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id="toc-Sewage_and_wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage_and_wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sewage and wastewater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage_and_wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Blackwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greywater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greywater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Greywater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greywater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overall_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overall appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pollutants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollutants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollutants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organic matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Solid waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micro-pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micro-pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Micro-pollutants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micro-pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_sewage_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_sewage_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typical sewage composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typical_sewage_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typical sewage composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typical_sewage_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_that_determine_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_that_determine_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Factors that determine composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_that_determine_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentrations_and_loads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentrations_and_loads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Concentrations and loads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentrations_and_loads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flowrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Analytical methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analytical_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analytical methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analytical_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_quality_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_quality_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General quality indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_quality_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_organisms_and_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_organisms_and_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Specific organisms and substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_organisms_and_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanitary_sewer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitary_sewer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sanitary sewer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitary_sewer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_sewer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_sewer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Combined sewer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_sewer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dilution_in_the_sewer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilution_in_the_sewer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dilution in the sewer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dilution_in_the_sewer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dilution in the sewer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dilution_in_the_sewer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stormwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stormwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Stormwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stormwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Industrial wastewater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal_and_dilution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal_and_dilution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Disposal and dilution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disposal_and_dilution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disposal and dilution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disposal_and_dilution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disposal_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disposal_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other disposal methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disposal_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_outfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_outfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Marine outfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_outfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Global situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reuse_and_reclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reuse_and_reclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Reuse and reclamation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reuse_and_reclamation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reuse and reclamation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reuse_and_reclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sewage_farm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage_farm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sewage farm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage_farm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sewage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81" title="مياه صرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مياه صرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сцёкавыя воды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцёкавыя воды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Отходни води – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отходни води" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obwossa" title="Obwossa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Obwossa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otpadna_voda" title="Otpadna voda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otpadna voda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%BCes_residuals_urbanes" title="Aigües residuals urbanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigües residuals urbanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%83_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аннă шывсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аннă шывсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spla%C5%A1kov%C3%A1_voda" title="Splašková voda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Splašková voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spildevand" title="Spildevand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spildevand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolva%C4%8D%C3%A1hci" title="Duolvačáhci – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duolvačáhci" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwasser" title="Abwasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reovesi" title="Reovesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reovesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_residuales" title="Aguas residuales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aguas residuales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloaka_akvo" title="Kloaka akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kloaka akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_zikin" title="Ur zikin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur zikin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="فاضلاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاضلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaux_us%C3%A9es" title="Eaux usées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eaux usées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offalwetter" title="Offalwetter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Offalwetter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augas_residuais" title="Augas residuais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augas residuais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%88%98" title="폐수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կեղտաջրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղտաջրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="अपजल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपजल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmiri_mkpofu" title="Mmiri mkpofu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmiri mkpofu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_limbah" title="Air limbah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air limbah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi_amdaka" title="Amanzi amdaka – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amanzi amdaka" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3lp" title="Skólp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skólp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acque_reflue" title="Acque reflue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acque reflue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שפכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჩამდინარე წყალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამდინარე წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Ағынды су – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағынды су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlo_ize" title="Dlo ize – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dlo ize" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ыплас суулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ыплас суулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuotekos" title="Nuotekos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nuotekos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szennyv%C3%ADz" title="Szennyvíz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szennyvíz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सांडपाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सांडपाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%90%D8%AC%D9%90%D8%B1" title="پِجِر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پِجِر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbahan" title="Kumbahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumbahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Бохир ус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бохир ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afvalwater" title="Afvalwater – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afvalwater" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4" title="生活排水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生活排水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avl%C3%B8psvann" title="Avløpsvann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avløpsvann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigassas" title="Aigassas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aigassas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqiziqlar" title="Oqiziqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oqiziqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="فاضلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاضلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Acieki" title="Ścieki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ścieki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_residuais" title="Águas residuais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Águas residuais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape_uzate" title="Ape uzate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ape uzate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27upa_yaku" title="Q'upa yaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'upa yaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Хозяйственно-бытовые сточные воды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хозяйственно-бытовые сточные воды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abas_residuales" title="Abas residuales – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abas residuales" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uj%C3%ABrat_e_zeza" title="Ujërat e zeza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ujërat e zeza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sewage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpadov%C3%A1_voda" title="Odpadová voda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odpadová voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpadne_vode" title="Odpadne vode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odpadne vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Отпадне воде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отпадне воде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otpadne_vode" title="Otpadne vode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otpadne vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4tevesi" title="Jätevesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jätevesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avloppsvatten" title="Avloppsvatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avloppsvatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கழிவுநீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கழிவுநீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="น้ำเสีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำเสีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%B1k_su" title="Atık su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atık su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Стічні води – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стічні води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BA%A3i" title="Nước thải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước thải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="污水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="污水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="生活污水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生活污水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/250px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/500px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/20px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/20px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/40px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sewage</b> (or <b>domestic sewage</b>, <b>domestic wastewater</b>, <b>municipal wastewater</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> that is produced by a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> of people. It is typically transported through a <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilley-2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilley-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Sub-types of sewage are <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) and <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> (the water used to flush <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a>, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human waste</a> that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing</a>, and food quantities may be increased where <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">garbage disposal units</a> are used. In regions where <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a> is used rather than <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidets</a>, that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> and pollutants from <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>. </p><p>Sewage usually travels from a building's <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> either into a <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer</a>, which will carry it elsewhere, or into an <a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">onsite sewage facility</a>. Collection of sewage from several households together usually takes places in either <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewers</a>. The former is designed to exclude <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> flows whereas the latter is designed to also take stormwater. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> options, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">metering</a> of household consumption, water cost and water pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and indicators of fecal contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> These can be considered to be the main macro-pollutants in sewage. Sewage contains <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> which stem from <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">fecal matter</a>. The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: pathogenic <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> (in the form of cysts or oocysts) and <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">helminths</a> (in the form of eggs).<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to quantify the organic matter, indirect methods are commonly used: mainly the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical Oxygen Demand</a> (BOD) and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical Oxygen Demand</a> (COD).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p><p>Management of sewage includes collection and transport for release into the environment, after a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">treatment level</a> that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil or for reuse applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> Disposal options include dilution (self-purification of water bodies, making use of their <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> if possible), <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfalls</a>, land disposal and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">sewage farms</a>. All disposal options may run risks of causing <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_and_wastewater">Sewage and wastewater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sewage and wastewater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage (or domestic wastewater) consists of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Sewage is a mixture of water (from the community's <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>), <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human excreta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>), used water from <a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">bathrooms</a>, food preparation wastes, laundry wastewater, and other waste products of normal living. </p><p>Sewage from municipalities contains wastewater from commercial activities and institutions, e.g. wastewater discharged from <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a>, stores and establishments serving the local area of larger communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>Sewage can be distinguished into "untreated sewage" (also called "raw sewage") and "treated sewage" (also called "effluent" from a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plant</a>). </p><p>The term "sewage" is nowadays often used interchangeably with "wastewater" – implying "municipal wastewater" – in many textbooks, policy documents and the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be precise, wastewater is a broader term, because it refers to any <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> after it has been used in a variety of applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Thus it may also refer to "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>", <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater</a> and other flows that are not related to household activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackwater">Blackwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blackwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> context denotes <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from toilets which likely contains <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that may spread by the <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal–oral route</a>. Blackwater can contain <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, water and toilet paper from <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>. Blackwater is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwater_(waste)_:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwater_(waste)_:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Blackwater and greywater are kept separate in "ecological buildings", such as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">autonomous buildings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicles</a> often have separate holding tanks for greywater from showers and sinks, and blackwater from the toilet.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greywater">Greywater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greywater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greywater&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> (or grey water, sullage, <a href="/wiki/Spelling_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling differences">also spelled</a> gray water in the United States) refers to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic wastewater">domestic wastewater</a> generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include <a href="/wiki/Sinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinks">sinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">showers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">baths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing machines">washing machines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dishwashers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishwashers">dishwashers</a>. As greywater contains fewer <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> than <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a>, it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> onsite for <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">toilet flushing</a>, landscape or crop <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and other non-<a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable</a> uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anal area</a> in the shower or bath. </p> The application of greywater reuse in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_urban_water_management" title="Integrated urban water management">urban water systems</a> provides substantial benefits for both the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> subsystem, by reducing the demand for fresh <a href="/wiki/Clean_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean water">clean water</a>, and the wastewater subsystems by reducing the amount of conveyed and treated wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treated greywater has many uses, such as toilet flushing or irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_(6908385151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/250px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/330px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/500px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Pumping station lifting sewage to the treatment plant in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, Burundi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_(3109542163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/170px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/255px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/340px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> (a component of sewage) in a settling tank</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overall_appearance">Overall appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overall appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall appearance of sewage is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> The temperature tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> of fresh sewage is "oily" and relatively unpleasant, whereas older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas and other decomposition by-products.<sup id="cite_ref-lcu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–38">: 9–38 </span></sup> Sewage can have high <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> from suspended solids. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH value</a> of sewage is usually near neutral, and can be in the range of 6.7–8.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollutants">Pollutants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pollutants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage consists primarily of water and usually contains less than one part of solid matter per thousand parts of water. In other words, one can say that sewage is composed of around 99.9% pure water, and the remaining 0.1% are solids, which can be in the form of either dissolved solids or <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> The thousand-to-one ratio is an order of magnitude estimate rather than an exact percentage because, aside from variation caused by dilution, solids may be defined differently depending upon the mechanism used to separate those solids from the liquid fraction. <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludges</a> of settleable solids removed by <a href="/wiki/Settling" title="Settling">settling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> removed by <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> may contain significant amounts of entrained water, while dried solid material remaining after evaporation eliminates most of that water but includes dissolved minerals not captured by filtration or gravitational separation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suspended and dissolved solids include organic and inorganic matter plus microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>About one-third of this solid matter is suspended by <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>, while the remainder is <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a>. For the situation in the United States in the 1950s it was estimated that the waste contained in domestic sewage is about half <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and half <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–38">: 9–38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_matter">Organic matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organic matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organic matter in sewage can be classified in terms of form and size: Suspended (particulate) or dissolved (soluble). Secondly, it can be classified in terms of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a>: either inert or biodegradable.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> The organic matter in sewage consists of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> compounds (about 40%), <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (about 25–50%), oils and grease (about 10%) and <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and others (lower quantity).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> In order to quantify the organic matter content, it is common to use "indirect methods" which are based on the consumption of oxygen to oxidize the organic matter: mainly the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical Oxygen Demand</a> (BOD) and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical Oxygen Demand</a> (COD).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> These indirect methods are associated with the major impact of the discharge of organic matter into water bodies: the organic matter will be food for microorganisms, whose population will grow, and lead to the consumption of oxygen, which may then affect aquatic living organisms. </p><p>The mass load of organic content is calculated as the sewage flowrate multiplied with the concentration of the organic matter in the sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage is provided further down below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nutrients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from organic matter, sewage also contains nutrients. The major nutrients of interest are <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. If sewage is discharged untreated, its nitrogen and phosphorus content can lead to pollution of lakes and reservoirs via a process called <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p><p>In raw sewage, nitrogen exists in the two forms of organic nitrogen or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The ammonia stems from the <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed and therefore not usually found in raw sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>Total phosphorus is mostly present in sewage in the form of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>.They are either inorganic (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) and their main source is from <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> and other household chemical products. The other form is organic phosphorus, where the source is organic compounds to which the organic phosphorus is bound.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">Human feces</a> in sewage may contain <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> capable of transmitting diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-lcu_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–38">: 9–38 </span></sup> The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage:<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enteroviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroviruses">enteroviruses</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a></i>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">Helminths</a> and their eggs including <i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">Ascaris</a></i> (roundworm), <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma" title="Ancylostoma">Ancylostoma</a></i> (hookworm), and <i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris" title="Trichuris">Trichuris</a></i> (whipworm)</li></ul> <p>In most practical cases, pathogenic organisms are not directly investigated in laboratory analyses. An easier way to assess the presence of fecal contamination is by assessing the <a href="/wiki/Most_probable_number" title="Most probable number">most probable numbers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">fecal coliforms</a> (called thermotolerant coliforms), especially <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>. <i>Escherichia coli</i> are intestinal bacteria excreted by all warm blooded animals, including human beings, and thus tracking their presence in sewage is easy, because of their substantially high concentrations (around 10 to 100 million per 100 mL).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_waste">Solid waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solid waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._(6845984661).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/220px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/330px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/440px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Screening of the sewage with bar screens at a sewage treatment plant to remove larger objects in Norton, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_(6619766435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/250px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/330px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/500px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Screening of sewage at a sewage treatment plant in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, Burundi</figcaption></figure> <p>The ability of a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a> to make things "disappear" is soon recognized by young children who may experiment with virtually anything they can carry to the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults may be tempted to dispose of <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">wet wipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">sanitary napkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a>, tampon applicators, <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, and expired <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, even at the risk of causing blockages. The privacy of a toilet offers a clandestine means of removing embarrassing evidence by flushing such things as <a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">drug paraphernalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy test</a> kits, <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a> dispensers, and the packaging for those devices. There may be reluctance to retrieve items like children's toys or toothbrushes which accidentally fall into toilets, and items of clothing may be found in sewage from prisons or other locations where occupants may be careless.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trash and garbage in streets may be carried to combined sewers by stormwater runoff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro-pollutants">Micro-pollutants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Micro-pollutants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage contains <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trihalomethane" title="Trihalomethane">Trihalomethanes</a> can also be present as a result of past <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a>. Sewage may contain <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, or polyester and polyamide fragments<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from synthetic clothing and bedding fabrics abraded by wear and laundering, or from <a href="/wiki/Plastic_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic packaging">plastic packaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">plastic-coated paper</a> products disintegrated by <a href="/wiki/Lift_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift station">lift station</a> pumps. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a>, endocrine disrupting compounds, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be excreted in urine or feces if not <a href="/wiki/Catabolized" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolized">catabolized</a> within the human body. </p><p>Some residential users tend to pour unwanted liquids like used <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a> into their sewer connections. This behavior can result in problems for the treatment plant operation and is thus discouraged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_sewage_composition">Typical sewage composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Typical sewage composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_that_determine_composition">Factors that determine composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Factors that determine composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The composition of sewage varies with climate, social and economic situation and population habits.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> In regions where water use is low, the strength of the sewage (or pollutant concentrations) is much higher than that in the United States where water use per person is high.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> Household income and diet also plays a role: For example, for the case of Brazil, it has been found that the higher the household income, the higher is the BOD load per person and the lower is the BOD concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentrations_and_loads">Concentrations and loads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Concentrations and loads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L).<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p><p>For high income countries, the "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called the <a href="/wiki/Population_equivalent" title="Population equivalent">population equivalent</a> (PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a> compared to sewage. </p><p>Values for households in the United States have been published as follows, whereby the estimates are based on the assumption that 25% of the homes have <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">kitchen waste-food grinders</a> (sewage from such households contain more waste): 95 g/person/d for total <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> (503 mg/L concentration), 85 g/person/d for BOD (450 mg/L), 198 g/person/d for COD (1050 mg/L), 13.3 g/person/d for the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (70.4 mg/L), 7.8 g/person/d for ammonia-N (41.2 mg/L) and 3.28 g/person/d for total phosphorus (17.3 mg/L). The concentration values given here are based on a flowrate of 190 L per person per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p><p>A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">garbage disposal units</a> are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of <a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">water softener</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234">: 234 </span></sup> </p><p>Sewage contains urine and feces. The mass of feces varies with dietary fiber intake. An average person produces 128 grams of wet feces per day, or a median dry mass of 29 g/person/day.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median urine generation rate is about 1.42 L/person/day, as was determined by a global literature review.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flowrates">Flowrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flowrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volume of domestic sewage produced per person (or "<a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a>", abbreviated as "cap") varies with the water consumption in the respective locality.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> options, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">metering</a> of household consumption, water cost and water pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. However water used for landscape irrigation will not enter the sewer system, while <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> may enter the sewer system in addition to sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> There are usually two peak flowrates of sewage arriving at a treatment plant per day: One peak is at the beginning of the morning and another peak is at the beginning of the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>With regards to water consumption, a design figure that can be regarded as "world average" is 35–90 L per person per day (data from 1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> The same publication listed the water consumption in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as 80 L per person per day, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> as 15–35 L per person per day, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> in Europe as 40–85 L per person per day and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> as 70–190 L per person per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> Even inside a country, there may be large variations from one region to another due to the various factors that determine the water consumption as listed above. </p><p>A flowrate value of 200 liters of sewage per person per day is often used as an estimate in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high income countries</a>, and is used for example in the design of sewage treatment plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households).<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analytical_methods">Analytical methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analytical methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_quality_indicators">General quality indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General quality indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wastewater_quality_indicators&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> test <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodologies</a> to assess suitability of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> for disposal, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treatment</a> or reuse. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, indicators of fecal contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-Wastewater_quality_indicators_Marcos_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wastewater_quality_indicators_Marcos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Tests selected vary with the intended use or discharge location. Tests can measure physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the wastewater. Physical characteristics include temperature and solids. Chemical characteristics include pH value, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">dissolved oxygen</a> concentrations, <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD) and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine. Biological characteristics are determined with <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">aquatic toxicology</a> tests.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_organisms_and_substances">Specific organisms and substances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specific organisms and substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with a variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">eradication</a>, testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">metagenomics</a>. </p><p>Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General socioeconomic demographics may be inferred as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection">Collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wastewater_in_street_(informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town),_South_Africa_(2937833876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/220px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/330px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/440px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lack of maintenance causing sewage to overflow from a manhole into the street of an informal settlement near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Sewage is commonly collected and transported in <a href="/wiki/Gravity_sewer" title="Gravity sewer">gravity sewers</a>, either in a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a>. The latter also conveys <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>) which means the sewage gets diluted during rain events.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitary_sewer">Sanitary sewer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sanitary sewer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanitary_sewer&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">commercial buildings</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>) to a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plant</a> or disposal.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_sewer">Combined sewer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Combined sewer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_sewer&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_sewer" title="Gravity sewer">gravity sewer</a> with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">urban runoff</a> together to a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards.<sup id="cite_ref-Combined_sewer_mjh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combined_sewer_mjh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> particles and other <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, heavy metals, <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, animal waste, and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">grease</a>. Combined sewers may also receive dry weather drainage from landscape <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, construction <a href="/wiki/Dewatering" title="Dewatering">dewatering</a>, and washing <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dilution_in_the_sewer">Dilution in the sewer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dilution in the sewer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system">Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infiltration is <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> entering sewer pipes through defective pipes, connections, joints or <a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">manholes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> Contaminated or <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> groundwater may introduce additional pollutants to the sewage. The amount of such infiltrated water depends on several parameters, such as the length of the collection network, pipeline diameters, drainage area, soil type, water table depth, topography and number of connections per unit area.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Infiltration is increased by poor construction procedures, and tends to increase with the age of the sewer. The amount of infiltration varies with the depth of the sewer in comparison to the local <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater table">groundwater table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcu_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–1, 9–9">: 9–1, 9–9 </span></sup> Older sewer systems that are in need of rehabilitation may also exfiltrate sewage into groundwater from the leaking sewer joints and service connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> This can lead to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNWATER2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNWATER2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stormwater">Stormwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stormwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combined sewers are designed to transport sewage and stormwater together. This means that sewage becomes diluted during rain events. There are other types of inflow that also dilute sewage, e.g. "water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and any direct stormwater runoff connections to the sanitary collection system".<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> The "direct inflows" can result in peak sewage flowrates similar to combined sewers during wet weather events.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_wastewater">Industrial wastewater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Industrial wastewater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></div> <p>Sewage from communities with industrial facilities may include some <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>, generated by industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods. Volumes of industrial wastewater vary widely with the type of industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Industrial wastewater may contain very different pollutants at much higher concentrations than what is typically found in sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> Pollutants may be <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> or non-<a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> waste including <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>. </p><p>An industry may treat its wastewater and discharge it into the environment (or even use the treated wastewater for specific applications), or, in case it is located in the urban area, it may discharge the wastewater into the public sewerage system. In the latter case, industrial wastewater may receive pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_pollutant_concentration" title="Measures of pollutant concentration">pollutant load</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Mixing industrial wastewater with sewage does nothing to reduce the mass of pollutants to be treated, but the volume of sewage lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to industrial wastewater, and the volume of industrial wastewater lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to sewage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposal_and_dilution">Disposal and dilution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Disposal and dilution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/250px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/500px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Ocean outfall</a> pipes in <a href="/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey" title="Cape May, New Jersey">Cape May, New Jersey</a>, United States – pipes exposed after the sand was removed by severe storm</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Disposal_or_treatment_options" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment § Disposal or treatment options</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land">Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When wastewater is discharged into a <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">water body</a> (river, lakes, sea) or land, its relative impact will depend on the <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> of the water body or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> Water bodies have a self-purification capacity, so that the concentration of a pollutant may decrease along the distance from the discharge point. Furthermore, water bodies provide a dilution to the pollutants concentrations discharged, although it does not decrease their mass. In principle, the higher the dilution capacity (ratio of volume or flow of the receiving water and volume or flow of sewage discharged), the lower will be the concentration of pollutants in the receiving water, and probably the lower will be the negative impacts. But if the water body already arrives very polluted at the point of discharge, the dilution will be of limited value.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several cases, a community may treat partially its sewage, and still count on the assimilative capacity of the water body. However, this needs to be analyzed very carefully, taking into account the quality of the water in the receiving body before it receives the discharge of sewage, the resulting water quality after the discharge and the impact on the intended water uses after discharge. There are also specific legal requirements in each country. Different countries have different regulations regarding the specifications of the quality of the sewage being discharged and the quality to be maintained in the receiving water body.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup>The combination of treatment and disposal must comply with existing local regulations. </p><p>The assimilative capacity depends – among several factors – on the ability of the receiving water to sustain dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> concentrations necessary to support organisms <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolizing</a> organic waste.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9, 673">: 9, 673 </span></sup> For example, fish may die if dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 5 mg/L.<sup id="cite_ref-l&f_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l&f-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 573">: 573 </span></sup> </p><p>Application of sewage to land can be considered as a form of final disposal or of treatment, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 189">: 189 </span></sup> Land disposal alternatives require consideration of land availability, groundwater quality, and possible soil deterioration.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disposal_methods">Other disposal methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other disposal methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage may be discharged to an <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcu_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–41">: 9–41 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a> is used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>, or replenish <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> used for agricultural <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. Treatment is usually required to sustain <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a> capacity of infiltration basins, and more extensive treatment may be required for aquifers used as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 700–703">: 700–703 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_outfall">Marine outfall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marine outfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_outfall&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfall</a> (or ocean outfall) is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined sewer overflow">combined sewer overflows</a> (CSOs), <a href="/wiki/Cooling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling water">cooling water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> effluents from <a href="/wiki/Water_desalination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water desalination">water desalination</a> plants to the sea. Usually they discharge under the sea's surface (submarine outfall). In the case of municipal wastewater, effluent is often being discharged after having undergone no or only primary <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treatment</a>, with the intention of using the assimilative capacity of the sea for further treatment. Submarine <a href="/wiki/Outfall" title="Outfall">outfalls</a> are common throughout the world and probably number in the thousands. The light intensity and salinity in natural sea water disinfects the wastewater to ocean outfall system significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200 outfalls alone have been listed in a single international database maintained by the Institute for Hydromechanics at <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsruhe University">Karlsruhe University</a> for the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydraulic_Engineering_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research">International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research</a> (IAHR) / <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">International Water Association</a> (IWA) Committee on Marine Outfall Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_outfall_Database_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_outfall_Database-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_situation">Global situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Global situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Global_situation" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment § Global situation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewage_treatment&action=edit#Global_situation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Before the 20th century in Europe, sewers usually discharged into a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> such as a river, lake, or ocean. There was no treatment, so the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human waste</a> was left to the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. This could lead to satisfactory results if the <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> of the ecosystem is sufficient which is nowadays not often the case due to increasing population density.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_treatment_Marcos2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Marcos2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p> Today, the situation in urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized countries</a> is usually that sewers route their contents to a sewage treatment plant rather than directly to a body of water. In many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, however, the bulk of municipal and industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> without any treatment or after preliminary treatment or primary treatment only. Doing so can lead to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Few reliable figures exist on the share of the wastewater collected in sewers that is being treated worldwide. A global estimate by <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/UN-Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-Habitat">UN-Habitat</a> in 2010 was that 90% of all wastewater generated is released into the environment untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent study in 2021 estimated that globally, about 52% of sewage is treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a> treat approximately 74% of their sewage, <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> treat an average of just 4.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, without sufficient treatment, more than 80% of all wastewater generated globally is released into the environment. High-income nations treat, on average, 70% of the wastewater they produce, according to UN Water.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 8% of wastewater produced in low-income nations receives any sort of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></div> <p>Sewage treatment is beneficial in reducing environmental pollution. <a href="/wiki/Bar_screen" title="Bar screen">Bar screens</a> can remove large solid debris from sewage,<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274–275">: 274–275 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Primary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">primary treatment</a> can remove floating and <a href="/wiki/Settleable_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Settleable matter">settleable matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 446">: 446 </span></sup> Primary treated sewage usually contains less than half of the original solids content and approximately two-thirds of the BOD in the form of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a> can reduce the BOD of organic waste in undiluted sewage,<sup id="cite_ref-l&f_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l&f-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 575">: 575 </span></sup> but is less effective for dilute sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Water_disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Water disinfection">Water disinfection</a> may be attempted to kill pathogens prior to disposal, and is increasingly effective after more elements of the foregoing treatment sequence have been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_&_Eddy_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 359">: 359 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reuse_and_reclamation">Reuse and reclamation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Reuse and reclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></div> <p>An alternative to discharge into the environment is to <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reuse</a> the sewage in a productive way (for agricultural, urban or industrial uses), in compliance with local regulations and requirements for each specific reuse application. Public health risks of sewage reuse in agriculture can be minimized by following a "multiple barrier approach" according to guidelines by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">resource recovery</a> which could make <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture more sustainable</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> recovered from sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Banwart-2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banwart-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_farm">Sewage farm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sewage farm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewage_farm&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farms</a> use sewage for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and fertilizing agricultural land. The practice is common in warm, arid climates where irrigation is valuable while sources of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">fresh water are scarce</a>. Suspended solids may be converted to <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> by microbes and bacteria in order to supply <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrients</a> for crop growth. Many <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized nations</a> use conventional <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants nowadays instead of sewage farms. These reduce <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> problems; but sewage farming remains a low-cost option for some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Sewage farming should not be confused with sewage disposal through <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basins</a> or subsurface <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drains</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></div> <p>Sewage management includes collection and transport for release into the environment after a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">treatment level</a> that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil, or for reuse applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcos_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> In most countries, uncontrolled discharges of wastewater to the environment are not permitted under law, and strict water quality requirements are to be met. For requirements in the United States, <i>see <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act#Point_sources" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>.</i> </p><p>Sewage management regulations are often part of a country's broader <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> policies. These may also include the management of <a href="/wiki/Human_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Human excreta">human excreta</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">non-sewered collection systems</a>), <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">solid waste</a> and stormwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater-based_epidemiology" title="Wastewater-based epidemiology">Wastewater-based epidemiology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tilley-2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley-2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTilleyUlrichLüthiReymond2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/"><i>Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0"><bdi>978-3-906484-57-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408021403/http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29%2C+Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-906484-57-0&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcos-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_Sperling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Von Sperling, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/Wastewater-Characteristics-Treatment-and-Disposal">"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"</a>. <i>Water Intelligence Online</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780402086">10.2166/9781780402086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6"><bdi>978-1-78040-208-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-1777">1476-1777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Intelligence+Online&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Characteristics%2C+Treatment+and+Disposal&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1476-1777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2F9781780402086&rft.isbn=978-1-78040-208-6&rft.aulast=Von+Sperling&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwaponline.com%2Febooks%2Fbook%2F72%2FWastewater-Characteristics-Treatment-and-Disposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01B64IJhqY0C&pg=PA31"><i>Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wasterwater, Excreta and Greywater</i></a>. World Health Organization. 2006. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-154685-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-154685-9"><bdi>92-4-154685-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71253096">71253096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Safe+Use+of+Wasterwater%2C+Excreta+and+Greywater&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71253096&rft.isbn=92-4-154685-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01B64IJhqY0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersson,_K.Rosemarin,_A.Lamizana,_B.Kvarnström,_E.2016" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, K.; Rosemarin, A.; Lamizana, B.; Kvarnström, E.; McConville, J.; Seidu, R.; Dickin, S.; Trimmer, C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2636"><i>Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery</i></a>. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3488-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3488-1"><bdi>978-92-807-3488-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601071836/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2636">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanitation%2C+Wastewater+Management+and+Sustainability%3A+from+Waste+Disposal+to+Resource+Recovery&rft.place=Nairobi+and+Stockholm&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+and+Stockholm+Environment+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3488-1&rft.au=Andersson%2C+K.&rft.au=Rosemarin%2C+A.&rft.au=Lamizana%2C+B.&rft.au=Kvarnstr%C3%B6m%2C+E.&rft.au=McConville%2C+J.&rft.au=Seidu%2C+R.&rft.au=Dickin%2C+S.&rft.au=Trimmer%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.susana.org%2Fen%2Fknowledge-hub%2Fresources-and-publications%2Flibrary%2Fdetails%2F2636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tchobanoglous-2003_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse</i>. George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L. Burton, H. David Stensel, Metcalf & Eddy (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0"><bdi>0-07-041878-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48053912">48053912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wastewater+engineering%3A+treatment+and+reuse&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48053912&rft.isbn=0-07-041878-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henze-2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenzevan_LoosdrechtEkamaBrdjanovic2008" class="citation book cs1">Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/59/Biological-Wastewater-Treatment-Principles"><i>Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design</i></a>. IWA Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780401867">10.2166/9781780401867</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-186-7"><bdi>978-1-78040-186-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108595515">108595515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Wastewater+Treatment%3A+Principles%2C+Modelling+and+Design&rft.pub=IWA+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108595515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2F9781780401867&rft.isbn=978-1-78040-186-7&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=van+Loosdrecht%2C+M.+C.+M.&rft.au=Ekama%2C+G.A.&rft.au=Brdjanovic%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwaponline.com%2Febooks%2Fbook%2F59%2FBiological-Wastewater-Treatment-Principles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span> Spanish and Arabic versions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/707/Tratamiento-biologico-de-aguas-residuales">available free online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwater_(waste)_:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackwater_(waste)_:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTilley,_E.Ulrich,_L.Lüthi,_C.Reymond,_Ph.2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/"><i>Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0"><bdi>978-3-906484-57-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.place=Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-906484-57-0&rft.au=Tilley%2C+E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehzadianKapelan2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1826/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b%20Final%20Draft.pdf">"Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <span class="nowrap">527–</span>528: <span class="nowrap">220–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ScTEn.527..220B">2015ScTEn.527..220B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2015.04.097">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F17351">10871/17351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25965035">25965035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Advantages+of+integrated+and+sustainability+based+assessment+for+metabolism+based+strategic+planning+of+urban+water+systems&rft.volume=527%E2%80%93528&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F17351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25965035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2015.04.097&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ScTEn.527..220B&rft.aulast=Behzadian&rft.aufirst=k&rft.au=Kapelan%2C+Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uwl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1826%2F1%2FBehzadian%2520and%2520Kapelan%25202015b%2520Final%2520Draft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuttle1990" class="citation web cs1">Duttle, Marsha (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_m/m-106.html">"NM State greywater advice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213002120/http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_m/m-106.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209055215/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2013/4">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leading+experts+to+review+global+developments+in+detecting+illicit+drugs+in+wastewater&rft.pub=The+European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fnews%2F2013%2F4_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Phil M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Pollutant+Discharge+Elimination+System+%28NPDES%29+Permit+Writers%27+Manual&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015-09%2Fdocuments%2Fpwm_chapt_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (14 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1004"><i>WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture)</i></a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154685-0"><bdi>978-92-4-154685-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017235811/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Guidelines+for+the+Safe+Use+of+Wastewater%2C+Excreta+and+Greywater+%28Volume+IV%3A+Excreta+and+greywater+use+in+agriculture%29&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154685-0&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.susana.org%2Fen%2Fknowledge-hub%2Fresources-and-publications%2Flibrary%2Fdetails%2F1004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banwart-2021-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banwart-2021_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanwartCarterDaniellYong-Guan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Banwart, S.; Carter, L.; Daniell, T.; Yong-Guan, Z.; Guo, H.; Guest, J.; Kirk, S.; Chen, X.; Evans, B. (14 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/info/130600/policy_leeds/879/policy_briefs">"Expanding the agricultural – sanitation circular economy: opportunities and benefits"</a>. <i>www.leeds.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5518%2F100%2F71">10.5518/100/71</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.leeds.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+agricultural+%E2%80%93+sanitation+circular+economy%3A+opportunities+and+benefits&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5518%2F100%2F71&rft.aulast=Banwart&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Carter%2C+L.&rft.au=Daniell%2C+T.&rft.au=Yong-Guan%2C+Z.&rft.au=Guo%2C+H.&rft.au=Guest%2C+J.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+S.&rft.au=Chen%2C+X.&rft.au=Evans%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Finfo%2F130600%2Fpolicy_leeds%2F879%2Fpolicy_briefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/sanitation-and-wastewater-atlas-africa">Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sewage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sewage">sewage</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wastewater" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wastewater">Wastewater</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q10966166" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q10966166">Sewage</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater267" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sewerage" title="Category:Sewerage">Category: Sewerage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing233" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_colonialism" title="Toxic colonialism">Toxic colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/20px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution1274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template 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quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" 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