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synthetic rubber subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_synthetic_rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silicone_rubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicone_rubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Silicone rubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicone_rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_vs._synthetic_rubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_vs._synthetic_rubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Natural vs. synthetic rubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_vs._synthetic_rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="مطاط اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطاط اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="সাংশ্লেষিক ৰবৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাংশ্লেষিক ৰবৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_sint%C3%A8tica" title="Goma sintètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goma sintètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetick%C3%BD_kau%C4%8Duk" title="Syntetický kaučuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntetický kaučuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetisk_gummi" title="Syntetisk gummi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntetisk gummi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesekautschuk" title="Synthesekautschuk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synthesekautschuk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucho_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Caucho sintético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caucho sintético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezita_ka%C5%AD%C4%89uko" title="Sintezita kaŭĉuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintezita kaŭĉuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="لاستیک مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاستیک مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoutchouc_synth%C3%A9tique" title="Caoutchouc synthétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caoutchouc synthétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="कृत्रिम रबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम रबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karet_sintetis" title="Karet sintetis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karet sintetis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%98%D7%99" title="גומי סינתטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גומי סינתטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಿತ ರಬ್ಬರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಿತ ರಬ್ಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Жасанды каучук – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасанды каучук" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="കൃത്രിമ റബ്ബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൃത്രിമ റബ്ബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getah_sintetik" title="Getah sintetik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Getah sintetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetisch_rubber" title="Synthetisch rubber – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synthetisch rubber" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauczuk_syntetyczny" title="Kauczuk syntetyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kauczuk syntetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borracha_sint%C3%A9tica" title="Borracha sintética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Borracha sintética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauciuc_sintetic" title="Cauciuc sintetic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cauciuc sintetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_rubber" title="Artificial rubber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artificial rubber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вештачка гума – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вештачка гума" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetiskt_gummi" title="Syntetiskt gummi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntetiskt gummi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentetik_kau%C3%A7uk" title="Sentetik kauçuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sentetik kauçuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Синтетичний каучук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтетичний каучук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_su_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Cao su tổng hợp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao su tổng hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6" title="合成橡胶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合成橡胶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Any artificial elastomer</div> <p>A <b>synthetic rubber</b> is an artificial <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> byproducts. About 32 million metric tons of rubbers are produced annually in the United States, and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Synthetic rubber, just like <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, has many uses in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, door and window profiles, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">seals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/O-rings" class="mw-redirect" title="O-rings">O-rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskets">gaskets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hose" title="Hose">hoses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber mat">matting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">flooring</a>. They offer a different range of physical and chemical properties which can improve the reliability of a given product or application. Synthetic rubbers are superior to natural rubbers in two major respects: thermal stability, and resistance to oils and related compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are more resistant to oxidizing agents, such as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> which can reduce the life of products like tires. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_synthetic_rubber">History of synthetic rubber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of synthetic rubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Boyd_Dunlop_(c1915)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_Boyd_Dunlop_%28c1915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Boyd_Dunlop_%28c1915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/John_Boyd_Dunlop_%28c1915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlop" title="John Boyd Dunlop">John Boyd Dunlop</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1915</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The expanded use of bicycles, and particularly their pneumatic <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber. In 1909, a team headed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hofmann_(chemist)" title="Fritz Hofmann (chemist)">Fritz Hofmann</a>, working at the <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Elberfeld" title="Elberfeld">Elberfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, succeeded in polymerizing <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>, making the first synthetic rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies published in 1930 written independently by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lebedev_(chemist)" title="Sergey Lebedev (chemist)">Sergey Lebedev</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a> and the German scientist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a> led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>, which was developed at <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Keiser_Bolton" title="Elmer Keiser Bolton">E. K. Bolton</a>. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery. The company <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> applied their name to a competing type of rubber based on <a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">ethylene dichloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hb-elast-p135_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hb-elast-p135-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, German chemists synthesized the first of a series of synthetic rubbers known as <a href="/wiki/Buna_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Buna rubber">Buna rubbers</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Copolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Copolymers">copolymers</a>, meaning the <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> were made up from two <a href="/wiki/Monomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomers">monomers</a> in alternating sequence. Other brands included <i>Koroseal</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Semon" title="Waldo Semon">Waldo Semon</a> developed in 1935, and <i>Sovprene</i>, which Soviet researchers created in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg/220px-Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg/330px-Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg/440px-Sheet_of_synthetic_rubber_coming_off_the_rolling_mill_at_the_plant_of_Goodrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8241" data-file-height="6339" /></a><figcaption>Sheet of synthetic rubber coming off the rolling mill at the plant of <a href="/wiki/BFGoodrich" title="BFGoodrich">Goodrich</a> (1941)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg/220px-%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg/330px-%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg/440px-%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>World War II poster about synthetic rubber tires</figcaption></figure> <p>Production of synthetic rubber in the United States expanded greatly during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis powers</a> controlled nearly all the world's limited supplies of natural rubber by mid-1942, following the Japanese conquest of most of Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) from where much of the global supply of natural rubber was sourced.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pointblank" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pointblank">Operation Pointblank</a> bombing targets of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Schkopau" title="Schkopau">Schkopau</a> (50,000 tons/yr) plant and the Hüls synthetic rubber plant near <a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a> (30,000, 17%),<sup id="cite_ref-Stormont_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stormont-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Kölnische Gummifäden Fabrik tire and tube plant at <a href="/wiki/Cologne-Deutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne-Deutz">Deutz</a> on the east bank of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurney_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurney-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, Italy, synthetic rubber factory (near a river bridge) was bombed August 23, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other synthetic rubber facilities were at <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen/Oppau</a> (15,000), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanover">Hanover/Limmer</a> (reclamation, 20,000), and <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a> (5,000). A synthetic rubber plant at <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, in Nazi-occupied Poland, was under construction on March 5, 1944<sup id="cite_ref-WalterBedellSmith_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterBedellSmith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operated by <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> and supplied with slave labor, by the SS, from the associated camp <a href="/wiki/Monowitz_concentration_camp" title="Monowitz concentration camp">Auschwitz III (Monowitz)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prevalent synthetic rubber is <a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Styrene-butadiene rubber">styrene-butadiene rubbers</a> (SBR) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">copolymerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">1,3-butadiene</a>. Other synthetic rubbers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a>, prepared by polymerization of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>, prepared by polymerization of <a href="/wiki/2-chlorobutadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="2-chlorobutadiene">2-chlorobutadiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile rubber</a> made from cyanobutadiene or <a href="/wiki/2-propenenitrile" class="mw-redirect" title="2-propenenitrile">2-propenenitrile</a> and butadiene</li></ul> <p>Many variations of these can be prepared with mixtures of monomers and with various catalysts that allow for control of <a href="/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-trans isomerism">stereochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyisobutylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyisobutylene">Polyisobutylene</a> or butyl rubber is commonly used in tire inner tubes or linings because of its resistance to diffusion of air through the lining. It is a much less resilient material than cis-<a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene" title="Polybutadiene">polybutadiene</a> which is frequently used in tire sidewalls to minimize energy losses and heat build-up. It is so resilient that it is used in <a href="/wiki/Super_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Super ball">super balls</a>. An elastomer widely used for external sheet such as roof coverings is <a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a> or chlorosulphonated <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>. Synthetic rubbers like <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_propylene_rubber" title="Ethylene propylene rubber">EPR</a> can also be used for electrical insulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silicone_rubber">Silicone rubber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Silicone rubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">Silicone rubber</a></div> <p>Silicone rubber is also a synthetic elastomer composed of <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> polymers. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations. Silicone rubbers are often one- or two-part polymers, and may contain fillers to improve properties or reduce cost. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_vs._synthetic_rubber">Natural vs. synthetic rubber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural vs. synthetic rubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RubberSyn%26Natural.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/440px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/660px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/880px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of cis-<a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a>, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from different precursors by different chemical pathways.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Hevea brasiliensis</a></i>, is mainly poly-<i>cis</i>-<a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>. </p><p>Synthetic rubber, like most other <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, is made from various petroleum-based <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a>. </p><p>Some synthetic rubbers are less sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">ozone cracking</a> than natural rubber. Natural rubber is sensitive because of the double bonds in its chain structure, but some synthetic rubbers do not possess these bonds and so are more resistant to ozone cracking. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a> rubber, <a href="/wiki/EPDM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPDM">EPDM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">butyl rubber</a>. </p><p>A new class of synthetic rubber is the <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_elastomer" title="Thermoplastic elastomer">thermoplastic elastomers</a> which can be moulded easily unlike conventional natural rubber <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanized rubber</a>. Their structure is stabilized by <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-linking</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crystallites" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallites">crystallites</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyurethanes">polyurethanes</a> or by amorphous domains in the case of SBS <a href="/wiki/Block_copolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Block copolymers">block copolymers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_rubber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThreadinghamObrechtWieder2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Threadingham, Desmond; Obrecht, Werner; Wieder, Wolfgang (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_239.pub5">10.1002/14356007.a23_239.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a23_239.pub5&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Threadingham&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft.au=Obrecht%2C+Werner&rft.au=Wieder%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Moving Powers of Rubber</i>, Leverkusen, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Lanxess_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanxess AG">LANXESS AG</a>: 20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moving+Powers+of+Rubber&rft.place=Leverkusen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=LANXESS+AG%3A+20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalovic2000" class="citation web cs1">Michalovic, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/exp/rubber/synth/methyl.htm">"Destination Germany: A Poor Substitute"</a>. The Story of Rubber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destination+Germany%3A+A+Poor+Substitute&rft.series=The+Story+of+Rubber&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Michalovic&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pslc.ws%2Fmacrog%2Fexp%2Frubber%2Fsynth%2Fmethyl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hb-elast-p135-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hb-elast-p135_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2001" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Douglas C. (2001). "Chap. 5 – Liquid Rubber". In Bhowmick, Anil K.; Stephens, Howard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFwp_jBu0QsC&q=Handbook+of+Elastomers%2C+Second+Edition+%2B+liquid+elastomers"><i>Handbook of Elastomers, Second Edition</i></a> (First ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-0383-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-0383-9"><bdi>0-8247-0383-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+5+%E2%80%93+Liquid+Rubber&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Elastomers%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8247-0383-9&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFwp_jBu0QsC%26q%3DHandbook%2Bof%2BElastomers%252C%2BSecond%2BEdition%2B%252B%2Bliquid%2Belastomers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography</i> 1940, "SEMON, WALDO LONSBURY" pp. 723–724</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGropman1996" class="citation book cs1">Gropman, Alan L. (1996). <i>Mobilizing U. S. Industry in World War II</i>. Institute for National Strategic Studies. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0788136461" title="Special:BookSources/0788136461"><bdi>0788136461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+U.+S.+Industry+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Institute+for+National+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0788136461&rft.aulast=Gropman&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stormont-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stormont_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStormont1946" class="citation cs2">Stormont, John W. (March 1946) [summer of 1945], <i>AAFRH-19: The Combined Bomber Offensive; April through December 1943</i>, Dwight D. <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Presidential Library">Eisenhower Presidential Library</a>: Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918–1950 Series I: Historical Studies Box 35: AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force, pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>5, 81, <q><i>SECRET ... Classification Cancelled ... JUN 10 1959</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAFRH-19%3A+The+Combined+Bomber+Offensive%3B+April+through+December+1943&rft.place=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+Presidential+Library%3A+Collection+of+20th+Century+Military+Records%2C+1918%E2%80%931950+Series+I%3A+Historical+Studies+Box+35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E5%2C+81&rft.pub=AAF+Historical+Office%3B+Headquarters%2C+Army+Air+Force&rft.date=1946-03&rft.aulast=Stormont&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurney-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurney_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney1962" class="citation cs2">Gurney, Gene (1962), <i>The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat</i>, New York: Bonanza Books, p. 215</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+the+Air%3A+a+pictorial+history+of+World+War+II+Air+Forces+in+combat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103512/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm">"Army Air Forces in World War II"</a>. February 11, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusaaf.net%2Fchron%2F44%2Faug44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalterBedellSmith-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalterBedellSmith_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1944" class="citation cs2">Williamson, Charles C. (5 March 1944), <i>Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive (Appendices C & F)</i>, Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.;Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; & Crigglesworth, W. J., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F, <q><i>DECLASSIFIED ... 4/24/74</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plan+for+Completion+of+Combined+Bomber+Offensive+%28Appendices+C+%26+F%29&rft.place=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+Presidential+Library%3A+SMITH%2C+WALTER+BEDELL%3A+Collection+of+World+War+II+Documents%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3B+Box+No.%3A+48&rft.pub=HQ%2C+U.S.S.T.A.F&rft.date=1944-03-05&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbacher2005" class="citation book cs1">Steinbacher, Sybille (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auschwitzhistory00stei/page/45"><i>Auschwitz: a history</i></a></span>. Translated by Whiteside, Shaun (1st Ecco ed.). New York: Ecco. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060825812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060825812"><bdi>978-0060825812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=1st+Ecco&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060825812&rft.aulast=Steinbacher&rft.aufirst=Sybille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauschwitzhistory00stei%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertBisio1985" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Vernon; Bisio, Attilio (December 11, 1985). <i>Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed</i>. Contributions in Economics and Economic History. Greenwood Press. p. 32ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313246340" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313246340"><bdi>978-0313246340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Rubber%3A+A+Project+That+Had+to+Succeed&rft.series=Contributions+in+Economics+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=32ff&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1985-12-11&rft.isbn=978-0313246340&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft.au=Bisio%2C+Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreveThreadingham2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greve, Heinz-Hermann; Threadingham, Desmond (2000). "Rubber, 1. Survey". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_221">10.1002/14356007.a23_221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rubber%2C+1.+Survey&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a23_221&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Greve&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Hermann&rft.au=Threadingham%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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