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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faiyum_mummy_portraits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faiyum_mummy_portraits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Faiyum mummy portraits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faiyum_mummy_portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Zenon_Papyri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Zenon_Papyri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Zenon Papyri</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Zenon_Papyri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern city</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_city-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern city subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Faiyum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="الفيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl-F%C9%99yyum" title="Əl-Fəyyum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl-Fəyyum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="فیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Эль-Фаюм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эль-Фаюм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="फय्यूम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फय्यूम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Фаюм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фаюм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Faium" title="El Faium – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Faium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fayy%C5%ABm_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Al Fayyūm (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Al Fayyūm (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajj%C3%BAm" title="Fajjúm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fajjúm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fayyum" title="Al Fayyum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Al Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayy%C5%ABm" title="Al-Fayyūm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Fayyūm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayy%C5%ABm" title="Al-Fayyūm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Al-Fayyūm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC" title="Φαγιούμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαγιούμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%BAn" title="Fayún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fayún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajumo" title="Fajumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fajumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="فیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dinet_el-Fayoum" title="Médinet el-Fayoum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médinet el-Fayoum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayyum" title="Fayyum – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9C%B0" title="파이윰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이윰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ֆայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fayyum" title="Al Fayyum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayyum" title="Al-Fayyum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="פיום (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיום (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელ-ფაიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელ-ფაიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajumas" title="Fajumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fajumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajj%C3%BAm" title="Fajjúm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fajjúm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="الفيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Fajoem" title="El-Fajoem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="El-Fajoem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ファイユーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファイユーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajum_(miasto)" title="Fajum (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fajum (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faium" title="Faium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Faium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fayyum" title="Al Fayyum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Эль-Файюм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эль-Файюм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Faiyum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajj%C3%BAm_(mesto)" title="Fajjúm (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fajjúm (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajum" title="Fajum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fajum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Фајум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фајум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajum" title="Fajum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fajum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayyum" title="Al-Fayyum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayoum" title="Fayoum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fayoum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பையூம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பையூம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayyum" title="Fayyum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fayyum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1" title="ฟัยยูม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟัยยูม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Ал-Файюм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ал-Файюм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyyum" title="Feyyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feyyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Фаюм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фаюм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Faiyum&params=29.308374_N_30.844105_E_region:EG_type:city(519047)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°18′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°50′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.308374°N 30.844105°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.308374; 30.844105</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Faiyum (disambiguation)">Faiyum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Faiyum</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفيوم</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg/275px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg/413px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg/550px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QasrQarunFacade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/90px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/135px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/180px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/90px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/135px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/180px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg/90px-Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg/135px-Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg/180px-Valley_whales_in_Fayoum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Clockwise from top:</b> <br /> a fishing boat on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Qarun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Qarun">Lake Qarun</a>, Whale Valley, trees fighting desertification, <a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a> Temple</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faiyum is located in Egypt"><img alt="Faiyum is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.848%;left:50.718%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Faiyum"><img alt="Faiyum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Faiyum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Faiyum&params=29.308374_N_30.844105_E_region:EG_type:city(519047)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°18′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°50′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.308374°N 30.844105°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.308374; 30.844105</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18.5 km<sup>2</sup> (7.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 m (95 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">519,047</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">28,000/km<sup>2</sup> (73,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Faiyum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">fy-<span style="font-size:90%">YOOM</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفيوم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">el-Fayyūm</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[elfæjˈjuːm]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a>. Located 100 kilometres (62 miles) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum Oasis</a>, it is the capital of the modern <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum Governorate</a>. It is one of Egypt's oldest cities due to its strategic location.<sup id="cite_ref-Riggs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F30.png?e2a10" height="27" title="F30" alt="F30" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46 [d]" alt="d" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em"><i>šd t</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G40.png?d2bfd" height="34" title="G40 [pA]" alt="pA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G20.png?e92e4" height="38" title="G20" alt="G20" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35A.png?7d084" height="32" title="N35A [mw]" alt="mw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="7" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em"><i>pꜣ ym</i> <br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Originally founded by the ancient Egyptians as Shedet, its current name in English is also spelled as <b>Fayum</b>, <b>Faiyum</b> or <b>al-Faiyūm</b>. Faiyum was also previously officially named <b>Madīnat al-Faiyūm</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> for <i>The City of Faiyum</i>). The name Faiyum (and its spelling variations) may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum Oasis</a>, although it is commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> today to refer to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern name of the city comes from <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic"> ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ</span> /<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ</span> <i><span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">epʰiom/peiom</i></span></i> (whence also the personal name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">Ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲙ</span> <i><span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">payom</i></span></i>), meaning <i>the Sea</i> or <i>the Lake</i>, which in turn comes from late <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <i>pꜣ-ym</i> of the same meaning, a reference to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a>; the extinct elephant ancestor <i><a href="/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia">Phiomia</a></i> was named after it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crocodilopolis" redirects here. For the namesake sites in Upper Egypt and Israel, see <a href="/wiki/Crocodilopolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crocodilopolis (disambiguation)">Crocodilopolis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Archaeological evidence has found occupations around the Faiyum dating back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a>. Middle <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> occupations of the area are most widely studied on the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Caton_Thompson" title="Gertrude Caton Thompson">Gertrude Caton Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Wight_Gardner" title="Elinor Wight Gardner">Elinor Wight Gardner</a> did a number of excavations of Epipalaeolithic and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites, as well as a general survey of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently the area has been further investigated by a team from the UCLA/RUG/UOA Fayum Project.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Roger S. Bagnall</a>, habitation began in the fifth millennium BC and a settlement was established by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2685</span>–2180 BC) called Shedet (Medinet el-Fayyum).<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the most significant centre of the cult of the crocodile god <a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a> (borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> pronunciation as <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σοῦχος</span> <i>Soûkhos</i>, and then into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i>Suchus</i>). In consequence, the Greeks called it "Crocodile City" (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κροκοδειλόπολις</span> <i>Krokodeilópolis</i>), which was borrowed into Latin as <i>Crocodīlopolis</i>. The city worshipped a tamed sacred crocodile called, in Koine, <i><a href="/wiki/Petsuchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Petsuchos">Petsuchos</a></i>, "the Son of Soukhos", that was adorned with gold and gem pendants. The Petsoukhos lived in a special temple pond and was fed by the priests with food provided by visitors. When Petsuchos died, it was replaced by another.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Faiyum_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/220px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/330px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/440px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>El Faiyum map</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, the city was called <i>Ptolemais Euergétis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πτολεμαῒς Εὐεργέτις</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> (309–246 BC) renamed the city <i>Arsinoë</i> and the whole <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nome</a> after the name of his sister-wife <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a> (316–270 or 268), who was deified after her death as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great</a>, the official religion of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy II Philadelphus also established a town at the edge of Faiyum named <i>Philadelphia</i>. It was laid out in a regular <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> to resemble a typical Greek city, with private dwellings, palaces, baths and a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Arsinoë became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia Aegypti</a>. To distinguish it from other cities of the same name, it was called "Arsinoë in Arcadia". </p><p>With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Arsinoë became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a>, the capital of the province and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan see</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a> gives the names of several bishops of Arsinoë, nearly all of them associated with one <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> or another.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, considering Arsinoë in Arcadia to be no longer a residential bishopric, lists it as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fayyum was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Shahralanyozan" title="Shahralanyozan">Shahralanyozan</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a> (619–629).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10th-century Bible exegete, <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, thought <i>el-Fayyum</i> to have actually been the biblical city of <a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a>, mentioned in Exodus 1:11.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1245 CE, the region became the subject of the most detailed government survey to survive from the medieval Arab world, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%E2%80%98Amr_%E2%80%98Uthman_Ibn_al-N%C4%81bulus%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū ‘Amr ‘Uthman Ibn al-Nābulusī">Abū ‘Amr ‘Uthman Ibn al-Nābulusī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faiyum_mummy_portraits">Faiyum mummy portraits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Faiyum mummy portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fayum-01.jpg/220px-Fayum-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fayum-01.jpg/330px-Fayum-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fayum-01.jpg/440px-Fayum-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a man, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 125–150</span> AD. <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">Encaustic</a> on wood; 37 cm × 20 cm (15 in × 8 in)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">Fayum mummy portraits</a></div> <p>Faiyum is the source of some famous <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death masks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> portraits painted during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> occupation of the area. The Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>. While under the control of the Roman Empire, Egyptian death masks were painted on wood in a pigmented <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> technique called <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">Faiyum mummy portraits</a> represent this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While previously believed to represent Greek settlers in Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern studies conclude that the Faiyum portraits instead represent mainly native Egyptians, reflecting the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Greek minority in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katz_184_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz_184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Zenon_Papyri"><i>The Zenon Papyri</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Zenon Papyri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_(3rd_ca._BC.)_(3210586934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg/220px-Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg/330px-Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg/440px-Papyrus_in_Greek_regarding_tax_issues_%283rd_ca._BC.%29_%283210586934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a papyrus letter discussing tax issues from the <i>Zenon Archive</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zenon_of_Kaunos" title="Zenon of Kaunos">Zenon of Kaunos</a></div> <p>The construction of the settlement of <i>Philadelphia</i> under Ptolemy II Philadelphus was recorded in detail by a 3rd-century BC Greek public official named <a href="/wiki/Zenon_of_Kaunos" title="Zenon of Kaunos">Zeno</a> (or Zenon, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ζήνων</span>). Zeno, a native of <a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a> in lower <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, came to Faiyum to work as private secretary to <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_(dioiketes)" title="Apollonius (dioiketes)">Apollonius</a>, the finance minister to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (and later to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a>). During his employment, Zeno wrote detailed descriptions of the construction of theatres, gymnasiums, palaces and baths in the 250s and 240s BC, as well as making copious written records of various legal and financial transactions between citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zenonwhere_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zenonwhere-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the winter of 1914–1915, a cache of over 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> documents was uncovered by Egyptian agricultural labourers who were digging for <a href="/wiki/Sebakh" title="Sebakh">sebakh</a> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B4m_el-Kharaba_el-Kebir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kôm el-Kharaba el-Kebir (page does not exist)">Kôm el-Kharaba el-Kebir</a>. Upon examination by <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> scholars, these documents were found to be records written by Zeno in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>. These papyri, now referred to as the <i>Zenon Archive</i> or the <i>Zenon Papyri</i>, have provided historians with a detailed record of 3rd-century BC Philadelphia society and economy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery site was identified as the former location of ancient Philadelphia. Today, the precise location of the town is unknown, although archaeologists have identified two sites in north-east Faiyum as the possible location for Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-zenonwhere_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zenonwhere-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-idai_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idai-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_city">Modern city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum,_c._1868-1870,_NGA_162261.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_View_of_Medinet_El-Fayoum%2C_c._1868-1870%2C_NGA_162261.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, <i>View of Medinet El-Fayoum</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1868</span>–1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Faiyum has several large bazaars, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baths and a much-frequented weekly market.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal called <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a> runs through the city, its banks lined with houses. There are two bridges over the river: one of three arches, which carries the main street and bazaar, and one of two arches, over which is built the <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a> mosque,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a gift from his wife to honor the Mamluk Sultan in Fayoum. Mounds north of the city mark the site of Arsinoe, known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> as Crocodilopolis, where in ancient times the sacred <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a> kept in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> was worshipped.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of the city is on the canal, with four waterwheels which were adopted by the governorate of Fayoum as its symbol; their chariots and bazaars are easy to spot. The city is home of the football club <a href="/wiki/Misr_Lel_Makkasa_SC" title="Misr Lel Makkasa SC">Misr Lel Makkasa SC</a>, that play in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Premier_League" title="Egyptian Premier League">Egyptian Premier League</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The population of Faiyum Governorate is 4,164,914.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hanging Mosque, built when the Ottomans ruled Egypt by prince<i> Marawan bin Hatem</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a>, an archeological site 27 km (17 mi) from the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahun">Lahun</a> Pyramids, 4 km (2 mi) outside the city</li> <li>Qaitbay Mosque, in the city; built by the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a></li> <li>Qasr Qarun, 44 km (27 mi) from the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Elrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Elrayan">Wadi Elrayan</a> or Wadi Rayan, the largest waterfalls in Egypt, around 50 km (31 mi) from the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Al-Hitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Al-Hitan">Wadi Al-Hitan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of whales">Valley of whales</a>, a paleontological site in the Al Fayyum Governorate, some 150 km (93 mi) southwest of Cairo. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger climate classification system</a> classifies its climate as <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert</a> (BWh). </p><p>The highest record temperatures was 46 °C (115 °F) on June 13, 1965, and the lowest record temperature was 2 °C (36 °F) on January 8, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Voodoo_Skies_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voodoo_Skies-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Faiyum </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Arab Meteorology Book<sup id="cite_ref-climate_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People from Faiyum may be known as al-Fayyumi: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefta_Tashko-Ko%C3%A7o" title="Tefta Tashko-Koço">Tefta Tashko-Koço</a> (1910-1947), well-known <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> singer, was born in Faiyum, where her family lived at that time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (882/892-942), the influential Jewish teacher of the early 10th century, was originally from Faiyum and often called al-Fayyumi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Wahbi" title="Youssef Wahbi">Youssef Wahbi</a> (1898-1982), a notable Egyptian actor, well known for his influence on the development of Egyptian cinema and theater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ihab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Ihab">Mohamed Ihab</a> (b. 1989), Egypt's most decorated weightlifter. He is a World Champion competing in the 77 kg category until 2018 and currently in the 81 kg class.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QasrQarunFacade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qarun Palace"><img alt="Qarun Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/120px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/180px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/QasrQarunFacade.jpg/240px-QasrQarunFacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qarun Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UmmAtlTemple1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple"><img alt="Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UmmAtlTemple1.jpg/120px-UmmAtlTemple1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UmmAtlTemple1.jpg/180px-UmmAtlTemple1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UmmAtlTemple1.jpg/240px-UmmAtlTemple1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_skeleton_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A whale skeleton lies in the sand at Wadi Al-Hitan (Arabic: وادي الحيتان, ‘Whale Valley’) near the city of Faiyum"><img alt="A whale skeleton lies in the sand at Wadi Al-Hitan (Arabic: وادي الحيتان, ‘Whale Valley’) near the city of Faiyum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Whale_skeleton_2.jpg/120px-Whale_skeleton_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Whale_skeleton_2.jpg/180px-Whale_skeleton_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Whale_skeleton_2.jpg/240px-Whale_skeleton_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A whale skeleton lies in the sand at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Al-Hitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Al-Hitan">Wadi Al-Hitan</a> (Arabic: وادي الحيتان, ‘Whale Valley’) near the city of Faiyum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">List of cities and towns in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Faiyum" title="Book of the Faiyum">Book of the Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayum_alphabet" title="Fayum alphabet">Fayum alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_mummy_portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum mummy portraits">Faiyum mummy portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_El_Rayan" title="Lake El Rayan">Lake El Rayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia">Phiomia</a> (an extinct relative of the elephant, named after Faiyum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Elrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Elrayan">Wadi Elrayan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <span title="Coptic-language text"><span lang="cop">Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ</span></span> (<span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">Phiom</i></span>) or <span title="Coptic-language text"><span lang="cop">Ⲫⲓⲱⲙ</span></span> (<span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">Phiōm</i></span>), from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">pꜣ ym</i></span>, meaning "the Sea" or "the Lake". Originally called <b>Shedet</b> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">šd t</i></span>) in Egyptian, the Greeks renamed it <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Κροκοδειλόπολις</span></span> (<span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Krokodeilópolis</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, and later <span title="Medieval Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρσινόη</span></span> (<span title="Medieval Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arsinóë</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riggs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/cities/?cityid=561">"Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+Governorates%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Towns+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fegypt%2Fcities%2F%3Fcityid%3D561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riggs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riggs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riggs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaola_Davoli2012" class="citation book cs1">Paola Davoli (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOLuaRusoCgC&pg=PA152">"The Archaeology of the Fayum"</a>. In Riggs, Christina (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199571451" title="Special:BookSources/9780199571451"><bdi>9780199571451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Fayum&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Roman+Egypt&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199571451&rft.au=Paola+Davoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOLuaRusoCgC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gauthier" title="Henri Gauthier">Gauthier, Henri</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques</i></a>. Vol. 5. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n77/mode/2up">150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/fayum2/gen_name.php">"The name of the Fayum province. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"</a>. Trismegistos.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045648/http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/fayum2/gen_name.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+name+of+the+Fayum+province.+Katholieke+Universiteit+Leuven&rft.pub=Trismegistos.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trismegistos.org%2Ffayum%2Ffayum2%2Fgen_name.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182536/http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=30630">"Faiyum. Eternal Egypt"</a>. Eternalegypt.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=30630">the original</a> on 2012-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faiyum.+Eternal+Egypt&rft.pub=Eternalegypt.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eternalegypt.org%2FEternalEgyptWebsiteWeb%2FHomeServlet%3Fee_website_action_key%3Daction.display.element%26story_id%3D%26module_id%3D%26language_id%3D1%26element_id%3D30630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaton-Thompson,_G.Gardner,_E.1934" class="citation book cs1">Caton-Thompson, G.; Gardner, E. (1934). <i>The Desert Fayum</i>. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+Fayum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Caton-Thompson%2C+G.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldawayPhillippsEmmittWendrich2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Holdaway, Simon; Phillipps, Rebecca; Emmitt, Joshua; Wendrich, Willeke (2016-07-29). "The Fayum revisited: Reconsidering the role of the Neolithic package, Fayum north shore, Egypt". <i>Quaternary International</i>. The Neolithic from the Sahara to the Southern Mediterranean Coast: A review of the most Recent Research. 410, Part A: 173–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..173H">2016QuInt.410..173H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.11.072">10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+Fayum+revisited%3A+Reconsidering+the+role+of+the+Neolithic+package%2C+Fayum+north+shore%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=410%2C+Part+A&rft.pages=173-180&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.11.072&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016QuInt.410..173H&rft.aulast=Holdaway&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Phillipps%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Emmitt%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Wendrich%2C+Willeke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillippsHoldawayRamsayEmmitt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Phillipps, Rebecca; Holdaway, Simon; Ramsay, Rebecca; Emmitt, Joshua; Wendrich, Willeke; Linseele, Veerle (2016-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Foq.19">"Lake Level Changes, Lake Edge Basins and the Paleoenvironment of the Fayum North Shore, Egypt, during the Early to Mid-Holocene"</a>. <i>Open Quaternary</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Foq.19">10.5334/oq.19</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2292%2F28957">2292/28957</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-298X">2055-298X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Quaternary&rft.atitle=Lake+Level+Changes%2C+Lake+Edge+Basins+and+the+Paleoenvironment+of+the+Fayum+North+Shore%2C+Egypt%2C+during+the+Early+to+Mid-Holocene&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2292%2F28957&rft.issn=2055-298X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Foq.19&rft.aulast=Phillipps&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Holdaway%2C+Simon&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Emmitt%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Wendrich%2C+Willeke&rft.au=Linseele%2C+Veerle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Foq.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2004" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Roger S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ig4uQC20_IC&dq=SHEDET&pg=PA127"><i>Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-796-2"><bdi>978-0-89236-796-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+Alexander+to+the+Early+Christians%3A+An+Archaeological+and+Historical+Guide&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-796-2&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Director+of+the+Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Ancient+World+Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ig4uQC20_IC%26dq%3DSHEDET%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew1834" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pettigrew" title="Thomas Pettigrew">Pettigrew, Thomas</a> (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30456204_0001"><i>A History of Egyptian Mummies: And an Account of the Worship and Embalming of the Sacred Animals by the Egyptians : with Remarks on the Funeral Ceremonies of Different Nations, and Observations on the Mummies of the Canary Islands, of the Ancient Peruvians, Burman Priests, Etc</i></a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30456204_0001/page/211">211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Egyptian+Mummies%3A+And+an+Account+of+the+Worship+and+Embalming+of+the+Sacred+Animals+by+the+Egyptians+%3A+with+Remarks+on+the+Funeral+Ceremonies+of+Different+Nations%2C+and+Observations+on+the+Mummies+of+the+Canary+Islands%2C+of+the+Ancient+Peruvians%2C+Burman+Priests%2C+Etc&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longman&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Pettigrew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30456204_0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2009" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Margaret (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA90"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptology+Online%3A+Fayoum+mummy+portraits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptologyonline.com%2Fmummy_portraits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59912/Egyptian-art-and-architecture/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Egyptian art and architecture - Greco-Roman Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528070847/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59912/Egyptian-art-and-architecture">Archived</a> 2007-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed on January 16, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed. <i>Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt</i> (Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riggs, C. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion Oxford University Press (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz_184-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_184_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor J. Katz (1998). <i>A History of Mathematics: An Introduction</i>, p. 184. Addison Wesley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-01618-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-01618-1">0-321-01618-1</a>: "<i>But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a> were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfil numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umich.edu/reading/Zenon/WhowasZenon.html">"Who was Zenon"</a>. <i>apps.lib.umich.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Temple+and+the+Gods%2C+The+Cult+of+the+Crocodile&rft.pub=Umich.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~kelseydb%2FExhibits%2FKaranis83%2FKaranisExcavation%2Ftemple2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx">"الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء"</a>. <i>www.capmas.gov.eg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capmas.gov.eg&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FpopulationClock.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voodoo_Skies-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voodoo_Skies_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224115532/http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/el-fayoum">"Al Fayoum, Egypt"</a>. Voodoo Skies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/el-fayoum">the original</a> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+I%3A+Meteorological+Data&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextras.springer.com%2F2007%2F978-1-4020-4577-6%2FBook_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faiyum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/30_brightly_coloured_mummies_discovered_in_Egyptian_necropolis" class="extiw" title="wikinews:30 brightly coloured mummies discovered in Egyptian necropolis"> 30 brightly coloured mummies discovered in Egyptian necropolis</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crs.org/egypt/village-sanitation/">the original</a> on 2009-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+Gallery%3A+Water+Issues+in+Fayoum+Villages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrs.org%2Fegypt%2Fvillage-sanitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalling_Rain_Genomics,_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/04/Al_Fayyum.html">"Geographical information on Al Fayyum, Egypt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+information+on+Al+Fayyum%2C+Egypt&rft.au=Falling+Rain+Genomics%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fallingrain.com%2Fworld%2FEG%2F04%2FAl_Fayyum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faymtownsandthe00milngoog">Fayum towns and their papyri, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_L._MorganSpencer_G._Lucas2002" class="citation web cs1">Vincent L. Morgan; Spencer G. Lucas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720001614/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13199895/Notes-From-DiaryFayum-Trip-1907-Walter-Granger-Bulletin-22-2002-NMMNH">"Notes From Diary––Fayum Trip, 1907"</a>. <i>Bulletin 22</i>. <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Science" title="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-4156">1524-4156</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/13199895/Notes-From-DiaryFayum-Trip-1907-Walter-Granger-Bulletin-22-2002-NMMNH">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+22&rft.atitle=Notes+From+Diary%E2%80%93%E2%80%93Fayum+Trip%2C+1907&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1524-4156&rft.au=Vincent+L.+Morgan&rft.au=Spencer+G.+Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F13199895%2FNotes-From-DiaryFayum-Trip-1907-Walter-Granger-Bulletin-22-2002-NMMNH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaiyum" class="Z3988"></span>. 148 pages, public domain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagesjourney.com/Main.aspx?Category=43">Fayoum Photo Gallery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Template:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governorates_capital_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governorates capital of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governorates_capitals_of_Egypt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt"> Governorates capitals of Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate <small><span class="nobold">(capital)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansoura</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a> <small>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faiyum</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh Governorate">Kafr El Sheikh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matrouh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersa Matrouh">Mersa Matrouh</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt" title="El Tor, Egypt">El Tor</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_Egyptian_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Upper_Egyptian_cities" title="Template:Upper Egyptian cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Upper_Egyptian_cities" title="Template talk:Upper Egyptian cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Upper_Egyptian_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Upper Egyptian cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_Egyptian_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template talk:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Egyptian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desouk" title="Desouk">Desouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Dawwar" title="Kafr El Dawwar">Kafr El Dawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sokhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrah_Dom" title="Hamrah Dom">Hamrah Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib">Hala'ib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadat (city)">Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkha" title="Talkha">Talkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_oases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_oases" title="Template:Egypt oases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_oases" title="Template talk:Egypt oases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_oases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt oases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_oases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Egyptian oases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahariya_Oasis" title="Bahariya Oasis">Bahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris,_Egypt" title="Baris, Egypt">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunqul_Oasis" title="Dunqul Oasis">Dunqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghra_Oasis" title="Moghra Oasis">Moghra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Oasis" title="Qara Oasis">Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Palm_tree.jpg/81px-Palm_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Palm_tree.jpg/122px-Palm_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Palm_tree.jpg/162px-Palm_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">Ancient Egypt topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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