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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Вакцеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакцеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacceus" title="Vacceus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vacceus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vaccaei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacceos" title="Vacceos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacceos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakceoj" title="Vakceoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakceoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakzeo" title="Bakzeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakzeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacc%C3%A9ens" title="Vaccéens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaccéens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakcei" title="Vakcei – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vakcei" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccei" title="Vaccei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaccei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ואקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaccaei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ceos" title="Váceos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Váceos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Ваккеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваккеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakcejci" title="Vakcejci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakcejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Ваккеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ваккеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2310278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/500px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/525px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/700px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos,_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/250px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/330px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/500px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the Vaccaei going out to defend <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a> from the troops of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Lucullus_(consul_151_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 151 BC)">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a> (151 BC). (Artist: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Oliva" title="Eugenio Oliva">Eugenio Oliva</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Vaccaei</b> or <b>Vaccei</b> were a pre-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central <a href="/wiki/Duero" class="mw-redirect" title="Duero">Duero</a> valley, in the <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (specifically in Castile and León).<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also designated <b>Vaccaenas</b> in the ancient sources,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vaccaei were probably largely of Celtic descent and probably related to the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their name may be derived from the Celtic word <i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">vacos</i></span></i>, meaning a <i>slayer</i>, since they were celebrated fighters. However, some scholars have reasoned that the name 'Vaccaei' may actually derive from 'Aued-Ceia', a contraction of <i>Ceia</i>, the presumed ancient name of the modern <a href="/wiki/River_Cea" class="mw-redirect" title="River Cea">river Cea</a>, prefixed by the Indo-European root <i>*aued-</i> (water).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They often acted in concert with their neighbours, the Celtiberi, suggesting that they may have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a strict egalitarian society practising land reform and communal food distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This society was part of an <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Celtic language">Hispano-Celtic</a> substrate, which explains the cultural, socio-economic, linguistic and ideological affinity of the Vaccaei, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitani">Lusitani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callaeci" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaeci">Callaeci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaccean civilization was the result of a process of local evolution, importing elements from other cultures, whether by new additions of people or cultural and trading contacts with neighbouring groups. It is also believed that it was from the Vaccei that the warlike <a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a> stemmed from around the late 4th Century BC to conquer the eastern meseta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG/250px-VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG/330px-VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG/500px-VacceanGraveAtPintiaSpain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A grave excavated at <a href="/wiki/Pintia" title="Pintia">Pintia</a> in June 2008, containing many perfume bottles</figcaption></figure> <p>Archeology has identified the Vaccei with the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> ‘Douro Culture’ – which evolved from the previous early Iron Age ‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soto_de_Medinilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soto de Medinilla (page does not exist)">Soto de Medinilla</a>’ (c. 800-400 BC) cultural complex of the middle <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> basin –, being also affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a>. This is confirmed by the stratigraphic study of their settlements, where have been found elements of the Vaccean culture on top of the remains of earlier cultures. For example, at <a href="/wiki/Pintia" title="Pintia">Pintia</a> (modern-day <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padilla_de_Duero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padilla de Duero (page does not exist)">Padilla de Duero</a> – <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Valladolid" title="Province of Valladolid">Valladolid</a>), there is evidence of continuous human settlement since <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">Eneolithic</a> times to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, when the Vaccean period arose. The necropolis at Pintia is currently being excavated by an international field school students’ team every summer under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a> and the Federico Wattenberg Center of Vaccean Studies. </p><p>The Vaccei were considered by the Romans to be the most cultivated people west of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, and were distinguishable by a special collectivist type social structure, which enabled them to exploit successfully the wheat- and grass-growing areas of the western plateau. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> records that "of the nations neighbouring upon the Celtiberians the most advanced is the people of the Vaccaei, as they are called; for this people each year divides among its members the land which it tills and making the fruits the property of all they measure out his portion to each man, and for any cultivators who have appropriated some part for themselves they have set the penalty as death".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a>, they also practiced the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures, which were regarded as sacred animals, as described by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg/250px-Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg/330px-Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg/500px-Vacceos._Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Map of the territory of the Vaccaei</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vaccean homeland extended throughout the center of the northern Meseta, along both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Duero River</a>. Their capital was <i>Pallantia</i> (either <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palenzuela" title="Palenzuela">Palenzuela</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists in their territory some twenty towns or <i><a href="/wiki/Civitates" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">Civitates</a></i>, including <i>Helmantica/Salmantica</i> (Salamanca), <i>Arbucala</i> (Toro), <i>Pincia</i> or <i>Pintia</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padilla_de_Duero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padilla de Duero (page does not exist)">Padilla de Duero</a> – Valladolid), <i>Intercatia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Paredes_de_Nava" title="Paredes de Nava">Paredes de Nava</a> – Palencia), <i>Cauca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coca,_Segovia" title="Coca, Segovia">Coca</a> – Segovia), <i>Septimanca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simancas" title="Simancas">Simancas</a>), <i>Rauda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Roa,_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roa, Burgos">Roa</a>), <i>Dessobriga</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oserna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oserna (page does not exist)">Oserna</a>) and <i>Autraca</i> or <i>Austraca</i> – located at the banks of the river <i>Autra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Odra_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odra (Spain)">Odra</a>), seized from the <a href="/wiki/Autrigones" title="Autrigones">Autrigones</a> in the late 4th century BC – to name but a few. </p><p>Although its borders are difficult to define, and shifted from time to time, it can be said to have occupied all of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Valladolid" title="Province of Valladolid">province of Valladolid</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palencia" title="Province of Palencia">Palencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Burgos" title="Province of Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Segovia" title="Province of Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salamanca" title="Province of Salamanca">Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zamora" title="Province of Zamora">Zamora</a>. By the time of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cea_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cea River">Cea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esla_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Esla River">Esla</a> rivers separated the Vaccaei from the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> in the northwest, while a line traced between the Esla and the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pisuerga" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Pisuerga">Pisuerga</a> rivers was the border with the <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a>. To the east, the Pisuerga and <a href="/wiki/Arlanza_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlanza river">Arlanza rivers</a> marked the frontier with the <a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a>, and a little farther south, the <a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a> were their neighbors and allies. On the south and southeast lay the <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a> in an area that roughly corresponds to the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Verraco" title="Verraco">verracos</a> around the highlands of Ávila and Salamanca and <a href="/wiki/Aliste_(shire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliste (shire)">Aliste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zamora" title="Province of Zamora">Zamora</a>), between them and the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>. It is likely that there was some contact with the latter to the west of Zamora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Described by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a> as a "harmless and submissive nation",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vaccaei were actually a warrior people that participated in the 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> migrations alongside off-shots of the <a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusones" title="Lusones">Lusones</a> to settle in the west and southwest regions of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 3rd Century BC they aided the smaller <a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a> people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in their liberation from the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Autrigones" title="Autrigones">Autrigones</a>. The Vaccaei enter the historical record around the late 3rd century BC, when in 221-220 BC they allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Carpetani" title="Carpetani">Carpetani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olcades" title="Olcades">Olcades</a> to thwart <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s offensive into their respective territories, only to be brought into submission after the fall of Salmantica and Arbucala to the Carthaginians, who defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Tagus_(220_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle on the Tagus (220 BC)">battle on the Tagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaccaei appear to have taken no part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, though in 193-192 BC they joined the combined force of Carpetani, <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> that was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fulvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Fulvius">Marcus Fulvius</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Toletum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Toletum (page does not exist)">battle of Toletum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Lusitani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitani">Lusitani</a>, they were again beaten by the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Postumius_Albinus_(consul_173_BC)" title="Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 173 BC)">Lucius Postumius Albinus</a> during its first incursion into the central Meseta in 179 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allies of the <a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtiberian War">Celtiberian Wars</a>, the Vaccaei assumed a more important role by supporting their neighbors, despite being subjected to the punitive campaigns meted out by the Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Lucullus_(consul_151_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 151 BC)">Lucius Licinius Luculus</a> (151-150 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proconsul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Macedonicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus</a> in 142 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consuls <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Popillius_Laenas_(consul_139_BC)" title="Marcus Popillius Laenas (consul 139 BC)">Marcus Popilius Laenas</a> (139-138 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Porcina" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina</a> in 137 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Numantia" title="Numantia">Numantia</a> in 134-133 BC, the Vaccaei were technically submitted and included into <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> province; however, during the <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian Wars</a> they lent their support to <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several Vacceian towns remaining loyal to his cause even after his death. In 76 BC, Sertorius' sent one of its cavalry commanders, Gaius Insteius, to the Vacceian country in search of remounts for its battered mounted troops.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backlash came in 74 BC when <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a> <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> besieged the Vacceian capital Pallantia, setting on fire its <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> brick walls<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stormed Cauca.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defeated in 73 BC by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius</a> and Pompey, the Vaccaei rose again in 57-56 BC in a joint uprising with the <a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a> and northern Celtiberians, which was crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a> of Citerior <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Nepos_Iunior" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressured by <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a> raids, the Vaccaei rebelled a last time in 29 BC, just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Astur-Cantabrian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Cantabrian wars">Astur-Cantabrian wars</a>, only to be subdued by Consul <a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus" title="Titus Statilius Taurus">Titus Statilius Taurus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vaccaei were later aggregated to the new <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Terraconensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania Terraconensis">Hispania Terraconensis</a> province created in 27 BC by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Later during the imperial era, the Vaccei seemed to have provided recruits for the <i>Ala II Flavia Hispanorum civium romanorum</i>, an auxiliary cavalry unit raised after AD 63 and cantoned in the Roman Legionary Fortress (<i>castrum</i>) of <i>Petavonium</i> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosinos_de_Vidriales" class="extiw" title="es:Rosinos de Vidriales">Rosinos de Vidriales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santibanez_de_Vidriales" class="mw-redirect" title="Santibanez de Vidriales">Santibanez de Vidriales</a> – <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zamora" title="Province of Zamora">Zamora</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesake">Namesake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Namesake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">The Basques</a> came to be called mistakenly <i>Vaccaei</i> and <i>Vacceti</i> by several early medieval chronicles and authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caja_excisa_-_Soto_de_Medinilla_20140708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Caja_excisa_-_Soto_de_Medinilla_20140708.jpg/120px-Caja_excisa_-_Soto_de_Medinilla_20140708.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Caja_excisa_-_Soto_de_Medinilla_20140708.jpg/250px-Caja_excisa_-_Soto_de_Medinilla_20140708.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaso_(24567633057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/94px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/141px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/188px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg/120px-Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg/180px-Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg/240px-Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Orza_ni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Jarra_ni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Jarra_ni.jpg/120px-Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Jarra_ni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Jarra_ni.jpg/250px-Soto_Medinilla_Valladolid_Jarra_ni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_(Medina_del_Campo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg/84px-Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg/127px-Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg/169px-Ceramica_Pintada_Edad_del_Hierro_%28Medina_del_Campo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cogotas_II_(Nielado)_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cogotas_II_%28Nielado%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/120px-Cogotas_II_%28Nielado%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cogotas_II_%28Nielado%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/250px-Cogotas_II_%28Nielado%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaso_(24567633057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/94px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/141px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg/188px-Vaso_%2824567633057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_(Padilla_de_Duero)_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/25px-Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/38px-Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/51px-Pu%C3%B1al_de_elite_%28Padilla_de_Duero%29_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtiberian War">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cremin, <i>The Celts in Europe</i> (1992), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hogan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hogan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hogan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hogan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hogan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin2002" class="citation book cs1">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yd1huHoXJwC&q=vaccaei&pg=PA75"><i>The Celts: A History</i></a>. Cork: Collins Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0"><bdi>0-85115-923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Collins+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85115-923-0&rft.aulast=%C3%93+h%C3%93g%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yd1huHoXJwC%26q%3Dvaccaei%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaccaei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geographica</i>, III, 3, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martino, <i>Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes</i> (1982), p. 18, footnote 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmagro-GorbeaAlberto_J._Lorrio2004" class="citation journal cs1">Almagro-Gorbea, Martín; Alberto J. Lorrio (2004). "War and Society in the Celtiberian World". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>6</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=War+and+Society+in+the+Celtiberian+World&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Almagro-Gorbea&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn&rft.au=Alberto+J.+Lorrio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaccaei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=hispano-celtic"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Dhispano-celtic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaccaei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCólera2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cólera, Carlos Jordán (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf">"The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>E-Keltoi</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">749–</span>750<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi&rft.atitle=The+Celts+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula%3ACeltiberian&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E749-%3C%2Fspan%3E750&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=C%C3%B3lera&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Jord%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_17%2Fjordan_6_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaccaei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Bibliothekes Istorikes</i>, V: 34, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>, <i>Varia Historia</i>, X, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <i>Geographiké Hyphegésis</i>, II, 5, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>, <i>Historiae Adversus Paganos</i>, 5: 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i>Istoriai</i>, II, 33; IV, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i>, 21: 5, 7-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i>Istorion</i>, III, 13, 14, 2-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i>, 37: 7, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i>, 40: 35, 39, 44, 47-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Romaika</i>, 6, 51-52; 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Iberiké</i>, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Romaika</i>, 17, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Romaika</i>, 6, 81-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae</i>, 56: 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>, <i>Historiae Adversus Paganos</i>, 5: 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Romaikon Empúlion</i>, 1, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae</i>, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Romaika</i>, 1, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matyszak, <i>Sertorius and the struggle for Spain</i> (2013), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a>, <i>Stratagemata</i>, II, 11, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Romaïké istoría</i>, 39, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Romaïké istoría</i>, 51: 20; 53: 23.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Blanco, António Bellido, <i>Sobre la escritura entre los Vacceos</i>, in ZEPHYRUS – revista de prehistoria y arqueologia, vol. LXIX, Enero-Junio 2012, Ediciones Universidad Salamanca, pp. 129–147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0514-7336">0514-7336</a></li> <li>Collins, Roger, <i>The Vaccaei, the Vaceti, and the rise of Vasconia</i>, <i>Studia Historica VI</i>. Salamanca, 1988. Reprinted in Roger Collins, <i>Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain</i>. Variorum (1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-308-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-308-1">0-86078-308-1</a>.</li> <li>Cremin, Aedeen, <i>The Celts in Europe</i>, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86758-624-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86758-624-9">0-86758-624-9</a>.</li> <li>Duque, Ángel Montenegro <i>et alli</i>, <i>Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos</i>, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1013-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1013-3">84-249-1013-3</a></li> <li>González-Cobos, A.M., <i>Los Vacceos – Estudio sobre los pobladores del valle medio del Duero durante la penetración romana</i>, Universidad Pontificia, Salamanca (1989)</li> <li>Harry Morrison Hine, <i>Hannibal's Battle on the Tagus (Polybius 3.14 and Livy 21.5)</i>, Latomus: revue d'études latines, Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 38 (4), Bruxelles (1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0023-8856">0023-8856</a></li> <li>Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, <i>Los Celtíberos</i>, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7908-335-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-7908-335-2">84-7908-335-2</a></li> <li>Martino, Eutimio, <i>Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes</i>, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87081-93-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-87081-93-2">84-87081-93-2</a></li> <li>Motoza, Francisco Burillo, <i>Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados</i>, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7423-891-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-7423-891-9">84-7423-891-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_A_Curchin2004" class="citation book cs1">Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8hE9SEDmsnEC&pg=PA37"><i>The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 37–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45112-8"><bdi>978-1-134-45112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanization+of+Central+Spain%3A+Complexity%2C+Diversity+and+Change+in+a+Provincial+Hinterland&rft.pages=37-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-134-45112-8&rft.au=Leonard+A+Curchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8hE9SEDmsnEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaccaei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Philip Matyszak, <i>Sertorius and the struggle for Spain</i>, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-787-3">978-1-84884-787-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Almagro-Gorbea, Martín, <i>Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique</i>, in <i>Les Celtes</i>, Éditions Stock, Paris (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-234-04844-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-234-04844-3">2-234-04844-3</a></li> <li>Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, <i>Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica</i>, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7491-447-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7491-447-7">84-7491-447-7</a></li> <li>Berrocal-Rangel, Luis & Gardes, Philippe, <i>Entre celtas e íberos</i>, Fundación Casa de Velázquez, Madrid (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95555-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95555-10-6">978-84-95555-10-6</a></li> <li>Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí, <i>The Celts: A History</i>, The Collins Press, Cork (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0">0-85115-923-0</a></li> <li>Koch, John T.(ed.), <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7">1-85109-440-7</a>, 1-85109-445-8</li> <li>Zapatero, Gonzalo Ruiz et alli, <i>Los Celtas: Hispania y Europa</i>, dirigido por Martín Almagro-Gorbea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Editorial ACTAS, S.l., Madrid (1993)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)</a></li> <li>Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús R. (2005), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_5/alvarez_sanchis_6_5.html">Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain</a>". <i>e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i> <b>6</b>: 255-285</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pintiavaccea.es/">PINTIA VACCEA – Centro de Estudios Vacceos Federico Wattenberg (Universidad de Valladolid).</a> official site of the ongoing archeological excavation of the Vacceian city of Pintia at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padilla_de_Duero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padilla de Duero (page does not exist)">Padilla de Duero</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.celtiberia.net">https://www.celtiberia.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template talk:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basques</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iacetani" title="Iacetani">Iacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausetani" title="Ausetani">Ausetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastetani" title="Bastetani">Bastetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergistani" title="Bergistani">Bergistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellani_people" title="Castellani people">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretani" title="Ceretani">Ceretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessetani" title="Cessetani">Cessetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestani" title="Contestani">Contestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edetani" title="Edetani">Edetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigetes" title="Indigetes">Indigetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilercavones" title="Ilercavones">Ilercavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilergetes" title="Ilergetes">Ilergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacetani" title="Lacetani">Lacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laietani" title="Laietani">Laietani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedetani" title="Sedetani">Sedetani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celtiberians51" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belli" title="Belli">Belli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratistii" title="Cratistii">Cratistii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobetani" title="Lobetani">Lobetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusones" title="Lusones">Lusones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olcades" title="Olcades">Olcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oretani" title="Oretani">Oretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellendones" title="Pellendones">Pellendones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titii_(Celtiberian)" title="Titii (Celtiberian)">Titii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboletae" title="Turboletae">Turboletae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraci" title="Uraci">Uraci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiones" title="Albiones">Albiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroni" title="Arroni">Arroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabri" title="Artabri">Artabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedi" title="Baedi">Baedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capori" title="Capori">Capori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Praestamarici" title="Celtici Praestamarici">Celtici Praestamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Supertamarici" title="Celtici Supertamarici">Celtici Supertamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibarci" title="Cibarci">Cibarci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cileni" title="Cileni">Cileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelerni" title="Coelerni">Coelerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equaesi" title="Equaesi">Equaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci_(tribe)" title="Gallaeci (tribe)">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovii" title="Grovii">Grovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iadovi" title="Iadovi">Iadovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interamici" title="Interamici">Interamici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatianci" title="Lapatianci">Lapatianci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemavi" title="Lemavi">Lemavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuni" title="Leuni">Leuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limici" title="Limici">Limici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguei" title="Louguei">Louguei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanqui" title="Luanqui">Luanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namarini" title="Namarini">Namarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbasi" title="Narbasi">Narbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetati" title="Nemetati">Nemetati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerii" title="Nerii">Nerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemani" title="Poemani">Poemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaquerni" title="Quaquerni">Quaquerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurbi" title="Seurbi">Seurbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurri" title="Seurri">Seurri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagani" title="Tamagani">Tamagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turodi" title="Turodi">Turodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Celtic<br />peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotriges" title="Allotriges">Allotriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autrigones" title="Autrigones">Autrigones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suessetani" title="Suessetani">Suessetani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berones" title="Berones">Berones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caristii" title="Caristii">Caristii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetani" title="Carpetani">Carpetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" title="Miróbriga">Mirobrigenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefes" title="Sefes">Sefes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Eastern Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plentauri" title="Plentauri">Plentauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardili_(Turduli)" title="Bardili (Turduli)">Bardili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Oppidani" title="Turduli Oppidani">Oppidani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Veteres" title="Turduli Veteres">Veteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaccaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varduli" title="Varduli">Varduli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Para-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paesuri" title="Paesuri">Paesuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapoli" title="Tapoli">Tapoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bletonesii" title="Bletonesii">Bletonesii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastia" title="Mastia">Mastieni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani Proper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_(Oretania)" title="Germani (Oretania)">Germani (Oretania)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semitic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> were not occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> occupied the territory until the Castilians.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&oldid=1269074891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccaei&oldid=1269074891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_tribes_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula">Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Spain" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Spain">Ancient peoples of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_conquered_by_Rome" title="Category:Tribes conquered by Rome">Tribes conquered by Rome</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_uncoded-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing uncoded-language text">Articles containing uncoded-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 January 2025, at 22:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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