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id="toc-Jawed_chucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jawed_chucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jawed chucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jawed_chucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-centering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-centering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Self-centering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-centering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drill_chuck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drill_chuck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Drill chuck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drill_chuck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent-jaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent-jaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Independent-jaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent-jaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cat's_Paw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cat's_Paw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Cat's Paw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cat's_Paw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_jawed_types_(two-,_six-,_eight-jaw;_other)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_jawed_types_(two-,_six-,_eight-jaw;_other)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Specialty jawed types (two-, six-, eight-jaw; other)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_jawed_types_(two-,_six-,_eight-jaw;_other)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaw_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaw_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Jaw construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaw_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Collet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Direct_System_(SDS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Direct_System_(SDS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Special Direct System (SDS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Direct_System_(SDS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SDS-Plus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDS-Plus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>SDS-Plus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDS-Plus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chucks_with_both_indexable_positioning_and_indexable_clamping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chucks_with_both_indexable_positioning_and_indexable_clamping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chucks with both indexable positioning and indexable clamping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chucks_with_both_indexable_positioning_and_indexable_clamping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Magnetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Electrostatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Vacuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mounting methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mounting_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mounting methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mounting_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mounting_of_drill_chucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_of_drill_chucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mounting of drill chucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_of_drill_chucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_of_large_jawed_chucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_of_large_jawed_chucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mounting of large jawed chucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_of_large_jawed_chucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_of_collet_chucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_of_collet_chucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mounting of collet chucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_of_collet_chucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacobs_Chuck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobs_Chuck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jacobs Chuck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobs_Chuck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandr%C3%AD_(enginyeria)" title="Mandrí (enginyeria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandrí (enginyeria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skl%C3%AD%C4%8Didlo" title="Sklíčidlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklíčidlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spannfutter" title="Spannfutter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spannfutter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandril_(ingenier%C3%ADa)" title="Mandril (ingeniería) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandril (ingeniería)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88uko" title="Ĉuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سه‌نظام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سه‌نظام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrin_(m%C3%A9canique)" title="Mandrin (mécanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandrin (mécanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80)" title="चक (इंजीनियरी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चक (इंजीनियरी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stezna_glava" title="Stezna glava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stezna glava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrino" title="Mandrino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandrino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B" title="Қысқы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қысқы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boorhouder" title="Boorhouder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boorhouder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="チャック装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャック装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjoks" title="Kjoks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjoks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandril_(ferramenta)" title="Mandril (ferramenta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandril (ferramenta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зажимной патрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зажимной патрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%BEu%C4%8Dovadlo" title="Skľučovadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skľučovadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Затискний патрон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Затискний патрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%9B%A4" title="卡盤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡盤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19818#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clamp used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylinder</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_(PSF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chuck_%28PSF%29.jpg/220px-Chuck_%28PSF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chuck_%28PSF%29.jpg/330px-Chuck_%28PSF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Chuck_%28PSF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A chuck on a power drill, showing the teeth that engage with the key</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Special:EditPage/Chuck (engineering)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chuck%22+engineering">"Chuck" engineering</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chuck%22+engineering+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chuck%22+engineering&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chuck%22+engineering+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chuck%22+engineering">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chuck%22+engineering&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>chuck</b> is a specialized type of <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamp</a> used to hold an object with <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">radial symmetry</a>, especially a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">mill</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a>, a chuck holds the rotating <a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">tool</a>; in a <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>, it holds the rotating workpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chucks commonly use jaws to hold the tool or workpiece. The jaws) are typically arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a <a href="/wiki/Star_(polygon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star (polygon)">star</a>. Jawed chucks may require a <a href="/wiki/Wrench#Other_types_of_keys" title="Wrench">wrench</a>-like device called a <i>chuck key</i> to be tightened or loosened, but other jawed chucks may be tightened or loosened by hand force alone, offering convenience at the expense of gripping force. Chucks on some lathes have jaws that move independently, allowing them to hold irregularly shaped objects. More complex designs might include specially shaped jaws, greater numbers of jaws, or quick-release mechanisms. </p><p>Instead of jaws, a chuck may use <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">collets</a>, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg/220px-ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg/330px-ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg/440px-ThreeJawChuckKey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Self-centering three-jaw chuck and key with one jaw removed and inverted showing the teeth that engage in the scroll plate. The scroll plate is rotated within the chuck body by the key, the scroll engages the teeth on the underside of the jaws which moves the three jaws in unison, to tighten or release the workpiece.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jawed_chucks">Jawed chucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jawed chucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-centering">Self-centering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Self-centering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>self-centering chuck</i>, also known as a <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="scroll_chuck"></span><span class="vanchor-text">scroll chuck</span></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses <i>jaws</i>, interconnected via a <i>scroll gear</i> (scroll plate), to hold onto a tool or workpiece. Because they most often have three jaws, the term <i>three-jaw chuck</i> without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a self-centering three-jaw chuck. The term <i>universal chuck</i> also refers to this type. These chucks are best suited to grip circular or hexagonal cross-sections when very fast, reasonably accurate (±0.005 inch [0.125 mm] <a href="/wiki/Total_indicator_reading" title="Total indicator reading">TIR</a>) centering is desired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sometimes this type of chuck has four or six jaws instead of three. Four-jawed chucks are primarily useful for gripping square or octagon material, while six-jawed chucks hold thin-walled tubing and plastic materials with minimum distortion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are also independent-jaw (non-self-centering) chucks with three jaws, but they offer few advantages and are very rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are hybrid self-centering chucks that have adjustment screws that can be used to further improve the concentricity after the workpiece has been gripped by the scroll jaws. This feature is meant to combine the speed and ease of the scroll plate's self-centering with the <a href="/wiki/Run-out" title="Run-out">run-out</a> eliminating controllability of an independent-jaw chuck. The most commonly used name for this type is a brand name, GripTru. To avoid undue <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericization</a> of that brand name, suggestions for a generic name have included "exact-adjust".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Three-jaw chucks are often used on lathes and <a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">indexing heads</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Drill_chuck">Drill chuck <span class="anchor" id="Pin_chuck"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drill chuck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg/220px-ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg/330px-ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg/440px-ChuckDrillKeyedKeylessArbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Top: an assembled keyless chuck. This type of chuck is tightened by twisting the body using firm hand pressure only. While convenient, this feature can cause the chuck to tighten too much when high <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> is applied. Bottom: the widely used keyed type of drill chuck with its key. The <a href="/wiki/Arbor_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbor (tool)">arbor</a> is shown separately to the right. These chucks require a toothed key to provide the necessary torque to tighten and loosen the jaws. When the key is turned its teeth mate with teeth on the chuck, turning an internal screw which in turn moves the threaded jaws in or out along a tapered surface. The taper allows the jaws to clamp <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">drill shanks</a> of a range of diameters. The end view shows the three small jaws that slide within the body.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PinChucks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PinChucks.jpg/220px-PinChucks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PinChucks.jpg/330px-PinChucks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PinChucks.jpg/440px-PinChucks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Two pin chucks. The top one is assembled, the lower one shows the body and nose cap assembled with the collet piece below it.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>drill chuck</i> is a specialised self-centering, three-jaw chuck, usually with capacity of 0.5 in (13 mm) or less, and rarely greater than 1 in (25 mm), used to hold <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a> or other rotary tools. This type of chuck is used on tools ranging from professional equipment to inexpensive hand and power drills for domestic use. </p><p>Some high-precision chucks use ball thrust bearings to reduce friction in the closing mechanism and maximize drilling torque. One brand name for this type of chuck, which is often genericized in colloquial use although not in catalogs, is <i>Super Chuck</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <i>pin chuck</i> is a specialized chuck designed to hold small drills (less than 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter) that could not be held securely in a normal drill chuck. The drill is inserted into the pin chuck and tightened; the pin chuck has a shaft which is then inserted into the larger drill chuck to hold the drill securely. Pin chucks are also used with high-speed rotary tools other than drills, such as <a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">die grinders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">jig grinders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent-jaw">Independent-jaw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent-jaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg/220px-FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg/330px-FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg/440px-FourJawChuckIndependent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>Independent four-jaw chuck, with the jaws independently set. The key is used to adjust each jaw separately.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old4jaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old4jaw.jpg/220px-Old4jaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old4jaw.jpg/330px-Old4jaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old4jaw.jpg/440px-Old4jaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>An older and larger 4 jaw chuck. Note how it is able to grip an irregularly cut piece of used metal. Though not found on small chucks it is common for larger chucks (the one in the second photo was made around 1900 and is 24" in diameter) to have many of the features of a <a href="/wiki/Lathe_faceplate" title="Lathe faceplate">faceplate</a>. The jaws are stepped on one side and full height for gripping on the other and are reversible. Generally the jaws are usable for holding either outside as shown here, or inside as in gripping the inside of a pipe.</figcaption></figure> <p>On an <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="independent-jaw_chuck"></span><span class="vanchor-text">independent-jaw chuck</span></span></i>, each jaw can be moved independently. Because they most often have four jaws, the term <i>four-jaw chuck</i> without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a chuck with four independent jaws. The independence of the jaws makes these chucks ideal for (a) gripping non-circular cross sections and (b) gripping circular cross sections with extreme precision (when the last few hundredths of a millimeter [or thousandths of an inch] of runout must be manually eliminated). The non-self-centering action of the independent jaws makes centering highly controllable (for an experienced user), but at the expense of speed and ease. Four-jaw chucks are almost never used for tool holding. Four-jaw chucks can be found on lathes and indexing heads. </p><p>Self-centering chucks with four jaws also can be obtained. Although these are often said to suffer from two disadvantages: inability to hold hex stock, and poor gripping on stock which is oval, only the latter is true. Even with three jaw self centering chucks, work which is not of uniform section along the work (and which is not free of spiral or 'wind') should not be gripped, as the jaws can be strained and the accuracy permanently impaired. </p><p>Four-jaw chucks can easily hold a workpiece eccentrically if eccentric features need to be machined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cat's_Paw"><span id="Cat.27s_Paw"></span>Cat's Paw</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cat's Paw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "cat's paw" is a simple, relatively inexpensive, limited-capability version of an independent-jaw chuck. It typically consists of a ring of metal with screw threads tapped radially into it, in which screws (hex cap, socket hex cap, or set screws) serve as independent jaws. Cat's paws can serve various purposes: </p> <ul><li>As auxiliary features that complement the main lathe chuck: <ul><li>To hold the bar or workpiece at the back end of the spindle bore and support it concentrically, so that it resists wobbling or whipping while the spindle is turning. Gun barrels and oil pipes are examples of workpieces that benefit.</li> <li>To hold the bar or workpiece at the tailstock end (thus serving as a <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)#Steady_and_follower_rests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">steady rest</a>) or following the tool (thus serving as a <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)#Steady_and_follower_rests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">follower rest</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>In place of the main lathe chuck (for particular workpieces that can benefit—for example, in some <a href="/wiki/Gunsmithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunsmithing">gunsmithing</a> work)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specialty_jawed_types_(two-,_six-,_eight-jaw;_other)"><span id="Specialty_jawed_types_.28two-.2C_six-.2C_eight-jaw.3B_other.29"></span>Specialty jawed types (two-, six-, eight-jaw; other)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specialty jawed types (two-, six-, eight-jaw; other)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lathe_Chuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lathe_Chuck.jpg/220px-Lathe_Chuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lathe_Chuck.jpg/330px-Lathe_Chuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lathe_Chuck.jpg/440px-Lathe_Chuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>Chuck with six jaws</figcaption></figure> <p>For special purposes, chucks are available with <i>six</i> or <i>eight</i> jaws. These are usually of the self-centering design, and may be built to very high standards of accuracy. However, it is a misconception that such chucks necessarily offer more precision in holding solid workpieces than conventional three-jawed self-centering chucks. Indeed, hot-rolled or other imperfectly round workpieces may "teeter" insecurely between opposing jaws of scroll chucks having even numbers of jaws, in the same manner that a four-legged stool teeters on a rough floor while a three-legged stool never does. The primary purpose of six- and eight-jawed chucks is to hold thin-walled tubing with minimum deformation. By having twice as many clamping points, a six-jaw chuck induces less than half as much clamping distortion in a thin-walled workpiece, compared to a three-jawed chuck. </p><p><i>Two-jaw chucks</i> are available and can be used with <a href="/wiki/Soft_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft jaw">soft jaws</a> (typically an aluminium alloy) that can be machined to conform to a particular workpiece. It is a short conceptual leap from these to <a href="/wiki/Lathe_faceplate" title="Lathe faceplate">faceplates</a> holding custom fixtures, wherein the part is located against fixed stops and held there with toggle clamps or toe clamps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jaw_construction">Jaw construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jaw construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many chucks have removable jaws (often the top part is removable leaving the base or 'master jaw' assembled with the scroll), which allows the user to replace them with new jaws, specialised jaws, or soft jaws. Soft jaws are made of soft materials such as soft (unhardened) metal, plastic, or wood. They can be machined as needed for particular setups. The typical interface between the master jaw and the removable jaw is a matching pair of serrated surfaces, which, once clamped by the mounting screws, cannot allow relative slipping between the two parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collet">Collet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></div> <p>A collet, one type of chuck, is a sleeve with a (normally) <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> inner surface and a <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">conical</a> outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of <a href="/wiki/Spring_steel" title="Spring steel">spring steel</a>, with one or more <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerf" class="extiw" title="wikt:kerf">kerf</a> cuts along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered <a href="/wiki/Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">gauge blocks</a>) held in circular position (like the points of a star, or indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural</a> rubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system. </p><p>Regardless of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet radially against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in high <a href="/wiki/Static_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Static friction">static friction</a>. Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely. Almost all collet chucks achieve the radial squeezing motion via moving one or more male-female pairs of tapered (conical) surfaces axially, which produces the radial squeezing in a highly concentric manner. Depending on the collet design, it can be either pulled (via a <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">threaded</a> section at the rear of the collet) or pushed (via a threaded cap with a second taper) into a matching conical socket to achieve the clamping action. As the collet is forced into the tapered socket, the collet will contract, gripping the contents of the inner cylinder. (The axial movement of cones is not mandatory, however; a split bushing squeezed radially with a linear force—e.g., set screw, solenoid, spring clamp, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder—achieves the same principle without the cones; but concentricity can only be had to the extent that the bushing's diameters are perfect for the particular object being held. Thus only in toolroom contexts, such as machine tool tooling creation and setup, is this common.) </p><p>One of the corollaries of the conical action is that collets may draw the work axially a slight amount as they close. Collet chuck systems that make no provision to prevent this draw-in are often called draw-in collet chucks, in contrast to systems which circumvent this movement, usually by pushing the tapered closing ring toward the collet rather than pulling the collet into the ring. Such non-draw-in types are often called "dead-length" or "non-draw-in" collet chucks. Draw-in is not always a problem, but avoiding it can be helpful on some work where failing to account for it might result in inaccuracy on part overall length, shoulder lengths, etc. </p><p>Collets are most commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">lathes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood router">wood routers</a>, precision <a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">grinders</a>, and certain handheld power tools such as <a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">die grinders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotary_tool" title="Rotary tool">rotary tools</a>. There are many different systems, common examples being the <i>ER</i>, <i>5C</i>, and <i>R8</i> systems. Collets can also be obtained to fit <i>Morse</i> or <i>Brown and Sharpe</i> <a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">taper</a> sockets. </p><p>Typically collets offer higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">precision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accuracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accuracy">accuracy</a> than self-centering chucks, and have a shorter setting up time than independent-jaw chucks. The penalty is that most collets can only accommodate a single size of workpiece. An exception is the ER collet which typically has a working range of 1 mm (about 0.04 in). </p><p>Collets usually are made to hold cylindrical work, but are available to hold square, hexagonal or octagonal workpieces. While most collets are hardened, "emergency" collets are available that can be machined to special sizes or shapes by the user. These collets can be obtained in steel, brass, or nylon. Step collets are available that are machinable to allow holding of short workpieces that are larger than the capacity of normal collets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Direct_System_(SDS)"><span id="Special_Direct_System_.28SDS.29"></span>Special Direct System (SDS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Special Direct System (SDS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special-Direct-System-chuck.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Special-Direct-System-chuck.png/220px-Special-Direct-System-chuck.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Special-Direct-System-chuck.png/330px-Special-Direct-System-chuck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Special-Direct-System-chuck.png/440px-Special-Direct-System-chuck.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of an SDS chuck</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank#SDS_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank (SDS shank)</a></div> <p>Developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> in 1975 for <a href="/wiki/Rotary_hammer_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary hammer drill">hammer drills</a>, the <i>SDS System</i> uses an <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank#SDS_shank" title="Drill bit shank">SDS Shank</a> which is a cylindrical shank with indentations to be held by the chuck.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tool is inserted into the chuck, and is locked in place until the lock is released. The rotary force is transmitted through wedges that fit into two or three open grooves. The bit is free to move a short distance and the hammer action moves the bit up and down within the chuck. Two sprung balls fit into closed grooves, allowing movement whilst retaining the bit. There are four standard sizes with varying shank diameters: </p> <dl><dt>SDS Quick</dt> <dd>A 6 mm shank with two open grooves interacting with the driving wedges and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the newest size introduced in 2011 for the Bosch Uneo series and takes concrete drills up to 10 mm diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SDS-Plus">SDS-Plus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SDS-Plus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A 10 mm shank with two open grooves interacting with the driving wedges and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the most common size and takes a hammer up to 4 kg. The wedges grip an area of 75 mm<sup>2</sup> (0.116 sq in) and the shank is inserted 40 mm into the chuck.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>SDS-top</dt> <dd>A 14 mm shank similar to SDS-plus, designed for hammers from 2 to 5 kg. The grip area is increased to 212 mm<sup>2</sup> (0.329 sq in) and the shank is inserted 70 mm. This size remained uncommon and was discontinued in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-SDStop_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDStop-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>SDS-max</dt> <dd>An 18 mm shank with three open grooves and locking segments rather than balls. It is designed for hammers over 5 kg. The wedges grip an area of 389 mm<sup>2</sup> (0.603 sq in) and the shank is inserted 90 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-SDSmax_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSmax-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Many SDS drills have a "rotation off" setting, which allows the drill to be used for chiselling. The name SDS comes from the German <i>Steck-Dreh-Sitz</i> (<i>insert-drill-attachment</i>). In German-speaking countries the acronym <i>Spannen durch System</i> (Clamping System) was also used, though Bosch now uses <i>Special Direct System</i> internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-SDSname_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSname-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chucks_with_both_indexable_positioning_and_indexable_clamping">Chucks with both indexable positioning and indexable clamping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chucks with both indexable positioning and indexable clamping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial production machining now makes use of increasingly advanced chucks which have not only indexable positioning but also indexable clamping.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2011-04-25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2011-04-25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both functions are typically <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulically controlled</a>. The clamping is often done with each pair of jaws consisting of one fixed jaw and one movable jaw (hydraulically actuated), thematically similar to advanced milling <a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">vises</a>. This method of clamping brings the high precision and repeatability of such vises to a chucking application. Such chucks offer the centering precision of traditional independent-jaw chucks with the chucking speed and ease of traditional three-jaw self-centering scroll chucks. They have expensive initial cost (compared with traditional chucks), but such initial cost pays for itself and then lowers ongoing marginal costs in commercial production-run environments. </p><p>It is also possible nowadays to build CNC chucks in which the position and clamping pressure of each jaw can be precisely controlled with CNC, via closed-loop positioning and load monitoring. In essence, each jaw is one independent CNC axis, a machine slide with a <a href="/wiki/Leadscrew" title="Leadscrew">leadscrew</a>, and all four or six of them can act in concert with each other. Although this idea is conceptually interesting, the simpler chucking systems mentioned in the previous paragraph are probably a marketplace winner over this alternative for most applications, because they supply the same capabilities via a simpler, less expensive solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic">Magnetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Magnetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></div> <p>Used for holding <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> workpieces, a <i>magnetic chuck</i> consists of an accurately centred permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> face. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnets</a> or permanent magnets are brought into contact with fixed ferrous plates, or <i>pole pieces</i>, contained within a housing. These pole pieces are usually flush with the housing surface. The part (workpiece) to be held forms the closing of the magnetic loop or path, onto those fixed plates, providing a secure anchor for the workpiece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrostatic">Electrostatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electrostatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly used for holding silicon wafers during lithography processes, an <i>electrostatic chuck</i> comprises a metal base-plate and a thin dielectric layer; the metal base-plate is maintained at a high-voltage relative to the wafer, and so an electrostatic force clamps the wafer to it. Electrostatic chucks may have pins, or mesas, the height of which is included in the reported dielectric thickness; a design by <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia National Laboratory">Sandia National Laboratory</a> uses a patterned silicon-dioxide dielectric to form the pins.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum">Vacuum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vacuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vacuum chuck is primarily used on non-ferrous materials, such as copper, bronze, aluminium, titanium, plastics, and stone. In a vacuum chuck, air is pumped from a cavity behind the workpiece, and atmospheric pressure provides the holding force. Vacuum produces a hold down pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) at sea level, decreasing at higher elevations where the atmospheric pressure is lower. The decrease in holding pressure is roughly 0.5 psi per 1000' above sea level.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mounting_methods">Mounting methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mounting methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Connecting chucks to the <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindles</a> or tables of <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">power tools</a> has been accomplished in many ways over the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_of_drill_chucks">Mounting of drill chucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mounting of drill chucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <em>threaded arbor</em> may screw into the chuck body.</li> <li>A <em>tapered arbor</em> (with a <a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">self-holding taper</a>) may be <a href="/wiki/Interference_fit" title="Interference fit">pressed</a> into the chuck body. <ul><li>Removal and insertion may involve various tools or methods: <ul><li>Tools: <a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">vise</a> (especially with a wooden jig or soft jaw made for this purpose); <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a> (especially nonmarring hammer or rubber mallet); <a href="/wiki/Arbor_press" title="Arbor press">arbor press</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shop_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Shop press">shop press</a> (the latter two require skill to avoid damaging the chuck).</li> <li>Methods: heating (via <a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">heat guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blow_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow torch">blow torches</a>, or ovens) and cooling (via kitchen freezers, winter weather, or decompression of compressed air or nitrogen).</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>A drill chuck may have a hollow body that threads directly onto a lathe's threaded spindle nose. (These are fairly rare, especially nowadays.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_of_large_jawed_chucks">Mounting of large jawed chucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mounting of large jawed chucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg/220px-Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg/330px-Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg/440px-Taper_spindle_nose_with_threaded_retention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Taper spindle nose with threaded retention. The retainer ring is wrenched with a spanner wrench.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A backplate with threads may screw onto a threaded spindle nose (for lathe work) or onto an adapter plate with the same nose, to be mounted on the table of <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">surface grinding machines</a>. This "threaded spindle nose" type of mounting was the typical method in the 19th century through 1930s. It is simple and useful, but the degree of control of <a href="/wiki/Concentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric">concentricity</a> is not quite good enough to be foolproof for high-speed, high-precision work (high precision can be achieved, but the time and skill involved in the setups makes it a poor choice now that better options exist, such as the cam-lock spindle noses described below). Threaded spindle noses are still built on new machine tools, but only of the low-end variety (hobbyist, least-expense MRO, etc.). High-capital manufacturing (where high upfront expense yields lowest possible unit expense for mid- to high-volume part counts of high-precision parts) has moved away from this type of mounting. The exact-adjust (Set-Tru) concept is one way to chase high concentricity on threaded spindle noses with some relative degree of ease.</li> <li>A common solution on smaller lathes is a broad flanged end to the spindle with a concentric raised circular register matching a recess in the chuck or its backplate. The register is normally shallow and parallel sided and a light push fit in the female register of the chuck. The chuck is held in place with bolts through clearance holes that do not affect the alignment which is entirely provided by the register. This arrangement has excellent repeatability but is slow in a production situation.</li> <li>A backplate with a female (self-releasing) taper may seat on the matching male taper of the tapered spindle nose (for lathe work) or of an adapter plate with the same nose, to be mounted on a table. This system improves the <a href="/wiki/Repeatability" title="Repeatability">repeatability</a> of the mounting concentricity down to a very small total indicated runout (TIR) value. Subtypes: <ul><li>The chuck may be held against the taper with a threaded retainer ring (large thin <a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nut</a>), typically wrenched with a <a href="/wiki/Pin_spanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin spanner">spanner wrench</a> of the pin or hook variety. The peak of popularity for building this type of spindle nose was the 1940s and 1950s.</li> <li>The chuck may be held against the taper with cam-lock posts that wedge into a stuck-fast position. Industry-standard spindle nose designs allow wide <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeability</a>. This cam lock spindle nose system replaced the earlier systems on most machine tools in the 1960s.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_of_collet_chucks">Mounting of collet chucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mounting of collet chucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For collet chucks mounted on backplates, all of the same methods above are applicable.</li> <li>Many lathes that run collet chucks have dedicated <b>collet-closer</b> setups whereby there is no backplate, and the spindle nose contains the female taper for either the collet's male outer taper, or a sleeve that will hold it. A hollow <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(machine_tool)" title="Drawbar (machine tool)">drawbar</a> passes back through the headstock to its back side, where a closer mechanism is mounted. The latter allows easy, rapid opening and closing of the collet. The drawbar's inner diameter determines the through-the-spindle <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">bar</a> diameter capacity of the lathe. Some collet-closer systems even allow opening and closing without stopping the spindle rotation. The closer on a manual lathe is either lever-style or handwheel-style. The closer on a CNC lathe is powered (electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic), and it may be controlled by various means: a foot pedal that the operator steps on when desired; a line in the program (for opening and closing under program control); or a button on the control panel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobs_Chuck.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Jacobs_Chuck.png/200px-Jacobs_Chuck.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Jacobs_Chuck.png/300px-Jacobs_Chuck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Jacobs_Chuck.png/400px-Jacobs_Chuck.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The Jacobs type chuck, with three converging splines or jaws, is perhaps the most usual design. This one is tightened with a key, but some types may be sufficiently tightened by hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The original forms of workholding on lathes were between-centers holding and <i>ad hoc</i> fastenings to the headstock spindle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The spike-style centers still used on wood lathes represent an ancient method. <i>Ad hoc</i> fastening methods in centuries past included anything from pinning with clenching or wedging; nailing; lashing with cords of leather or fiber; dogging down (again involving pinning/wedging/clenching); or other types. Faceplates have probably been around at least since the era of medieval clock-makers. </p><p>Tooling similar to today's chucks seems likely to have evolved from faceplate work, as workers using faceplates for repetitive work began to envision types of clamps or dogs for the faceplate that could be opened and closed in more convenient ways than repeated total disassembly and reassembly. A <i>chock</i> was originally just a lump of wood. However, by 1703 it could be "... Chocks, belonging to the Screw-Mandrel".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1807 the word had changed to the more familiar '<i>chuck</i>: "On the end of the spindle ... is screwed ... a universal Chuck for holding any kind of work".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In late 1818 or early 1819 the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce awarded its silver medal and 10 guineas (£10.50 – equivalent to £1,006 in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to Mr. Alexander Bell for a three jaw lathe chuck:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The instrument can be screwed into ... the mandrel of a lathe, and has three studs projecting from its flat surface, forming an equi-lateral triangle, and are capable of being moved equably to, or from, its centre.</p></blockquote><p> It is not clear how they were moved "equably" whether by a scroll or some other means.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1819 the same body awarded a further silver medal to Mr. T. Hack for a four jaw chuck.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fairman" title="Simon Fairman">Simon Fairman</a> (1792–1857) developed a recognisable modern scroll chuck as used on lathes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent refers to the technicalities of assembly, he does not claim invention of the scroll ("convolute grooves").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Austin_F._Cushman" title="Austin F. Cushman">Austin F. Cushman</a> (1830–1914) developed the ideas and sold chucks through his business, Cushman Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobs_Chuck">Jacobs Chuck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jacobs Chuck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png/120px-Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png/180px-Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png/240px-Arthur_Irving_Jacobs.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Arthur Irving Jacobs (1858–1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the 20th century, Arthur Irving Jacobs developed the modern drill chuck. After bruising his knuckles on one of the old-fashioned spanner adjusted drill chucks, he developed a chuck in which the jaws moved axially in inclined slots. His <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US709014">patent of 1902</a></span> details the mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <em>drill chuck</em> clearly did not originate with him, but his new type of drill chuck long ago displaced any earlier types that lacked the angled jaw movement and outer sleeve now found on all common drill chucks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_evaluation">Performance evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Performance evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions, requirements, and test methods used for the performance evaluation of chucks. Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the chuck. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> has developed the B5.60 Standard entitled Workholding Chucks: Jaw-Type Chucks, which establishes requirements and methods for specifying and testing the performance of workholding chucks used primarily in turning operations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_faceplate" title="Lathe faceplate">Lathe faceplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_(engineering)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343699145">"Development of a Specialized Lathe Chuck for Turning Operations of Cast Iron Rope Wheels"</a>.</cite><span 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chucks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chucks">Chucks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation cs2">Brown, Chris (April 25, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.productionmachining.com/articles/a-close-look-at-indexable-chucks">"A close look at indexable chucks"</a>, <i>Production Machining</i>.</cite><span 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title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grinding_and_lapping" title="Category:Grinding and lapping">Grinding and<br />lapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li> <li><a 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