking in Latin America">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">Wartime prizes</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charterparty" title="Charterparty">Charterparty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratry_(admiralty_law)" title="Barratry (admiralty law)">Barratry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">Bill of lading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbroking" title="Shipbroking">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Chartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignment" title="Consignment">Consignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demurrage" title="Demurrage">Demurrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">Invoice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_invoice" title="Commercial invoice">Commercial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_forma" title="Pro forma">Pro forma</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">Laytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_lien" title="Maritime lien">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(transportation)" title="Manifest (transportation)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">Packing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_delivery" title="Proof of delivery">Proof of delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">Salvage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">Terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">Waybill</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_agency" title="Shipping agency">Agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">Freight forwarder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">Captain (Master)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_captain_goes_down_with_the_ship" title="The captain goes down with the ship">The captain goes down with the ship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Carrier</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Charterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_company" title="Freight company">Freight company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_management" title="Ship management">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignee" title="Consignee">Consignee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignor" title="Consignor">Consignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(commercial_law)" title="Principal (commercial law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-owner" title="Ship-owner">Owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaman_status_in_United_States_admiralty_law" title="Seaman status in United States admiralty law">Seaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">Stevedore</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Judiciaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court" title="Vice admiralty court">Vice admiralty court</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International conventions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rules" title="Hamburg Rules">Hamburg Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rules" title="Rotterdam Rules">Rotterdam Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Labour_Convention" title="Maritime Labour Convention">Maritime Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Salvage" title="International Convention on Salvage">International Convention on Salvage</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Nations Convention on <br /> the Law of the Sea <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNCLOS)</span></a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">SOLAS Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_Water_Management_Convention" title="Ballast Water Management Convention">Ballast Water Management Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Control_of_Harmful_Anti-fouling_Systems_on_Ships" title="International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships">Anti-fouling Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Load_Lines" title="International Convention on Load Lines">International Convention on Load Lines</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for<br /> Preventing Collisions at Sea</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Maritime_Search_and_Rescue" title="International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue">SAR Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Convention" title="Athens Convention">Athens Convention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Maritime_International" title="Comité Maritime International">Comité Maritime International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Maritime_Arbitrators_Association" title="London Maritime Arbitrators Association">London Maritime Arbitrators Association</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Admiralty_law" title="Template talk:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Part XI of the convention provides for a regime relating to minerals on the seabed outside any state's territorial waters or exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It establishes an <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United States objected</a> to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to American economic and security interests. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention. </p><p>From 1982 to 1990, the United States accepted all but Part XI as customary international law, while attempting to establish an alternative regime for exploitation of the minerals of the deep seabed. An agreement was made with other seabed mining nations and licenses were granted to four international consortia. Concurrently, the Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in the demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. In addition, the decline of communism in the late 1980s removed much of the support for some of the more contentious Part XI provisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1990, consultations began between signatories and non-signatories (including the United States) over the possibility of modifying the convention to allow the industrialized countries to join the convention. The resulting 1994 Agreement on Implementation was adopted as a binding international convention. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. The 1994 Agreement also established a Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus. </p><p>On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a> (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of states parties to the convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the area in accordance with Part XI of the convention and the 1994 agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advisory opinion was issued in response to a formal request made by the International Seabed Authority following two prior applications the authority's Legal and Technical Commission had received from the Republic of Nauru and the Kingdom of Tonga regarding proposed activities (a plan of work to explore for polymetallic nodules) to be undertaken in the area by two state-sponsored contractors – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (sponsored by the Republic of Nauru) and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (sponsored by the Kingdom of Tonga). The advisory opinion set forth the international legal responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring states and the authority to ensure that sponsored activities do not harm the marine environment, consistent with the applicable provisions of UNCLOS Part XI, Authority regulations, ITLOS case law, other international environmental treaties, and Principle 15 of the UN Rio Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_XII_–_Protecting_the_marine_environment"><span id="Part_XII_.E2.80.93_Protecting_the_marine_environment"></span>Part XII – Protecting the marine environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Part XII – Protecting the marine environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a>. The <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL</a> convention is an example of such regulation. Part XII also bestows coastal and <a href="/wiki/Port_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Port state">port states</a> with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Seas_Treaty">High Seas Treaty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High Seas Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_seas_fisheries_management#Agreement_on_biodiversity_beyond_national_jurisdiction_(BBNJ_Treaty)" title="High seas fisheries management">High seas fisheries management § Agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Treaty)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">BBNJ Agreement</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png/300px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png/450px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png/600px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">International legally binding instrument</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ratification by 60 states</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">91 countries <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">(8) Belize, Chile, Cuba, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Palau, Seychelles</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Seas_Treaty&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction or BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty</a> or Global Ocean Treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a legally binding <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">instrument</a> for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some controversy over the popularized name of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an agreement under the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Biodiversity_beyond_national_jurisdiction">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text was finalised during an intergovernmental conference at the UN on 4 March 2023 and adopted on 19 June 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both states and regional economic integration organizations can become parties to the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> (UNGA) had voted to convene an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental conference">intergovernmental conference</a> (IGC) to consider establishing an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable use of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This was considered necessary because UNCLOS did not provide a framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:02_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty addresses four themes:<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1) marine <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> (MGRs) and their <a href="/wiki/Digital_sequence_information" title="Digital sequence information">Digital sequence information</a>, including the fair and equitable sharing of benefits; (2) area-based management tools (ABMTs), including <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> (MPAs); (3) <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessments</a> (EIAs); and (4) <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity building</a> and transfer of <a href="/wiki/Marine_technology" title="Marine technology">marine technology</a> (CB&TMT). The area-based management tools and environmental impact assessments relate mainly to conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, while the marine genetic resources and capacity building and transfer of marine technology include issues of economic justice and equity.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> called it "the biggest conservation victory ever".<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_greenpeace_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_greenpeace-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main achievement is the new possibility to create marine protected areas in international waters. By doing so the agreement now makes it possible to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030 (part of the <a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a> target).<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_NPR_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_NPR-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_greenpeace_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_greenpeace-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the agreement does not directly address <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, it also serves as a step towards protecting the ecosystems that store carbon in sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty has 75 articles and its main purpose is "to take stewardship of the world’s oceans for present and future generations, care for and protect the marine environment and ensure its responsible use, maintain the integrity of undersea ecosystems and conserve marine biological diversity’s inherent value". The treaty recognizes <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a>. It has articles regarding the "polluter-pays" principle, and different impacts of human activities including areas beyond the national jurisdiction of the countries making those activities. The agreement was adopted by the 193 United Nations Member States.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Before the treaty can enter into force, it needs to be ratified by at least 60 UN member states. This process is likely to take some time. The former treaty, <a href="/wiki/UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a>, was adopted in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of October 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> UNCLOS has 170 parties.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union pledged financial support for the process of ratification and implementation of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Seas_Treaty_:6_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Seas_Treaty_:6-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties">Parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg/500px-United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg/750px-United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg/1000px-United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#92c5de; color:black;"> </span> Parties</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0571b0; color:white;"> </span> Parties, dually represented by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6600; color:black;"> </span> Signatories</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ca0020; color:white;"> </span> Non-parties</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-history_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention has been ratified by 170 parties, which includes 166 UN member states, 1 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">UN Observer state</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>), two non-member states (the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role">Role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The significance of UNCLOS stems from the fact that it systemizes and codifies the standards and principles of international maritime law, which are based on centuries of maritime experience and are expressed to a great extent in the United Nations Charter and current international maritime law norms, such as the Geneva Conventions of 1958. A large portion of these requirements were further strengthened and expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">International ownership treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_ownership_conventions" title="Template:International ownership conventions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_ownership_conventions" title="Template talk:International ownership conventions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_ownership_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International ownership conventions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a> – Law of the oceans and their use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system" title="Automatic identification system">Automatic identification system</a> – Automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_over_the_extended_continental_shelf_in_the_Southern_Zone_Sea_between_Argentina_and_Chile" title="Dispute over the extended continental shelf in the Southern Zone Sea between Argentina and Chile">Dispute over the extended continental shelf in the Southern Zone Sea between Argentina and Chile</a> – Argentina and Chile sea border dispute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_submarine_internet_cables" title="European Union submarine internet cables">European Union submarine internet cables</a> – Issues around EU cable infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a> – Regulation of fishing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">Freedom of navigation</a> – International maritime legal concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> – Intergovernmental body to regulate mineral-related activities on the seabed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a> – Intergovernmental organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">Law of the sea</a> – International law concerning maritime environments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">Law of salvage</a> – Principle of maritime law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid">Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid</a> – Evaluation of action by Israeli navy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">List of territories governed by the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Security_Regimes" title="Maritime Security Regimes">Maritime Security Regimes</a> – Security portions of customary maritime law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits</a> – 1936 agreement on the Turkish Straits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard" title="Operation Sharp Guard">Operation Sharp Guard</a> – Naval blockade of Adriatic, 1993–96</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty" title="Seabed Arms Control Treaty">Seabed Arms Control Treaty</a> – 1971 international agreement limiting nuclear weapons on the sea floor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">Territorial waters</a> – Coastal waters that are part of a sovereign state's sovereign territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">United Nations General Assembly resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> – American involvement in drafting but non-ratification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US/USSR_Joint_Statement_on_Uniform_Acceptance_of_Rules_of_International_Law_Governing_Innocent_Passage" title="US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage">US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage</a> – 1989 statement of common understanding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commentary" title="Virginia Commentary">Virginia Commentary</a> – Literary work on international law</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/21/3/439/6833174">Sailing with TWAIL: A Historical Inquiry into Third World Perspectives on the Law of the Sea</a>". 21(3) <i>Chinese Journal of International Law.</i></li> <li>Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/judicialization-of-the-sea-bargaining-in-the-shadow-of-unclos/1E7BDAEB4A62B1A43E5AB3456344B4F7">Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS</a>." <i>American Journal of International Law.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)"</a>. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915020937/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea+%28A+historical+perspective%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Fconvention_historical_perspective.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rat_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en">"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Treaty Series">United Nations Treaty Series</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174934/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fpages%2FViewDetailsIII.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXI-6%26chapter%3D21%26Temp%3Dmtdsg3%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm">"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements"</a>. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronological+lists+of+ratifications+of%2C+accessions+and+successions+to+the+Convention+and+the+related+Agreements&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Freference_files%2Fchronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. <i>treaties.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treaties.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetailsIII.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXI-6%26chapter%3D21%26Temp%3Dmtdsg3%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akashi-Bynkershoek-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akashi-Bynkershoek_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Akashi-Bynkershoek" class="citation book cs1">Akashi, Kinji (2 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Pp--yPYL58C&q=Cornelius%20van%20Bynkershoek%20cannon&pg=PA150"><i>Cornelius Van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041105998" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041105998"><bdi>978-9041105998</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310133150/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Pp--yPYL58C&q=Cornelius%20van%20Bynkershoek%20cannon&pg=PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornelius+Van+Bynkershoek%3A+His+Role+in+the+History+of+International+Law&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998-10-02&rft.isbn=978-9041105998&rft.aulast=Akashi&rft.aufirst=Kinji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Pp--yPYL58C%26q%3DCornelius%2520van%2520Bynkershoek%2520cannon%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/grotius-the-freedom-of-the-seas-latin-and-english-version-magoffin-trans">"The Freedom of the Seas (Latin and English version, Magoffin trans.) – Online Library of Liberty"</a>. <i>oll.libertyfund.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116115753/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/grotius-the-freedom-of-the-seas-latin-and-english-version-magoffin-trans">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oll.libertyfund.org&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+of+the+Seas+%28Latin+and+English+version%2C+Magoffin+trans.%29+%E2%80%93+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fgrotius-the-freedom-of-the-seas-latin-and-english-version-magoffin-trans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-one">"Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention – Law of the Sea"</a>. <i>Law of the Sea: A Policy Primer</i>. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230030/https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+of+the+Sea%3A+A+Policy+Primer&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+International+Law%2C+Adoption+of+the+Law+of+the+Sea+Convention+%E2%80%93+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Flawofthesea%2Fchapter-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2011" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/699488885"><i>Modern piracy : a reference handbook</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-434-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-434-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699488885">699488885</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150139/https://www.worldcat.org/title/modern-piracy-a-reference-handbook/oclc/699488885">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+piracy+%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F699488885&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-434-4&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F699488885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three_Mile_Limit-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Three_Mile_Limit_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Three_Mile_Limit_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104134916/http://www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk/page965.html">"Three Mile Limit"</a>. <i>www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk/page965.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk&rft.atitle=Three+Mile+Limit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk%2Fpage965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk/page965.html">"Three mile limit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225090218/http://www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk/page965.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+mile+limit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk%2Fpage965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIILSS2021" class="citation web cs1">IILSS (25 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iilss.net/table-of-claims-to-maritime-jurisdiction-as-at-15-july-2011-maritime-spaces-of-countries/">"Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction (as at 15 July 2011)/maritime spaces of countries"</a>. <i>IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006051814/https://iilss.net/table-of-claims-to-maritime-jurisdiction-as-at-15-july-2011-maritime-spaces-of-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IILSS-International+institute+for+Law+of+the+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Table+of+claims+to+maritime+jurisdiction+%28as+at+15+July+2011%29%2Fmaritime+spaces+of+countries&rft.date=2021-04-25&rft.au=IILSS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiilss.net%2Ftable-of-claims-to-maritime-jurisdiction-as-at-15-july-2011-maritime-spaces-of-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2017" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Lewis M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004327115/B9789004327115_006.xml">"transit regions of the world"</a>. In Roach, J. Ashley (ed.). <i>Navigational Restrictions within the New LOS Context</i>. pp. 143–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004327115_006">10.1163/9789004327115_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004327108" title="Special:BookSources/9789004327108"><bdi>9789004327108</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417134546/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004327115/B9789004327115_006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=transit+regions+of+the+world&rft.btitle=Navigational+Restrictions+within+the+New+LOS+Context&rft.pages=143-173&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004327115_006&rft.isbn=9789004327108&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Lewis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004327115%2FB9789004327115_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chagos-boundary-dispute-tips-over-sovereignty-ruling">"Chagos: A boundary dispute tips over a sovereignty ruling"</a>. <i>www.lowyinstitute.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010114421/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chagos-boundary-dispute-tips-over-sovereignty-ruling">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Chagos%3A+A+boundary+dispute+tips+over+a+sovereignty+ruling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fchagos-boundary-dispute-tips-over-sovereignty-ruling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/05/06/professor-robert-beckman-on-the-role-of-unclos-in-maritime-disputes/">"Professor Robert Beckman on the Role of UNCLOS in Maritime Disputes"</a>. <i>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</i>. 6 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010114411/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/05/06/professor-robert-beckman-on-the-role-of-unclos-in-maritime-disputes/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Professor+Robert+Beckman+on+the+Role+of+UNCLOS+in+Maritime+Disputes&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgjia.georgetown.edu%2F2021%2F05%2F06%2Fprofessor-robert-beckman-on-the-role-of-unclos-in-maritime-disputes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060036/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html">"Goal 14 targets"</a>. <i>UNDP</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=Goal+14+targets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fundp%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fsustainable-development-goals%2Fgoal-14-life-below-water%2Ftargets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlr82-behuniak_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor_Thomas_E._Behuniak1978" class="citation journal cs1">Major Thomas E. Behuniak (Fall 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228203240/https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/b3197adca4437e4d85256e5b0057ee6a/$FILE/MLR%2027-100-82%2019781001.pdf">"The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez: Legal Analysis of United States Claims, Part 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Military Law Review</i>. <b>82</b>. Department of the Army: 114–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4040">0026-4040</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/b3197adca4437e4d85256e5b0057ee6a/$FILE/MLR%2027-100-82%2019781001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Seizure+and+Recovery+of+the+S.S.+Mayaguez%3A+Legal+Analysis+of+United+States+Claims%2C+Part+1&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=114-121&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0026-4040&rft.au=Major+Thomas+E.+Behuniak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagcnet.army.mil%2FDOCLIBS%2FMILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF%2F20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830%2Fb3197adca4437e4d85256e5b0057ee6a%2F%24FILE%2FMLR%252027-100-82%252019781001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/8_1.htm">"UNCLOS I"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052206/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/8_1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNCLOS+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Filc%2Ftexts%2F8_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCLOS3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNCLOS3_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm">"UNCLOS 3 Article 51"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNCLOS+3+Article+51&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fclosindx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm">"SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE, Article 33"</a>. <i>UNCLOS PART II – TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCLOS+PART+II+%E2%80%93+TERRITORIAL+SEA+AND+CONTIGUOUS+ZONE&rft.atitle=SECTION+4.+CONTIGUOUS+ZONE%2C+Article+33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fpart2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513045513/http://www.isa.org.jm/en/documents">"Documents and Publications"</a>. International Seabed Authority. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Climate+News&rft.atitle=Can+the+New+High+Seas+Treaty+Help+Limit+Global+Warming%3F&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.aulast=Dryfoos&rft.aufirst=Delaney&rft.au=Berwyn%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F14032023%2Fhigh-seas-treaty-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway_Jaynes2023" class="citation news cs1">Hemingway Jaynes, Cristen (20 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/un-high-seas-treaty-2023.html">"Newly Adopted UN High Seas Treaty Gives Ocean a 'Fighting Chance'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newly+Adopted+UN+High+Seas+Treaty+Gives+Ocean+a+%27Fighting+Chance%27&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.aulast=Hemingway+Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Cristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecowatch.com%2Fun-high-seas-treaty-2023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en">"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Treaty Series">United Nations Treaty Series</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=UN+states+agree+%27historic%27+deal+to+protect+high+seas&rft.date=2023-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230305-treaty-ahoy-un-states-finally-agree-deal-to-protect-high-seas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">capt. Enchev, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Maritime Law <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-8991-69-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-8991-69-8">978-954-8991-69-8</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm">Text of the treaty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf">(pdf)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm">List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itlos.org/">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100642/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1029">Permanent Court of Arbitration – Past and Pending Cases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141933/http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=210">Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.nl/nilos/books">Contents & Indexes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm">United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/clcs_home.htm">UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524163050/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/CB/C-51_Ed4-EN.pdf">"Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/CB/C-51_Ed4-EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+aspects+of+the+UN+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fiho_pubs%2FCB%2FC-51_Ed4-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4.89 MB)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.continentalshelf.org/">UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019095511/http://web.unimc.it/internazionale/sea.htm">UNCLOS Italian Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229231026/http://seaaroundus.org/eez/eez.aspx">EEZ/CS Boundaries Canadian Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marineregions.org/sources.php#eez">Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sopac.org/tiki-index.php?page=Pacific+Island+Regional+Maritime+Boundaries+Project">SOPAC Maritime Boundaries Database</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052018/http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/gclos/gclos.html">Introductory note by Tullio Treves</a>, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the <i>1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/uncls/uncls.html">Introductory note by Tullio Treves</a>, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the <i>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Contiguous Zone">Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Fishing_and_Conservation_of_the_Living_Resources_of_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas">Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Oil_Pollution_Preparedness,_Response_and_Co-operation" title="International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation">OPRC Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty" title="Seabed Arms Control Treaty">Seabed Arms Control Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">SOLAS Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STCW_Convention" title="STCW Convention">STCW Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_Water_Management_Convention" title="Ballast Water Management Convention">Ballast Water Management Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Protection_Convention" title="International Plant Protection Convention">International Plant Protection Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Health_Regulations" title="International Health Regulations">International Health Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_Animal_Health_Code" title="Aquatic Animal Health Code">Aquatic Animal Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Animal_Health_Code" title="Terrestrial Animal Health Code">Terrestrial Animal Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague%E2%80%93Visby_Rules" title="Hague–Visby Rules">Hague–Visby Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rules" title="Rotterdam Rules">Rotterdam Rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> international straits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Convention_of_1857" title="Copenhagen Convention of 1857">Copenhagen Convention of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_of_1984_between_Chile_and_Argentina" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina">Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime canals of<br /> global significance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Convention of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regional<br /> and local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Treaties establishing <a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">UN FAO regional fisheries bodies</a> and arrangements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme#The_Regional_Seas_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_boundary_treaties" title="List of maritime boundary treaties">List of maritime boundary treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BFD6FF">Main and related<br /> concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous zone">Contiguous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_the_sea" title="Custom of the sea">Custom of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">Freedom of navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_passage" title="Innocent passage">Innocent passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">Internal waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea" title="Law of carriage of goods by sea">Law of carriage of goods by sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">Law of salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">Territorial waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_passage" title="Transit passage">Transit passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BFD6FF"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BFD6FF"><a href="/wiki/History_of_international_law" title="History of international law">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Geneva Naval Conference">Geneva Naval Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" 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