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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Public space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancient times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Early modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Industrial age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Post-industrial age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Municipal services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Urban planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Culture and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_city_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_city_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 World city system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_city_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World city system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_city_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Global city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transnational_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnational_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Transnational activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnational_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Global governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 United Nations System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Representation in culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">City</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 215 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" > 215 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Къалэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къалэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9B" title="ከተማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከተማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg" title="Burg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8C" title="Ақалақь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақалақь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مدينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudat" title="Ciudat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciudat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܕܝܢܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܕܝܢܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2s%C3%A2b%C4%83" title="Câsâbă – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câsâbă" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela" title="Vela – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vela" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0" title="চহৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চহৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciud%C3%A1" title="Ciudá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1va" title="Táva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Táva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шагьар – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шагьар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka" title="Marka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Marka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Şəhər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəhər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="শহর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuta" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF-chh%C4%AB" title="Siâⁿ-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siâⁿ-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҡала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Горад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Горад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syudad" title="Syudad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Syudad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stod" title="Stod – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stod" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAr" title="Kêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хото – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хото" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat" title="Ciutat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakbayan" title="Dakbayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dakbayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bsto" title="Město – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Město" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangkulo" title="Dangkulo – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Dangkulo" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guta" title="Guta – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Guta" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas" title="Dinas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dinas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مدينة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مدينة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtadt" title="Schtadt – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtadt" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn" title="Linn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%AA" title="Sitê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sitê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad" title="Ciudad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbo" title="Urbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A1" title="Ciá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ciá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="City" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BDur" title="Býur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Býur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville" title="Ville – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAd" title="Stêd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stêd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A2t" title="Citât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Citât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathair" title="Cathair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caayr" title="Caayr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caayr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaba" title="Kasaba – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kasaba" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_m%C3%B2r" title="Baile mòr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baile mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Пхье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пхье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%A9t%C4%A9" title="Cĩtĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cĩtĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" title="શહેર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શહેર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0ng-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Sàng-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sàng-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABlanakauhale" title="Kūlanakauhale – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kūlanakauhale" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Քաղաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bsto" title="Město – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Město" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbo" title="Urbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeama" title="Okeama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okeama" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siudad" title="Siudad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Siudad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate" title="Citate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9" title="Cité – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cité" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%93%96%E1%91%A6" title="ᓄᓇᓖᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇᓖᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniqpak" title="Iniqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iniqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сахар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidlavela" title="Isidlavela – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isidlavela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg" title="Borg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0" title="Città – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8" title="עיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ನಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шахар – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шахар" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ქალაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ქალაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8E%DB%81%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="شَہَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شَہَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Қала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita" title="Cita – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cita" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiji" title="Jiji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil" title="Vil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil" title="Vil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajar" title="Bajar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bajar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шаар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шаар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A0" title="Zità – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zità" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivdad" title="Sivdad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sivdad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83" title="Шагьру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шагьру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABsts" title="Mīsts – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Mīsts" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbs" title="Urbs – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93ta" title="Pilsēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шегьер – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шегьер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestas" title="Miestas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtad" title="Sjtad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engumba" title="Engumba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Engumba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnu" title="Linnu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcadu" title="tcadu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcadu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A0" title="Cità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ros" title="Város – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Város" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotta" title="Kotta – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kotta" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A0n-dehibe" title="Tanàn-dehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tanàn-dehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നഗരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഗരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81one" title="Tāone – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tāone" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدينه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar" title="Bandar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A0ng-ch%C3%AA" title="Siàng-chê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siàng-chê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ошсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ошсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Altepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti" title="Siti – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Siti" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad_(woonstee)" title="Stad (woonstee) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stad (woonstee)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="सहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नगर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नगर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="都市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A0" title="Cità – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cità" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="ГӀала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4d" title="Stääd – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stääd" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9" title="Cité – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cité" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila" title="Vila – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ола – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ола" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahar" title="Shahar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shahar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokayto" title="Tokayto – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tokayto" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siudat" title="Siudat – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siudat" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ښار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti" title="Siti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="ទីក្រុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasto" title="Miasto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πόλη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeer" title="Şeer – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şeer" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99" title="Oraș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oraș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foro" title="Foro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Foro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta" title="Llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Місто – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Місто" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Город – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Город" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Куорат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Куорат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceety" title="Ceety – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceety" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qyteti" title="Qyteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qyteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citati" title="Citati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Citati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB" title="නගර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නගර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="City" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="شھر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شھر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto_(v%C5%A1eobecne)" title="Mesto (všeobecne) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mesto (všeobecne)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto" title="Mesto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjasto" title="Mjasto – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjasto" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caasimad" title="Caasimad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caasimad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupunki" title="Kaupunki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungsod" title="Lungsod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungsod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாநகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாநகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamdint" title="Tamdint – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamdint" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetata_granne" title="Cetata granne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cetata granne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шәһәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәһәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80)" title="నగరం (సిటీ) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నగరం (సిటీ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="นคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Шаҳр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%B2%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏚᎲᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehir" title="Şehir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кар (география) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кар (география)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Місто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%A0" title="Sità – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sità" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidn" title="Lidn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lidn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91" title="Thành phố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zif" title="Zif – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liin" title="Liin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(djeyografeye)" title="Veye (djeyografeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (djeyografeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunapiapa%27a" title="Alijunapiapa'a – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunapiapa'a" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syudad" title="Syudad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syudad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorobha" title="Dorobha – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dorobha" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98" title="שטאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cl%C3%BA" title="Ìlú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBke" title="Sûke – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large permanent human settlement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/City_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="City (disambiguation)">City (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A city is a <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">human settlement</a> of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agreed definition of the lower boundary for their size.<a href="#cite_note-Goodall-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuper_and_Kuper-2">[2]</a> In a narrower sense, a city can be defined as a permanent and <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">densely</a> populated place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Cities generally have extensive systems for <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">housing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public utilities">utilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">production of goods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Their density facilitates interaction between people, <a href="/wiki/Government_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Government organisations">government organizations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a>, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving the efficiency of goods and service distribution. Historically, city dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, more than half of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">global sustainability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Present-day cities usually form the core of larger <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>—creating numerous <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuters</a> traveling toward <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centres</a> for employment, entertainment, and education. However, in a world of intensifying <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, all cities are to varying degrees also connected globally beyond these regions. This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on <a href="/wiki/Global_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Global issues">global issues</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">climate change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">global health</a>. Because of these major influences on global issues, the international community has prioritized investment in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">sustainable cities</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a>. Due to the efficiency of transportation and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">land consumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">dense</a> cities hold the potential to have a smaller <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> per inhabitant than more sparsely populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Compact_city" title="Compact city">compact cities</a> are often referred to as a crucial element in fighting climate change.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, this concentration can also have some significant negative consequences, such as forming <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat islands</a>, concentrating <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and stressing water supplies and other resources. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg/220px-Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg/330px-Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg/440px-Sheth_Motisha_Tonk_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a> represents the city's symbolic role of devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Jain temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> A city can be distinguished from other human settlements by its relatively great size, but also by its functions and its <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">special symbolic status</a>, which may be conferred by a central authority. The term can also refer either to the physical streets and buildings of the city or to the collection of people who dwell there and can be used in a general sense to mean <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Rural_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural territory">rural territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2008p678-18">[18]</a> National <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">censuses</a> use a variety of definitions – invoking factors such as <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, number of <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">dwellings</a>, economic function, and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> – to classify populations as urban. Typical working definitions for small-city populations start at around 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Common population definitions for an urban area (city or town) range between 1,500 and 50,000 people, with most <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> states using a minimum between 1,500 and 5,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-HugoEtAl2003-21">[21]</a> Some jurisdictions set no such minima.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status is awarded by the Crown</a> and then remains permanent. (Historically, the qualifying factor was the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, resulting in some very small cities such as <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a>, with a population of 12,000 as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit">[update]</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a>, with a population of 1,841 as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit">[update]</a>.) According to the "functional definition", a city is not distinguished by size alone, but also by the role it plays within a larger political context. Cities serve as administrative, commercial, religious, and cultural hubs for their larger surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall14-24">[24]</a> The presence of a literate elite is often associated with cities because of the cultural diversities present in a city.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A typical city has professional <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrators</a>, regulations, and some form of <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> (food and other necessities or means to trade for them) to support the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">government workers</a>. (This arrangement contrasts with the more typically <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">horizontal</a> relationships in a <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> accomplishing common goals through informal agreements between neighbors, or the <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> of a chief.) The governments may be based on heredity, religion, military power, work systems such as canal-building, food distribution, land-ownership, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, finance, or a combination of these. Societies that live in cities are often called <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>. The degree of urbanization is a modern metric to help define what comprises a city: "a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells (>1,500 inhabitants per square kilometer)".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This metric was "devised over years by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and others, and endorsed in March [2021] by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> ... largely for the purpose of international statistical comparison".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word city and the related <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> come from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/civitas" class="extiw" title="wikt:civitas">civitas</a>, originally meaning 'citizenship' or 'community member' and eventually coming to correspond with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urbs" class="extiw" title="wikt:urbs">urbs</a>, meaning 'city' in a more physical sense.<a href="#cite_note-OED-17">[17]</a> The Roman civitas was closely linked with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>—another common root appearing in English words such as <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Toponymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymic">toponymic</a> terminology, names of individual cities and towns are called astionyms (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ἄστυ 'city or town' and ὄνομα 'name').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom199613-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a> deals both with cities in their larger context and with their internal structure.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Cities are estimated to cover about 3% of the land surface of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site">Site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Site">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg/220px-Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg/330px-Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg/440px-Allegheny_Monongahela_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</a> rivers, which flow into the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a></figcaption></figure> Town siting has varied through history according to natural, technological, economic, and military contexts. Access to water has long been a major factor in city placement and growth, and despite exceptions enabled by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> in the nineteenth century, through the present most of the world's urban population lives near the coast or on a river.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Urban areas as a rule cannot <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">produce their own food</a> and therefore must develop some <a href="/wiki/City_region" title="City region">relationship</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> that sustains them.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2004p155-34">[34]</a> Only in special cases such as <a href="/wiki/Mining_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining town">mining towns</a> which play a vital role in long-distance trade, are cities disconnected from the countryside which feeds them.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall1989p15-35">[35]</a> Thus, centrality within a productive region influences siting, as economic forces would, in theory, favor the creation of marketplaces in optimal mutually reachable locations.<a href="#cite_note-Latham2009p18-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center">Center</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Center">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">City centre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG/220px-Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG/330px-Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG/440px-Helsinginkeskustailmakuva_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kluuvi" title="Kluuvi">Kluuvi</a>, a city centre in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of cities have a central area containing buildings with special economic, political, and religious significance. Archaeologists refer to this area by the Greek term <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a> or if fortified as a <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> These spaces historically reflect and amplify the city's centrality and importance to its wider <a href="/wiki/City_region" title="City region">sphere of influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latham2009p18-36">[36]</a> Today cities have a <a href="/wiki/City_center" class="mw-redirect" title="City center">city center</a> or <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtown</a>, sometimes coincident with a <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_space">Public space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public space">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_Square,_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg/330px-Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg/440px-Trafalgar_Square%2C_London_2_-_Jun_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4161" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, a public meeting place in central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </figcaption></figure> Cities typically have <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public spaces</a> where anyone can go. These include <a href="/wiki/Privately_owned_public_space" title="Privately owned public space">privately owned spaces open to the public</a> as well as forms of public land such as <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_(land)" title="Public domain (land)">public domain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">commons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> since the time of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a> has considered physical public space as the substrate of the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009177–179-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> adorns (or disfigures) public spaces. <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_nature_within_a_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation of nature within a city">natural sites within cities</a> provide residents with relief from the hardness and regularity of typical <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban green spaces">Urban green spaces</a> are another component of public space that provides the benefit of mitigating the urban heat island effect, especially in cities that are in warmer climates. These spaces prevent carbon imbalances, extreme habitat losses, electricity and water consumption, and human health risks.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/220px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/330px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/440px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plan" title="L'Enfant Plan">L'Enfant Plan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> combines a utilitarian grid pattern with diagonal avenues and a symbolic focus on monumental architecture.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Urban_structure" title="Urban structure">The urban structure</a> generally follows one or more basic patterns: geomorphic, radial, concentric, rectilinear, and curvilinear. The physical environment generally constrains the form in which a city is built. If located on a mountainside, urban structures may rely on terraces and winding roads. It may be adapted to its means of subsistence (e.g. agriculture or fishing). And it may be set up for optimal defense given the surrounding landscape.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Beyond these "geomorphic" features, cities can develop internal patterns, due to natural growth or to <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">city planning</a>. In a radial structure, main roads converge on a central point. This form could evolve from successive growth over a long time, with concentric traces of <a href="/wiki/Town_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Town wall">town walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadels</a> marking older city boundaries. In more recent history, such forms were supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a> moving traffic around the outskirts of a town. Dutch cities such as <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> are structured as a central square surrounded by concentric canals marking every expansion. In cities such as <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, this pattern is still clearly visible. A system of rectilinear city streets and land plots, known as the <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, has been used for millennia in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilization</a> built <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-Daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjo-Daro">Mohenjo-Daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, and other cities on a grid pattern, using ancient principles described by <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, and aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Compass_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass points">compass points</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a> exemplifies a grid plan with specialized districts used across the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Mediterranean</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban areas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv,_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/220px-Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/330px-Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/440px-Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a> metropolitan area in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, showing the geometrically planned<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> (upper left), <a href="/wiki/Givatayim" title="Givatayim">Givatayim</a> to the east, and some of <a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a> to the south<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure>The urban-type settlement extends far beyond the traditional boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> in a form of development sometimes described critically as <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Decentralization and dispersal of city functions (commercial, industrial, residential, cultural, political) has transformed the very meaning of the term and has challenged geographers seeking to classify territories according to an urban-rural binary.<a href="#cite_note-HugoEtAl2003-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan areas</a> include <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a> organized around the needs of <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuters</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge cities</a> characterized by a degree of economic and political independence. (In the US these are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan statistical areas">metropolitan statistical areas</a> for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>.) Some cities are now part of a continuous urban landscape called <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">megalopolis</a> (exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">BosWash</a> corridor of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the city">History of the city</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">Historical urban community sizes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">List of largest cities throughout history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_arch_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oldest_arch_4.JPG/220px-Oldest_arch_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oldest_arch_4.JPG/330px-Oldest_arch_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oldest_arch_4.JPG/440px-Oldest_arch_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, which flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Third_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Third millennium BC">third millennium BC</a>, can be seen at present-day Tell el-Mukayyar in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mohenjo-daro.jpg/220px-Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mohenjo-daro.jpg/330px-Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mohenjo-daro.jpg/440px-Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, a city of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which was rebuilt six or more times, using bricks of standard size, and adhering to the same grid layout—also in the third millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg/220px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg/330px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg/440px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_2012-09-28_00-07-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of what was once downtown <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Sun" title="Pyramid of the Sun">Pyramid of the Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Moon" title="Pyramid of the Moon">Pyramid of the Moon</a>, and the processional avenue serving as the spine of the city's street system</figcaption></figure> The emergence of cities from <a href="/wiki/Proto-city" title="Proto-city">proto-urban settlements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, is a non-linear development that demonstrates the varied experiences of early <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-50">[50]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> are among those laying claim to <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">the longest continual inhabitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Cities, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> function, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, have existed for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the conventional view, civilization and the city were both followed by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">development of agriculture</a>, which enabled the production of surplus food and thus a social <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labor</a> (with concomitant <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Early cities often featured <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>, sometimes within a temple.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A minority viewpoint considers that cities may have arisen without agriculture, due to alternative means of subsistence (fishing),<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to use as communal seasonal shelters,<a href="#cite_note-Perlman16-58">[58]</a> to their value as bases for defensive and offensive military organization,<a href="#cite_note-Mumfurd1961war-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth1991p12-60">[60]</a> or to their inherent economic function.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_1969_23-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Cities played a crucial role in the establishment of political power over an area, and ancient leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> founded and created them with zeal.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient times">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">Cities of the Ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a>, <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity#Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity § Cities</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ancient city" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_city_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ancient city (disambiguation)">Ancient city (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg/220px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg/330px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg/440px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Betti_Oreste_-_Veduta_della_Roma_imperiale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A modern depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, the first city in the world to reach one million inhabitants</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth millennium BC">eighth millennium BC</a>, are among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Proto-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-cities">proto-cities</a> known to archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-Perlman16-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> from the mid-fourth millennium BC (ancient Iraq) is considered by most archaeologists to be the first true city, innovating many characteristics for cities to follow, with its name attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth millennium BC">fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Third millennium BC">third millennium BC</a>, complex civilizations flourished in the river valleys of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Excavations in these areas have found the <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruins</a> of cities geared variously towards trade, politics, or religion. Some had large, <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">dense populations</a>, but others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations. Among the early Old World cities, <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> of the Indus Valley civilization in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more and a <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisation">sophisticated sanitation system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning" title="Ancient Chinese urban planning">China's planned cities</a> were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">Ancient Egyptian cities</a> known physically by archaeologists are not extensive.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-23">[23]</a> They include (known by their Arab names) <a href="/wiki/El_Lahun" title="El Lahun">El Lahun</a>, a workers' town associated with the pyramid of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a>, and the religious city <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and abandoned. These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In Mesopotamia, the civilization of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, gave rise to numerous cities, governed by kings and fostered multiple languages written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> trading empire, flourishing around the turn of the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BC">first millennium BC</a>, encompassed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">numerous cities</a> extending from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. In the following centuries, independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, an association of male landowning <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> who collectively constituted the city.<a href="#cite_note-tws2Y21-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>, meaning "gathering place" or "assembly", was the center of the athletic, artistic, spiritual, and political life of the polis.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalDictionary-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was the first city that surpassed one million inhabitants. Under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">its empire</a>, Rome transformed and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">founded</a> many cities (<a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonia</a>), and with them brought its principles of urban architecture, design, and society.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, early urban traditions developed in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> cultures, followed by major cities in the <a href="/wiki/Huari_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari culture">Huari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimu">Chimu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> cultures. The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_(Peruvian_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico (Peruvian region)">Norte Chico region</a> of north-central coastal <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, flourishing between the 30th and 18th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-Shady1997-79">[79]</a> Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> and spreading to the <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Preclassic Maya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> of Oaxaca, and <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> in central Mexico. Later cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean civilization">Andean civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> peoples drew on these earlier urban traditions. Many of their ancient cities continue to be inhabited, including major metropolitan cities such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, in the same location as <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>; while ancient continuously inhabited Pueblos are near modern urban areas in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Albuquerque metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a>; while others like <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> are located nearby ancient <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> sites such as <a href="/wiki/Pachacamac" title="Pachacamac">Pachacamac</a>. From 1600 BC, <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a>, in the south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, presented characteristics suggestive of an incipient form of urbanism.<a href="#cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald,_Kevin_2015-81">[81]</a> The second place to show urban characteristics in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dia,_Mali" title="Dia, Mali">Dia</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, from 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald,_Kevin_2015-81">[81]</a> Both Dhar Tichitt and Dia were founded by the same people: the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, who would later also found the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald,_Kevin_2015-81">[81]</a> Another ancient site, <a href="/wiki/Jenn%C3%A9-Jeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenné-Jeno">Jenné-Jeno</a>, in what is today <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, has been dated to the third century BCE. According to Roderick and Susan McIntosh, Jenné-Jeno did not fit into traditional Western conceptions of urbanity as it lacked monumental architecture and a distinctive elite social class, but it should indeed be considered a city based on a functional redefinition of urban development. In particular, Jenné-Jeno featured settlement mounds arranged according to a horizontal, rather than vertical, power hierarchy, and served as a center of specialized production and exhibited functional interdependence with the surrounding hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> More recently, scholars have concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> of Djenne-Djenno was likely established by the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mande</a> progenitors of the <a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo people</a>. Their habitation of the site spanned the period from 3rd century BCE to 13th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Vydrin-83">[83]</a> Archaeological evidence from Jenné-Jeno, specifically the presence of non-West African glass beads dated from the third century BCE to the fourth century CE, indicates that pre-Arabic trade contacts probably existed between Jenné-Jeno and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Magnavita-84">[84]</a> Additionally, other early urban centers in West Africa, dated to around 500 CE, include <a href="/wiki/Aoudaghost" title="Aoudaghost">Awdaghust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh" title="Koumbi Saleh">Kumbi Saleh</a>, the ancient capital of Ghana, and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandet" class="extiw" title="de:Marandet">Maranda</a>, a center located on a trade route between Egypt and Gao.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg/220px-Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg/330px-Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg/440px-Vyborg_SevernyVal3-5_006_8242.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5994" data-file-height="3977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> has existed since the 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg/220px-Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg/330px-Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg/440px-Monumentale_torens_in_de_binnenstad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Old city of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1648</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg/220px-Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg/330px-Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg/440px-Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> in the Netherlands, created around 1550, shows the city completely surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">defensive canal</a>, with its square shape inspired by the shape of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">dissolution of the Roman Empire</a> in the West was connected with profound changes in urban fabric of western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In places where Roman administration quickly weakened urbanism went through a profound crisis, even if it continued to remain an important symbolic factor.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In regions like Italy or Spain cities diminished in size but nevertheless continued to play a key role in both the economy and government.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity#Cities" title="Late antiquity">Late antique cities</a> in the East were also undergoing intense transformations, with increased political participation of the crowds and demographical fluctuations.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Christian communities and their doctrinal differences increasingly shaped the urban fabric.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The locus of power shifted to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">ascendant Islamic civilization</a> with its major cities <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> gradually gained <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_conquered_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of cities conquered by the Ottoman Empire">control over many cities</a> in the Mediterranean area, including <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople in 1453</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, beginning in the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial cities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from their local lord or having been granted self-governance by the emperor and being placed under his immediate protection. By 1480, these cities, as far as still part of the empire, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Estates">Imperial Estates</a> governing the empire with the emperor through the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> By the 13th and 14th centuries, some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">medieval communes</a> developed into <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. In Northern Europe, cities including <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> for collective defense and commerce. Their power was later <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Hanseatic_War" title="Dutch–Hanseatic War">challenged</a> and eclipsed by the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Dutch</a> commercial <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai, Osaka">Sakai</a>, which enjoyed considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan. In the first millennium AD, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> grew into the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">preindustrial settlement</a> in the world by area,<a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2007-98">[98]</a> covering over 1,000 km2 and possibly supporting up to one million people.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> already had cities before the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, but the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> in the Middle Ages multiplied the number of cities in the region, as well as making some of them very populous, notably <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> (72,000 inhabitants in 800 AD), <a href="/wiki/Old_Oyo" title="Old Oyo">Oyo-Ile</a> (50,000 inhabitants in 1400 AD, and may have reached up to 140,000 inhabitants in the 18th century), <a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifẹ̀">Ile-Ifẹ̀</a> (70,000 to 105,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries), <a href="/wiki/Niani,_Guinea" title="Niani, Guinea">Niani</a> (50,000 inhabitants in 1400 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> (100,000 inhabitants in 1450 AD).<a href="#cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> In the West, nation-states became the dominant unit of political organization following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blomley2013-102">[102]</a> Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> trade. However, most towns remained small. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories and were bound to several laws regarding administration, finances, and urbanism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_age">Industrial age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industrial age">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">growth of the modern industry</a> from the late 18th century onward led to massive <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. England led the way as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> became the capital of a <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">world empire</a> and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">introduction of railroads</a> reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, fueling migration from rural to city areas. Some industrialized cities were confronted with health challenges associated with <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">overcrowding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazards</a> of industry, contaminated water and air, <a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation#Modern_age" title="History of water supply and sanitation">poor sanitation</a>, and communicable diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">Factories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> emerged as regular features of the urban landscape.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-industrial_age">Post-industrial age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-industrial age">edit</a>]</div> In the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Economic_restructuring" title="Economic restructuring">economic restructuring</a>") in the West led to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> in formerly prosperous cities. America's "Steel Belt" became a "<a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>" and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan, and <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Shrinking_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinking cities">shrink</a>, contrary to the global trend of massive urban expansion.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Such cities have shifted with varying success into the <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnerships">public-private partnerships</a>, with concomitant <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>, uneven <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">revitalization efforts</a>, and selective cultural development.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2004p164-106">[106]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">five-year plans</a> continuing today, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has undergone concomitant <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese industrialization">industrialization</a> and become the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Amidst these economic changes, <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> and instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> enable select cities to become centers of the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart city</a> paradigm, supported by institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, is bringing computerized <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">surveillance</a>, data analysis, and <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">governance</a> to bear on cities and city dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Some companies are building brand-new <a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">master-planned</a> cities from scratch on <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> sites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Urbanization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png/220px-Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png/330px-Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png/440px-Historical_global_urban_-_rural_population_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing urbanization from 1950 projected to 2050<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_1million_cities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_1million_cities.jpg/220px-2020_1million_cities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_1million_cities.jpg/330px-2020_1million_cities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2020_1million_cities.jpg/440px-2020_1million_cities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5126" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2020</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> is the process of migration from rural to urban areas, driven by various political, economic, and cultural factors. Until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring <a href="/wiki/Market_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market (place)">markets</a> and small-scale manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FreyZimmer2001-115">[115]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> revolutions urban population began its unprecedented growth, both through migration and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic expansion</a>. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the proportion of the population living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-urbanization-116">[116]</a> In 1900, 15% of the world's population lived in cities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents.<a href="#cite_note-MoholyNagy1968p136-118">[118]</a> Urbanization rapidly spread across Europe and the Americas and since the 1950s has taken hold in Asia and Africa as well. The Population Division of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> reported in 2014 that for the first time, more than half of the world population lives in cities.<a href="#cite_note-SenguptaUN2014-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> is the most urban continent, with four-fifths of its population living in cities, including one-fifth of the population said to live in <a href="/wiki/Shantytown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantytown">shantytowns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campamento_(Chile)" title="Campamento (Chile)">poblaciones callampas</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities, with annual growth rates of 5–8%.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In general, the <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">more developed countries</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a>" remain more urbanized than the <a href="/wiki/Less_developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Less developed countries">less developed countries</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>"—but the difference continues to shrink because urbanization is happening faster in the latter group. Asia is home to by far the greatest absolute number of city-dwellers: over two billion and counting.<a href="#cite_note-FreyZimmer2001-115">[115]</a> The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion city dwellers (and 300 million fewer country dwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-SenguptaUN2014-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megacities" class="mw-redirect" title="Megacities">Megacities</a>, cities with populations in the multi-millions, have proliferated into the dozens, arising especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Economic globalization fuels the growth of these cities, as new torrents of foreign <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capital</a> arrange for rapid industrialization, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">relocation of major businesses</a> from Europe and North America, attracting <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a> from near and far.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> A deep gulf divides the rich and poor in these cities, which usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated communities</a> and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Cities around the world have expanded physically as they grow in population, with increases in their surface extent, with the creation of high-rise buildings for residential and commercial use, and with development underground.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Urbanization can create rapid demand for <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources management">water resources management</a>, as formerly good sources of freshwater become overused and polluted, and the volume of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> begins to exceed manageable levels.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Council_of_Tehran,_17_September_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg/220px-City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg/330px-City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg/440px-City_Council_of_Tehran%2C_17_September_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The city council of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> meets in September 2015</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">The local government</a> of cities takes different forms including prominently the <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">India</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Crown_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colonies">British colonies</a>; legally, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipio" title="Municipio">municipio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Portugal" title="Municipalities of Portugal">Portugal</a>, and, along with <a href="/wiki/Municipalidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalidad">municipalidad</a>, in most former parts of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> empires) and the commune (<a href="/wiki/Communes_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes in France">in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Chile" title="Communes of Chile">Chile</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> in Italy). The chief official of the city has the title of <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>. Whatever their true degree of political authority, the mayor typically acts as the <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> or personification of their city.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Legal conflicts and issues arise more frequently in cities than elsewhere due to the bare fact of their greater density.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Modern city governments thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulate</a> <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a> in many dimensions, including <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public</a> and personal <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> use and <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, and the nature and use of <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a>. Technologies, techniques, and laws governing these areas—developed in cities—have become ubiquitous in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Municipal officials may be appointed from a higher level of government or elected locally.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_services">Municipal services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Municipal services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-Aftermath_of_a_huge_fire_at_Thomas_McKenzie_%26_Sons_Ltd._on_Pearse_Street%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Fire_Brigade" title="Dublin Fire Brigade">Dublin Fire Brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, extinguishing a severe fire at a hardware store in 1970</figcaption></figure> Cities typically provide <a href="/wiki/Municipal_services" title="Municipal services">municipal services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, through <a href="/wiki/School_system" class="mw-redirect" title="School system">school systems</a>; <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">policing</a>, through police departments; and <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire departments</a>; as well as the city's basic infrastructure. These are provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion.<a href="#cite_note-JonesEtAl1980-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lineberry-143">[142]</a> Responsibility for administration usually falls on the city government, but some services may be operated by a higher level of government,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> while others may be privately run.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Armies may assume responsibility for policing cities in states of domestic turmoil such as America's <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a> of 1968. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> The traditional basis for municipal finance is local <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property tax</a> levied on <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> within the city. Local government can also collect revenue for services, or by leasing land that it owns.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a> However, financing municipal services, as well as <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> and other development projects, is a perennial problem, which cities address through appeals to higher governments, arrangements with the private sector, and techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> (selling services into the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>), <a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">corporatization</a> (formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations), and <a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">financialization</a> (packaging city assets into tradeable financial public contracts and other related rights). This situation has become acute in deindustrialized cities and in cases where businesses and wealthier citizens have moved outside of <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city limits</a> and therefore beyond the reach of taxation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weber2010-150">[149]</a> Cities in search of <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_cash_equivalents" title="Cash and cash equivalents">ready cash</a> increasingly resort to the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">municipal bond</a>, essentially a loan with <a href="/wiki/Maturity_(finance)" title="Maturity (finance)">interest</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Maturity_(finance)" title="Maturity (finance)">repayment date</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> City governments have also begun to use <a href="/wiki/Tax_increment_financing" title="Tax increment financing">tax increment financing</a>, in which a development project is financed by loans based on future tax revenues which it is expected to yield.<a href="#cite_note-Weber2010-150">[149]</a> Under these circumstances, creditors and consequently city governments place a high importance on city <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit ratings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/220px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/330px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/440px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Building" title="Ripon Building">Ripon Building</a>, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, is one of the oldest city governing corporations in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a> includes government but refers to a wider domain of <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> functions implemented by many actors including <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The impact of globalization and the role of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> in local governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the "urban regime theory" in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009142–143-154">[153]</a> In the neoliberal model of governance, public utilities are <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a>, the industry is <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulated</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> gain the status of governing actors—as indicated by the power they wield in <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnerships">public-private partnerships</a> and over <a href="/wiki/Business_improvement_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Business improvement districts">business improvement districts</a>, and in the expectation of self-regulation through <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>. The biggest <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate developer">real estate developers</a> act as the city's <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> urban planners.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The related concept of <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a> places more emphasis on the state, with the purpose of assessing urban governments for their suitability for <a href="/wiki/Development_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Development assistance">development assistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2015p33-156">[155]</a> The concepts of governance and good governance are especially invoked in emergent megacities, where international organizations consider existing governments inadequate for their large populations.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_planning">Urban planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Urban planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/220px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/330px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/440px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a> in Argentina is based on a perfect square with 5196-meter sides, and was designed in the 1880s as the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a>, the application of forethought to city design, involves optimizing land use, transportation, utilities, and other basic systems, in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">certain objectives</a>. Urban planners and scholars have proposed overlapping <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">theories</a> as ideals for how plans should be formed. Planning tools, beyond the original design of the city itself, include <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">public capital</a> investment in infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land-use controls</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>. The continuous process of <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">comprehensive planning</a> involves identifying general objectives as well as collecting data to evaluate progress and inform future decisions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-McQuillin1987planning-160">[159]</a> Government is legally the final authority on planning but in practice, the process involves both public and private elements. The legal principle of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> is used by the government to divest citizens of their property in cases where its use is required for a project.<a href="#cite_note-McQuillin1987planning-160">[159]</a> Planning often involves tradeoffs—decisions in which some stand to gain and some to lose—and thus is closely connected to the prevailing political situation.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">history of urban planning</a> dates to some of the earliest known cities, especially in the Indus Valley and Mesoamerican civilizations, which built their cities on grids and apparently zoned different areas for different purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The effects of planning, ubiquitous in today's world, can be seen most clearly in the layout of <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned communities</a>, fully designed prior to construction, often with consideration for interlocking physical, economic, and cultural systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social structure">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban society</a> is typically <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a>. Spatially, cities are formally or informally <a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">segregated</a> along ethnic, economic, and racial lines. People living relatively close together may live, work, and play in separate areas, and associate with different people, forming <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_enclave" title="Lifestyle enclave">lifestyle</a> enclaves or, in areas of concentrated poverty, <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettoes</a>. While in the US and elsewhere poverty became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a>, in France it has become associated with the <a href="/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue">banlieues</a>, areas of urban development that surround the city proper. Meanwhile, across Europe and North America, the racially <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> majority is empirically the most segregated group. <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburbs</a> in the West, and, increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated communities</a> and other forms of "privatopia" around the world, allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhoods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009131–140-163">[162]</a> Landless urban workers, contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> and known as the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, form a growing stratum of society in the age of urbanization. In <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> doctrine, the proletariat will inevitably <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as their ranks swell with disenfranchised and disaffected people lacking all stake[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The global urban proletariat of today, however, generally lacks the status of factory workers which in the nineteenth century provided access to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg/220px-Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg/330px-Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg/440px-Taipei_Skyline_2022.06.29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption>Clusters of skyscrapers in <a href="/wiki/Xinyi_Planning_District" title="Xinyi Planning District">Xinyi Planning District</a>, the centre of commerce and finance of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, cities rely on <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield surplus crops</a>, in exchange for which they provide money, political administration, manufactured goods, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2004p155-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall1989p15-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a> tends to analyze larger agglomerations, stretching beyond city limits, in order to reach a more complete understanding of the local <a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">labor market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> As hubs of trade, cities have long been home to <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> commerce and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> through the interface of <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a>. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a> using new techniques of <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decoration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, transformed urban shopping areas into <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy worlds</a> encouraging self-expression and escape through <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In general, the density of cities expedites commerce and facilitates <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_spillover" title="Knowledge spillover">knowledge spillovers</a>, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-CalderFreytas2009-170">[169]</a> A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. Population density enables also sharing of common infrastructure and production facilities; however, in very dense cities, increased crowding and waiting times may lead to some negative effects.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> fueled the growth of cities, many now rely on a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a>. The services in question range from <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">housekeeping</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">grey-collar</a> work in <a href="/wiki/Legal_outsourcing" title="Legal outsourcing">law</a>, financial consulting, and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2004p164-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> According to a scientific model of cities by Professor <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_West" title="Geoffrey West">Geoffrey West</a>, with the doubling of a city's size, salaries per capita will generally increase by 15%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_communications">Culture and communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture and communications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg/220px-Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg/330px-Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg/440px-Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="4235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is one of the best-known cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days,_Edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg/220px-Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg/330px-Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg/440px-Nepalese_Dancers_at_Heritage_Days%2C_Edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> dancers at <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Heritage_Festival" title="Edmonton Heritage Festival">Edmonton Heritage Festival</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, an example of the cultural diversity of a city</figcaption></figure> Cities are typically hubs for <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Cultural_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural institutions">cultural institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall14-24">[24]</a> They feature impressive displays of <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> ranging from small to enormous and ornate to <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, providing thousands of offices or homes within a small footprint, and visible from miles away, have become iconic urban features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200984–85-175">[174]</a> Cultural elites tend to live in cities, bound together by shared <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a>, and themselves play some role in governance.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> By virtue of their status as centers of culture and literacy, cities can be described as the locus of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Density makes for effective <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a> and transmission of <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a>, printed <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and digital media. These communication networks, though still using cities as hubs, penetrate extensively into all populated areas. In the age of rapid communication and transportation, commentators have described urban culture as nearly ubiquitous<a href="#cite_note-HugoEtAl2003-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> or as no longer meaningful.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Today, a city's promotion of its cultural activities dovetails with <a href="/wiki/Place_branding" title="Place branding">place branding</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_marketing" title="City marketing">city marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a> techniques used to inform development strategy; attract businesses, investors, residents, and tourists; and to create <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">shared identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_place" title="Sense of place">sense of place</a> within the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wachsmuth2014-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-KerrOliver2015-185">[184]</a> Physical inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">plaques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> on display physically transmit a historical context for urban places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009186–189-186">[185]</a> Some cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> have indelible religious status and for hundreds of years have attracted <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a>. Patriotic tourists visit <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> to see the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to visit the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvis">Elvis</a> lovers visit <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> to pay their respects at <a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200941,_189–192-187">[186]</a> Place brands (which include place satisfaction and place loyalty) have great economic value (comparable to the value of commodity <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brands</a>) because of their influence on the <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> process of people thinking about doing business in—"purchasing" (the brand of)—a city.<a href="#cite_note-KerrOliver2015-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_circuses" title="Bread and circuses">Bread and circuses</a> among other forms of cultural appeal, attract and entertain <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">the masses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MoholyNagy1968p136-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Sports also play a major role in city branding and local <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> formation.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Cities go to considerable lengths in competing to host the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, which bring global attention and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Ward2008-190">[189]</a> Paris, a city known for its cultural history, was the site of the most recent Olympics in the summer of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg/220px-The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg/330px-The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg/440px-The_Second_World_War_1939-45-_Victory_and_Aftermath_IND5196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> on 6 August 1945 devastated the city and led to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Imperial Japan's surrender</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cities play a crucial strategic role in warfare due to their economic, demographic, symbolic, and political centrality. For the same reasons, they are targets in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a>. Many cities throughout history were founded under military auspices, a great many have incorporated <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>, and military principles continue to <a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">influence urban design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009127–128-192">[191]</a> Indeed, war may have served as the social rationale and economic basis for the very earliest cities.<a href="#cite_note-Mumfurd1961war-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth1991p12-60">[60]</a> Powers engaged in <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> conflict have established fortified settlements as part of military strategies, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> towns, America's <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">occupying</a> the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the US Army ordered local people to concentrate in cities and towns, in order to isolate committed insurgents and battle freely against them in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, national governments on occasion declared certain cities <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open</a>, effectively <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrendering</a> them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed. Urban warfare proved decisive, however, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, where Soviet forces repulsed German occupiers, with extreme casualties and destruction. In an era of <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a> and rapid urbanization, cities have become sites of long-term conflict waged both by foreign occupiers and by local governments against <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Such warfare, known as <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>, involves techniques of surveillance and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and functionally extends modern urban <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a>, which already uses concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Defensible_space_theory" title="Defensible space theory">defensible space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Although capture is the more common objective, warfare has in some cases spelled complete destruction for a city. Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script#List_of_major_cuneiform_tablet_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruins</a> attest to such destruction,<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> as does the Latin motto <a href="/wiki/Carthago_delenda_est" title="Carthago delenda est">Carthago delenda est</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">nuclear strategists</a> continued to contemplate the use of "<a href="/wiki/Countervalue" title="Countervalue">counter-value</a>" targeting: crippling an enemy by annihilating its valuable cities, rather than <a href="/wiki/Counterforce" title="Counterforce">aiming primarily at its military forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change and cities</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change and cities</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_and_cities&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/240px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/360px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/480px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> was listed as the most vulnerable city to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">climate change</a> in a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Verisk_Maplecroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Verisk Maplecroft">Verisk Maplecroft</a> study.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change and cities</a> are deeply connected. Cities are one of the greatest contributors and likely best opportunities for addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:4-205">[204]</a> Cities are also one of the most vulnerable parts of the human society to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:5-206">[205]</a> and likely one of the most important solutions for reducing the <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">environmental impact of humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:4-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:5-206">[205]</a> The UN projects that 68% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:9-208">[207]</a> In the year 2016, 31 mega-cities reported having at least 10 million in their population, 8 of which surpassed 20 million people.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_city" title="Secondary city">secondary cities</a> - small to medium size cities (500,000 to 1 million) are rapidly increasing in number and are some of the fastest growing urbanizing areas in the world further contributing to climate change impacts.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Cities have a significant influence on construction and transportation—two of the key contributors to global warming emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_cities_:6-211">[210]</a> Moreover, because of processes that create <a href="/wiki/Climate_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate conflict">climate conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">climate refugees</a>, city areas are expected to grow during the next several decades, stressing infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">concentrating more impoverished peoples in cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg/240px-Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg/360px-Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg/480px-Kannengie%C3%9Ferbr%C3%BCcke_Drought_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, is a large city that has experienced multiple droughts throughout the years, which has led to decreased economic productivity.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></figcaption></figure>High density and urban heat island effect are examples of weather changes that impact cities due to climate change. It also causes exacerbating existing problems such as air pollution, water scarcity, and heat illness in metropolitan areas. Moreover, because most cities have been built on rivers or coastal areas, cities are frequently vulnerable to the subsequent effects of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, which cause <a href="/w/index.php?title=C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Grouptal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Grouptal (page does not exist)">flooding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">erosion</a>; these effects are also connected with other urban environmental problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquifer_recharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifer recharge">aquifer depletion</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_and_society" title="Category:Climate change and society">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and society">Climate change and society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects</a> · <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Effects of climate change on human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Impacts of agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a>/<a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics</a> · <a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Finance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory" title="Greenhouse gas inventory">Greenhouse gas inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">Social cost of carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_growth" title="Clean growth">Clean growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate sociopolitical activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Corporate sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-city" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-city">Eco-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">Energy economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_accounting" title="Green accounting">Green accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bank" title="Green bank">Green bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bond" title="Green bond">Green bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bubble" title="Green bubble">Green bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_home" title="Green home">Green home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_management" title="Climate risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Mitigation economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism" title="Sustainable capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">Used good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Social issues · <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_ethics" title="Climate change ethics">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">Just transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_controversies" title="List of climate change controversies">List of climate change controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Mitigation co-benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial" title="Psychology of climate change denial">Psychology of climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial" title="Psychology of climate change denial">Psychology of denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economy of climate change">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Climate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">Global warming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNFCCC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFCCC">UNFCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">UN conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_and_society" title="Template:Climate change and society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change_and_society" title="Template talk:Climate change and society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change_and_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change and society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A report by the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a> described <a href="/wiki/Consumption-based_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumption-based emissions of greenhouse gases">consumption based emissions</a> as having significantly more impact than production-based emissions within cities. The report estimates that 85% of the emissions associated with goods within a city is generated outside of that city.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation investments in cities</a> will be important in reducing the impacts of some of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions: for example, increased density allows for redistribution of <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">land use for agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">improving transportation efficiencies</a>, and greening construction (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">largely due to cement's outsized role in climate change</a> and improvements in <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">sustainable construction practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">weatherization</a>).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg/220px-Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg/330px-Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg/440px-Traffic_congestion_Jl_Asia_Afrika_Bandung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Traffic congestion in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Urban <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> involves various physical networks and spaces necessary for transportation, water use, energy, recreation, and public functions.<a href="#cite_note-Tarr-216">[215]</a> Infrastructure carries a high initial cost in <a href="/wiki/Fixed_capital" title="Fixed capital">fixed capital</a> but lower <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal costs</a> and thus positive <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WellmanSpiller2012-217">[216]</a> Because of the higher <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>, these networks have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopolies</a>, meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization, public or private.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-WellmanPretorius2012-218">[217]</a> Infrastructure in general plays a vital role in a city's capacity for economic activity and expansion, underpinning the very survival of the city's inhabitants, as well as technological, commercial, industrial, and social activities.<a href="#cite_note-Tarr-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-WellmanSpiller2012-217">[216]</a> Structurally, many infrastructure systems take the form of <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">networks</a> with redundant links and multiple pathways, so that the system as a whole continue to operate even if parts of it fail.<a href="#cite_note-WellmanPretorius2012-218">[217]</a> The particulars of a city's infrastructure systems have historical <a href="/wiki/Path_dependence" title="Path dependence">path dependence</a> because new development must build from what exists already.<a href="#cite_note-WellmanSpiller2012-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaprojects</a> such as the construction of <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> require large upfront investments and thus tend to require funding from the national government or the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200970-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-WellmanPretorius2012-218">[217]</a> Privatization may also extend to all levels of infrastructure construction and maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Urban infrastructure ideally serves all residents equally but in practice may prove uneven—with, in some cities, clear first-class and second-class alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-Lineberry-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcueductoSegovia04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AcueductoSegovia04.JPG/220px-AcueductoSegovia04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AcueductoSegovia04.JPG/330px-AcueductoSegovia04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AcueductoSegovia04.JPG/440px-AcueductoSegovia04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utilities</a> (literally, useful things with general availability) include basic and essential infrastructure networks, chiefly concerned with the supply of water, electricity, and telecommunications capability to the populace.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a>, necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> as well as individual <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>. Urban <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> systems include principally a <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply network</a> and a network (<a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage system</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Historically</a>, either local governments or private companies have administered urban <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, with a tendency toward government water supply in the 20th century and a tendency toward private operation at the turn of the twenty-first.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[b]</a> The market for private water services is dominated by two French companies, <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Water" title="Veolia Water">Veolia Water</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Engie" title="Engie">Engie</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Suez_(company,_1997%E2%80%932008)" title="Suez (company, 1997–2008)">Suez</a>), said to hold 70% of all water contracts worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Modern urban life relies heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> transmitted through <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> for the operation of <a href="/wiki/Electric_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric machines">electric machines</a> (from household <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a> to <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_machinery" title="Outline of industrial machinery">industrial machines</a> to now-ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> systems used in communications, business, and government) and for <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lights</a>, and indoor <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>. Cities rely to a lesser extent on <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_fuel" title="Hydrocarbon fuel">hydrocarbon fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> for transportation, <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a> infrastructure such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">telephone lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a> also traverse cities, forming dense networks for <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> communications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009169–170-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautrain...,_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> at <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG/220px-Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG/330px-Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG/440px-Harmoni_Central_Busway_Transjakarta_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TransJakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="TransJakarta">TransJakarta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is the longest <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg/220px-Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg/330px-Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg/440px-Kevyen_liikenteen_v%C3%A4yl%C3%A4_Baana_-_G8541_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5jx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baana" title="Baana">Baana</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shared-use_path" title="Shared-use path">shared-path</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_trail" title="Rail trail">rail trail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></figcaption></figure> Because cities rely on specialization and an <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labor</a>, their inhabitants must have the ability to regularly travel between home, work, commerce, and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> City dwellers travel by foot or by wheel on <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walkway" title="Walkway">walkways</a>, or use special <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems based on <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">overground</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated</a> rail. Cities also rely on long-distance transportation (truck, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>) for economic connections with other cities and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Hart2001-228">[226]</a> City streets historically were the domain of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and their riders and <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a>, who only sometimes had <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">special walking areas</a> reserved for them.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In the West, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">velocipedes</a>), efficient human-powered machines for short- and medium-distance travel,<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> enjoyed a period of popularity at the beginning of the twentieth century before the rise of automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Soon after, they gained a more lasting foothold in Asian and African cities under European influence.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> In Western cities, industrializing, expanding, and <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrifying</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> systems, and especially <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcars</a> enabled urban expansion as new residential neighborhoods sprung up along transit lines and workers rode to and from work downtown.<a href="#cite_note-Hart2001-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhittYago1985-233">[231]</a> Since the mid-20th century, cities have relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> transportation, with major <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the car on societies">implications</a> for their layout, environment, and aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-Borden-234">[232]</a> (This transformation occurred most dramatically in the US—where corporate and governmental policies favored automobile transport systems—and to a lesser extent in Europe.)<a href="#cite_note-Hart2001-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhittYago1985-233">[231]</a> The rise of personal <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a> accompanied the expansion of urban economic areas into much larger <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a>, subsequently creating ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> issues with the accompanying construction of new <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, wider streets, and alternative <a href="/wiki/Walkway" title="Walkway">walkways</a> for pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200930–32-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wachsmuth2014-183">[182]</a> However, severe traffic jams still occur regularly in cities around the world, as private car ownership and urbanization continue to increase, overwhelming existing urban <a href="/wiki/Street_network" title="Street network">street networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a> The urban <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">bus system</a>, the world's most common form of public transport, uses a network of scheduled <a href="/wiki/Bus_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus route">routes</a> to move people through the city, alongside cars, on the roads.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The economic function itself also became more decentralized as concentration became impractical and employers relocated to more car-friendly locations (including <a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge cities</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hart2001-228">[226]</a> Some cities have introduced <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> systems which include exclusive <a href="/wiki/Bus_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus lanes">bus lanes</a> and other methods for prioritizing bus traffic over private cars.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail, as exemplified by the ever-popular <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> system. Rapid transit is widely used in Europe and has increased in Latin America and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> ("non-motorized transport") enjoy increasing favor (more <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">bike lanes</a>) in American and Asian urban transportation planning, under the influence of such trends as the <a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy Cities</a> movement, the drive for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, and the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">carfree city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing" title="Road space rationing">road space rationing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">road use charges</a> have been introduced to limit urban car traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg/220px-Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg/330px-Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg/440px-Winsbury_Terrace_75-79_Kent_Street_Millers_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Horbury Terrace, a <a href="/wiki/Terrace_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace house">terrace housing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1836</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">The housing</a> of residents presents one of the major challenges every city must face. Adequate housing entails not only physical <a href="/wiki/Shelter_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter (building)">shelters</a> but also the physical systems necessary to sustain life and economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Owner-occupancy" title="Owner-occupancy">Homeownership</a> represents status and a modicum of economic security, compared to <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">renting</a> which may consume much of the income of low-wage urban workers. <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a>, or lack of housing, is a challenge currently faced by millions of people in countries rich and poor.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Because cities generally have higher population densities than rural areas, city dwellers are more likely to reside in <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a> and less likely to live in a <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">single-family home</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG/220px-Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG/330px-Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG/440px-Trash_in_Paramaribo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An urban scene in <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a> featuring a few plants growing amidst <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">solid waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> behind some houses</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_heat_island_(Celsius).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png/220px-Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png/330px-Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png/440px-Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/220px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/330px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/440px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> Urban <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, influenced as they are by the density of human buildings and activities, differ considerably from those of their rural surroundings. Anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>, create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, in some cases enabling exceptional <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. They provide homes not only for immigrant humans but also for <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">immigrant plants</a>, bringing about interactions between species that never previously encountered each other. They introduce frequent <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbances</a> (construction, walking) to plant and animal <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, creating opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Secondary_succession" title="Secondary succession">recolonization</a> and thus favoring <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">young ecosystems</a> with <a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory">r-selected species</a> dominant. On the whole, urban ecosystems are less complex and productive than others, due to the diminished absolute amount of biological interactions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-PickettEtAl2008-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Typical urban <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a>). Large <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> are scarce.<a href="#cite_note-PickettEtAl2008-246">[244]</a> However, in North America, large predators such as coyotes and other large animals like white-tailed deer persist.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Cities generate considerable <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprints</a>, locally and at longer distances, due to concentrated populations and technological activities. From one perspective, cities are not ecologically <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> due to their resource needs. From another, proper management may be able to ameliorate a city's ill effects.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> arises from various forms of combustion,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> including fireplaces, wood or coal-burning stoves, other heating systems,<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>. Industrialized cities, and today third-world megacities, are notorious for veils of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> (industrial <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a>) that envelop them, posing a chronic threat to the health of their millions of inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Adey2013-253">[251]</a> Urban soil contains higher concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>) and has lower <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> than soil in the comparable wilderness.<a href="#cite_note-PickettEtAl2008-246">[244]</a> Modern cities are known for creating their own <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, and other artificial surfaces, which heat up in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> and channel <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainwater</a> into <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">underground ducts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_City#Climate" title="Geography of New York City">temperature in New York City</a> exceeds <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_(state)" title="Climate of New York (state)">nearby rural temperatures</a> by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded. This effect varies nonlinearly with population changes (independently of the city's physical size).<a href="#cite_note-PickettEtAl2008-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Aerial <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> increase rainfall by 5–10%. Thus, urban areas experience unique climates, with earlier flowering and later leaf dropping than in nearby countries.<a href="#cite_note-PickettEtAl2008-246">[244]</a> Poor and working-class people face disproportionate exposure to environmental risks (known as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> when intersecting also with racial segregation). For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> One of the main methods of improving the <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">urban ecology</a> is including in the cities more <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">urban green spaces</a>: parks, gardens, lawns, and trees.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> These areas improve the health and well-being of the human, animal, and plant populations of the cities.<a href="#cite_note-fuller-258">[256]</a> Well-maintained urban trees can provide many social, ecological, and physical benefits to the residents of the city.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> A study published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a> in 2019 found that people who spent at least two hours per week in nature were 23 percent more likely to be satisfied with their life and were 59 percent more likely to be in good health than those who had zero exposure. The study used data from almost 20,000 people in the UK. Benefits increased for up to 300 minutes of exposure. The benefits are applied to men and women of all ages, as well as across different ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, and even those with long-term illnesses and disabilities. People who did not get at least two hours – even if they surpassed an hour per week – did not get the benefits. The study is the latest addition to a compelling body of evidence for the health benefits of nature. Many doctors already give nature prescriptions to their patients. The study did not count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature, but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles of home. "Even visiting local urban green spaces seems to be a good thing," Dr. White said in a press release. "Two hours a week is hopefully a realistic target for many people, especially given that it can be spread over an entire week to get the benefit."<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_city_system">World city system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: World city system">edit</a>]</div> As the world becomes more closely linked through economics, politics, technology, and culture (a process called <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>), cities have come to play a leading role in transnational affairs, exceeding the limitations of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> conducted by national governments.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-HN2017-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2015globalization-264">[262]</a> This phenomenon, resurgent today, can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, and the Greek city-states, through the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and other alliances of cities.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-CalderFreytas2009-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/Information_economy" title="Information economy">information economy</a> based on high-speed <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> infrastructure enables instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> around the world, effectively eliminating the distance between cities for the purposes of the international markets and other high-level elements of the world economy, as well as personal communications and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_city">Global city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Global city">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Stock_Exchange_(13056321704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg/220px-London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg/330px-London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg/440px-London_Stock_Exchange_%2813056321704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">Stock exchanges</a>, characteristic features of the top global cities, are interconnected hubs for capital. Here, a delegation from Australia visits the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, also known as a world city, is a prominent centre of trade, banking, finance, innovation, and markets.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a> used the term "global city" in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo to refer to a city's <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> Following this view of cities, it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Global_city#GaWC_study" title="Global city">rank the world's cities hierarchically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ranking-271">[269]</a> Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> through their economic and political influence. Global cities may have reached their status due to early transition to <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrialism</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> or through inertia which has enabled them to maintain their dominance from the industrial era.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> This type of ranking exemplifies an emerging <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> in which cities, considered variations on the same ideal type, must compete with each other globally to achieve prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Ward2008-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wachsmuth2014-183">[182]</a> Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. The term "global city" is heavily influenced by economic factors and, thus, may not account for places that are otherwise significant. <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a>, for example argues that the term is "reductive and skewed" in its focus on financial systems.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> American firms dominate the international markets for <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and maintain branches in the biggest foreign global cities.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Large cities have a great divide between populations of both ends of the financial spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Regulations on immigration promote the exploitation of low- and high-skilled immigrant workers from poor areas.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> During employment, migrant workers may be subject to unfair working conditions, including working overtime, low wages, and lack of safety in workplaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200949–50-281">[279]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:10_mile_panorama_of_NYC,_Feb.,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern global cities, like New York City, often include large central business districts (CBDs) that serve as hubs for economic activity. A panorama of Manhattan, the world's largest central business district, is shown with prominent buildings highlighted by number, February 2018. # Riverside Church # Deutsche Bank Center # 220 Central Park South # Central Park Tower # One57 # 432 Park Avenue # 53W53 # Chrysler Building # Bank of America Tower # 4 Times Square # The New York Times Building # Empire State Building # Manhattan West # a: 55 Hudson Yards, b: 35 Hudson Yards, c: 10 Hudson Yards, d: 15 Hudson Yards # 56 Leonard Street # 8 Spruce Street # Woolworth Building # 70 Pine Street # Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown # 40 Wall Street # 3 World Trade Center # 4 World Trade Center # One World Trade Center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg/1800px-10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="1800" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg/2700px-10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg/3600px-10_mile_panorama_of_NYC%2C_Feb.%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8582" data-file-height="972" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:10_mile_panorama_of_NYC,_Feb.,_2018.jpg" title="File:10 mile panorama of NYC, Feb., 2018.jpg"> </a></div>Modern global cities, like <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, often include large <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business districts</a> (CBDs) that serve as hubs for economic activity. A panorama of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, the world's largest central business district, is shown with prominent buildings highlighted by number, February 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Center" title="Deutsche Bank Center">Deutsche Bank Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/220_Central_Park_South" title="220 Central Park South">220 Central Park South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One57" title="One57">One57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/432_Park_Avenue" title="432 Park Avenue">432 Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53W53" title="53W53">53W53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)">Bank of America Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Times_Square" title="4 Times Square">4 Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building" title="The New York Times Building">The New York Times Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_West" title="Manhattan West">Manhattan West</a></li> <li>a: <a href="/wiki/55_Hudson_Yards" title="55 Hudson Yards">55 Hudson Yards</a>, b: <a href="/wiki/35_Hudson_Yards" title="35 Hudson Yards">35 Hudson Yards</a>, c: <a href="/wiki/10_Hudson_Yards" title="10 Hudson Yards">10 Hudson Yards</a>, d: <a href="/wiki/15_Hudson_Yards" title="15 Hudson Yards">15 Hudson Yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56_Leonard_Street" title="56 Leonard Street">56 Leonard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Spruce_Street" title="8 Spruce Street">8 Spruce Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70_Pine_Street" title="70 Pine Street">70 Pine Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_New_York_Downtown" title="Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown">Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40_Wall_Street" title="40 Wall Street">40 Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_World_Trade_Center" title="3 World Trade Center">3 World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center" title="4 World Trade Center">4 World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a></li></ol> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transnational_activity">Transnational activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transnational activity">edit</a>]</div> Cities increasingly participate in world political activities independently of their enclosing nation-states. Early examples of this phenomenon are the <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a> relationship and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">multi-level governance</a> within the European Union as a technique for <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HN2017-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Cities including <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> maintain their own embassies to <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">the European Union at Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> New urban dwellers are increasingly <a href="/wiki/Transmigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigrants">transmigrants</a>, keeping one foot each (through telecommunications if not travel) in their old and their new homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200945–47-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_governance">Global governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Global governance">edit</a>]</div> Cities participate in <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">global governance</a> by various means including membership in global networks which transmit norms and regulations. At the general, global level, <a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a> (UCLG) is a significant <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> for cities; regionally and nationally, <a href="/wiki/Eurocities" title="Eurocities">Eurocities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Municipalities" title="Federation of Canadian Municipalities">Federation of Canadian Municipalities</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities" title="National League of Cities">National League of Cities</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" title="United States Conference of Mayors">United States Conference of Mayors</a> play similar roles.<a href="#cite_note-Bouteligier2013-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-HN2017p82-289">[287]</a> UCLG took responsibility for creating <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21_for_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenda 21 for culture">Agenda 21 for culture</a>, a program for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">cultural policies</a> promoting sustainable development, and has organized various conferences and reports for its furtherance.<a href="#cite_note-DuxburyJeannotte2013-290">[288]</a> Networks have become especially prevalent in the arena of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> and specifically <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> following the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a>. Environmental city networks include the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact#UN_Global_Compact_–_Cities_Programme" title="United Nations Global Compact">United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Neutral_Cities_Alliance" title="Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance">Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance</a> (CNCA), the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Mayors" title="Covenant of Mayors">Covenant of Mayors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact of Mayors">Compact of Mayors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/ICLEI" title="ICLEI">ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition Towns network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bouteligier2013-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-HN2017p82-289">[287]</a> Cities with world political status as meeting places for advocacy groups, non-governmental organizations, lobbyists, educational institutions, intelligence agencies, military contractors, information technology firms, and other groups with a stake in world policymaking. They are consequently also sites for symbolic protest.<a href="#cite_note-CalderFreytas2009-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has one of the highest rate of protests in the world. <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, a city in South Africa, had a rally where five thousand people took part in order to advocate for increasing wages to afford living costs.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_System">United Nations System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United Nations System">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/220px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/330px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/440px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg/220px-X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg/330px-X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg/440px-X_World_Assembly_of_Mayors_-_Quito_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The World Assembly of Mayors at the <a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a> has been involved in a series of events and declarations dealing with the development of cities during this period of rapid urbanization. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Habitat_I" title="Habitat I">Habitat I</a> conference in 1976 adopted the "Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements" which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> and establishes various principles for maintaining urban <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a></li> <li>Citing the Vancouver Declaration, the UN General Assembly in December 1977 authorized the United Nations Commission Human Settlements and the HABITAT Centre for Human Settlements, intended to coordinate UN activities related to housing and settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Walker2005-295">[292]</a></li> <li>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> resulted in a set of international agreements including <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a> which establishes principles and plans for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Habitat_II" title="Habitat II">Habitat II</a> conference in 1996 called for cities to play a leading role in this program, which subsequently advanced the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell-297">[294]</a></li> <li>In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">United Nations Human Settlements Programme</a> or UN-Habitat, a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Group">United Nations Development Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker2005-295">[292]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a> conference of 2016 focused on implementing these goals under the banner of a "New Urban Agenda". The four mechanisms envisioned for effecting the New Urban Agenda are (1) national policies promoting integrated sustainable development, (2) stronger urban governance, (3) long-term integrated urban and territorial planning, and (4) effective financing frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-Watson2016-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> Just before this conference, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> concurrently approved an "Urban Agenda for the European Union" known as the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pact of Amsterdam">Pact of Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watson2016-298">[295]</a></li></ul> UN-Habitat coordinates the U.N. urban agenda, working with the <a href="/wiki/UN_Environmental_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environmental Programme">UN Environmental Programme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Development Programme">UN Development Programme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker2005-295">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, a U.N. <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">specialized agency</a>, has been a primary force in promoting the Habitat conferences, and since the first Habitat conference has used their declarations as a framework for issuing loans for urban infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell-297">[294]</a> The bank's <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> programs contributed to urbanization in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> by creating incentives to move to cities.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> The World Bank and UN-Habitat in 1999 jointly established the <a href="/wiki/Cities_Alliance" title="Cities Alliance">Cities Alliance</a> (based at the World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C.) to guide policymaking, knowledge sharing, and <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grant</a> distribution around the issue of urban poverty.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> (UN-Habitat plays an advisory role in evaluating the quality of a locality's governance.)<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2015p33-156">[155]</a> The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> markets through credit and technical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has increasingly focused on cities as key sites for influencing <a href="/wiki/Cultural_governance" title="Cultural governance">cultural governance</a>. It has developed various city networks including the International Coalition of Cities against Racism and the Creative Cities Network. UNESCO's capacity to select <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> gives the organization significant influence over <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a> funding.<a href="#cite_note-DuxburyJeannotte2013-290">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_culture">Representation in culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Representation in culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fall_of_Babylon;_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg/220px-The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg/330px-The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg/440px-The_fall_of_Babylon%3B_Cyrus_the_Great_defeating_the_Chaldean_Wellcome_V0034440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>The Fall of Babylon, an 1831 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, depicts chaos with the Persian army occupying <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, symbolizing the ruin of a decadent civilization. The lightning striking the <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Babylonian ziggurat</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> and God's judgment against Babylon.</figcaption></figure> Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture, appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in both evil and holy forms, symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> are the first city builders in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. In Sumerian mythology <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> built the walls of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive, wealthy and poor, organized and chaotic.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">anti-urbanism</a> refers to various types of ideological opposition to cities, whether because of their culture or their political relationship with <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">the country</a>. Such opposition may result from identification of cities with oppression and the ruling <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> about cities.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch2008p678-18">[18]</a> In turn, cities symbolize their home societies.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> Writers, painters, and filmmakers have produced innumerable works of art concerning the urban experience. Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of <a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_descriptions_of_cities_(before_1550)" title="List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)">descriptiones</a> which treat of city features and history. Modern authors such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> are famous for evocative descriptions of their home cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009115-308">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> conceived the idea for his influential 1927 film <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> while visiting <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> and marveling at the nighttime <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lighting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport. By the 1960s, however, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> began to appear in such films as <a href="/wiki/The_Fast_Lady" title="The Fast Lady">The Fast Lady</a> (1962) and <a href="/wiki/Playtime" title="Playtime">Playtime</a> (1967).<a href="#cite_note-Borden-234">[232]</a> Literature, film, and other forms of popular culture have supplied visions of future cities both <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a>. The prospect of expanding, communicating, and increasingly interdependent world cities has given rise to images such as <a href="/wiki/Nylonkong" title="Nylonkong">Nylonkong</a> (New York, London, Hong Kong)<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> and visions of a single world-encompassing <a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">ecumenopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hillside housing and a cemetery in Kabul, Afghanistan"><img alt="Hillside housing and a cemetery in Kabul, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg/200px-Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg/300px-Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg/400px-Kartie_Sakhali_old_grave_yard_-_panoramio_-_Masoud_Akbari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hillside housing and a <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Piraeus_map_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Piraeus, designed according to the Hippodameian grid plan"><img alt="Map of Piraeus, designed according to the Hippodameian grid plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Piraeus_map_1908.jpg/200px-Piraeus_map_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Piraeus_map_1908.jpg/300px-Piraeus_map_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Piraeus_map_1908.jpg/400px-Piraeus_map_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="454" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, designed according to the <a href="/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus" title="Hippodamus of Miletus">Hippodameian</a> grid plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city hall in George Town, Malaysia, serves as the seat of Penang Island City Council.[309]"><img alt="The city hall in George Town, Malaysia, serves as the seat of Penang Island City Council.[309]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Penang_City_Hall.jpg/200px-Penang_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Penang_City_Hall.jpg/300px-Penang_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Penang_City_Hall.jpg/400px-Penang_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_George_Town" title="City Hall, George Town">city hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, Malaysia, serves as the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Old Town after the Warsaw uprising with 85% of the city destroyed"><img alt="Warsaw Old Town after the Warsaw uprising with 85% of the city destroyed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/200px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/400px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1673" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warsaw Old Town after the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a> with 85% of the city <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Warsaw_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising">destroyed</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Park_-_The_Pond_(48377220157).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Park in New York City"><img alt="Central Park in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg/193px-Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg/289px-Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg/386px-Central_Park_-_The_Pond_%2848377220157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4547" data-file-height="3536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities" title="Lists of cities">Lists of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_for_cities" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities">List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_city" title="Compact city">Compact city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_hierarchy" title="Settlement hierarchy">Settlement hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_city" title="Walking city">Walking city</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Davis" title="Kingsley Davis">Kingsley Davis</a> foretold the coming of a mostly urban world throughout the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-BrennerSchmid2013-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The United Nations has long anticipated a half-urban world, earlier predicting the year 2000 as the turning point<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and in 2007 writing that it would occur in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other researchers had also estimated that the halfway point was reached in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Although the trend is undeniable, the precision of this statistic is dubious, due to reliance on national censuses and to the ambiguities of defining an area as urban.<a href="#cite_note-BrennerSchmid2013-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-HugoEtAl2003-21">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Water resources in rapidly urbanizing areas are not merely privatized as they are in western countries; since the systems do not exist to begin with, private contracts also entail water <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">industrialization</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enclosure" class="extiw" title="wikt:enclosure">enclosure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker2003-136">[135]</a> Also, there is a countervailing trend: 100 cities have re-municipalized their water supply since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> One important global political city, described at one time as a <a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi" title="Caput Mundi">world capital</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">its metropolitan area</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia" title="Tysons, Virginia">Tysons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dulles_Technology_Corridor" title="Dulles Technology Corridor">Dulles Technology Corridor</a> and the various federal agencies found along the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway" title="Baltimore–Washington Parkway">Baltimore–Washington Parkway</a>). Beyond the prominent institutions of U.S. government on the national mall, this area contains <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in Washington, DC">177 embassies</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">Central Intelligence Agency headquarters</a>, the World Bank headquarters, myriad <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbying groups</a>, and corporate headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_One" title="Capital One">Capital One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Electronic_Registration_Systems" title="Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems">Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CalderFreytas2009-170">[169]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goodall-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodall_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodall1987" class="citation book cs1">Goodall, B. 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Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029185610/https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Urbanization&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Furbanization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameswith_MageeScerriSteger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. 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"[...] the two main themes of study introduced at the outset: the town as a distributed feature and the town as a feature with internal structure, or in other words, the town in area and the town as area." </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Bataille, L., "From passive to energy generating assets", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/energyinbuildingsindustry/docs/eibi_october_2021">Energy in Buildings & Industry, October 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003528/https://issuu.com/energyinbuildingsindustry/docs/eibi_october_2021">Archived</a> 12 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 34. 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Frontiers in Digital Humanities. 6: 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffdigh.2019.00008">10.3389/fdigh.2019.00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2297-2668">2297-2668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Digital+Humanities&rft.atitle=Socio-Material+Archaeological+Networks+at+%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk+a+Community+Detection+Approach&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffdigh.2019.00008&rft.issn=2297-2668&rft.aulast=Mazzucato&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffdigh.2019.00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educationworld.in/10-oldest-cities-in-the-world/">"10 oldest cities in the world"</a>. EducationWorld. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EducationWorld&rft.atitle=10+oldest+cities+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationworld.in%2F10-oldest-cities-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%93+World+Heritage+List&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Nick Compton, "What is the oldest city in the world?", The Guardian, 16 February 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBairoch1988">Bairoch 1988</a>, pp. 3–4) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPacione2001">Pacione 2001</a>, p. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 26. "Early cities also reflected these preconditions in that they served as places where agricultural surpluses were stored and distributed. Cities functioned economically as centers of extraction and redistribution from countryside to granaries to the urban population. One of the main functions of this central authority was to extract, store, and redistribute the grain. It is no accident that granaries—storage areas for grain—were often found within the temples of early cities." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournelle2007" class="citation book cs1">Pournelle, Jennifer R. (31 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257139948">"KLM to Corona: A Bird's Eye View of Cultural Ecology and Early Mesopotamian Urbanization"</a>. In Elizabeth C. Stone (ed.). Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, and Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 29–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvdjrqjp.8">10.2307/j.ctvdjrqjp.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938770-97-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938770-97-5"><bdi>978-1-938770-97-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KLM+to+Corona%3A+A+Bird%27s+Eye+View+of+Cultural+Ecology+and+Early+Mesopotamian+Urbanization&rft.btitle=Settlement+and+Society%3A+Essays+Dedicated+to+Robert+McCormick+Adams&rft.pages=29-62&rft.pub=Cotsen+Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+UCLA%2C+and+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvdjrqjp.8&rft.isbn=978-1-938770-97-5&rft.aulast=Pournelle&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257139948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perlman16-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perlman16_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlman16_58-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Against_His-Story,_Against_Leviathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Against His-Story, Against Leviathan">Against His-Story, Against Leviathan</a>, Detroit: Black & Red, 1983; p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumfurd1961war-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumfurd1961war_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumfurd1961war_59-1">b</a> Mumford (1961), pp. 39–46. "As the physical means increased, this one-sided power mythology, sterile, indeed hostile to life, pushed its way into every corner of the urban scene and found, in the new institution of organized war, its completest expression. [...] Thus both the physical form and the institutional life of the city, from the very beginning to the urban implosion, were shaped in no small measure by the irrational and magical purposes of war. From this source sprang the elaborate system of fortifications, with walls, ramparts, towers, canals, ditches, that continued to characterize the chief historic cities, apart from certain special cases—as during the Pax Romana—down to the eighteenth century. [...] War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority, abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashworth1991p12-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth1991p12_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth1991p12_60-1">b</a> Ashworth (1991), pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_1969_23-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_1969_23_61-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFJacobs1969">Jacobs 1969</a>, p. 23) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Taylor" title="Peter J. Taylor">Taylor, Peter J.</a> (2012). "Extraordinary Cities: Early 'City-ness' and the Origins of Agriculture and States". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 36 (3): 415–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2011.01101.x">10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01101.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2011.01101.x">10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01101.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Extraordinary+Cities%3A+Early+%27City-ness%27+and+the+Origins+of+Agriculture+and+States&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-447&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2011.01101.x&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2011.01101.x&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988">; see also GaWC Research Bulletins <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb359.html">359</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111172356/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb359.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb360.html">360</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113190604/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb360.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithUrFeinman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael E.; Ur, Jason; Feinman, Gary M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.12138">"Jane Jacobs' 'Cities First' Model and Archaeological Reality"</a>. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 38 (4): 1525–1535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.12138">10.1111/1468-2427.12138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143207540">143207540</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003174652/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13364827/Smith%20etal%202014%20IJURR.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Jane+Jacobs%27+%27Cities+First%27+Model+and+Archaeological+Reality&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1525-1535&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143207540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2427.12138&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Ur%2C+Jason&rft.au=Feinman%2C+Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2427.12138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.03. "The ancients fostered the spread of urban culture; their efforts were constant to bring their people within the complete influence of municipal life. The desire to create cities was the most striking characteristic of the people of antiquity, and ancient rulers and statesmen vied with one another in satisfying that desire." </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Southall (1998), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Art2003" class="citation web cs1">Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm">"Uruk: The First City"</a>. metmuseum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401115230/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Uruk%3A+The+First+City&rft.date=2003-10&rft.au=Department+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Furuk%2Fhd_uruk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk">"Uruk (article)"</a>. Khan Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305140202/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Uruk+%28article%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fbig-history-project%2Fagriculture-civilization%2Ffirst-cities-states%2Fa%2Furuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/uruk-period-mesopotamia-rise-of-sumer-171676">"What Science Has Learned about the Rise of Urban Mesopotamia"</a>. ThoughtCo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305135740/https://www.thoughtco.com/uruk-period-mesopotamia-rise-of-sumer-171676">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Science+Has+Learned+about+the+Rise+of+Urban+Mesopotamia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Furuk-period-mesopotamia-rise-of-sumer-171676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing2014" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy (2014). Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134259861" title="Special:BookSources/9781134259861"><bdi>9781134259861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134259861&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyl2016" class="citation news cs1">Pandeyl, Jhimli Mukherjee (25 February 2016). "Varanasi is as old as Indus valley civilization, finds IIT-KGP study". <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Varanasi+is+as+old+as+Indus+valley+civilization%2C+finds+IIT-KGP+study&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft.aulast=Pandeyl&rft.aufirst=Jhimli+Mukherjee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/question/first-cities-built/">"Where was the first city in the world?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Where+was+the+first+city+in+the+world%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fquestion%2Ffirst-cities-built%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (2nd ed.). Karachi and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577940-0"><bdi>978-0-19-577940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities+of+the+Indus+Valley+Civilization&rft.place=Karachi+and+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577940-0&rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Southall (1998), pp. 38–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Moholy-Nagy (1968), pp. 158–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McCormick_Adams_Jr." title="Robert McCormick Adams Jr.">Adams, Robert McCormick</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/heartland_of_cities.pdf">Heartland of cities: surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates</a> (PDF). Chicago and London: University of Chicago press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00544-7"><bdi>978-0-226-00544-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113035705/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/heartland_of_cities.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. <q>Southern Mesopotamia was a land of cities. It became one precociously, before the end of the fourth millennium B.C. Urban traditions remained strong and virtually continuous through the vicissitudes of conquest, internal upheaval accompanied by widespread economic breakdown, and massive linguistic and population replacement. The symbolic and material content of civilization obviously changed, but its cultural ambience remained tied to cities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heartland+of+cities%3A+surveys+of+ancient+settlement+and+land+use+on+the+central+floodplain+of+the+Euphrates&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00544-7&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Robert+McCormick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisac.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fheartland_of_cities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y21-76"><a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y21_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1998" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, J.G.A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC&pg=PA31">The Citizenship Debates</a>. Chapter 2 – The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in Queen's Quarterly 99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-2880-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609220358/https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizenship+Debates&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.series=Chapter+2+%E2%80%93+The+Ideal+of+Citizenship+since+Classical+Times+%28originally+published+in+%27%27Queen%27s+Quarterly%27%27+99%2C+no.+1%29&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2880-3&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6U7CTuCJLYC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InternationalDictionary-77"><a href="#cite_ref-InternationalDictionary_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkinBoda1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert; Boda, Sharon (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. 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The first thing that Romans did when they conquered new territories was to establish cities." </li> <li id="cite_note-Shady1997-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Shady1997_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShady_Solís1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Shady" title="Ruth Shady">Shady Solís, Ruth Martha</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/Libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/caratula.htm">La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe en los albores de la civilización en el Perú</a> (in Spanish). Lima: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051615/http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/caratula.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ciudad+sagrada+de+Caral-Supe+en+los+albores+de+la+civilizaci%C3%B3n+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=UNMSM%2C+Fondo+Editorial&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Shady+Sol%C3%ADs&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsisbib.unmsm.edu.pe%2FBibvirtual%2FLibros%2FArqueologia%2Fciudad_sagrada%2Fcaratula.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe,_J._Cameron2018" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands". 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"The Tichitt tradition in the West African Sahel". In Barker, Graeme; Barker, Candice (eds.). The Cambridge World History. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tichitt+tradition+in+the+West+African+Sahel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=409-513&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> McIntosh, Roderic J., McIntosh, Susan Keech. "Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power," Chapter 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vydrin-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Vydrin_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVydrin2018" class="citation web cs1">Vydrin, Valentin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-397">"Mande Languages"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.397">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Mande+Languages&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.397&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Vydrin&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnavita-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Magnavita_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnavita2013" class="citation journal cs1">Magnavita, Sonja (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afriques.revues.org/1145?lang=en">"Initial Encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world"</a>. Afriques (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fafriques.1145">10.4000/afriques.1145</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afriques&rft.atitle=Initial+Encounters%3A+Seeking+traces+of+ancient+trade+connections+between+West+Africa+and+the+wider+world&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fafriques.1145&rft.aulast=Magnavita&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafriques.revues.org%2F1145%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara">History of African Cities South of the Sahara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124191535/http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara">Archived</a> 2008-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-303-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-303-1">1-55876-303-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2006" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2006). 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Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 591–692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921296-5"><bdi>978-0-19-921296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+early+Middle+Ages%3A+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+400-800&rft.place=Oxford+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=591-692&rft.edition=First+published+in+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921296-5&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2021" class="citation book cs1">Fafinski, Mateusz (2021). Roman infrastructure in early medieval Britain: the adaptations of the past in text and stone. Early medieval North Atlantic. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 83–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-5197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-5197-2"><bdi>978-90-485-5197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+infrastructure+in+early+medieval+Britain%3A+the+adaptations+of+the+past+in+text+and+stone&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Early+medieval+North+Atlantic&rft.pages=83-142&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-485-5197-2&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsland2023" class="citation journal cs1">Osland, Daniel (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2023.2211882">"The Role of Cities in the Early Medieval Economy"</a>. Al-Masāq. 35 (3): 343–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2023.2211882">10.1080/09503110.2023.2211882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3110">0950-3110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Cities+in+the+Early+Medieval+Economy&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-363&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2023.2211882&rft.issn=0950-3110&rft.aulast=Osland&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09503110.2023.2211882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira2020" class="citation journal cs1">de Oliveira, Julio Cesar Magalhães (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/249/1/3/5819584">"Late Antiquity: The Age of Crowds?*"</a>. Past & Present (249): 3–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz063">10.1093/pastj/gtz063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+The+Age+of+Crowds%3F%2A&rft.issue=249&rft.pages=3-52&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz063&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Julio+Cesar+Magalh%C3%A3es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F249%2F1%2F3%2F5819584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fafinski, Mateusz (4 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915">"A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus"</a>. Al-Masāq: 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915">10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3110">0950-3110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=A+Restless+City%3A+Edessa+and+Urban+Actors+in+the+Syriac+Acts+of+the+Second+Council+of+Ephesus&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915&rft.issn=0950-3110&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09503110.2024.2331915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 43. "Capitals like Córdoba and Cairo had populations of about 500,000; Baghdad probably had a population of more than 1 million. This urban heritage would continue despite the conquests of the Seljuk Turks and the later Crusades. China, the longest standing civilization, was in the midst of a golden age as the Tang dynasty gave way—after a short period of fragmentation—to the Song dynasty. This dynasty ruled two of the most impressive cities on the planet, Xian and Hangzhou. / In contrast, poor Western Europe had not recovered from the sacking of Rome and the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. For more than five centuries a steady process of deurbanization—whereby the population living in cities and the number of cities declined precipitously—had converted a prosperous landscape into a scary wilderness, overrun with bandits, warlords, and rude settlements." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2009" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC">The Byzantines</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9833-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031336/https://books.google.com/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantines&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59c6PSa5JCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiou2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angeliki_Laiou" title="Angeliki Laiou">Laiou, Angeliki E.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218231151/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html">"Writing the Economic History of Byzantium"</a>. In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.). The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 130–131. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+the+Economic+History+of+Byzantium&rft.btitle=The+Economic+History+of+Byzantium+%28Volume+1%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Laiou&rft.aufirst=Angeliki+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doaks.org%2Fpublications%2Fdoaks_online_publications%2FEHB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/free-and-imperial-cities">"Free and Imperial Cities – Dictionary definition of Free and Imperial Cities"</a>. encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203824/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/free-and-imperial-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Free+and+Imperial+Cities+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+definition+of+Free+and+Imperial+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Ffree-and-imperial-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2004). Sovereign City: The City-state Through History. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892195" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892195"><bdi>9781861892195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+City%3A+The+City-state+Through+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781861892195&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_PNAS-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_97-1">b</a> Evans et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/36/14277">A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422171845/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/36/14277">Archived</a> 22 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the US, 23 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2007-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2007_98-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6945574.stm">Map reveals ancient urban sprawl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028014349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6945574.stm">Archived</a> 28 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 14 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html">Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919133524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html">Archived</a> 19 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Independent, 15 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.african-cities.org/african-cities-from-500-ad-to-1900/">African cities from 500 AD to 1900</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217094302/https://www.african-cities.org/african-cities-from-500-ad-to-1900/">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By David Satterthwaite. 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Curtis (2016), pp. 5–6. "In the modern international system, cities were subjugated and internalized by the state, and, with industrialization, became the great growth engines of national economies." </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomley2013-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Blomley2013_102-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Blomley" title="Nicholas Blomley">Nicholas Blomley</a>, "What Sort of a Legal Space is a City?" in Brighenti (2013), pp. 1–20. "Municipalities, within this frame, are understood as nested within the jurisdictional space of the provinces. Indeed, rather than freestanding legal sites, they are imagined as products (or 'creatures') of the provinces who may bring them into being or dissolve them as they choose. As with the provinces their powers are of a delegated form: they may only exercise jurisdiction over areas that have been expressly identified by enabling legislation. Municipal law may not conflict with provincial law, and may only be exercised within its defined territory. [...] Yet we are [in] danger [of] missing the reach of municipal law: '[e]ven in highly constitutionalized regimes, it has remained possible for municipalities to micro-manage space, time, and activities through police regulations that infringe both on constitutional rights and private property in often extreme ways' (Vaverde 2009: 150). While liberalism fears the encroachments of the state, it seems less worried about those of the municipality. Thus if a national government proposed a statute forbidding public gatherings or sporting events, a revolution would occur. Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction, requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks." </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 53–54. "England was clearly at the center of these changes. London became the first truly global city by placing itself within the new global economy. English colonialism in North America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and later Africa and China helped to further fatten the wallets of many of its merchants. These colonies would later provide many of the raw materials for industrial production. England's hinterland was no longer confined to a portion of the world; it effectively became a global hinterland." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Steven High, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrialsunset0000high/page/5">Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984</a>; University of Toronto Press, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8528-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8528-8">0-8020-8528-8</a>. "It is now clear that the deindustrialization thesis is part myth and part fact. Robert Z. Lawrence, for example, uses aggregate economic data to show that manufacturing employment in the United States did not decline but actually increased from 16.8 million in 1960, to 20.1 million in 1973, and 20.3 million in 1980. However, manufacturing employment was in relative decline. Barry Bluestone noted that manufacturing represented a decreasing proportion of the U.S. labour force, from 26.2 per cent in 1973 to 22.1 per cent in 1980. Studies in Canada have likewise shown that manufacturing employment was only in relative decline during these years. Yet mills and factories did close, and towns and cities lost their industries. John Cumbler submitted that 'depressions do not manifest themselves only at moments of national economic collapse' such as in the 1930s, but 'also recur in scattered sites across the nation in regions, in industries, and in communities.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan2004p164-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan2004p164_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan2004p164_106-1">b</a> Kaplan (2004), pp. 160–165. "Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders, realtors, developers, the media, government actors such as mayors, and dominant corporations. For example, in St. Louis, Anheuser-Busch, Monsanto, and Ralston Purina played prominent roles. The leadership involved cooperation between public and private interests. The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment, museums, and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> James Xiaohe Zhang, "Rapid urbanization in China and its impact on the world economy"; 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, "New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World", Shanhai Institute of Foreign Trade, 12–14 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Ian Johnson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/asia/chinas-great-uprooting-moving-250-million-into-cities.html">China's Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million Into Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829234450/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/asia/chinas-great-uprooting-moving-250-million-into-cities.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; The New York Times, 15 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells2004" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (2004). The network society: a cross-cultural perspective. London: E. Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-505-9"><bdi>978-1-84376-505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+network+society%3A+a+cross-cultural+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+Elgar&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-505-9&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Flew, T. (2008). New media: an introduction, 3rd edn, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Harford, T. (2008) The Logic of Life. London: Little, Brown. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheltonZookWiig2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shelton, Taylor; Zook, Matthew; Wiig, Alan (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsu026">"The 'actually existing smart city'"</a>. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 8 (1): 13–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsu026">10.1093/cjres/rsu026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-1378">1752-1378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Regions%2C+Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+%27actually+existing+smart+city%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-25&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsu026&rft.issn=1752-1378&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.au=Zook%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Wiig%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcjres%252Frsu026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706115325/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/">"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/">the original</a> (CD-ROM) on 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division+%282014%29.+World+Urbanization+Prospects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26447633/The_Urbanization_and_Political_Development_of_the_World_System_A_comparative_quantitative_analysis">The Urbanization and Political Development of the World System:A comparative quantitative analysis. History & Mathematics 2 (2006): 115–153</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123528/https://www.academia.edu/26447633/The_Urbanization_and_Political_Development_of_the_World_System_A_comparative_quantitative_analysis">Archived</a> 18 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FreyZimmer2001-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FreyZimmer2001_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FreyZimmer2001_115-1">b</a> William H. Frey & Zachary Zimmer, "Defining the City"; in Paddison (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanization-116"><a href="#cite_ref-urbanization_116-0">^</a> Christopher Watson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icup.org.uk/reports/ICUP601.pdf">Trends in urbanization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100017/http://icup.org.uk/reports/icup601.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icup.org.uk/icupindex.asp?CID=1">Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010005338/http://www.icup.org.uk/icupindex.asp?CID=1">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ed. K.B. Wildey and William H. Robinson, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnezBuckley2009" class="citation book cs1">Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lawrence.edu/fast/finklerm/chapter1urban.pdf">"Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context"</a> (PDF). In Spence, Michael; Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (eds.). Urbanization and Growth. Commission on Growth and Development. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7573-0"><bdi>978-0-8213-7573-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525012907/http://www2.lawrence.edu/fast/finklerm/chapter1urban.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urbanization+and+Growth%3A+Setting+the+Context&rft.btitle=Urbanization+and+Growth&rft.pub=Commission+on+Growth+and+Development&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-7573-0&rft.aulast=Annez&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Clarke&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lawrence.edu%2Ffast%2Ffinklerm%2Fchapter1urban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoholyNagy1968p136-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoholyNagy1968p136_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoholyNagy1968p136_118-1">b</a> Moholy-Nagy (1968), pp. 136–137. "Why do anonymous people—the poor, the underprivileged, the unconnected—frequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments? The imperial planners and architects knew the answer, which is as valid today as it was 2,000 years ago. Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential. Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level. Their aim was to share in public life, and they were willing to pay for this share with personal discomfort. 'Bread and games' was a cry for opportunity and entertainment still ranking foremost among urban objectives." </li> <li id="cite_note-SenguptaUN2014-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SenguptaUN2014_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SenguptaUN2014_119-1">b</a> Somini Sengupta, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/world/more-than-half-the-global-population-growth-is-urban-united-nations-report-finds.html">U.N. Finds Most People Now Live in Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705095538/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/world/more-than-half-the-global-population-growth-is-urban-united-nations-report-finds.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; The New York Times, 10 July 2014. Referring to: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/">World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706115325/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/">Archived</a> 6 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; New York: United Nations, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-BrennerSchmid2013-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrennerSchmid2013_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrennerSchmid2013_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerSchmid2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Neil; Schmid, Christian (2014). "The 'Urban Age' in Question". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 38 (3): 731–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.12115">10.1111/1468-2427.12115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=The+%27Urban+Age%27+in+Question&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=731-755&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2427.12115&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> McQuillin (1937/1987), §1.55. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Archive/Files/studies/United%20Nations%20(1980)%20-%20Patterns%20of%20Urban%20and%20Rural%20Population%20Growth.pdf">Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113035655/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Archive/Files/studies/United%20Nations%20(1980)%20-%20Patterns%20of%20Urban%20and%20Rural%20Population%20Growth.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies No. 68; New York, United Nations, 1980; p. 15. "If the projections prove to be accurate, the next century will begin just after the world population achieves an urban majority; in 2000, the world is projected to be 51.3 per cent urban." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Edouart Glissant (Editor-in-Chief), UNESCO "Courier" ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000634/063438eo.pdf">The Urban Explosion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612024752/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000634/063438eo.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"), March 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813042845/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf">"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Urbanization+Prospects%3A+The+2007+Revision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwup2007%2F2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Mike Hanlon, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newatlas.com/go/7334/">World Population Becomes More Urban Than Rural</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628111021/http://newatlas.com/go/7334/">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; New Atlas, 28 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Paulo A. Paranagua, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/11/latin-america-urbanisation-city-growth">Latin America struggles to cope with record urban growth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517055347/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/11/latin-america-urbanisation-city-growth">Archived</a> 17 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (), The Guardian, 11 September 2012. Referring to <a href="/wiki/UN-Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-Habitat">UN-Habitat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/SOLAC-ProjectOutput.pdf">The State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012: Towards a new urban transition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113035703/http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/SOLAC-ProjectOutput.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Helen Massy-Beresford, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/18/where-is-the-worlds-fastest-growing-city-batam-niamey-xiamen">Where is the fastest growing city in the world?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515225754/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/18/where-is-the-worlds-fastest-growing-city-batam-niamey-xiamen">Archived</a> 15 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; The Guardian, 18 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Mark Anderson & Achilleas Galatsidas, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/10/urban-population-growth-africa-asia-united-nations">Urban population boom poses massive challenges for Africa and Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010005936/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/10/urban-population-growth-africa-asia-united-nations">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" The Guardian (Development data: Datablog), 10 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 15. "Global cities need to be distinguished from megacities, defined here as cities with more than 8 million people. [...] Only New York and London qualified as megacities 50 years ago. By 1990, just over 10 years ago, 20 megacities existed, 15 of which were in less economically developed regions of the world. In 2000, the number of megacities had increased to 26, again all except 6 are located in the less developed world regions." </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Frauke Kraas & Günter Mertins, "Megacities and Global Change"; in Kraas et al. (2014), p. 2. "While seven megacities (with more than five million inhabitants) existed in 1950 and 24 in 1990, by 2010 there were 55 and by 2025 there will be—according to estimations—87 megacities (UN 2012; Fig. 1). " </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Frauke Kraas & Günter Mertins, "Megacities and Global Change"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 2–3. "Above all, globalisation processes were and are the motors that drive these enormous changes and are also the driving forces, together with transformation and liberalisation policies, behind the economic developments of the last c. 25 years (in China, especially the so-called socialism with Chinese characteristics that started under Deng Xiaoping in 1978/1979, in India essentially during the course of the economic reform policies of the so-called New Economic Policy as of 1991"; Cartier 2001; Nissel 1999). Especially in megacities, these reforms led to enormous influx of foreign direct investments, to intensive industrialization processes through international relocation of production locations and depending upon the location, partially to considerable expansion of the services sector with increasing demand for office space as well as to a reorientation of national support policies—with a not to be mistaken influence of transnationally acting conglomerates but also considerable transfer payments from overseas communities. In turn, these processes are flanked and intensified through, at times, massive migration movements of national and international migrants into the megacities (Baur et al. 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Shipra Narang Suri & Günther Taube, "Governance in Megacities: Experiences, Challenges and Implications for International Cooperation"; in Kraas et al. (2014), p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamHewitt2013" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Stephen; Hewitt, Lucy (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258175637">"Getting off the ground: On the politics of urban verticality"</a>. Progress in Human Geography. 37 (1): 72–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309132512443147">10.1177/0309132512443147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1325">0309-1325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129435992">129435992</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004828/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen_Graham11/publication/258175637_Getting_off_the_ground_On_the_politics_of_urban_verticality/links/57cebebb08ae83b3746222d1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Human+Geography&rft.atitle=Getting+off+the+ground%3A+On+the+politics+of+urban+verticality&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-92&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129435992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-1325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309132512443147&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258175637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Eduardo F.J. de Mulder, Jacques Besner, & Brian Marker, "Underground Cities"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 26–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker2003-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker2003_136-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Bakker" title="Karen Bakker">Bakker, Karen</a> (December 2003). "Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South". The Geographical Journal. 169 (4): 328–341. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeogJ.169..328B">2003GeogJ.169..328B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0016-7398.2003.00097.x">10.1111/j.0016-7398.2003.00097.x</a>. <q>The diversity of water supply management systems worldwide—which operate along a continuum between fully public and fully private—bear witness to repeated shifts back and forth between private and public ownership and management of water systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Archipelagos+and+networks%3A+urbanization+and+water+privatization+in+the+South&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=328-341&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0016-7398.2003.00097.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GeogJ.169..328B&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Joan (1 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uclawsf.edu/faculty_scholarship/809">"The Invention of the Municipal Corporation: A Case Study in Legal Change"</a>. American University Law Review. 34: 369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054608/http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/809/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+the+Municipal+Corporation%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Legal+Change&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uclawsf.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, p. 146: "The figurehead of city leadership is, of course, the mayor. As 'first citizen', mayors are often associated with political parties, yet many of the most successful mayors are often those whoare able to speak 'for' their city. Rudy Giuliani, for example, while pursuing a neo-liberal political agenda, was often seen as being outside the mainstream of the national Republican party. Furthermore, mayors are often crucial in articulating the interests of their cities to external agents, be they national governments or major public and private investors." </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.63. "The problem of achieving equitable balance between the two freedoms is infinitely greater in urban, metropolitan and megalopolitan situations than in sparsely settled districts and rural areas. / In the latter, sheer intervening space acts as a buffer between the privacy and well-being of one resident and the potential encroachments thereon by his neighbors in the form of noise, air or water pollution, absence of sanitation, or whatever. In a congested urban situation, the individual is powerless to protect himself from the "free" (i.e., inconsiderate or invasionary) acts of others without himself being guilty of a form of encroachment." </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.08. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.33. </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesEtAl1980-142"><a href="#cite_ref-JonesEtAl1980_142-0">^</a> Bryan D. Jones, Saadia R. Greenbeg, Clifford Kaufman, & Joseph Drew, "Service Delivery Rules and the Distribution of Local Government Services: Three Detroit Bureaucracies"; in Hahn & Levine (1980). "Local government bureaucracies more or less explicitly accept the goal of implementing rational criteria for the delivery of services to citizens, even though compromises may have to be made in the establishment of these criteria. These production oriented criteria often give rise to "service deliver rules", regularized procedures for the delivery of services, which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies. These rules have distinct, definable distributional consequences which often go unrecognized. That is, the decisions of governments to adopt rational service delivery rules can (and usually do) differentially benefit citizens." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lineberry-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lineberry_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lineberry_143-1">b</a> Robert L. Lineberry, "Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services"; in Hahn & Levine (1980). See: <a href="/wiki/Shaw,_Mississippi" title="Shaw, Mississippi">Hawkins v. Town of Shaw</a> (1971). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> George Nilson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-state-control-police-20170228-story.html">Baltimore police under state control for good reason</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010234/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-state-control-police-20170228-story.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Baltimore Sun 28 February 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilgerMoffettStruyk1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dilger, Robert Jay; Moffett, Randolph R.; Struyk, Linda (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/976688">"Privatization of Municipal Services in America's Largest Cities"</a>. Public Administration Review. 57 (1): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F976688">10.2307/976688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/976688">976688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Privatization+of+Municipal+Services+in+America%27s+Largest+Cities&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F976688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F976688%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dilger&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rft.au=Moffett%2C+Randolph+R.&rft.au=Struyk%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F976688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwilliam2013-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwilliam2013_146-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwilliam2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gwilliam, Kenneth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/326229357/Cities-on-the-Move-Ten-Years-After">"Cities on the Move Ten Years After | Biofuel | Economic Growth"</a>. Research in Transportation Economics. 40: 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.retrec.2012.06.032">10.1016/j.retrec.2012.06.032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140827/https://www.scribd.com/document/326229357/Cities-on-the-Move-Ten-Years-After">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Transportation+Economics&rft.atitle=Cities+on+the+Move+Ten+Years+After+%26%23124%3B+Biofuel+%26%23124%3B+Economic+Growth&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.retrec.2012.06.032&rft.aulast=Gwilliam&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F326229357%2FCities-on-the-Move-Ten-Years-After&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §§1.65–1.66. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> David Walker, "The New System of Intergovernmental Relations: Fiscal Relief and More Governmental Intrusions"; in Hahn & Levine (1980). </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoornvan_Genugtenvan_Thiel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Voorn, Bart; van Genugten, Marieke L.; van Thiel, Sandra (3 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360">"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: a systematic review"</a>. Local Government Studies. 43 (5): 820–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360">10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F176125">2066/176125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-3930">0300-3930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157153401">157153401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+Studies&rft.atitle=The+efficiency+and+effectiveness+of+municipally+owned+corporations%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=820-841&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F176125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157153401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0300-3930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360&rft.aulast=Voorn&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=van+Genugten%2C+Marieke+L.&rft.au=van+Thiel%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03003930.2017.1319360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber2010-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber2010_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber2010_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2010" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Rachel (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01077.x">"Selling City Futures: The Financialization of Urban Redevelopment Policy"</a>. Economic Geography. 86 (3): 251–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1944-8287.2010.01077.x">10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01077.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0095">0013-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153912312">153912312</a>. <q>TIF is an increasingly popular local redevelopment policy that allows municipalities to designate a 'blighted' area for redevelopment and use the expected increase in property (and occasionally sales) taxes there to pay for initial and ongoing redevelopment expenditures, such as land acquisition, demolition, construction, and project financing. Because developers require cash up-front, cities transform promises of future tax revenues into securities that far-flung buyers and sellers exchange through local markets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=Selling+City+Futures%3A+The+Financialization+of+Urban+Redevelopment+Policy&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=251-274&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153912312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-0095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1944-8287.2010.01077.x&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1944-8287.2010.01077.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2002" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Rachel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926150915/http://www.overgaardtonnesen.dk/TEKSTERNE/09-Weber-Extracting-Value-from-the-City.pdf">"Extracting Value from the City: Neoliberalism and Urban Redevelopment"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a>. 34 (3): 519–540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Antip..34..519W">2002Antip..34..519W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8330.00253">10.1111/1467-8330.00253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4812">0066-4812</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overgaardtonnesen.dk/TEKSTERNE/09-Weber-Extracting-Value-from-the-City.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Extracting+Value+from+the+City%3A+Neoliberalism+and+Urban+Redevelopment&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-540&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0066-4812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8330.00253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Antip..34..519W&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.overgaardtonnesen.dk%2FTEKSTERNE%2F09-Weber-Extracting-Value-from-the-City.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacewicz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pacewicz, Josh (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ser/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ser/mws019">"Tax increment financing, economic development professionals and the financialization of urban politics"</a>. Socio-Economic Review. 11 (3): 413–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fser%2Fmws019">10.1093/ser/mws019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-1461">1475-1461</a>. <q>A city's credit rating not only influences its ability to sell bonds, but has become a general signal of fiscal health. Detroit's partial recovery in the early 1990s, for example, was reversed when Moody's downgraded the rating of the city's general obligation bonds, precipitating new rounds of capital flight (Hackworth, 2007). The need to maintain a high credit rating constrains municipal actors by making it difficult to finance discretionary projects in traditional ways.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socio-Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Tax+increment+financing%2C+economic+development+professionals+and+the+financialization+of+urban+politics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413-440&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fser%2Fmws019&rft.issn=1475-1461&rft.aulast=Pacewicz&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fser%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fser%2Fmws019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 4, 29. "We thereby understand urban governance as the multiple ways through which city governments, businesses and residents interact in managing their urban space and life, nested within the context of other government levels and actors who are managing their space, resulting in a variety of urban governance configurations (Peyroux et al. 2014)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009142–143-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009142–143_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Gupta, Verrest, and Jaffe, "Theorizing Governance", in Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2015p33-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2015p33_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2015p33_156-1">b</a> Gupta, Verrest, and Jaffe, "Theorizing Governance", in Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 31–33. "The concept of good governance itself was developed in the 1980s, primarily to guide donors in development aid (Doonbos 2001:93). It has been used both as a condition for aid and a development goal in its own right. Key terms in definitions of good governance include participation, accountability, transparency, equity, efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness, and rule of law (e.g. Ginther and de Waart 1995; UNDP 1997; Woods 1999; Weiss 2000). [...] At the urban level, this normative model has been articulated through the idea of good urban governance, promoted by agencies such as UN Habitat. The Colombian city of Bogotá has sometimes been presented as a model city, given its rapid improvements in fiscal responsibility, provision of public services and infrastructure, public behavior, honesty of the administration, and civic pride." </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Shipra Narang Suri & Günther Taube, "Governance in Megacities: Experiences, Challenges and Implications for International Cooperation"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Alain Garnier, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lasur/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GARNIER.pdf">La Plata: la visionnaire trahie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416094508/https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lasur/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GARNIER.pdf">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; Architecture & Comportment 4(1), 1988, pp. 59–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Levy (2017), pp. 193–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuillin1987planning-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McQuillin1987planning_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McQuillin1987planning_160-1">b</a> McQuillin (1937/1987), §§1.75–179. "Zoning, a relatively recent development in the administration of local governmental units, concerns itself with the control of the use of land and structures, the size of buildings, and the use-intensity of building sites. Zoning being an exercise of the police power, it must be justified by such considerations as the protection of public health and safety, the preservation of taxable property values, and the enhancement of community welfare. [...] Municipal powers to implement and effectuate city plans are usually ample. Among these is the power of eminent domain, which has been used effectively in connection with slum clearance and the rehabilitation of blighted areas. Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning, subdivision control and the regulation of building, housing and sanitation principles." </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Levy (2017), p. 10. "Planning is a highly political activity. It is immersed in politics and inseparable from the law. [...] Planning decisions often involve large sums of money, both public and private. Even when little public expenditure is involved, planning decisions can deliver large benefits to some and large losses at others." </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Jorge Hardoy, Urban Planning in Pre-Columbian America; New York: George Braziller, 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009131–140-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009131–140_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 131–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_MarxFrederick_Engels1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Frederick Engels</a> (February 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724053228/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a> (in German). Translated by Samuel Moore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/">the original</a> on 24 July 2018. <q>But with the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft.date=1848-02&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft.au=Frederick+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2004-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Mike (18 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/177068/summary">"The Urbanization of Empire: Megacities and the Laws of Chaos"</a>. Social Text. 22 (4). Duke University Press: 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01642472-22-4_81-9">10.1215/01642472-22-4_81-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1951">1527-1951</a>. <q>Although studies of the so-called urban informal economy have shown myriad secret liaisons with outsourced multinational production systems, the larger fact is that hundreds of millions of new urbanites must further subdivide the peripheral economic niches of personal service, casual labor, street vending, rag picking, begging, and crime. This outcast proletariat—perhaps 1.5 billion people today, 2.5 billion by 2030—is the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet. By and large, the urban informal working class is not a labor reserve army in the nineteenth-century sense: a backlog of strikebreakers during booms; to be expelled during busts; then reabsorbed again in the next expansion. On the contrary, this is a mass of humanity structurally and biologically redundant to the global accumulation and the corporate matrix. It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the Communist Manifesto. Like the traditional working classes, it has radical chains in the sense of having little vested interest in the reproduction of private property. But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production. It does possess, however, yet unmeasured powers of subverting urban order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Text&rft.atitle=The+Urbanization+of+Empire%3A+Megacities+and+the+Laws+of+Chaos&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=2005-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01642472-22-4_81-9&rft.issn=1527-1951&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F4%2Farticle%2F177068%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Marshall (1989), pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 160–164: "Indeed, the design of the buildings often revolves around the consumable fantasy experience, seen most markedly in the likes of Universal CityWalk, Disneyland and Las Vegas. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable (1997) names architectural structures built specifically as entertainment spaces as 'Architainment'. These places are, of course, places to make money, but they are also stages of performance for an interactive consumer." </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Leach (1993), pp. 173–176 and passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501140511/http://www.philadelphiafed.org/files/br/brq401gc.pdf">"Knowledge Spillovers"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiafed.org/files/br/brq401gc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Spillovers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philadelphiafed.org%2Ffiles%2Fbr%2Fbrq401gc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalderFreytas2009-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CalderFreytas2009_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CalderFreytas2009_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CalderFreytas2009_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CalderFreytas2009_170-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderde_Freytas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Calder, Kent E.; de Freytas, Mariko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/269254">"Global Political Cities as Actors in Twenty-First Century International Affairs"</a>. SAIS Review of International Affairs. 29 (1): 79–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsais.0.0036">10.1353/sais.0.0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-4724">1945-4724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154230409">154230409</a>. <q>Beneath state-to-state dealings, a flurry of activity occurs, with interpersonal networks forming policy communities involving embassies, think tanks, academic institutions, lobbying firms, politicians, congressional staff, research centers, NGOs, and intelligence agencies. This interaction at the level of 'technostructure'—heavily oriented toward information gathering and incremental policy modification—is too complex and voluminous to be monitored by top leadership, yet nevertheless often has important implications for policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAIS+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Global+Political+Cities+as+Actors+in+Twenty-First+Century+International+Affairs&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-96&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154230409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-4724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsais.0.0036&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Kent+E.&rft.au=de+Freytas%2C+Mariko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F269254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowiecki2015" class="citation journal cs1">Borowiecki, Karol J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/cue/wpaper/awp-02-2013.html">"Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music"</a>. Papers in Regional Science. 94 (3): 443–468. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PRegS..94..443B">2015PRegS..94..443B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpirs.12078">10.1111/pirs.12078</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F246978">10419/246978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201317/https://ideas.repec.org/p/cue/wpaper/awp-02-2013.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Regional+Science&rft.atitle=Agglomeration+Economies+in+Classical+Music&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443-468&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F246978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpirs.12078&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PRegS..94..443B&rft.aulast=Borowiecki&rft.aufirst=Karol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fcue%2Fwpaper%2Fawp-02-2013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saskia_Sassen/publication/246326854_Global_Cities_and_Survival_Circuits/links/5411771c0cf29e4a2329630c.pdf">Global Cities and Survival Circuits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004747/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saskia_Sassen/publication/246326854_Global_Cities_and_Survival_Circuits/links/5411771c0cf29e4a2329630c.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy ed. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a>; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettencourtLoboHelbingKuhnert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bettencourt, L. M. A.; Lobo, J.; Helbing, D.; Kuhnert, C.; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_West" title="Geoffrey West">West, G. B.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852329">"Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (17): 7301–7306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.7301B">2007PNAS..104.7301B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0610172104">10.1073/pnas.0610172104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852329">1852329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17438298">17438298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Growth%2C+innovation%2C+scaling%2C+and+the+pace+of+life+in+cities&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=7301-7306&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1852329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17438298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0610172104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.7301B&rft.aulast=Bettencourt&rft.aufirst=L.+M.+A.&rft.au=Lobo%2C+J.&rft.au=Helbing%2C+D.&rft.au=Kuhnert%2C+C.&rft.au=West%2C+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1852329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, Emma (2002). Cities: Eye Openers. <a href="/wiki/Blackbirch_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirch Press">Blackbirch Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1567115963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1567115963"><bdi>978-1567115963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities%3A+Eye+Openers&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Blackbirch+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1567115963&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200984–85-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200984–85_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng, Jane (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07352166.2016.1255531">"Toward a new concept of the 'cultural elite state': Cultural capital and the urban sculpture planning authority in elite coalition in Shanghai"</a>. Journal of Urban Affairs. 39 (4): 506–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07352166.2016.1255531">10.1080/07352166.2016.1255531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-2166">0735-2166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149125180">149125180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Affairs&rft.atitle=Toward+a+new+concept+of+the+%27cultural+elite+state%27%3A+Cultural+capital+and+the+urban+sculpture+planning+authority+in+elite+coalition+in+Shanghai&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=506-527&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149125180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0735-2166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07352166.2016.1255531&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F07352166.2016.1255531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> McQuillan (1937/1987), §§1.04–1.05. "Almost by definition, cities have always provided the setting for great events and have been the focal points for social change and human development. All great cultures have been city-born. World history is basically the history of city dwellers." </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfieldSinger1954" class="citation journal cs1">Redfield, Robert; Singer, Milton B. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151661">"The Cultural Role of Cities"</a>. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 3 (1): 53–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449678">10.1086/449678</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0079">0013-0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151661">1151661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154664764">154664764</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151661">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Role+of+Cities&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-73&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0013-0079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154664764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151661%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449678&rft.aulast=Redfield&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Singer%2C+Milton+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Magnusson (2011), p. 21. "These statistics probably underestimate the degree to which the world has been urbanized, since they obscure the fact that rural areas have become so much more urban as a result of modern transportation and communication. A farmer in Europe or California who checks the markets every morning on the computer, negotiates with product brokers in distant cities, buys food at a supermarket, watches television every night, and takes vacations half a continent away is not exactly living a traditional rural life. In most respects such a farmer is an urbanite living in the countryside, albeit an urbanite who has many good reasons for perceiving himself or herself as a rural person." </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Mumford (1961), pp. 563–567. "Many of the original functions of the city, once natural monopolies, demanding the physical presence of all participants, have now been transposed into forms capable of swift transportation, mechanical manifolding, electronic transmission, worldwide distribution." </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheallCarpenter2001" class="citation book cs1">Theall, Donald F.; Carpenter, Edmund (2001). The virtual Marshall McLuhan. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2119-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-2119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+virtual+Marshall+McLuhan&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2119-3&rft.aulast=Theall&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Ashworth, Kavaratzis, & Warnaby, "The Need to Rethink Place Branding"; in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wachsmuth2014-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wachsmuth2014_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wachsmuth2014_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wachsmuth2014_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmuth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wachsmuth, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275321247">"City as Ideology: Reconciling the Explosion of the City Form with the Tenacity of the City Concept"</a>. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 32 (1): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnPlD..32...75W">2014EnPlD..32...75W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fd21911">10.1068/d21911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144077154">144077154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192135/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275321247">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+D%3A+Society+and+Space&rft.atitle=City+as+Ideology%3A+Reconciling+the+Explosion+of+the+City+Form+with+the+Tenacity+of+the+City+Concept&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144077154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fd21911&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnPlD..32...75W&rft.aulast=Wachsmuth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F275321247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Adriana Campelo, "Rethinking Sense of Place: Sense of One and Sense of Many"; in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-KerrOliver2015-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KerrOliver2015_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KerrOliver2015_185-1">b</a> Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, "Rethinking Place Identities", in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009186–189-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009186–189_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, p. 186–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200941,_189–192-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200941,_189–192_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 41, 189–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Fred Coalter, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storre.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/1742">The FIFA World Cup and Social Cohesion: Bread and Circuses or Bread and Butter?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010005333/http://storre.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/1742">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education Bulletin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsspe.org/content/no-53-cd-rom">53</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706111108/http://www.icsspe.org/content/no-53-cd-rom">Archived</a> 6 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 2008 (Feature: Feature: "Mega Sport Events in Developing Countries"). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schimmel, Kimberly S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1012690214539484">"Assessing the sociology of sport: On sport and the city"</a>. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 50 (4–5): 591–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1012690214539484">10.1177/1012690214539484</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1012-6902">1012-6902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142777232">142777232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+for+the+Sociology+of+Sport&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+sociology+of+sport%3A+On+sport+and+the+city&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=591-595&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142777232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1012-6902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1012690214539484&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1012690214539484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2008-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2008_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2008_190-1">b</a> Stephen V. Ward, "Promoting the Olympic City"; in John R. Gold & Margaret M. Gold, eds., Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning and the World's Games, 1896–2016; London & New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis), 2008/2011; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84074-0">978-0-203-84074-0</a>. "All this media exposure, provided it is reasonably positive, influences many tourist decisions at the time of the Games. This tourism impact will focus on, but extend beyond, the city to the country and the wider global region. More importantly, there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati, 2003). No other city marketing opportunity achieves this global exposure. At the same time, provided it is carefully managed at the local level, it also gives a tremendous opportunity to heighten and mobilize the commitment of citizens to their own city. The competitive nature of sport and its unrivalled capacity to be enjoyed as a mass cultural activity gives it many advantages from the marketing point of view (S.V. Ward, 1998, pp. 231–232). In a more subtle way it also becomes a metaphor for the notion of cities having to compete in a global marketplace, a way of reconciling citizens and local institutions to the wider economic realities of the world." </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A734480538/ITOF?u=anon~a4ae51c2&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=73cfb234">"Olympics: Paris rushing to complete construction work by 2024"</a>. Real Estate Monitor Worldwide. SyndiGate Media Inc. 25 January 2023 – via Gale General OneFile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Estate+Monitor+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Olympics%3A+Paris+rushing+to+complete+construction+work+by+2024.&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA734480538%2FITOF%3Fu%3Danon~a4ae51c2%26sid%3Dbookmark-ITOF%26xid%3D73cfb234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009127–128-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009127–128_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Ashworth (1991). "In more recent years, planned networks of defended settlements as part of military strategies can be found in the pacification programmes of what has become the conventional wisdom of anti-insurgency operations. Connected networks of protected settlements are inserted as islands of government control into insurgent areas—either defensively to separate existing populations from insurgents or aggressively as a means of extending control over areas—as used by the British in South Africa (1899–1902) and Malaya (1950–3) and by the Americans in Cuba (1898) and Vietnam (1965–75). These were generally small settlements and intended as much for local security as offensive operations. / The planned settlement policy of the State of Israel, however, has been both more comprehensive and has longer-term objectives. [...] These settlements provide a source of armed manpower, a defence in depth of a vulnerable frontier area and islands of cultural and political control in the midst of a potentially hostile population, thus continuing a tradition of the use of such settlements as part of similar policies in that area which is over 2,000 years old." </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> See Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">J. Franklin Bell</a>'s telegraphic circular to all station commanders, 8 December 1901, in Robert D. Ramsey III, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/ramseyop25.pdf">A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare: BG J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines, 1901–1902</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216151944/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/ramseyop25.pdf">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Long War Series, Occasion Paper 25; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center; pp. 45–46. "Commanding officers will also see that orders are at once given and distributed to all the inhabitants within the jurisdiction of towns over which they exercise supervision, informing them of the danger of remaining outside of these limits and that unless they move by December 25th from outlying barrios and districts with all their movable food supplies, including rice, palay, chickens, live stock, etc., to within the limits of the zone established at their own or nearest town, their property (found outside of said zone at said date) will become liable to confiscation or destruction." </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Maj. Eric Weyenberg, U.S. Army, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1001905">Population Isolation in the Philippine War: A Case Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608222231/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1001905">Archived</a> 8 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Ashworth (1991), p. 3. Citing L.C. Peltier and G.E. Pearcy, Military Geography (1966). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> R.D. McLaurin & R. Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA219359">Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies and Implications for U.S. Military Forces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629092550/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA219359">Archived</a> 29 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Springfield, VA: Abbott Associates, October 1989. Produced for U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Ashworth (1991), pp. 91–93. "However, some specific sorts of crime, together with those antisocial activities which may or may not be treated as crime (such as vandalism, graffiti daubing, littering and even noisy or boisterous behavior), do play various roles in the process of insurgency. This leads in consequence to defensive reactions on the part of those responsible for public security, and by individual citizens concerned for their personal safety. The authorities react with situational crime prevention as part of the armoury of urban defense, and individuals fashion their behavior according to an 'urban geography of fear'." </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Adams (1981), p. 132 "Physical destruction and ensuing decline of population were certain to be particularly severe in the case of cities that joined unsuccessful rebellions, or whose ruling dynasts were overcome by others in abbtle. The traditional lamentations provide eloquently stylized literary accounts of this, while in other cases the combinations of archaeological evidence with the testimony of a city's like Ur's victorious opponent as to its destruction grounds the world of metaphor in harsh reality (Brinkman 1969, pp. 311–312)." </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Fabien Limonier, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1999_num_101_3_4773">Rome et la destruction de Carthage: un crime gratuit?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602133751/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1999_num_101_3_4773">Archived</a> 2 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Revue des Études Anciennes 101(3). </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kiernan, Ben (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/first_genocide.pdf">"The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/userfiles/other/7673710-westou.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017. <q>As noted above, nuclear weapons designed for countervalue or city-killing purposes tend to be of the strategic class, with known yields of deployed warheads averaging somewhere between two and three times and 1500 times the firepower of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGill+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Weapons+versus+International+Law%3A+A+Contextual+Reassessment&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=577&rft.aulast=Westou&rft.aufirst=Burns+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawjournal.mcgill.ca%2Fuserfiles%2Fother%2F7673710-westou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Dallas Boyd, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/Spring16/Boyd.pdf">Revealed Preference and the Minimum Requirements of Nuclear Deterrence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081833/http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/Spring16/Boyd.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; Strategic Studies Quarterly, Spring 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/environment/954002/cities-most-at-risk-from-climate-change">"Climate change: the cities most at risk"</a>. 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"The NCP established a legislative regime at Federal and State levels to facilitate third-party access to provision and operation of infrastructure facilities, including electricity and telecommunications networks, gas and water pipelines, railroad terminals and networks, airports, and ports. Following these reforms, few countries embarked on a larger scale initiative than Australia to privatize delivery and management of public infrastructure at all levels of government." </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, p. 75: "By the 1960s, however, this 'integrated ideal' was being challenged, public infrastructure entering into crisis. There is now a new orthodoxy in many branches of urban planning: 'The logic is now for planners to fight for the best possible networked infrastructures for their specialized district, in partnership with (often privatised and internationalised network) operators, rather than seeking to orchestrate how networks roll out through the city as a whole" (Graham and Marvin, 2001: 113). In the context of development theory, these 'secessionary' infrastructures physically by-pass sectors of cities unable to afford the necessary cabling, pipe-laying, or streetscaping that underpins service provision. 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The larger places have other modes as well, but the bulk of these cities offers buses as their sole public means of mobility." </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonZimmermanClingerRutherford2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levinson, Herbert; Zimmerman, Samuel; Clinger, Jennifer; Rutherford, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol5/iss2/1/">"Bus Rapid Transit: An Overview"</a>. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6565732">"Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 9 (1): 7730. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.7730W">2019NatSR...9.7730W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44097-3">10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6565732">6565732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31197192">31197192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Spending+at+least+120+minutes+a+week+in+nature+is+associated+with+good+health+and+wellbeing&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7730&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6565732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31197192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44097-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.7730W&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Mathew+P.&rft.au=Alcock%2C+Ian&rft.au=Grellier%2C+James&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Benedict+W.&rft.au=Hartig%2C+Terry&rft.au=Warber%2C+Sara+L.&rft.au=Bone%2C+Angie&rft.au=Depledge%2C+Michael+H.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Lora+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6565732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Abrahamson (2004), pp. 2–4. "The linkages among cities cutting across nations became a global network. It is important to note here that the key nodes in the international system are (global) cities, not nations. [...] Once the linkages among cities became a global network, nations became dependent upon their major cities for connections to the rest of the world." </li> <li id="cite_note-HN2017-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HN2017_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HN2017_263-1">b</a> Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 3–4. "Instead, the picture is becoming more detailed and differentiated, with a growing number of sub-national entities, cities, city-regions and regions, becoming more visible in their own right, either individually, or collectively as networks, by, more or less tentatively, stepping out of the territorial canvas and hierarchical institutional hegemony of the state. Prominent and well-known cities, and those regions with a strong sense of identity and often a quest for more autonomy, have been the most enthusiastic, as they began to be represented beyond state borders by high-profile city mayors and some regional leaders with political courage and agency. [...] This, then, became part of the much bigger political project of the European Union (EU), which has offered a particularly supportive environment for international engagement by—and among—subnational governments as part of its inherent integrationist agenda." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2015globalization-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2015globalization_264-0">^</a> Gupta et al. (2015), 5–11. "Current globalization, characterized by hyper capitalism and technological revolutions, is understood as the growing intensity of economic, demographic, social, political, cultural and environmental interactions worldwide, leading to increasing interdependence and homogenization of ideologies, production and consumption patterns and lifestyles (Pieterse 1994; Sassen 1998). [...] Decentralization processes have increased city-level capacities of city authorities to develop and implement local social and developmental policies. Cities as homes of the rich, and of powerful businesses, banks, stock markets, UN agencies and NGOs, are the location from which global to local decision-making occurs (e.g. New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, São Paulo)." </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 9–10. "The merchants of the Hanseatic League, for instance, enjoyed substantial trading privileges as a result of inter-city diplomacy and collective agreements within the networks (Lloyd 2002), as well as with larger powers, such as states. That way, the League could negotiate 'extra-territorial' legal spaces with special privileges, such as the 'German Steelyard' in the port of London (Schofield 2012). This special status was granted and guaranteed by the English king as part of an agreement between the state and a foreign city association." </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Curtis (2016), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Kaplan (2004), pp. 115–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelBerbegal-MirabentPiqué2018" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, Jerome S.; Berbegal-Mirabent, Jasmina; Piqué, Josep M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311975.2018.1532777">"The renaissance of the city as a cluster of innovation"</a>. Cogent Business & Management. 5 (1): 1532777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311975.2018.1532777">10.1080/23311975.2018.1532777</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F206125">10419/206125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Business+%26+Management&rft.atitle=The+renaissance+of+the+city+as+a+cluster+of+innovation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1532777&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F206125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311975.2018.1532777&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Jerome+S.&rft.au=Berbegal-Mirabent%2C+Jasmina&rft.au=Piqu%C3%A9%2C+Josep+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311975.2018.1532777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsOrum2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Andrew J.; Orum, Anthony M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0514">"Global City"</a>. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118568446.eurs0514">10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118568453" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118568453"><bdi>978-1118568453</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240985764">240985764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+City&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Urban+and+Regional+Studies&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240985764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118568446.eurs0514&rft.isbn=978-1118568453&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Orum%2C+Anthony+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118568446.eurs0514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Sassen, Saskia (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html">The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316103717/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html">Archived</a> 16 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07063-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07063-6">0-691-07063-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ranking-271"><a href="#cite_ref-ranking_271-0">^</a> John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 6, no. 3 (1982): 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Abrahamson (2004), p. 4. "The formerly major industrial cities that were most able quickly and thoroughly to transform themselves into the new postindustrial mode became the leading global cities—the centers of the new global system." </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameswith_MageeScerriSteger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9294719">Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 28, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315765747" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315765747"><bdi>978-1315765747</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210732/https://www.academia.edu/9294719">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2017. <q>Against those writers who, by emphasizing the importance of financial exchange systems, distinguish a few special cities as 'global cities'—commonly London, Paris, New York and Tokyo—we recognize the uneven global dimensions of all the cities that we study. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood, is a globalizing city, though perhaps more significantly in cultural than economic terms. And so is Dili globalizing, the small and 'insignificant' capital of Timor Leste—except this time it is predominantly in political terms...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sustainability+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Circles+of+Sustainability&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28%2C+30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1315765747&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=with+Magee%2C+Liam&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Andy&rft.au=Steger%2C+Manfred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9294719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Kaplan (2004), 99–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Kaplan (2004), pp. 91–95. "The United States is also dominant in providing high-quality, global engineering-design services, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the world's total exports. The disproportionate presence of these U.S.-headquartered firms is attributable to the U.S. role in overseas automobile production, the electronics and petroleum industries, and various kinds of construction, including work on the country's numerous overseas air and navy military bases." </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Kaplan (2004), pp. 90–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamers2002" class="citation journal cs1">Samers, Michael (28 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9294719">"Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda"</a>. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 26 (2): 389–3402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.00386">10.1111/1468-2427.00386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210732/https://www.academia.edu/9294719">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. <q>And not withstanding some major world cities that do not have comparatively high levels of immigration, like Tokyo, it may in fact be the presence of such large-scale immigrant economic 'communities' (with their attendant global financial remittances and their ability to incubate small business growth, rather than their complementarity to producer services employment) which partially distinguishes mega-cities from other more nationally oriented urban centres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+the+Global+City+Hypothesis%3A+Towards+an+Alternative+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-3402&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2427.00386&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft.aulast=Samers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9294719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillisDattaEvansHerbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Jane; Datta, Kavita; Evans, Yara; Herbert, Joanna; May, John; McIlwane, Cathy (2010). Wills, Jane (ed.). Global cities at work: new migrant divisions of labour. London: Pluto Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2799-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-2799-0</bdi></a>. <q>These apparently rather different takes on London's 'global city' status are of course not so far removed from one another as they may first appear. Holding them together is the figure of the migrant worker. The reliance of London's financial institutions and business services industries on the continuing flow of highly skilled labour from overseas is now well known (Beaverstock and Smith 1996). Less well known is the extent to which London's economy as a whole is now dependent upon the labour power of low-paid workers from across the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+cities+at+work%3A+new+migrant+divisions+of+labour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2799-0&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Datta%2C+Kavita&rft.au=Evans%2C+Yara&rft.au=Herbert%2C+Joanna&rft.au=May%2C+John&rft.au=McIlwane%2C+Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonDerudderTimberlakeWitlox2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sanderson, Matthew R; Derudder, Ben; Timberlake, Michael; Witlox, Frank (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020715215604350">"Are world cities also world immigrant cities? An international, cross-city analysis of global centrality and immigration"</a>. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 56 (3–4): 173–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020715215604350">10.1177/0020715215604350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7152">0020-7152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153828266">153828266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comparative+Sociology&rft.atitle=Are+world+cities+also+world+immigrant+cities%3F+An+international%2C+cross-city+analysis+of+global+centrality+and+immigration&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=173-197&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153828266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020715215604350&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R&rft.au=Derudder%2C+Ben&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Michael&rft.au=Witlox%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0020715215604350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200949–50-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200949–50_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Charlie Jeffery, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/2635/1/002803_1.PDF">Sub-National Authorities and European Integration: Moving Beyond the Nation-State?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103170402/http://aei.pitt.edu/2635/1/002803_1.PDF">Archived</a> 3 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", presented at the Fifth Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association, 29 May–1 June 1997, Seattle, US. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Jing Pan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2086/11117/JING%20PAN%20PhD%20Thesis-Final-confirmed.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">The Role of Local Government in Shaping and Influencing International Policy Frameworks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004951/https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2086/11117/JING%20PAN%20PhD%20Thesis-Final-confirmed.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 2017-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", PhD thesis accepted at De Montfort University, April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Herrschel & Newman (2017), p. "In Europe, the EU provides incentives and institutional frameworks for multiple new forms of city and regional networking and lobbying, including at the international EU level. But a growing number of cities and regions also seek to 'go it alone' by establishing their own representations in Brussels, either individually or in shared accommodation, as the base for European lobbying." </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksHaeslyMbaye2002" class="citation journal cs1">Marks, Gary; Haesly, Richard; Mbaye, Heather A.D. (Autumn 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garymarks.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13018/2016/09/marks.haesly.mbaye_.subnational_offices_2002.pdf">"What Do Subnational Offices Think They Are Doing in Brussels?"</a> (PDF). Regional & Federal Studies. 12 (3): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714004755">10.1080/714004755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-7566">1359-7566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154556467">154556467</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128112850/http://garymarks.web.unc.edu/files/2016/09/marks.haesly.mbaye_.subnational_offices_2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+%26+Federal+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Do+Subnational+Offices+Think+They+Are+Doing+in+Brussels%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154556467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1359-7566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714004755&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Haesly%2C+Richard&rft.au=Mbaye%2C+Heather+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgarymarks.web.unc.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13018%2F2016%2F09%2Fmarks.haesly.mbaye_.subnational_offices_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Carola Hein, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/12265934.2014.980304">Cities (and regions) within a city: subnational representations and the creation of European imaginaries in Brussels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116125130/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/12265934.2014.980304">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; International Journal of the Urban Sciences 19(1), 2015. See also websites of individual city embassies cited therein, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanse-office.de/index.php?article_id=5&clang=1">Hanse Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101104104/http://hanse-office.de/index.php?article_id=5&clang=1">Archived</a> 1 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein) and City of London "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/eu-and-regulation/city-office-brussels/Pages/default.aspx">City Office in Brussels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816125811/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/eu-and-regulation/city-office-brussels/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> 2017-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; and CoR's [cor.europa.eu/en/regions/Documents/regional-offices.xls spreadsheet of regional offices] in Brussels. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200945–47-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill200945–47_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouteligier2013-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bouteligier2013_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouteligier2013_288-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouteligier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bouteligier, Sofie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edepot.wur.nl/238650">"Inequality in new global governance arrangements: the North–South divide in transnational municipal networks"</a>. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 26 (3): 251–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13511610.2013.771890">10.1080/13511610.2013.771890</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-1610">1351-1610</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143765511">143765511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010005116/http://edepot.wur.nl/238650">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovation%3A+The+European+Journal+of+Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=Inequality+in+new+global+governance+arrangements%3A+the+North%E2%80%93South+divide+in+transnational+municipal+networks&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=251-267&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143765511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-1610&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13511610.2013.771890&rft.aulast=Bouteligier&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F238650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HN2017p82-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HN2017p82_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HN2017p82_289-1">b</a> Herrschel & Newman (2017), p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-DuxburyJeannotte2013-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuxburyJeannotte2013_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuxburyJeannotte2013_290-1">b</a> Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/1097_Global_Cultural_Governance_Policy_Duxbury-Jeannotte_2013.pdf">Global Cultural Governance Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429163239/http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/1097_Global_Cultural_Governance_Policy_Duxbury-Jeannotte_2013.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; Chapter 21 in The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture; London: Ashgate, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Now the <a href="/wiki/Global_Covenant_of_Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Covenant of Mayors">Global Covenant of Mayors</a>; see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062217/https://www.compactofmayors.org/globalcovenantofmayors/">"Global Covenant of Mayors – Compact of Mayors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compactofmayors.org/globalcovenantofmayors/">the original</a> on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Covenant+of+Mayors+%E2%80%93+Compact+of+Mayors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.compactofmayors.org%2Fglobalcovenantofmayors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62659893">"South Africans in nationwide strike in protest against cost of living"</a>. BBC News. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Africans+in+nationwide+strike+in+protest+against+cost+of+living&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-62659893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040915005846/http://habitat.igc.org/vancouver/vp-intr.htm">The Vancouver Action Plan</a>"; Approved at Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, Canada; 31 May to 11 June 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2005-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2005_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2005_295-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2005_295-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Peter R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/105307805807066329">"Human Settlements and Urban Life: A United Nations Perspective"</a>. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless. 14 (1–2): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F105307805807066329">10.1179/105307805807066329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-0789">1053-0789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145470124">145470124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Distress+and+the+Homeless&rft.atitle=Human+Settlements+and+Urban+Life%3A+A+United+Nations+Perspective&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145470124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1053-0789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F105307805807066329&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2F105307805807066329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterthwaite2016" class="citation journal cs1">Satterthwaite, David (2016). "A new urban agenda?". Environment and Urbanization. 28 (1): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnUrb..28....3S">2016EnUrb..28....3S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247816637501">10.1177/0956247816637501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-2478">0956-2478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization&rft.atitle=A+new+urban+agenda%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0956-2478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956247816637501&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016EnUrb..28....3S&rft.aulast=Satterthwaite&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Parnell, Susan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305750X15002508">"Defining a Global Urban Development Agenda"</a>. World Development. 78: 531–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2015.10.028">10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.028</a>. <q>Garnered by its interest in the urban poor the Bank, along with other international donors, became an active and influential participant in the Habitat deliberations, confirming both Habitat I and Habitat II's focus on 'development in cities' instead of the role of 'cities in development'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Defining+a+Global+Urban+Development+Agenda&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=531-532&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2015.10.028&rft.aulast=Parnell&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0305750X15002508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2016-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2016_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2016_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Vanessa (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473095216660786">"Locating planning in the New Urban Agenda of the urban sustainable development goal"</a>. Planning Theory. 15 (4): 435–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1473095216660786">10.1177/1473095216660786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0952">1473-0952</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151556078">151556078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Theory&rft.atitle=Locating+planning+in+the+New+Urban+Agenda+of+the+urban+sustainable+development+goal&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-448&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151556078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1473-0952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1473095216660786&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1473095216660786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/">New Urban Agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428073612/http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/">Archived</a> 28 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Habitat III Secretariat, 2017; A/RES/71/256*; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-132731-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-132731-1">978-92-1-132731-1</a>; p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Akin_Mabogunje" title="Akin Mabogunje">Akin L. Mabogunje</a>, "A New Paradigm for Urban Development"; Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1991. "Irrespective of the economic outcome, the regime of structural adjustment being adopted in most developing countries today is likely to spur urbanization. If structural adjustment actually succeeds in turning around economic performance, the enhanced gross domestic product is bound to attract more migrants to the cities; if it fails, the deepening misery—especially in the rural areas—is certain to push more migrants to the city." </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> John Briggs and Ian E.A. Yeboah, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/169/1/Briggs,J_33.pdf">Structural adjustment and the contemporary sub-Saharan African city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113035712/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/169/1/Briggs,J_33.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; Area 33(1), 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Claire Wanjiru Ngare, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/22844/3/Wanjiru_Claire_2012_researchpaper.pdf">Supporting Learning Cities: A Case Study of the Cities Alliance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191410/http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/22844/3/Wanjiru_Claire_2012_researchpaper.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; master's thesis accepted at the University of Ottawa, April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrediani2007" class="citation journal cs1">Frediani, Alexandre Apsan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/urban/alexurbpov.pdf">"Amartya Sen, the World Bank, and the Redress of Urban Poverty: A Brazilian Case Study"</a> (PDF). Journal of Human Development. 8 (1): 133–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649880601101473">10.1080/14649880601101473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-9888">1464-9888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14934410">14934410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721104755/http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/urban/alexurbpov.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Development&rft.atitle=Amartya+Sen%2C+the+World+Bank%2C+and+the+Redress+of+Urban+Poverty%3A+A+Brazilian+Case+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-152&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14934410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1464-9888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649880601101473&rft.aulast=Frediani&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+Apsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrojasdatabank.info%2Furban%2Falexurbpov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Ellul (1970). </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson, "City Imaginaries", in Bridge & Watson, eds. (2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 7–8. "Growing inequalities as a result of neo-liberal globalism, such as between the successful cities and the less successful, struggling, often peripheral, cities and regions, produce rising political discontent, such as we are now facing across Europe and in the United States as populist accusations of self-serving metropolitan elitism." </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J.E._Cirlot" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Cirlot">J.E. Cirlot</a>, "City"; A Dictionary of Symbols, 2nd ed., translated from Spanish to English by Jack Read; New York: Philosophical Library, 1971; pp. 48–49 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSymbols/Dictionary%20of%20Symbols#page/n103/mode/2up">online</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009115-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009115_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009">Latham et al. 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Leach (1993), p. 345. "The German film director Fritz Lang was inspired to 'make a film' about 'the sensations' he felt when he first saw Times Square in 1923; a place 'lit as if in full daylight by neon lights and topping them oversized luminous advertisements moving, turning, flashing on and off ... something completely new and nearly fairly-tale-like for a European ... a luxurious cloth hung from a dark sky to dazzle, distract, and hypnotize.' The film Lang made turned out to be The Metropolis, an unremittingly dark vision of a modern industrial city." </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Curtis (2016), pp. vii–x, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Apostolou_Doxiadis" title="Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis">Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doxiadis.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=14929">Ecumenopolis: Tomorrow's City</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010005729/http://www.doxiadis.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=14929">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Britannica Book of the Year, 1968. Chapter V: Ecumenopolis, the Real City of Man. "Ecumenopolis, which mankind will have built 150 years from now, can be the real city of man because, for the first time in history, man will have one city rather than many cities belonging to different national, racial, religious, or local groups, each ready to protect its own members but also ready to fight those from other cities, large and small, interconnected into a system of cities. Ecumenopolis, the unique city of man, will form a continuous, differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many cells, the human communities." </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> was incorporated as a single municipality in 1976 and gained <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a> in 2015. See: Royce Tan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/12/18/penang-island-gets-city-status-mbpp-set-to-take-over-as-new-city-council/">Penang island gets city status</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629204236/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/12/18/penang-island-gets-city-status-mbpp-set-to-take-over-as-new-city-council/">Archived</a> 29 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Star, 18 December 2014. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abrahamson, Mark (2004). Global Cities. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514204-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514204-7">0-19-514204-7</a></li> <li>Ashworth, G.J. War and the City. London & New York: Routledge, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-40963-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-40963-9">0-203-40963-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1988" class="citation book cs1">Bairoch, Paul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citieseconomicde0000bair">Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03465-2"><bdi>978-0-226-03465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Economic+Development%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03465-2&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitieseconomicde0000bair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bridge, Gary, and Sophie Watson, eds. (2000). A Companion to the City. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000/2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21052-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21052-0">0-631-21052-0</a></li> <li>Brighenti, Andrea Mubi, ed. (2013). Urban Interstices: The Aesthetics and the Politics of the In-between. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1002-3">978-1-4724-1002-3</a>.</li> <li>Carter, Harold (1995). The Study of Urban Geography. 4th ed. London: Arnold. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6589-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6589-8">0-7131-6589-8</a></li> <li>Clark, Peter (ed.) (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175036-6">978-0-19-175036-6</a></li> <li>Curtis, Simon (2016). Global Cities and Global Order. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874401-6">978-0-19-874401-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_City" title="The Meaning of the City">The Meaning of the City</a>. Translated by Dennis Pardee. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1555-2">978-0-8028-1555-2</a>; French original (written earlier, published later as): <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans_feu_ni_lieu_:_Signification_biblique_de_la_Grande_Ville" class="extiw" title="fr:Sans feu ni lieu : Signification biblique de la Grande Ville">Sans feu ni lieu : Signification biblique de la Grande Ville</a>; Paris: Gallimard, 1975. Republished 2003 with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7103-2582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7103-2582-6">978-2-7103-2582-6</a></li> <li>Gupta, Joyetta, Karin Pfeffer, Hebe Verrest, & Mirjam Ros-Tonen, eds. (2015). Geographies of Urban Governance: Advanced Theories, Methods and Practices. Springer, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21272-2">978-3-319-21272-2</a>.</li> <li>Hahn, Harlan, & Charles Levine (1980). Urban Politics: Past, Present, & Future. New York & London: Longman.</li> <li>Hanson, Royce (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/561/chapter/1">Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure</a>. Committee on National Urban Policy, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington: National Academy Press, 1984.</li> <li>Herrschel, Tassilo & Peter Newman (2017). Cities as International Actors: Urban and Regional Governance Beyond the Nation State. Palgrave Macmillan (<a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39617-4">978-1-137-39617-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1969" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Jane (1969). The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Inc&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Grava, Sigurd (2003). Urban Transportation Systems: Choices for Communities. McGraw Hill, e-book. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147679-9">978-0-07-147679-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameswith_MageeScerriSteger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9294719">Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315765747" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315765747"><bdi>978-1315765747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sustainability+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Circles+of+Sustainability&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1315765747&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=with+Magee%2C+Liam&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Andy&rft.au=Steger%2C+Manfred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9294719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kaplan, David H.; James O. Wheeler; Steven R. Holloway; & Thomas W. Hodler, cartographer (2004). Urban Geography. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-35998-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-35998-X">0-471-35998-X</a></li> <li>Kavaratzis, Mihalis, Gary Warnaby, & Gregory J. Ashworth, eds. (2015). Rethinking Place Branding: Comprehensive Brand Development for Cities and Regions. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12424-7">978-3-319-12424-7</a>.</li> <li>Kraas, Frauke, Surinder Aggarwal, Martin Coy, & Günter Mertins, eds. (2014). Megacities: Our Global Urban Future. United Nations "International Year of Planet Earth" book series. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3417-5">978-90-481-3417-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathamMcCormackMcNamaraMcNeill2009" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Alan; McCormack, Derek; McNamara, Kim; McNeill, Donald (14 January 2009). Key Concepts in Urban Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3041-3"><bdi>978-1-4129-3041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Urban+Geography&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+Limited&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3041-3&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Derek&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Kim&rft.au=McNeill%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Leach, William (1993). Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage Books (Random House), 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75411-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75411-3">0-679-75411-3</a>.</li> <li>Levy, John M. (2017). Contemporary Urban Planning. 11th ed. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).</li> <li>Magnusson, Warren. Politics of Urbanism: Seeing like a city. London & New York: Routledge, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80889-4">978-0-203-80889-4</a>.</li> <li>Marshall, John U. (1989). The Structure of Urban Systems. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6735-7">978-0-8020-6735-7</a>.</li> <li>Marzluff, John M., Eric Schulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, Marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clre Ryan, Craig ZumBrunne, & Ute Simon (2008). Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73412-5">978-0-387-73412-5</a>.</li> <li>McQuillan, Eugene. The Law of Municipal Corporations, 3rd ed. 1987 revised volume by Charles R.P. Keating, Esq. Wilmette, Illinois: Callaghan & Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Moholy-Nagy" title="Sibyl Moholy-Nagy">Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl</a> (1968). Matrix of Man: An Illustrated History of Urban Environment. New York: Frederick A Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-61940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-61940-8">978-1-315-61940-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Mumford, Lewis</a> (1961). <a href="/wiki/The_City_in_History" title="The City in History">The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects</a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Brendan (2005). City Economics. Cambridge Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01918-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Economics&rft.place=Cambridge+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01918-8&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacione2001" class="citation book cs1">Pacione, Michael (2001). The City: Critical Concepts in The Social Sciences. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25270-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25270-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+The+Social+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25270-6&rft.aulast=Pacione&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Paddison, Ronan, ed. (2001). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, California; and New Delhi: Sage Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-7695-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-7695-X">0-8039-7695-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2004). Sovereign City: The City-state Through History. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892195" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892195"><bdi>9781861892195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+City%3A+The+City-state+Through+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781861892195&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom1996" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ">An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies</a>. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810831698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810831698"><bdi>978-0810831698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Guide+to+the+Language+of+Name+Studies&rft.place=Lanham+and+London&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0810831698&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEtiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Rybczynski, W.</a>, City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World, (1995)</li> <li>Smith, Michael E. (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-02-EarlyCities.pdf">The Earliest Cities. In Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, edited by George Gmelch and Walter Zenner</a>, pp. 3–19. 4th ed. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Southall, Aidan</a> (1998). The City in Time and Space. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46211-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46211-8">0-521-46211-8</a></li> <li>Wellman, Kath & Marcus Spiller, eds. (2012). Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67218-1">978-0-470-67218-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1978" class="citation book cs1">Berger, A.S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INcgTPo-U1cC">The City: Urban Communities and Their Problems</a>. Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-07555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-07555-0"><bdi>978-0-697-07555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City%3A+Urban+Communities+and+Their+Problems&rft.pub=Brown&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-697-07555-0&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINcgTPo-U1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chandler, T. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Geddes, Patrick</a>, City Development (1904)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaeser2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Glaeser" title="Edward Glaeser">Glaeser, Edward</a> (2011). Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-277-3"><bdi>978-1-59420-277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+City%3A+How+Our+Best+Invention+Makes+Us+Richer%2C+Smarter%2C+Greener%2C+Healthier%2C+and+Happier&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-277-3&rft.aulast=Glaeser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2007" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Roger L. (2007). Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3151-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-3151-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+America%27s+Cities%3A+A+Handbook+for+Local+Government+Productivity&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3151-9&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2007" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Roger L. (16 March 2007). How American Governments Work: A Handbook of City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Operations. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3152-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3152-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-3152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+American+Governments+Work%3A+A+Handbook+of+City%2C+County%2C+Regional%2C+State%2C+and+Federal+Operations&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3152-6&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2013" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Roger L. (7 March 2013). Town and Gown Relations: A Handbook of Best Practices. Jefferson, NC London: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-6399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Town+and+Gown+Relations%3A+A+Handbook+of+Best+Practices&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC+London&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6399-2&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonti1999" class="citation book cs1">Monti, Daniel (29 October 1999). The American City: A Social and Cultural History. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-918-0"><bdi>978-1-55786-918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+City%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-918-0&rft.aulast=Monti&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReader2005" class="citation book cs1">Reader, John (2005). Cities. New York: Vintage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reader&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Robson, W.A., and Regan, D.E., ed., Great Cities of the World, (3d ed., 2 vol., 1972)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmethurst2015" class="citation book cs1">Smethurst, P. (22 May 2015). The Bicycle — Towards a Global History. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49951-6"><bdi>978-1-137-49951-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bicycle+%E2%80%94+Towards+a+Global+History&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49951-6&rft.aulast=Smethurst&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Monica L. (14 April 2020). Cities: The First 6,000 Years. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2368-4"><bdi>978-0-7352-2368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities%3A+The+First+6%2C000+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-2368-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Monica+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thernstrom, S., and Sennett, R., ed., Nineteenth-Century Cities (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold J.</a> (ed), Cities of Destiny, New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1967. Pan historical/geographical essays, many images. Starts with "Athens", ends with "The Coming World City-Ecumenopolis".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber, Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_City_(Weber_book)" title="The City (Weber book)">The City</a>, 1921. (tr. 1958)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=City&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/city" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:city">city</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/city" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:city">city</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urban" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:urban">urban</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metropolis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:metropolis">metropolis</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> City at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/city" class="extiw" title="wikt:city">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cities" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cities">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/City" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/City">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cities" class="extiw" title="q:Cities">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cities" class="extiw" title="s:Cities">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/City" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/City">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/City" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/City">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710184532/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm">World Urbanization Prospects</a>, Website of the United Nations Population Division (archived 10 July 2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS">Urban population (% of total)</a> – World Bank website based on UN data.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/270860/urbanization-by-continent/">Degree of urbanization (percentage of urban population in total population) by continent in 2016</a> – <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a> data.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities" title="Template:Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities" title="Template talk:Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">City centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">Downtown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">Core city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">Abandoned village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">Tent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_ruins" title="Modern ruins">Modern ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">No-go area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Green space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">Urban wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">Linear settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_prairie" title="Urban prairie">Urban prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">Urban reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-carbon_city" title="Zero-carbon city">Zero-carbon city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_Planning" title="Template talk:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_planning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/ practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban planning">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/861748/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056723-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933792m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933792m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573347">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115399&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525968">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055131&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998014258">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286448205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007875">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City&oldid=1258880105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City&oldid=1258880105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City" title="Category:City">City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities" title="Category:Cities">Cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_by_type" title="Category:Populated places by type">Populated places by 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