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<span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_mining_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_mining_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of mining and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_mining_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthracite_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthracite_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anthracite today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anthracite_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anthracite today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anthracite_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizing_and_grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizing_and_grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sizing and grading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sizing_and_grading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sizing and grading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sizing_and_grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>High grade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semianthracite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semianthracite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Semianthracite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semianthracite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Underground fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthracite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasiet" title="Antrasiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antrasiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8" title="فحم صلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحم صلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasit" title="Antrasit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antrasit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="অ্যানথ্রাসাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যানথ্রাসাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Антрацыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антрацыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Антрацыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антрацыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracita" title="Antracita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antracita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo_carreg" title="Glo carreg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glo carreg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrazitkohle" title="Anthrazitkohle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthrazitkohle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antratsiit" title="Antratsiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antratsiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ανθρακίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρακίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracita" title="Antracita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antracita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracito" title="Antracito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antracito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrazita" title="Antrazita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antrazita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آنتراسیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتراسیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthracite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antraic%C3%ADt" title="Antraicít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antraicít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracita" title="Antracita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antracita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%B0%ED%83%84" title="무연탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무연탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Անտրացիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտրացիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ऐंथ्रासाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐंथ्रासाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracito" title="Antracito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antracito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasit" title="Antrasit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antrasit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinkol" title="Steinkol – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steinkol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracite" title="Antracite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antracite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಥ್ರಸೈಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಥ್ರಸೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrac%C4%ABts" title="Antracīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antracīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrazit" title="Anthrazit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anthrazit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracitas" title="Antracitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antracitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasita" title="Antrasita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antrasita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अँथ्रेसाइट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँथ्रेसाइट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antraciet_(materiaal)" title="Antraciet (materiaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antraciet (materiaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%85%99%E7%82%AD" title="無煙炭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無煙炭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasitt" title="Antrasitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antrasitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasitt" title="Antrasitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antrasitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antratsit" title="Antratsit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antratsit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracyt_(w%C4%99giel)" title="Antracyt (węgiel) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antracyt (węgiel)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracite" title="Antracite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antracite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anthracite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasiitti" title="Antrasiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antrasiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antracit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கருப்பு நிலக்கரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருப்பு நிலக்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="అంత్రాసైట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంత్రాసైట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แอนทราไซต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนทราไซต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрасит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антрасит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasit" title="Antrasit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antrasit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антрацит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracit" title="Anthracit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anthracit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%83%9F%E7%85%A4" title="无烟煤 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无烟煤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%83%9F%E7%85%A4" title="无烟煤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无烟煤" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hard, compact variety of coal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the compact variety of coal. For the Netflix television series, see <a href="/wiki/Anthracite_(TV_series)" title="Anthracite (TV series)">Anthracite (TV series)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Anthracite coal<br /><small>Black coal, hard coal, stone coal, blind coal, Kilkenny coal, crow coal, craw coal, black diamond</small></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">Metamorphic rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthracite_chunk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anthracite coal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anthracite_chunk.JPG/250px-Anthracite_chunk.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anthracite_chunk.JPG/375px-Anthracite_chunk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anthracite_chunk.JPG/500px-Anthracite_chunk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anthracite coal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">86–97% <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-coalex_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anthracite</b>, also known as <b>hard coal</b> and <b>black coal</b>, is a hard, compact variety of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> that has a <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)#Submetallic_lustre" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">submetallic lustre</a>. It has the highest <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> content, the fewest impurities, and the highest <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of all types of coal and is the highest <a href="/wiki/Coal_analysis#Coal_classification_by_rank" title="Coal analysis">ranking</a> of coals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has the largest known deposits of anthracite coal in the world with an estimated reserve of seven billion <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">China</a> accounts for the majority of global production; other producers include <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal in North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Canada" title="Coal in Canada">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">United States</a>. Total production in 2020 was 615 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-eia.gov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthracite is the most <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a> type of coal, but still represents low-grade metamorphism,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the carbon content is between 86% and 97%.<sup id="cite_ref-coalex_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tarry</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> vapours when heated below their point of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">ignition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthracite is difficult to ignite, and burns with a short, blue, and smokeless flame. </p><p>Anthracite is categorized into several grades. Standard grade is used predominantly in power generation, and high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG), are used predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> sector. Anthracite accounts for about 1% of global coal reserves,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mined in only a few countries around the world. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="culm"></span><span class="anchor" id="Culm"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Terminology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton,_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/220px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/330px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/440px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>An anthracite pile in <a href="/wiki/Trevorton,_Pennsylvania" title="Trevorton, Pennsylvania">Trevorton, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anthracite derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>anthrakítēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀνθρακίτης</span></span>), literally "coal-like".<sup id="cite_ref-oed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms which refer to anthracite are <b>black coal</b>, <b>hard coal</b>, <b>stone coal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>dark coal</b>, <b>coffee coal</b>, <b>blind coal</b> (in Scotland),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kilkenny coal</b> (in Ireland),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>crow coal</b> or <b>craw coal</b>, and <b>black diamond</b>. <b>"Blue Coal"</b> is the term for a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and sprayed with a blue dye at the mine before shipping to its <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern U.S.</a> markets to distinguish it from its competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culm has different meanings in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. In British English, culm is the imperfect anthracite, located predominantly north <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>. The term is also used to refer to some carboniferous <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">rock strata</a> found in both Britain and in the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish">Rhenish</a> hill countries, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Culm_Measures" title="Culm Measures">Culm Measures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, it may also refer to coal exported from Britain during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In American English, "culm" refers to the waste or slack from anthracite mining,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly dust and small pieces not suitable for use in home furnaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG/220px-Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG/330px-Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG/440px-Ibbenbueren_Anthracite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Anthracite coal from <a href="/wiki/Ibbenb%C3%BCren,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibbenbüren, Germany">Ibbenbüren, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthracite_coal_(Photo_by_John_Mortimore).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg/220px-Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg/330px-Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg/440px-Anthracite_coal_%28Photo_by_John_Mortimore%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Anthracite from <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Coal" title="Category:Coal">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-bituminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/100px-Sub-bituminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/150px-Sub-bituminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/200px-Sub-bituminus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic use</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">Coal combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">Coal gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Canada" title="Coal in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Europe" title="Coal in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Poland" title="Coal in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">in the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Coal-mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">in the USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">Coal preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">Coal tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Externalities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">Coal mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">Coal slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental problems involving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">the petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrosulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_oil" title="Coal oil">Coal oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">Coal phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">Coal pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">Coal-seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy lobby">Energy lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal_sidebar" title="Template:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal_sidebar" title="Template talk:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Anthracite is similar in appearance to the <a href="/wiki/Mineraloid" title="Mineraloid">mineraloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">jet</a> and is sometimes used as a jet imitation. </p><p>Anthracite differs from ordinary <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a> by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-USGSHardness_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSHardness-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its higher <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">relative density</a> of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly green reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> matter. It is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous coal into anthracite. </p><p>The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 26 to 33 MJ/kg (22 to 28 million <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">Btu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a>) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 29 MJ/kg (25 million Btu/ton), on the as-received basis, containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter. </p><p>Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal power generation</a> in a form of <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>. The practice known as <a href="/wiki/Mine_reclamation" title="Mine reclamation">reclamation</a> is being applied to culm piles antedating laws requiring mine owners to restore lands to their approximate original condition. </p><p>Chemically, anthracite may be considered as a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a> of East-central <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>In the same way the anthracite region of <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> is confined to the contorted portion west of <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a>, the central and eastern portions producing <a href="/wiki/Steam_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam coal">steam coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coking_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coking coal">coking coal</a> and domestic house coals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105–106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105–106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthracite shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher; a lump of anthracite feels perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump of bituminous coal at the same temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthracite has a history of use in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a> for iron smelting; however, it lacked the pore space of metallurgical <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, which eventually replaced anthracite.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_mining_and_use">History of mining and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of mining and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_plant,_Madrid_c._1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coal_plant%2C_Madrid_c._1935.jpg/220px-Coal_plant%2C_Madrid_c._1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coal_plant%2C_Madrid_c._1935.jpg/330px-Coal_plant%2C_Madrid_c._1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Coal_plant%2C_Madrid_c._1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>An anthracite coal breaker and power house buildings in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg/220px-Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg/330px-Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg/440px-Working_together_for_Victory._Anthracite_is_a_%22fighting_fuel.%22_America_needs_it_now._-_NARA_-_534850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>"Anthracite is a 'fighting fuel'", a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> poster promoting anthracite, which was used extensively in military production</figcaption></figure> <p>In southwest <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, anthracite has been burned as a domestic fuel since at least medieval times,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was mined near <a href="/wiki/Saundersfoot" title="Saundersfoot">Saundersfoot</a>. More recently, large-scale mining of anthracite took place across the western part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a> until the late 20th century. </p><p>In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in <a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville, Pennsylvania</a>, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a>. Legend has it that Allen fell asleep at the base of <a href="/wiki/Broad_Mountain_(Schuylkill_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Mountain (Schuylkill Valley)">Broad Mountain</a> and woke to the sight of a large fire because his campfire had ignited an outcrop of anthracite coal. By 1795, an anthracite-fired <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">iron furnace</a> had been built on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>. </p><p>Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the US on 11 February 1808, by Judge <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Fell" title="Jesse Fell">Jesse Fell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania</a>, on an open grate in a fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom, and Judge Fell proved with his grate design that it was a viable heating fuel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In spring 1808, John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load of anthracite down the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> from Plymouth, Pennsylvania, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The difficulty of igniting anthracite inhibited its early use, especially in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a> for smelting iron. With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">hot blast</a> in 1828, which used waste heat to preheat combustion air, anthracite became a preferred fuel, accounting for 45% of US pig iron production within 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a> smelting was later displaced by <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>. </p><p>From the late 19th century until the 1950s, anthracite was the most popular fuel for heating homes and other buildings in the northern US, until it was supplanted by oil-burning systems, and more recently natural gas systems. Many large public buildings, such as schools, were heated with anthracite-burning furnaces through the 1980s. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Confederate <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> used anthracite as a smokeless fuel for their boilers to avoid revealing their position to the blockaders.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Wootten_firebox" title="Wootten firebox">Wootten firebox</a> enabled <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">locomotives</a> to directly burn anthracite efficiently, particularly waste culm. In the early 20th century US, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad" title="Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad">Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad</a> started using only the more expensive anthracite coal in its passenger locomotives, dubbed themselves "The Road of Anthracite", and advertised widely that travelers on their line could make railway journeys without getting their clothing stained with soot. The advertisements featured a white-clad woman named <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Snow_(character)" title="Phoebe Snow (character)">Phoebe Snow</a> and poems containing lines like "My gown stays white / From morn till night / Upon the road of Anthracite". Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> in the UK was able to use its access to anthracite (it dominated the anthracite region) to earn a reputation for efficiency and cleanliness unmatched by other UK companies. </p><p>Internal combustion motors driven by the so-called "mixed", "poor", "semi-water" or "<a href="/wiki/Dowson_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowson gas">Dowson gas</a>" produced by the <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">gasification</a> of anthracite with air (and a small proportion of steam) were at one time the most economical method of obtaining power, requiring only 1 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> per <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower-hour</a> (0.6 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a>), or less. Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes were formerly exported from South Wales to France, Switzerland and parts of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, widespread commercial anthracite mining in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> has now ceased, although a few large <a href="/wiki/Open_cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cast">open cast</a> sites remain, along with some relatively small <a href="/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drift mining</a> operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthracite_today">Anthracite today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anthracite today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg/220px-Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg/330px-Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg/440px-Pottsville_Maroons_self-made_trophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> trophy custom-made from anthracite</figcaption></figure> <p>Anthracite generally costs two to six times as much as regular coal. In June 2008, the wholesale cost of anthracite was US$150/<a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> falling to $107/ton in 2021; it makes up 1% of U.S. coal production.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value makes it prohibitively expensive for power plant use. Other uses include the fine particles used as filter media, and as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> <a href="/wiki/Briquettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Briquettes">briquettes</a>. Anthracite was an authorised fuel<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of the United Kingdom's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clean Air Act 1993 (page does not exist)">Clean Air Act 1993</a>, meaning that it could be used within a designated Smoke Control Area such as the central London boroughs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China today mines by far the largest share of global anthracite production, accounting for more than three-quarters of global output.<sup id="cite_ref-eia.gov_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Chinese production is of standard-grade anthracite, which is used in power generation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Increased demand in China has made that country into a net importer of the fuel, mostly from Vietnam, another major producer of anthracite for power generation, although increasing domestic consumption in Vietnam means that exports may be scaled back.<sup id="cite_ref-Petmin_Annual_Report_2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petmin_Annual_Report_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_anthracite_coal_mining_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of anthracite coal mining in Pennsylvania">Mining of anthracite coal</a> continues to this day in eastern Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product. More than 2,000 people were employed in the mining of anthracite coal in 1995. Most of the mining as of that date involved reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) at nearby closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal is also being mined. </p><p>Countries producing HG and UHG anthracite include Russia and South Africa. HG and UHG anthracite are used as a <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> or coal substitute in various <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">metallurgical coal</a> applications (<a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulverized_coal_injection_method" title="Pulverized coal injection method">PCI</a>, direct <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">BF</a> charge, <a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">pelletizing</a>). It plays an important role in cost reduction in the steel making process and is also used in production of <a href="/wiki/Ferroalloy" title="Ferroalloy">ferroalloys</a>, silicomanganese, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>. South Africa exports lower-quality, higher-ash anthracite to Brazil to be used in steel-making.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizing_and_grading">Sizing and grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sizing and grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaker_Boys_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breaker_Boys_1.jpg/220px-Breaker_Boys_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breaker_Boys_1.jpg/330px-Breaker_Boys_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breaker_Boys_1.jpg/440px-Breaker_Boys_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>A photograph taken in 1908 by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a> of a group of <a href="/wiki/Breaker_boy" title="Breaker boy">breaker boys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittston, Pennsylvania">Pittston, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Coal_breaker" title="Coal breaker">breaker</a>. The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces. </p><p>Anthracite is classified into three grades, depending on its carbon content. Standard grade is used as a domestic fuel and in industrial power-generation. The rarer higher grades of anthracite are purer – i.e., they have a higher carbon content – and are used in steel-making and other segments of the metallurgical industries. Technical characteristics of the various grades of anthracite are as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Standard grade anthracite</th> <th>High grade anthracite</th> <th>Ultra High grade anthracite</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture (maximum)</td> <td>15%</td> <td>15%</td> <td>13%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ash (maximum)</td> <td>20%</td> <td>15%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volatiles (maximum)</td> <td>10%</td> <td>10%</td> <td>5%</td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fixed carbon (minimum)</td> <td>73%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>85%</td> <td>84% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur (maximum)</td> <td>1%</td> <td>1%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Anthracite is divided by size mainly into applications that need lumps (typically larger than 10 mm) – various industrial processes where it replaces metallurgical <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, and domestic fuel – and those that need fines (less than 10 mm), such as sintering and pelletising.<sup id="cite_ref-Petmin_Annual_Report_2011_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petmin_Annual_Report_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common American classification by size is as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lump, steamboat, egg and stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (38 mm) size on round-hole screens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_grade">High grade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High grade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG) anthracite are the highest grades of anthracite coal. They are the purest forms of coal, having the highest degree of coalification, the highest carbon count and energy content and the fewest impurities (moisture, ash and volatiles). </p><p>High grade and ultra high grade anthracite are harder than standard grade anthracite, and have a higher relative density. An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C<sub>240</sub>H<sub>90</sub>O<sub>4</sub>NS,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing 94% carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHG anthracite typically has a minimum carbon content of 95%. </p><p>They also differ in usage from standard grade anthracite (used mainly for power generation), being employed mainly in metallurgy as a cost-efficient substitute for <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> in processes such as <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">pelletising</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pulverized_coal_injection_method" title="Pulverized coal injection method">pulverised coal injection</a> (PCI) and direct injection into <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a>. They can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> and domestically as a <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_fuel" title="Smokeless fuel">smokeless fuel</a>. </p><p>HG and UHG anthracite account for a small percentage of the total anthracite market. The major producing countries are Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, South Africa and the US. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="clear:left"> <caption>Standard classifications by size </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Imperial (inches)</th> <th>Metric (mm) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chestnut</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22–38 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pea</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14–22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buckwheat</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5–14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rice</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.8–9.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barley</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4–4.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The primary sizes used in the United States for domestic heating are Chestnut, Pea, Buckwheat and Rice, with Chestnut and Rice being the most popular. Chestnut and Pea are used in hand fired furnaces while the smaller Rice and Buckwheat are used in automatic stoker furnaces. Rice is currently the most sought-after size due to the ease of use and popularity of that type of furnace. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, a less elaborate classification is adopted, but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from particles of pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for kiln-drying malt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthracite dust can be made into <a href="/wiki/Coal_briquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal briquette">briquettes</a> and is sold in the United Kingdom under trade names such as <a href="/wiki/Phurnacite" class="mw-redirect" title="Phurnacite">Phurnacite</a>, Ancit and Taybrite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semianthracite">Semianthracite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Semianthracite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the opposite end from high-grade anthracite coal, semianthracite coal is defined as a coal which is intermediate between anthracite coal and bituminous coal, and particularly a coal which approaches anthracite in nonvolatile character.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground_fires">Underground fires</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Underground fires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">Coal-seam fire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_Culm_Dump,_Scranton,_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg/220px-Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg/330px-Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg/440px-Burning_Culm_Dump%2C_Scranton%2C_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A 1908 postcard of burning anthracite near <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, from time to time, underground seams of coal have caught fire, often from careless or unfortunate mining activities. The pocket of ignited coal is fed oxygen by vent paths that have not yet been discovered. These can smolder for years. Commonly, exhaust vents in populated areas are soon sensed and are sealed while vents in uninhabited areas remain undiscovered. Occasionally, vents are discovered via fumes sensed by passers-by, often in forested areas. Attempts to extinguish those remaining have at times been futile, and several such combustion areas exist today. The existence of an underground combustion site can sometimes be identified in the winter where fallen snow is seen to be melted by the warmth conducted from below. Proposals for harnessing this heat as geothermal energy have not been successful. </p><p>A vein of anthracite that caught fire in <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Pennsylvania" title="Centralia, Pennsylvania">Centralia, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1962 has been burning ever since, turning the once-thriving borough into a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_reserves">Major reserves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geologically, the largest most concentrated anthracite deposit in the world is found in the <a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lackawanna Coal Mine">Lackawanna Coal Mine</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States in and around <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>, Pennsylvania. Locally called the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a>, the deposit contains 480 square miles (1,200 km<sup>2</sup>) of coal-bearing rock which originally held 22.8 billion short tons (20.68 billion tonnes) of anthracite.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographic region is roughly 100 miles (161 km) in length and 30 miles (48 km) in width. Because of historical mining and development of the lands overlying the coal, it is estimated that 7 billion short tons (6.3 billion tonnes) of minable reserves remain. Other areas of the United States also contain several smaller deposits of anthracite, such as those historically mined in <a href="/wiki/Crested_Butte,_Colorado" title="Crested Butte, Colorado">Crested Butte, Colorado</a>. </p><p>Among current producers, Russia, China, Poland, and Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Groundhog Anthracite Deposit in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, is the world's largest previously undeveloped anthracite deposit. It is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> publicly-traded company Atrum Coal and has 1.57 billion tonnes of high grade anthracite.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthracites of newer Tertiary or Cretaceous age are found in the <a href="/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass" title="Crowsnest Pass">Crowsnest Pass</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in Canada and at various places in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antratsyt" title="Antratsyt">Antratsyt</a> – City in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, named after a large supply of anthracite found there</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a> – Collective term for higher-quality coal, a softer coal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_miners" title="History of coal miners">History of coal miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, anthracite of the Narragansett Basin in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a> <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_facies" title="Metamorphic facies">metamorphic facies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> sub-facies).<sup id="cite_ref-RhodI_1958_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RhodI_1958-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-coalex-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coalex_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coalex_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/">"Coal explained"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829125707/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coal+explained&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fenergyexplained%2Fcoal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenito, Thomas (2019) <i>"The State of Coal and Renewable Energy in Schuylkill County", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://medium.com/@thomascarpenito3/state-of-coal-and-renewable-energy-in-schuylkill-f8850fec3fa6">https://medium.com/@thomascarpenito3/state-of-coal-and-renewable-energy-in-schuylkill-f8850fec3fa6</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eia.gov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eia.gov_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eia.gov_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=11&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2006&eyid=2010&unit=TST">"International Energy Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Energy+Statistics&rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fcfapps%2Fipdbproject%2Fiedindex3.cfm%3Ftid%3D1%26pid%3D11%26aid%3D1%26cid%3Dregions%26syid%3D2006%26eyid%3D2010%26unit%3DTST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RhodI_1958-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RhodI_1958_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinnGlass1958" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, A.W.; Glass, H.D. (1958). "Rank of Coal and Metamorphic Grade of Rocks of the Narragansett Basin of Rhode Island". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Geology_(journal)" title="Economic Geology (journal)">Economic Geology</a></i>. <b>53</b> (5): 563–576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958EcGeo..53..563Q">1958EcGeo..53..563Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.53.5.563">10.2113/gsecongeo.53.5.563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Rank+of+Coal+and+Metamorphic+Grade+of+Rocks+of+the+Narragansett+Basin+of+Rhode+Island&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=563-576&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.53.5.563&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958EcGeo..53..563Q&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft.au=Glass%2C+H.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326053910/http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffrg/min454/Handout2_UMM.doc">"MIN 454: Underground Mining Methods handout; from course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffrg/min454/Handout2_UMM.doc">the original</a> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIN+454%3A+Underground+Mining+Methods+handout%3B+from+course+at+the+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.uaf.edu%2Fffrg%2Fmin454%2FHandout2_UMM.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanenko1983" class="citation book cs1">Stefanenko, R. (1983). <i>Coal Mining Technology: Theory and Practice</i>. Society for Mining Metallurgy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89520-404-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89520-404-5"><bdi>0-89520-404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal+Mining+Technology%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining+Metallurgy&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89520-404-5&rft.aulast=Stefanenko&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerman1911">Bauerman 1911</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015130721/http://www.worldcoal.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/coal_resource_overview_of_coal_report%2803_06_2009%29.pdf">"The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Coal Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/coal_resource_overview_of_coal_report(03_06_2009).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coal+Resource%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview+of+Coal&rft.pub=World+Coal+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcoal.org%2Fbin%2Fpdf%2Foriginal_pdf_file%2Fcoal_resource_overview_of_coal_report%2803_06_2009%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50009392">"anthracite"</a>. <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anthracite&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50009392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1878"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1878)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Steinkohle</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>steenkool</i> which are broader terms meaning all varieties of coal of a stonelike <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and appearance, like bituminous coal and often anthracite as well, as opposed to lignite, which is softer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.pa2251.sheet/?sp=1">"Huber Coal Breaker, 101 South Main Street, Ashley, Luzerne County, PA"</a>. Library of Congress. 1991. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huber+Coal+Breaker%2C+101+South+Main+Street%2C+Ashley%2C+Luzerne+County%2C+PA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fhhh.pa2251.sheet%2F%3Fsp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSHardness-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGSHardness_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Geological_Survey_and_US_Department_of_Mines1968" class="citation book cs1">US Geological Survey and US Department of Mines (1968). <i>Mineral Resources of the Appalachian Region; USGS Professional Paper 580</i>. <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineral+Resources+of+the+Appalachian+Region%3B+USGS+Professional+Paper+580&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=1968&rft.au=US+Geological+Survey+and+US+Department+of+Mines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105–106-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911105–106_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerman1911">Bauerman 1911</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenberg1982">Rosenberg 1982</a>, pp. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, George, <i>The Description of Pembrokeshire</i>, Dillwyn Miles (Ed), Gomer Press, Llandysul, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85902-120-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85902-120-4">1-85902-120-4</a>, pp. 60, 69–70, 90–95, 139, 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideblackboxte00rose/page/88"><i>Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics</i></a></span>. Cambridge, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideblackboxte00rose/page/88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27367-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27367-6"><bdi>0-521-27367-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Black+Box%3A+Technology+and+Economics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-27367-6&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideblackboxte00rose%2Fpage%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood2008" class="citation book cs1">Underwood, Rodman L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxywnKkZSlYC&pg=PA55"><i>Waters of Discord: The Union Blockade of Texas During the Civil War</i></a>. McFarland. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786437764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786437764"><bdi>978-0786437764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waters+of+Discord%3A+The+Union+Blockade+of+Texas+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786437764&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=Rodman+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxywnKkZSlYC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerman1911106_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerman1911">Bauerman 1911</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina2008" class="citation news cs1">Urbina, Ian (June 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/us/10coal.html">"King Coal Country Debates a Sacrilege, Gas Heat"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809002451/https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/downloads/sn009w3579">"Anthracite Reserves"</a>. <i>PAGS Progress Reports and Bulletins</i> (130). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/downloads/sn009w3579">the original</a> on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PAGS+Progress+Reports+and+Bulletins&rft.atitle=Anthracite+Reserves&rft.issue=130&rft.date=1945-12&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsphere.psu.edu%2Fdownloads%2Fsn009w3579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marston.com/Portals/0/CoalTrans_Antra_Poland_2009.pdf">"Marston – Anthracite production and exports: A world map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marston+%E2%80%93+Anthracite+production+and+exports%3A+A+world+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marston.com%2FPortals%2F0%2FCoalTrans_Antra_Poland_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617155352/http://atrumcoal.com/projects/project-1/">"Atrum Coal Groundhog Project – Atrum Coal"</a>. <i>atrumcoal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atrumcoal.com/projects/project-1/">the original</a> on 2012-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atrumcoal.com&rft.atitle=Atrum+Coal+Groundhog+Project+%E2%80%93+Atrum+Coal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatrumcoal.com%2Fprojects%2Fproject-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anthracite"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Anthracite">"Anthracite" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthracite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1972" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, Alfred D. (1972). "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States". <i>Business History Review</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 141–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3113503">10.2307/3113503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113503">3113503</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154542035">154542035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Anthracite+coal+and+the+beginnings+of+the+industrial+revolution+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-181&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154542035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3113503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3113503&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson_Coal_Company1932" class="citation book cs1">Hudson Coal Company (1932). <i>The Story of Anthracite</i>. New York. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Anthracite&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=425&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Hudson+Coal+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> – Useful overview of the industry in the 20th century; fair-minded with an operators perspective</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Report of the United states coal commission....</i> (5 vol in 3; 1925) Official US government investigation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924013933860;view=1up;seq=7">online vol 1-2</a> <ul><li>Tryon, Frederick Gale, and Joseph Henry Willits, eds. <i>What the Coal Commission Found: An Authoritative Summary by the Staff</i> (1925).</li></ul></li> <li>General policies committee of anthracite operators. <i>The anthracite coal strike of 1922: A statement of its causes and underlying purposes</i> (1923); Official statement by the operators. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001432268">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthracite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anthracite">Anthracite</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Anthracite" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anthracite">Anthracite</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerman1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Bauerman" title="Hilary Bauerman">Bauerman, Hilary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthracite"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anthracite">"Anthracite" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthracite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bauerman&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthracite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-types-coal">"What are the types of coal?"</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthracitemuseum.org/">Pennsylvania Anthracite Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal" title="Template:Coal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal" title="Template talk:Coal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal types by grade<br /><small>(lowest to highest)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182458#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567887">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="antracit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph508927&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637698">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43045">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&oldid=1249845077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthracite&oldid=1249845077</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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