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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Six_recognized_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Historical and Archaeological Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Celtic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Celtic identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celtic_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celtic identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celtic_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Endonyms and Celtic exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Territories of the ancient Celts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territories of the ancient Celts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Iberian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formerly_Gaulish_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formerly_Gaulish_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Formerly Gaulish regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formerly_Gaulish_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Italian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_European_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_European_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Central and Eastern European regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_European_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Celtic diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtic nations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacions_celtas" title="Nacions celtas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacions celtas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciones_celtes" title="Naciones celtes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Naciones celtes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Кельцкія нацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кельцкія нацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejtische_Nationa" title="Kejtische Nationa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kejtische Nationa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broio%C3%B9_keltiek" title="Broioù keltiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Broioù keltiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacions_celtes" title="Nacions celtes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacions celtes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rody" title="Keltské národy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keltské národy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_nationer" title="Keltiske nationer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keltiske nationer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Nationen" title="Keltische Nationen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltische Nationen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciones_celtas" title="Naciones celtas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naciones celtas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltaj_nacioj" title="Keltaj nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keltaj nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_zeltak" title="Nazio zeltak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio zeltak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ملت‌های سلتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملت‌های سلتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiskar_tj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Keltiskar tjóðir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keltiskar tjóðir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_celtiques" title="Pays celtiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays celtiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAin_Cheilteacha" title="Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoonyn_Celtiagh" title="Ashoonyn Celtiagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ashoonyn Celtiagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9thchannan_Ceilteach" title="Dùthchannan Ceilteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùthchannan Ceilteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naci%C3%B3ns_celtas" title="Nacións celtas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacións celtas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="켈트 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켈트 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կելտական շրջաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կելտական շրջաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltske_nacije" title="Keltske nacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Keltske nacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltneskar_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Keltneskar þjóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keltneskar þjóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioni_celtiche" title="Nazioni celtiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazioni celtiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האומות הקלטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האומות הקלטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenedhlow_keltek" title="Kenedhlow keltek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenedhlow keltek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationes_Celticae" title="Nationes Celticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationes Celticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C5%B3_%C5%A1alys" title="Keltų šalys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keltų šalys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazion_celtege" title="Nazion celtege – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nazion celtege" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_naties" title="Keltische naties – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keltische naties" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="केल्टिक राष्ट्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केल्टिक राष्ट्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8F" title="ケルト諸語圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルト諸語圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_celtas" title="Nações 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href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/220px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/330px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/440px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The six Celtic nations <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009E60; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3B04A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Celtic nations</b> or <b>Celtic countries</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a> and collection of geographical <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> and cultural traits have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a></i> is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The six regions widely considered Celtic countries in modern times are <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>, or <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Ellan Vannin</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each of these six regions a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>), Cornwall (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>), and Wales (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>), whilst <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>), Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>), and the Isle of Man (<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the expansions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>-speaking tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celtic-speaking cultures, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits.<sup id="cite_ref-scotsman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotsman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territories in north-western <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>—particularly <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">northern Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> (together historically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a>), covering north-central Portugal and northern Spain— are not considered Celtic nations despite having had a Celtic presence in their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-alberro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the others, no Celtic language is attested there, unlike <a href="/wiki/Celtiberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtiberia">Celtiberia</a>, and has been spoken in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-alberro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788–791_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788–791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Festival_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar evidence of Celtic influence exists across Europe in various regions of countries such as <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. </p><p>The concept of the Celtic nations is widely promoted by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Celtic">pan-Celtic</a> movements, including political and cultural organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_Celtic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celtic Congress">International Celtic Congress</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six_recognized_nations">Six recognized nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Six recognized nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of the six nations has its own <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Wales</a> these have been spoken continuously through time, while <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Isle of Man</a> have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch200634,_365–366,_529,_973,_1053_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch200634,_365–366,_529,_973,_1053-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter two regions, however, <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">language revitalisation</a> movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland, Wales, Brittany and Scotland contain areas where a Celtic language is used on a daily basis; in Ireland these areas are called the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></i>; in Wales <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a>,</i> Breizh-Izel (Lower Brittany) in western Brittany and Breizh-Uhel (Upper Brittany) in eastern Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in more isolated upland or island areas. Welsh, however, is much more widespread, with much of the north and west speaking it as a first language, or equally alongside English. Public signage is in dual languages throughout Wales and it is now a requirement to possess at least basic Welsh in order to be employed by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></i> historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> and islands) from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowland</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (i.e. Anglo-Saxon-speaking) areas. More recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland council area</a>, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas. Hence, more specific terms such as <i>sgìre Ghàidhlig</i> ("Gaelic-speaking area") are now used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> is a core curriculum (compulsory) subject, which all pupils study.<sup id="cite_ref-Cymraeg_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cymraeg_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 20% of schoolchildren in Wales attend <a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh medium schools</a>, where they are taught entirely in the Welsh language.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, all school children study Irish as one of the three core subjects until the end of secondary school, and 7.4% of primary school education is through Irish medium education, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Isle of Man, there is one Manx-medium primary school, and all schoolchildren have the opportunity to learn Manx.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a,_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/200px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/300px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg/400px-Les_ruines_du_Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a%2C_d%C3%A9tail_d%E2%80%99une_fondation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="2947" /></a><figcaption>Castro de Baroña, a Celtic hill fort in Galicia, northwest Spain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">North Region, Portugal</a>, also lay claim to a Celtic heritage. These regions are not traditionally included among the six primary "Celtic nations" due to the absence of a living Celtic language; however, archaeological and historical evidence points to a significant Celtic influence, particularly in the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, which encompassed modern Galicia and northern Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-alberro_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_and_Archaeological_Influence">Historical and Archaeological Influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical and Archaeological Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous archaeological findings, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castros (page does not exist)">castros</a> (hill forts) and artifacts bearing Celtic motifs, support the presence of Celtic-speaking cultures in Gallaecia dating back to at least the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical sources, including Strabo and Pomponius Mela, described the Gallaeci and Astures tribes as Celtic, noting similarities in cultural practices and languages with the broader Celtic world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toponymy_and_Linguistic_Substrates">Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toponymy and Linguistic Substrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since the early Middle Ages, traces of a Celtic linguistic substratum persist in local place names and vocabulary. Toponyms with Celtic roots, such as those ending in "-briga" (meaning "fortress" or "hill"), are common in Galicia and northern Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_Revitalization_of_Celtic_Heritage">Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural Revitalization of Celtic Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, there has been a revival of interest in Celtic heritage across Galicia, Asturias, and northern Portugal. These regions actively participate in pan-Celtic events such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>, where Galicia and Asturias are recognized alongside the six core Celtic nations. The annual <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira%27s_Festival_of_Celtic_World" title="Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World">Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World</a> in Galicia, one of Europe's largest celebrations of Celtic music and culture, attracts performers and audiences from across the Celtic world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish was once widely spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, but largely disappeared by the early 20th century. Vestiges remain in words found in Newfoundland English, such as <i>scrob</i> for "scratch" and <i>sleeveen</i> for "rascal."<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_language_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage_language-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are virtually no known fluent speakers of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland or Labrador today, though memorized passages survive in traditional tales and songs.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_language_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage_language-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> and nearby areas of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 300 residents of the province considered a Gaelic language their "mother tongue."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a> is spoken principally in <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, with sporadic speakers elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celtic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Celtic languages form a branch of the greater <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a> lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, which are both descended from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, which are both descended from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2010, there were more than 1.4 million speakers of Celtic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_identity">Celtic identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Celtic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoriant3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group of young men and women, wearing white shirts (some with black waistcoats) and black trousers, marching in a parade, in the sunshine. Each is playing a bagpipe. The bag is a claret colour. The entire picture is full of people. Those not taking part in the parade are watching the procession." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg/220px-Anoriant3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg/330px-Anoriant3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Anoriant3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Pipers at the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Formal cooperation between the Celtic nations is active in many contexts, including politics, languages, culture, music and sports: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> is an inter-Celtic political organisation, which campaigns for the political, language, cultural and social rights, affecting one or more of the Celtic nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_League_1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_League_1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Established in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a> is a non-political organisation that seeks to promote Celtic culture and languages and to maintain intellectual contact and close cooperation between Celtic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_Congress_1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Congress_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Festivals celebrating the culture of the Celtic nations include the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira%27s_Festival_of_Celtic_World" title="Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World">Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a> (Ireland), CeltFest Cuba (Havana, Cuba), the National Celtic Festival (<a href="/wiki/Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a>, Australia), the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a> (showcasing film and television from the Celtic nations), and the <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a> (Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-Festival_1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dingle_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Festival_3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Media_1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media_1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inter-Celtic music festivals include <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a> (Glasgow), and the <a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a> (Stornoway).<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_connections_1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_connections_1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hebridean_Celtic_1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebridean_Celtic_1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to immigration, a dialect of Scottish Gaelic (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>) is spoken by some on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia, while a <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Welsh-speaking minority exists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Hence, for certain purposes—such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a>—<a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia are considered three of the <i>nine</i> Celtic nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Festival_1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competitions are held between the Celtic nations in sports such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pro14" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro14">Pro14</a>—formerly known as the Celtic League), athletics (Celtic Cup) and association football (the <a href="/wiki/Nations_Cup_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations Cup (football)">Nations Cup</a>—also known as the Celtic Cup).<sup id="cite_ref-Magners_1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magners_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Athletics_1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athletics_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of Ireland enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth between 1995 and 2007, leading to the use of the phrase <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> to describe the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_Tiger_1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_Tiger_2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspirations for Scotland to achieve a similar economic performance to that of Ireland led the Scotland <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a> to set out his vision of a Celtic Lion <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">economy for Scotland</a>, in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_Tiger_3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_Tiger_3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Y-DNA study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before the spread of Celtic culture into western Europe. However, three major later genetic studies have largely invalidated these claims, instead showing that <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Indo-European homeland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> along with carriers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">proto-Celtic</a>. Unlike previous studies, large sections of <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a> were analyzed in addition to paternal <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> markers. They detected an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunter-gatherer or <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmer populations already existing in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a 2016 study also found that Bronze Age remains from <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a> in Ireland dating to over 4,000 years ago were most genetically similar to modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, and that the core of the genome of insular Celtic populations was established by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 a genetic study of the United Kingdom showed that there is no unified 'Celtic' genetic identity compared to 'non-Celtic' areas. The 'Celtic' areas of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) show the most genetic differences among each other.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data shows that Scottish and Cornish populations share greater genetic similarity with the English than they do with other 'Celtic' populations, with the Cornish in particular being genetically much closer to other English groups than they are to the Welsh or the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names of the Celts</a></div> <p>The term <i>Celtic nations</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> studies of the 16th century scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Assistant Keeper and then <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Keeper</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> (1691–1709), Lhuyd travelled extensively in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Noting the similarity between the languages of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, which he called "<a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">P-Celtic</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a>, the languages of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, which he called "<a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">Q-Celtic</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a>, and between the two groups, Lhuyd published <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A6ologia_Britannica" title="Archæologia Britannica"><i>Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland</i></a> in 1707. His <i>Archaeologia Britannica</i> concluded that all six <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">languages</a> derived from the same root. Lhuyd theorised that the root language descended from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">languages</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, whom Greek and Roman writers called <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archaeologia_1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeologia_1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having defined the languages of those areas as Celtic, the people living in them and speaking those languages became known as Celtic too. There is some dispute as to whether Lhuyd's theory is correct. Nevertheless, the term <i>Celtic</i> to describe the languages and peoples of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland was accepted from the 18th century and is widely used today.<sup id="cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the western edges of the continent, and of the states they inhabit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> is in the northwest of France, Cornwall is in the south west of Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in western Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>-speaking parts of Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> are in the west of those countries).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this region is known as the "Celtic Crescent" because of the near <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> shaped position of the nations in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_Celtic_exonyms">Endonyms and Celtic exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endonyms and Celtic exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages. Despite differences in orthography, there are many sound and lexical correspondences between the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonyms and exonyms</a> used to refer to the Celtic nations. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Breton<br /><small>(<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Brezhoneg</i></span>)</small> </th> <th>Irish<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span>)</small> </th> <th>Scottish Gaelic<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span>)</small> </th> <th>Welsh<br /><small>(<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span>)</small> </th> <th>Manx<br /><small>(<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaelg</i></span>)</small> </th> <th>Cornish<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernowek</i></span>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Brittany</i> </td> <td>Breizh<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[bʁɛjs,<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁɛχ]</a></span> </td> <td>an Bhriotáin<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲɾʲit̪ˠaːnʲ]</a></span> </td> <td>a' Bhreatainn Bheag<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvɾʲɛht̪əɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvek]</a></span> </td> <td>Llydaw<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈɬədau]</a></span> </td> <td>yn Vritaan </td> <td>Breten Vian </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cornwall</i> </td> <td>Kernev-Veur<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈkɛʁnev<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvøːr]</a></span> </td> <td>Corn na Breataine<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈkoːɾˠn̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲə]</a></span> </td> <td>a' Chòrn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈxoːrˠn̪ˠ]</a></span> </td> <td>Cernyw<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkɛrnɨu]</a></span> </td> <td>yn Chorn </td> <td>Kernow </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ireland</i> </td> <td>Iwerzhon<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[iˈwɛʁzɔ̃n]</a></span> </td> <td>Éire<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈeːɾʲə]</a></span> </td> <td>Èirinn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈeːɾʲɪɲ]</a></span> </td> <td>Iwerddon<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[iˈwɛrðɔn]</a></span> </td> <td>Nerin </td> <td>Wordhen<br />Iwerdhon </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mann<br />Isle of Man</i> </td> <td>Manav<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[mɑ̃ˈnaw]</a></span><br />Enez-Vanav<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈẽːnes<span class="wrap"> </span>vɑ̃ˈnaw]</a></span> </td> <td>Manainn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈmˠanˠən̠ʲ]</a></span><br />Oileán Mhanann<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɛlʲaːn̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈwanˠən̪ˠ]</a></span> </td> <td>Manainn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈmanɪɲ]</a></span><br />Eilean Mhanainn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈelan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvanɪɲ]</a></span> </td> <td>Manaw<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈmanau]</a></span><br />Ynys Manaw<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈənɨs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmanau]</a></span> </td> <td>Mannin<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈmanʲɪn]</a></span><br />Ellan Vannin<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈɛlʲan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvanɪnʲ]</a></span> </td> <td>Manow<br />Enys Vanow </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Scotland</i> </td> <td>Bro-Skos<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[bʁo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈskos]</a></span><br />Skos<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[skos]</a></span> </td> <td>Albain<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈalˠəbˠənʲ]</a></span> </td> <td>Alba<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈal̪ˠapə]</a></span> </td> <td>yr Alban<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ər<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈalban]</a></span> </td> <td>Nalbin<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈnalbənʲ]</a></span> </td> <td>Alban </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Wales</i> </td> <td>Kembre<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈkɛ̃mbʁe]</a></span> </td> <td>an Bhreatain Bheag<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲaɡ]</a></span> </td> <td>a' Chuimrigh<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈxɯmɯɾɪ]</a></span> </td> <td>Cymru<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkəmrɨ]</a></span> </td> <td>Bretin </td> <td>Kembra </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Celtic nations</i> </td> <td>broioù keltiek<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈbʁoju<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛltjɛk]</a></span> </td> <td>náisiúin Cheilteacha<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈn̪ˠaːʃuːnʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈçɛlʲtʲəxə]</a></span> </td> <td>nàiseanan Ceilteach<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈn̪ˠaːʃanən<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʲʰeltʲəx]</a></span> </td> <td>gwledydd Celtaidd<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ɡʊˈlɛið<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛltaið]</a></span> </td> <td>ashoonyn Celtiagh </td> <td>broyow keltek </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Celtic languages</i> </td> <td>yezhoù keltiek<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈjeːsu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛltjɛk]</a></span> </td> <td>teangacha Ceilteacha<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈtʲaŋɡəxə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈcɛlʲtʲəxə]</a></span> </td> <td>cànanain Cheilteach<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰaːnanɪɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈçeltʲəx]</a></span> </td> <td>ieithoedd Celtaidd<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈjɛiθɔɨð<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛltaið]</a></span> </td> <td>çhengaghyn Celtiagh </td> <td>yethow keltek </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Great Britain</i> </td> <td>Breizh-Veur<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[ˈbʁɛjs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvøːʁ]</a></span> </td> <td>an Bhreatain Mhór<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ənˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈwoːɾˠ]</a></span> </td> <td>Breatainn Mhòr<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvɾʲɛht̪əɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvoːɾ]</a></span> </td> <td>Prydain Fawr<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈpr̥ədaɨn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvaur]</a></span> </td> <td>Bretin Vooar </td> <td>Breten Veur </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territories_of_the_ancient_Celts">Territories of the ancient Celts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Territories of the ancient Celts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/300px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff43; color:black;"> </span> core <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> territory, by the 6th century BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97ffb6; color:black;"> </span> maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2ffd2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#27c600; color:black;"> </span> the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1a8000; color:white;"> </span> areas where <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> remain widely spoken today</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iberian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/200px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/300px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/400px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></div> <p>Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Galician_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician people">Galicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian people">Asturians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_people" title="Cantabrian people">Cantabrians</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> claim a Celtic heritage or identity.<sup id="cite_ref-alberro_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the extinction of Iberian Celtic languages in Roman times, Celtic heritage is attested in toponymics and language substratum, ancient texts, folklore and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alberro_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formerly_Gaulish_regions">Formerly Gaulish regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formerly Gaulish regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/200px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/300px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/400px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Repartition of Gaul <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 54 BC</span></div></figcaption></figure><p> Most French people identify with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and are well aware that they were a people that spoke Celtic languages and lived Celtic ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a> occasionally characterise themselves as "Celts", mainly in opposition to the "Teutonic" <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and "Latin" French identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others think they are Belgian, that is to say Germano-Celtic people different from the Gaulish-Celtic French.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></div> <p>The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_passes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine passes">Alpine passes</a>, had already penetrated and settled in the western <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a> valley between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scamozzina_culture" title="Scamozzina culture">Scamozzina culture</a>). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (16th–15th century BC), when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, 1600–1200 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa di Puglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy is home to <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a>, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Schumacher_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anciently spoken in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and in Northern-Central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Recueil_des_Inscriptions_Gauloises" class="mw-redirect" title="Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises">Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises</a></i>, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>—with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>—and in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French- and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> also presents a claim of Celtic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomist</a> party often exalts what it claims are the Celtic roots of all <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_Eastern_European_regions">Central and Eastern European regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern European regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celtic tribes inhabited land in what is now southern Germany and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars have associated the earliest Celtic peoples with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vindelicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindelicia">Vindelici</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are some of the tribes that inhabited Central Europe, including what is now Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as Germany and Austria. The Boii gave their name to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boii founded a city on the site of modern Prague, and some of its ruins are now a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are claims among modern Czechs that the Czech people are as much descendants of the Boii as they are from the later Slavic invaders (as well as the historical Germanic peoples of Czech lands). This claim may not only be political: according to a 2000 study by Semino, 35.6% of Czech males have <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">y-chromosome haplogroup R1b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is common among Celts but rare among Slavs. Celts also founded <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, though the Celtic presence in modern-day Serbian regions is limited to the far north (mainly including the historically at least partially Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>). The modern-day capital of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, was once the center of the Celtic culture in Central Anatolia, giving the name to the region—<a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>—named for a region in modern Switzerland—succeeded the Halstatt era in much of central Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_diaspora">Celtic diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Celtic diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)#Migration_from_Celtic_countries" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern) § Migration from Celtic countries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people#Scottish_ancestry_abroad" title="Scottish people">Scottish people § Scottish ancestry abroad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh people § Welsh emigration</a></div> <p>In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Island,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridge Island, New Brunswick">Partridge Island</a>, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/200px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/300px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg/400px-Partridge_Island_New_Brunswick_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Celtic Cross of <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Island_(Saint_John_County)" title="Partridge Island (Saint John County)">Partridge Island</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand, the southern regions of <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> were settled by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>. Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> and the major river, the <a href="/wiki/Clutha_River" title="Clutha River">Clutha</a>) have Scottish Gaelic names,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-ODT_34076_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODT_34076-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaelic">Norse-Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365–366_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celticleague.net/">"The Celtic League - Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+League+-+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celticleague.net/constitution/">"Constitution of the League"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">The Celtic League</a></i>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416000214/http://www.celticleague.net:80/constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Celtic+League&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+League&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotsman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scotsman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Ian (21 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/we-re-nearly-all-celts-under-the-skin-1-1141420">"We're nearly all Celts under the skin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=We%27re+nearly+all+Celts+under+the+skin&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fwe-re-nearly-all-celts-under-the-skin-1-1141420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alberro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alberro_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alberro, Manuel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601144123/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">"Celtic Legacy in Galicia"</a>. <i>E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>6</b>: 1005–1035. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+Legacy+in+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1005-1035&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_20%2Falberro_6_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788–791-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006365,_697,_788–791_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, pp. 365, 697, 788–791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Festival_1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305062016/http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">"Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></i>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php">the original</a> on 5 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft.atitle=Site+Officiel+du+Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-interceltique.com%2Fle-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch200634,_365–366,_529,_973,_1053-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch200634,_365–366,_529,_973,_1053_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, pp. 34, 365–366, 529, 973, 1053.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford_Ellis1990" class="citation book cs1">Beresford Ellis, Peter (1990). <i>The Story of the Cornish Language</i>. Tor Mark Press. pp. 20–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85025-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85025-371-9"><bdi>978-0-85025-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Cornish+Language&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Tor+Mark+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85025-371-9&rft.aulast=Beresford+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704115241/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/manx-language/Fockle-ny-ghaa-schoolchildren-take.3901786.jp">"Fockle ny ghaa: schoolchildren take charge"</a>. <i>Iomtoday.co.im</i>. 20 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iomtoday.co.im/manx-language/Fockle-ny-ghaa-schoolchildren-take.3901786.jp">the original</a> on 4 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iomtoday.co.im&rft.atitle=Fockle+ny+ghaa%3A+schoolchildren+take+charge&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iomtoday.co.im%2Fmanx-language%2FFockle-ny-ghaa-schoolchildren-take.3901786.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breizh.net/icdbl/saozg/Celtic_Languages.pdf">"CELTS AND CELTIC LANGUAGES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CELTS+AND+CELTIC+LANGUAGES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breizh.net%2Ficdbl%2Fsaozg%2FCeltic_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cymraeg_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cymraeg_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828235837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/schoolgate/aboutschool/content/curriculumprimary.shtml">"The School Gate – About School – The Curriculum at Primary School"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 20 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/schoolgate/aboutschool/content/curriculumprimary.shtml">the original</a> on 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+School+Gate+%E2%80%93+About+School+%E2%80%93+The+Curriculum+at+Primary+School&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fschoolgate%2Faboutschool%2Fcontent%2Fcurriculumprimary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh_medium_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh_medium_1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm">"Local UK languages 'taking off'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. BBC. 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Local+UK+languages+%27taking+off%27&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F7885493.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alberro, Manuel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601144123/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">"Celtic Legacy in Galicia"</a>. <i>E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>6</b>: 1005–1035. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_20/alberro_6_20.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+Legacy+in+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1005-1035&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_20%2Falberro_6_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Philip (2001). <i>Ireland and the Classical World</i>. University of Texas Press. pp. 87–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-0"><bdi>978-0-292-72518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=87-89&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2002" class="citation book cs1">Prósper, Blanca María (2002). <i>Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica</i>. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7800-852-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7800-852-2"><bdi>978-84-7800-852-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenguas+y+religiones+prerromanas+del+occidente+de+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612014247/http://www.festival-interceltique.com/festival/nations-celtes.cfm">"Les nations celtes"</a>. <i>43e Festival Interceltique de Lorient</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-interceltique.com/festival/nations-celtes.cfm">the original</a> on 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=43e+Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft.atitle=Les+nations+celtes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-interceltique.com%2Ffestival%2Fnations-celtes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage_language-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_language_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_language_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/language.html">Language: Irish Gaelic</a>, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Statistics Canada, NHS Profile 2011</a>, by province.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=906560&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103251&PRID=0&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Canada, Table: Detailed mother tongue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)" title="Western Mail (Wales)">Western Mail</a></i> (Cardiff, Wales). 27 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=15015947&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=hola--plans-for-patagonia-welsh-to-watch-gente-de-valle-and-other-s4c-shows-to-improve-their-language-skills-name_page.html">Patagonia Welsh to watch S4C shows.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217062533/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid%3D15015947%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082%26headline%3Dhola--plans-for-patagonia-welsh-to-watch-gente-de-valle-and-other-s4c-shows-to-improve-their-language-skills-name_page.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.com/Patagonia">"Wales and Patagonia"</a>. <i>Wales.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly Government">Welsh Assembly Government</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales.com&rft.atitle=Wales+and+Patagonia&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.com%2FPatagonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1319">"Glottolog - Celtic Languages"</a>. <i>Glottolog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+-+Celtic+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Findo1319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2010" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2010). <i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of language</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521516983" title="Special:BookSources/9780521516983"><bdi>9780521516983</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499073732">499073732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499073732&rft.isbn=9780521516983&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celtic_League_1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_League_1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celticleague.net/">"The Celtic League"</a>. <i>Celtic League website</i>. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organization)">The Celtic League</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celtic+League+website&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+League&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticleague.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celtic_Congress_1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_Congress_1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccheilteach.ie/cc-hist-mellis.html">"Information on The International Celtic Congress Douglas, Isle of Man hosted by"</a>. <i>Celtic Congress website</i> (in Irish and English). <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celtic+Congress+website&rft.atitle=Information+on+The+International+Celtic+Congress+Douglas%2C+Isle+of+Man+hosted+by&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccheilteach.ie%2Fcc-hist-mellis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dingle_1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dingle_1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panceltic.ie/">"Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page"</a>. <i>Pan Celtic Festival 2010 website</i>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1ilte_Ireland" title="Fáilte Ireland">Fáilte Ireland</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pan+Celtic+Festival+2010+website&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Pan+Celtic+2010+Home+Page&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panceltic.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Festival_3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Festival_3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080041/http://www.nationalcelticfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=26">"About the Festival"</a>. <i>National Celtic Festival website</i>. National Celtic Festival. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcelticfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=26">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477">"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"</a>. <i>bioRxiv</i>: 016477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F016477">10.1101/016477</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Eight+thousand+years+of+natural+selection+in+Europe&rft.pages=016477&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F016477&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Alpaslan+Roodenberg%2C+Songul&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Novak%2C+Mario&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Gamba%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie+R.&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Dryomov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Pickrell%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+Juan+Luis&rft.au=De+Castro%2C+Jose+Maria+Bermudez&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+Eudald&rft.au=Gerritsen%2C+Fokke&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Marina&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Mochalov%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vayacheslav&rft.au=Rojo+Guerra%2C+Manuel+A.&rft.au=Roodenberg%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Verges%2C+Josep+Maria&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2F016477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/113/2/368">Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome</a> "Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles">"Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles"</a>, University of Oxford, published 18 March 2015, accessed 20 June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-31905764">DNA study shows Celts are not a unique genetic group</a>, bbc.co.uk. Pallab Ghosh, published 18 March 2015, accessed 21 June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/articles/2007-05-04/Who-were-the-Celts/">"Who were the Celts? ... Rhagor"</a>. <i>Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales</a>. 4 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru+%E2%80%93+National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Celts%3F+...+Rhagor&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Farticles%2F2007-05-04%2FWho-were-the-Celts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeologia_1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeologia_1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhuyd1707" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Lhuyd, Edward</a> (1707). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmsuAAAAQAAJ&q=Edward+Lhuyd"><i>Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland</i></a>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Britannica%3A+an+Account+of+the+Languages%2C+Histories+and+Customs+of+Great+Britain%2C+from+Travels+through+Wales%2C+Cornwall%2C+Bas-Bretagne%2C+Ireland+and+Scotland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1707&rft.aulast=Lhuyd&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmsuAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DEdward%2BLhuyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathalie Koble, <i>Jeunesse et genèse du royaume arthurien</i>, Paradigme, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86878-270-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-86878-270-1">2-86878-270-1</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Celtic Fringe</i> gained currency in late-Victorian years (Thomas Heyck, <i>A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1870 to Present</i>, Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30233-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30233-1">0-415-30233-1</a>, p. 43) and is now widely attested, e.g. Michael Hechter, <i>Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development</i>, Transaction Publishers, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0475-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0475-1">0-7658-0475-1</a>; Nicholas Hooper and Matthew Bennett, <i>England and the Celtic Fringe: Colonial Warfare</i> in <i>The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44049-1">0-521-44049-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Hazlett, <i>The Reformation in Britain and Ireland</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08280-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08280-6">0-567-08280-6</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abair.tcd.ie/?page=transcription&lang=eng">"Phonetics and Speech Laboratory - Trinity College"</a>. <i>Abair.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abair.ie&rft.atitle=Phonetics+and+Speech+Laboratory+-+Trinity+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abair.tcd.ie%2F%3Fpage%3Dtranscription%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learngaelic.scot/dictionary/index.jsp">"LearnGaelic Dictionary"</a>. <i>Learn Gaelic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Gaelic&rft.atitle=LearnGaelic+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearngaelic.scot%2Fdictionary%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105003722/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1">"An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1">the original</a> on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+English-Cornish+Glossary+in+the+Standard+Written+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magakernow.org.uk%2Fidoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3D205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2%26version%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226102727/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">"Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 b"</a>. Arkeotavira.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+Map+of+Pre-Roman+Iberia+%28circa+200+b&rft.pub=Arkeotavira.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkeotavira.com%2FMapas%2FIberia%2FPopuli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelhuish1998" class="citation book cs1">Melhuish, Martin (1998). <i>Celtic Tides: Traditional Music in a New Age</i>. 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Who Are the French?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses/2313/public/lesson01/lesson01.aspx">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+France%3F+Who+Are+the+French%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdis.missouri.edu%2Fexec%2Fdata%2Fcourses%2F2313%2Fpublic%2Flesson01%2Flesson01.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgium-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Western-Europe-and-Scandinavia/Belgium-Flemings-Walloons-and-Germans.html">"Belgium: Flemings, Walloons and Germans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium%3A+Flemings%2C+Walloons+and+Germans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Fminorities%2FWestern-Europe-and-Scandinavia%2FBelgium-Flemings-Walloons-and-Germans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venceslas Kruta: <i>La grande storia dei celti. 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De Marinis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vitali, Daniele (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-5102_1996_num_108_2_1954">"Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana : le potenzialità non-sfruttate"</a>. <i>Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otagocaledonian.org.nz/">the original</a> on 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OtagoCaledonian.org&rft.pub=OtagoCaledonian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otagocaledonian.org.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC"><i>Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABL-CIO. p. 2128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture+%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2128&rft.pub=ABL-CIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Tom (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218135232/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/03/celtic-realm/oneill-text">"The Celtic Realm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/03/celtic-realm/oneill-text">the original</a> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+Realm&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2006%2F03%2Fceltic-realm%2Foneill-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+nations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_nations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Celtic nations</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Celt" class="extiw" title="wikt:Celt">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_nations_or_regions" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Celtic nations or regions">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236626" class="extiw" title="d:Q236626">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism_in_the_Celtic_nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_the_Celtic_nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany"><img alt="Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Breton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">during WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">Reunification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezen_Perrot" title="Bezen Perrot">Bezen Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Democratic_Union" title="Breton Democratic Union">Breton Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Party" title="Breton Party">Breton Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Liberation_Front" title="Breton Liberation Front">Breton Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emgann" title="Emgann">Emgann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breizh_Yaouank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breizh Yaouank (page does not exist)">Breizh Yaouank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breizhistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Breizhistance">Breizhistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleun-Brug" title="Bleun-Brug">Bleun-Brug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Revolutionary_Army" title="Breton Revolutionary Army">Breton Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiz_ha_Breiz" title="Feiz ha Breiz">Feiz ha Breiz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Cornish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Proposed devolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">Constitutional status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Gof" title="An Gof">An Gof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Nationalist_Party" title="Cornish Nationalist Party">Cornish Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Cornish National Liberation Army">Cornish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Solidarity" title="Cornish Solidarity">Cornish Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Old_Cornwall_Societies" title="Federation of Old Cornwall Societies">Federation of Old Cornwall Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">legitimism in republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_History_Museum" title="Irish Republican History Museum">History Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiocfaidh_%C3%A1r_l%C3%A1" title="Tiocfaidh ár lá">Tiocfaidh ár lá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_Action_Ireland" title="Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland">Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Youth_Movement" title="Connolly Youth Movement">Connolly Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fianna Fail">Fianna Fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Future" title="Ireland's Future">Ireland's Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom_Party" title="Irish Freedom Party">Irish Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Congress" title="Irish National Congress">Irish National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRPWA" title="IRPWA">IRPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association" title="National Graves Association">National Graves Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association,_Belfast" title="National Graves Association, Belfast">Belfast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_2016)" title="National Party (Ireland, 2016)">National Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Network_for_Unity" title="Republican Network for Unity">Republican Network for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone_Societies" title="Wolfe Tone Societies">Wolfe Tone Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Unemployed_Action" title="Workers and Unemployed Action">Workers and Unemployed Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Manx</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Halloo" title="Fo Halloo">Fo Halloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FSFO" title="FSFO">FSFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irree_Magh" title="Irree Magh">Irree Magh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Party" title="Manx National Party">Manx National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mec_Vannin" title="Mec Vannin">Mec Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_Pabyr_Seyr" title="Yn Pabyr Seyr">Yn Pabyr Seyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_nationalism" title="Timeline of Scottish nationalism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner" title="All Under One Banner">AUOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Scotland" title="Business for Scotland">Business for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Weal" title="Common Weal">Common Weal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_for_Scotland_Party" title="Independence for Scotland Party">Independence for Scotland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reid_Foundation" title="Jimmy Reid Foundation">Jimmy Reid Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_Independence" title="Labour for Independence">Labour for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republic" title="Our Republic">Our Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Voice_(Scottish_pro-independence_group)" title="People's Voice (Scottish pro-independence group)">People's Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Independence_Campaign" title="Radical Independence Campaign">Radical Independence Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Communist_Network" title="Republican Communist Network">Republican Communist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_National_League" title="Scots National League">Scots National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Scottish National Liberation Army">Scottish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Republican_Socialist_Movement" title="Scottish Republican Socialist Movement">Scottish Republican Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Youth" title="Scottish Socialist Youth">Scottish Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siol_nan_Gaidheal" title="Siol nan Gaidheal">Siol nan Gaidheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voices_for_Scotland" title="Voices for Scotland">Voices for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_Scotland" title="Yes Scotland">Yes Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Welsh_independence" title="Opinion polling on Welsh independence">polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Welsh_independence_referendum" title="Proposed Welsh independence referendum">proposed referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner_Cymru" title="All Under One Banner Cymru">AUOB Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Cymdeithas yr Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Green_Party" title="Wales Green Party">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">Gwlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_an_Independent_Wales" title="Labour for an Independent Wales">Labour for an Independent Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibion_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Meibion Glyndŵr">Meibion Glyndŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Football_Fans_for_Independence" title="Welsh Football Fans for Independence">Welsh Football Fans for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YesCymru" title="YesCymru">YesCymru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-celtic nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/19px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/29px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/38px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographical_distribution_of_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template talk:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geographical_distribution_of_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographical distribution of languages</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberophone">Iberophone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking world">Germanic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Dutch_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Macedonian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Macedonian speakers">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Polish_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Polish speakers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Ukrainian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Ukrainian speakers">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td 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