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href="#Architecture_and_public_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture and public works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_public_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture and public works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_public_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Cyprus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5" title="إيالة قبرص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيالة قبرص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiparski_pa%C5%A1aluk" title="Kiparski pašaluk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kiparski pašaluk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%BD_Kypr" title="Osmanský Kypr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanský Kypr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%85%CF%80%CF%8C_%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κύπρος υπό Οθωμανική κυριαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύπρος υπό Οθωμανική κυριαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalato_de_Chipre" title="Eyalato de Chipre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eyalato de Chipre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ایالت قبرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت قبرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chypre_ottomane" title="Chypre ottomane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chypre ottomane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siprus_Utsmaniyah" title="Siprus Utsmaniyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siprus Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet_di_Cipro" title="Eyalet di Cipro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eyalet di Cipro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipras_ej%C4%81lets" title="Kipras ejālets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kipras ejālets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Отомански Кипар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отомански Кипар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Uthmaniyyah" title="Cyprus Uthmaniyyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cyprus Uthmaniyyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaans_Cyprus" title="Ottomaans Cyprus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaans Cyprus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5" title="ایالت قبرص – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایالت قبرص" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipre_otomano" title="Chipre otomano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chipre otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Османский Кипр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османский Кипр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кипарски пашалук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кипарски пашалук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_d%C3%B6neminde_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s" title="Osmanlı döneminde Kıbrıs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı döneminde Kıbrıs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Османський Кіпр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Османський Кіпр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5" title="ایالت قبرص – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایالت قبرص" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3494043#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ottoman_Cyprus" rel="discussion" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman province (1571–1878)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Eyalet-i Ḳıbrıṣ <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">ایالت قبرص</span> <br />1571–1670 <br />1745–1748 <br /> Sancağı Ḳıbrıṣ<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سانجاغى قبرص</span><br /> 1670–1703 <br /> 1784–1878<br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1571–1878</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cyprus"><img alt="Flag of Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Flag (after 1844)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="of Cyprus"><img alt="of Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Eyalet_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus#Previous_coats_of_arms" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus_Eyalet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1609).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/220px-Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/330px-Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/440px-Cyprus_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span><br />Ottoman Cyprus in 1609 in red. The rest of the Ottoman Empire in light-yellow</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1571</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1878</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venetian_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="788" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian Cyprus</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281881%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><br /><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cyprus" title="Category:History of Cyprus">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">History of <span class="fn org label">Cyprus</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="CYPRVS INSVLA"><img alt="CYPRVS INSVLA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4295" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_city-kingdoms_of_Cyprus" title="Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus">Ten city-kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(theme)" title="Cyprus (theme)">Theme of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman Cyprus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_(1878%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Cyprus (1878–present)">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cypriot_history" title="Timeline of Cypriot history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cypriot_art" title="Ancient Cypriot art">Ancient art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Cyprus" title="Pottery of ancient Cyprus">Ancient pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cyprus" title="List of earthquakes in Cyprus">Earthquakes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Cyprus portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cyprus" title="Template:History of Cyprus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cyprus" title="Template talk:History of Cyprus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cyprus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cyprus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eyalet of Cyprus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">ایالت قبرص</span>, <i>Eyālet-i Ḳıbrıṣ</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-someprov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-someprov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a> (province) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> made up of the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which was annexed into the Empire in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans changed the way they administered Cyprus multiple times. It was a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> (sub-province) of the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Eyalet of the Archipelago</a> from 1670 to 1703, and again from 1784 onwards; a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier</a> (1703–1745 and 1748–1784); and again an eyalet for the short period from 1745 to 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-hist-geo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-geo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_raids_and_conquest">Ottoman raids and conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ottoman raids and conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule, the Ottomans at times raided Cyprus. In 1489, the first year of Venetian control, Ottomans attacked the <a href="/wiki/Karpass_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpass Peninsula">Karpass Peninsula</a>, pillaging and taking captives to be <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">sold into slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1539 the Ottoman fleet attacked and destroyed <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing the ever-expanding <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the Venetians had fortified <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a>, but most other cities were easy prey. </p><p>In the summer of 1570, the Ottomans struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha">Lala Mustafa Pasha</a> landed unopposed near <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>. The city fell on September 9, 1570; 20,000 Nicosians were massacred and every <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, public building, and palace was looted. Only women and boys who were captured to be sold as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slaves</a> were spared.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Word of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. The citizens of Famagusta, on the other hand, led by Venetian commander <a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Marco Antonio Bragadin</a>, put up a heroic resistance which led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">siege</a> of the city for about a year, from September 1570 until August 1571. When the Ottomans eventually breached the fortifications, a massacre of most remaining Christians in the city followed, despite the Ottoman commander previously agreeing that in return for the city's surrender, Christians would be guaranteed safe passage to Crete. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Bragadin</a> had his ears and nose cut off and, after thrown in prison for two weeks, he was dragged round the walls with sacks of earth and stone on his back, then tied naked to a column in the main square and <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">skinned alive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of Famagusta marked the end of the Venetian rule and the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus, with Lala Mustafa Pasha becoming the island’s first Turkish Governor. </p><p>On 25 May 1571, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a>, a coalition between the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malta under the Order of Saint John">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, and some other Italian states. Four months later, on 7 October, the naval forces of the League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Don_John_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Don John of Austria">Don John of Austria</a>, defeated the Turkish fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a> in one of the decisive battles in general — and naval battles in particular — of world history. The victory over the Ottomans, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. </p><p>In 1573 the Venetians left Cyprus, removing the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1878)_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg/220px-%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg/330px-%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg/440px-%281878%29_MAP_OF_CYPRUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4731" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>Administrative map of Cyprus drawn by the British in 1878, showing the Ottoman administrative division of the island at the time of the handover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammoxostos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ammoxostos.jpg/220px-Ammoxostos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ammoxostos.jpg/330px-Ammoxostos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ammoxostos.jpg/440px-Ammoxostos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chalcography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcography">Chalcography</a> depicting Famagusta in 1703</figcaption></figure> <p>As soon as Nicosia was conquered, Cyprus was declared an <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a> under the administration of a <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha">Lala Mustafa Pasha</a>, the former beylerbey of <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Avlona" title="Sanjak of Avlona">Avlonya</a>, was appointed to the post. Cyprus was divided into three <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjaks</a>: Famagusta, Kyrenia and Paphos. Additionally, the sanjaks of <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alâiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">İçel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Sis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadirli" title="Kadirli">Zülkadriye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> (Trablusşam) on the mainland were placed under the administration of the Cyprus eyalet. Cyprus was also divided into several <i><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a></i>s: <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Tuzla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episkopi,_Limassol" title="Episkopi, Limassol">Episkopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythrea" title="Kythrea">Kythrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouklia" title="Kouklia">Kukla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefka" title="Lefka">Lefka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphou" title="Morphou">Morphou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polis_Chrysochous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polis Chrysochous">Hirsofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesaoria" title="Mesaoria">Mesariye</a>. </p><p>These <i>kaza</i>s each had their own <i><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">kadı</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Naib" class="mw-redirect" title="Naib">naib</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanjak of Tripoli, however, was removed from the jurisdiction of Cyprus in 1573 due to its distance and given to the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a>. The sanjaks of İçel, Alâiye and Tarsus were also removed in 1610 and given to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana Eyalet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Ottoman conquest of Crete</a>, the Cypriot Orthodox Church argued that Cyprus had lost importance, that trade volume had decreased and that people were emigrating. It thus requested a change in the administrative status as Cyprus could not afford remaining an eyalet. Thus, in 1670, Cyprus became a sanjak under the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Eyalet of the Archipelago</a>, under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a>, the head of the Ottoman Navy. This control was exercised through an appointed <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtesellim" title="Mütesellim">mütesellim</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under this system, local <a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">aghas</a> were the tax collectors. This magnified their power and resulted in discontent, with the rivalry between them causing a two-year long revolt in the 1680s, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyac%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyacıoğlu rebellion (page does not exist)">Boyacıoğlu Mehmed Agha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved that the existing system caused a power vacuum and was ineffective, so in 1703 Cyprus was placed directly under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>, administered on his behalf by a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhass%C4%B1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhassıl (page does not exist)">muhassıl</a></i>. To reduce the powers of the aghas, the <i>muhassıl</i> was given the power to collect taxes, as well as increased political and military authority. Between 1745 and 1748, Cyprus briefly became an eyalet again. These three years, especially the reign of governor <a href="/wiki/Ebubekir_Pasha" title="Ebubekir Pasha">Ebubekir Pasha</a> (1746–48), were a period of development and relative prosperity. After the end of Ebubekir Pasha's tenure, Cyprus reverted to its former status.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek Cypriots had two very important administrative positions: the Archbishop, who headed the Orthodox Church, was recognized as the sole representative of the Greek Cypriot population from the 1670s onwards, and the <a href="/wiki/Dragoman" title="Dragoman">Dragoman</a>, chosen from the candidates determined by the Archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>muhassıl</i> administration slowly became more and more dysfunctional. In 1764, <i>muhassıl</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87il_Osman_Agha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çil Osman Agha (page does not exist)">Çil Osman Agha</a> was killed amidst a chaotic environment caused by his rule. Meanwhile, the ongoing war with Russia meant a deterioration in the people's welfare. Thus, on the request of the Archbishop and the Dragoman, Cyprus was placed directly under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> in 1785, with the <i>muhassıl</i> being directly appointed. These new <i>muhassıl</i>s lacked some of their old powers, which greatly increased the influence of the Orthodox clergy as they became tax collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gaz98_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaz98-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, with the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, the island once again became a sanjak of the Eyalet of the Archipelago but gained significant autonomy. The island was governed by a <i><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıf</a></i>, the <i>kaza</i>s were consolidated into six larger <i>kaza</i>s with their own administrative and judicial councils. A sanjak administrative council, in which <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and other minorities were proportionally represented, was established.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1861, Cyprus became an independent <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrifate">mutasarrifate</a> under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. However, this changed again in 1868, when Cyprus became a sanjak under the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Vilayet of the Archipelago</a> under the newly established <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a> system. This would not last long, as the vilayet was administered from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>, and the long distance made the administration impractical. With the efforts of Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophronios_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophronios III (page does not exist)">Sophronios III</a> of Cyprus, as well as given the drought and ravages of locusts, Cyprus was made an independent mutasarrifate once again in 1870. This arrangement lasted until 1878, when the British took over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-islamans_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill2010p378_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2010p378-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_history">Social history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png/220px-Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png/330px-Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png/440px-Cyprus_19th_cent_costumes.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Traditional clothing of (from right to left) a Christian resident of Ammochostos (Famagusta, Cyprus), a Christian woman of Magossa, and a Greek monk of the Monastery of Tchiko (<a href="/wiki/Kykkos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kykkos">Kykkos</a>), near Lefka, 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman occupation brought about two radical changes to the history of the island: A new ethnic element appeared on the island, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turks</a>, while Cypriots now had a new ruler, the Ottomans. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> gave <i>timars</i>—land grants—to soldiers under the condition that they and their families would stay there permanently. An action of far-reaching importance because the predefined soldiers became the nucleus of the island's Turkish community. During the 17th century the Turkish population grew rapidly, partly by Greek conversion (including <a href="/wiki/Linobambaki" title="Linobambaki">converts who retained some pre-Islamic practices</a>) joined to them. Most of the Turks who had settled on the island during the three centuries of Ottoman rule remained when control of Cyprus—although not sovereignty<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—was ceded to Britain in 1878. The distinction between the two groups was by both <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. </p><p>The Ottomans applied the <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">millet system</a> to Cyprus, which allowed religious authorities to govern their own non-Muslim minorities. This system reinforced the position of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Cyprus">Orthodox Church</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">ethno-religious institution</a> of the ethnic Greek population. Gradually, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Archbishops_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Archbishops of Cyprus">Archbishop of Cyprus</a> became not only religious but ethnic leader as well, something the Ottoman Turks promoted, wanting to have somebody responsible for the loyalty of the Greek flock. In this way, the Church undertook the task of the guardian of the Greek cultural legacy until the island was ceded to Britain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/220px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/330px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/440px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4765" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hala_Sultan_Tekke" title="Hala Sultan Tekke">Hala Sultan Tekke</a>, built in 1817, was one of many landmarks constructed by the Ottoman Turks in Cyprus.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG/220px-Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG/330px-Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG/440px-Cyprus_-_Limassol_castle_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>The Limassol Medieval Castle was rebuilt in 1590 by the Ottomans.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_independence_movement">Greek independence movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism in the Balkans</a><br /><small>Nationalism under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Uprising (1831–32)">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_awakening_of_Bulgaria" title="National awakening of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Template:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Template talk:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1821–1829"><span id="1821.E2.80.931829"></span>1821–1829</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1821–1829"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Greek Cypriots supported the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek independence</a> effort that began in 1821, leading to severe reprisals by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. On 15 October 1821, a massive <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> mob seized and hanged an archbishop, five bishops, thirty six ecclesiastics, and hanged most of the Greek Cypriots in <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a> and the other towns. By September 1822, sixty-two Cypriot villages and hamlets had entirely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1869–1878"><span id="1869.E2.80.931878"></span>1869–1878</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1869–1878"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1869 the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> opened, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> showed increasing interest in the island, which is situated in what had suddenly become a very convenient location. When the Ottomans were defeated by the Russians in 1877 and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress</a> took place the next year in order to revise the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> which was signed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the Ottoman Empire according to terms dictated by the former, it was officially announced on 9 July 1878 that on the 4th of preceding June, the British and the Sultan had secretly countersigned the Convention of Constantinople by virtue of which the possession and administration of Cyprus was vested in Great Britain. As exchange for control of Cyprus, the UK agreed to support the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russian-Turkish War</a>. This agreement was formalised as the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_public_works">Architecture and public works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture and public works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg/220px-Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg/330px-Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg/440px-Nicosia_Buyuk_Han_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Büyük Han</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Ottoman era, numerous mosques, <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">masjids</a>, churches, public baths, bazaars, <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medrese" class="mw-redirect" title="Medrese">medreses</a>, schools and libraries were built in Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman architecture in Cyprus is closely linked to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>, however, there are some features that make it distinctly Cypriot. This stems from the fact that, whilst leaving Greek Orthodox churches intact, many buildings used by the Catholics, built in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, were converted into mosques or palaces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque</a> in Famagusta and <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia" title="Selimiye Mosque, Nicosia">Selimiye Mosque</a> in Nicosia. These buildings were later modified for use and thus synthesised with distinctly Ottoman elements. Gothic architecture also influenced Ottoman architecture in the island as Gothic elements were used by the Ottomans, such as in the minaret of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cami_Kebir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cami Kebir (page does not exist)">Cami Kebir</a> in Larnaca.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two surviving caravanserais are the monumental <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Han" title="Büyük Han">Büyük Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumarcilar_Han" title="Kumarcilar Han">Kumarcilar Han</a> in Nicosia, considered to be some of the finest examples of Ottoman architecture in the island. The best known of the many libraries is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Mahmud_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Mahmud II (page does not exist)">Library of Mahmud II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bazaars were very important parts of Ottoman commercial lives and in 1872, 23 bazaars were present in Nicosia alone, each with its own specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-b13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> reports published by the British authorities in Cyprus listed 81 mosques that belonged to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evkaf_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evkaf Administration (page does not exist)">Evkaf Administration</a> in Cyprus. This figure is believed to be a major underestimation by archaeologist Tuncer Bağışkan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the most prominent Muslim religious sites built in the Ottoman period are <a href="/wiki/Hala_Sultan_Tekke" title="Hala Sultan Tekke">Hala Sultan Tekke</a> in Larnaca and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ahmet_Mosque" title="Arab Ahmet Mosque">Arab Ahmet Mosque</a> in Nicosia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg/220px-Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg/330px-Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg/440px-Larnaca_01-2017_img24_Kamares_Aqueduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>Bekir Pasha Aqueduct</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman administration brought a significant improvement to Cyprus in terms of water supply. The most notable example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Pasha_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekir Pasha Aqueduct">Bekir Pasha Aqueduct</a>, built under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Ebubekir_Pasha" title="Ebubekir Pasha">Ebubekir Pasha</a> between 1746 and 1748. This aqueduct supplied fresh water to <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a> and prior to its construction, local residents had to carry water on their backs for two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicosia_aqueduct" title="Nicosia aqueduct">Silihtar aqueduct</a>, built between 1801 and 1803, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ahmet,_Nicosia" title="Arab Ahmet, Nicosia">Arab Ahmet</a> aqueduct supplied water to Nicosia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authorities also encouraged the construction and improvement of artificial channels for water supply and irrigation, which greatly increased crop yield and allowed large-scale fruit production. Among villages described as prosperous due to artificial irrigation upon the British takeover of the island are <a href="/wiki/Morphou" title="Morphou">Morphou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapithos" title="Lapithos">Lapithos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polis,_Cyprus" title="Polis, Cyprus">Polis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefka" title="Lefka">Lefka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avdimou" title="Avdimou">Avdimou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolossi" title="Kolossi">Kolossi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>, who visited Cyprus in 1879, noted "mills turned by water" and "narrow lanes streaming with water" in Lefka. He also wrote that "every garden and farm was irrigated by water conducted from the mountains in artificial channels" in the northern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Mountains" title="Kyrenia Mountains">Kyrenia Mountains</a> extending to the <a href="/wiki/Karpas_Peninsula" title="Karpas Peninsula">Karpas Peninsula</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Karavas" title="Karavas">Karavas</a>, streams were diverted into artificial channels to supply water to the village.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, a major effort was undertaken by a series of Ottoman governors to straighten and regulate the course of the <a href="/wiki/Pedieos" title="Pedieos">Pedieos</a>. Edhem Pasha, who served as governor in the 1840s, completed the construction of the Larnaca-Nicosia road and several bridges. Governor Mehmet Halet in the 1850s further improved the road network and harbour of Larnaca and established a grain store and market in Nicosia to encourage cattle breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Cyprus portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadjigeorgakis_Kornesios_Mansion" title="Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion">Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">Siege of Famagusta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Cyprus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-someprov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-someprov_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234605/http://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html">"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"</a>. Geonames.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Provinces+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Geonames.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.de%2Fcoutr-ota-provinces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0017)">Library of the US Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-geo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist-geo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137">An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire</a></i>, p. 137, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0017)">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, Stephen (2003). <i>The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 (Essential Histories Series #62)</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins, T. C. F. (2007). <i>Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom Vs. Islam</i>. Macmillan p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foglietta, U. (1903) The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta. London: Waterlow.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvise Zorzi (1988) La République du Lion, Histoire de Venise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monello, G. (2006) Accadde a Famagosta, l'assedio turco ad una fortezza veneziana ed il suo sconvolgente finale", Cagliari, Scepsi e Mattana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, Thomas F (2012) Venice : A New History (Hardback). New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02542-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamans-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamans_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/">"Kıbrıs (Osmanlı Dönemi)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0slam_Ansiklopedisi" class="mw-redirect" title="İslam Ansiklopedisi">İslam Ansiklopedisi</a></i>. Vol. 25. Türk Diyanet Vakfı. 2002. pp. 374–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s+%28Osmanl%C4%B1+D%C3%B6nemi%29&rft.btitle=%C4%B0slam+Ansiklopedisi&rft.pages=374-380&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Diyanet+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamansiklopedisi.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGökdemir2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gökdemir, Rahim (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adudspace.adu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11607/1072/3/Rah%C4%B1m_GOKDEMIR_tez.pdf.pdf"><i>MALİYEDEN MÜDEVVER (MAD.d) 03618 NUMARALI KIBRIS CİZYE DEFTERİ (TRANSKRİPSİYON VE DEĞERLENDİRME)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish), <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan Menderes University">Adnan Menderes University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MAL%C4%B0YEDEN+M%C3%9CDEVVER+%28MAD.d%29+03618+NUMARALI+KIBRIS+C%C4%B0ZYE+DEFTER%C4%B0+%28TRANSKR%C4%B0PS%C4%B0YON+VE+DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0RME%29&rft.pub=Adnan+Menderes+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6kdemir&rft.aufirst=Rahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadudspace.adu.edu.tr%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F11607%2F1072%2F3%2FRah%25C4%25B1m_GOKDEMIR_tez.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaz98-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaz98_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2010p378-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2010p378_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Hill2010" class="citation book cs1">George Hill (2010-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9e2PEGP3yUC&pg=PA378"><i>A History of Cyprus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02065-7"><bdi>978-1-108-02065-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cyprus&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02065-7&rft.au=George+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9e2PEGP3yUC%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Delaval Cobham, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/cobham-exerpta-cypria/">Exerpta Cypria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081848/http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/cobham-exerpta-cypria/">Archived</a> 2015-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Cambridge University Press (1908) p. 454-455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Harry Luke <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cyprusunderturk00unkngoog">Cyprus under the Turks, 1571–1878 </a> C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd (September 30, 1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-072-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-072-1">1-85065-072-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bağışkan, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2002" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=58"><i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i></a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613656" title="Special:BookSources/9781134613656"><bdi>9781134613656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134613656&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9A-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bağışkan, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b13_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bağışkan, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bağışkan, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 138-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keshishian, Kevork K. (1978). <i>Nicosia: Capital of Cyprus Then and Now</i>. The Mouflon Book and Art Centre. p. 94-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 143-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazioğlu, p. 142</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/cyphome/govhome.nsf/LookupIDs/7164EC79564ABEF4C2256B6B003B1395?OpenDocument&languageNo=1">Cyprus under Ottoman Empire by Official Republic of Cyprus Web site</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBağışkan2005" class="citation cs2">Bağışkan, Tuncer (2005), <i>Kıbrıs'ta Osmanlı Türk Eserleri</i>, Turkish Cypriot Association of Museum Lovers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s%27ta+Osmanl%C4%B1+T%C3%BCrk+Eserleri&rft.pub=Turkish+Cypriot+Association+of+Museum+Lovers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan&rft.aufirst=Tuncer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foglietta, U. The sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta. London:Waterlow, 1903.</li> <li>Gazioglu, Ahmet C. The Turks in Cyprus: A province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878). London: Rustem & Bro., 1990.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1952" class="citation book cs1">Hill, George (1952). <i>A History of Cyprus, Volume 4: The Ottoman Province. The British Colony, 1571–1948</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511751738" title="Special:BookSources/9780511751738"><bdi>9780511751738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cyprus%2C+Volume+4%3A+The+Ottoman+Province.+The+British+Colony%2C+1571%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9780511751738&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean world, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Katsiaounis, Rolandos. Labour, society and politics in Cyprus during the second half of the 19th century. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 1996.</li> <li>Koumoulides, John. Cyprus and the war of Greek Independence, 1821–1829. London: Zeno, 1974.</li> <li>Kyrris, Costas, P. The Kanakaria documents, 1666–1850. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Center, 1978.</li> <li>Luke, Harry. Cyprus under the Turks, 1571–1878. London: Hurst, 1969.(Reprint of 1921 edition.)</li> <li>Mariti, Giovanni. Travels in the island of Cyprus. (C. D. Cobham translator). London: Zeno, 1971. (Reprint of 1909 edition.)</li> <li>Michael, Michalis N.; Kappler, Matthias; Gavriel, Eftihios (eds.). Ottoman Cyprus. A Collection of Studies on History and Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkul2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Özkul, Ali Efdal (2005). <i>Kıbrıs'ın Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarihi: 1726-1750</i> (in Turkish). Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s%27%C4%B1n+Sosyo-Ekonomik+Tarihi%3A+1726-1750&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkul&rft.aufirst=Ali+Efdal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Papadopoullos, T. Social and historical data on population:1570–1881. Nicosia: Zavallis Press, 1965.</li> <li>Proxenika egrafa tou 19o aionos. (Consular documents of the 19th century.) Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 1980.</li> <li>Ross, L. A journey to Cyprus. (February and March 1845). (C. D.Cobham translator). Nicosia: Government Printing House, 1910.</li> <li>Salvator, Louis. Levkosia: The capital of Cyprus. London Trigraph,1983. (Reprint of 1881 edition.)</li> <li>Sant Cassia, Paul. "Religion, politics and ethnicity in Cyprus during the Turkocratia(1571–1878)." Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, Tome XXVII, No. 1, 1986</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_regions_and_provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Arabia" title="Ottoman Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyprus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyprus_topics" title="Template:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyprus_topics" title="Template talk:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyprus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cyprus-related_articles" title="Index of Cyprus-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_city-kingdoms_of_Cyprus" title="Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus">Ten city-kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Byzantine Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_since_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cyprus since 1878">Post-1878 overview</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Intercommunal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_S-300_crisis" title="Cypriot S-300 crisis">Cypriot S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan" title="Annan Plan">Annan Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/80px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/120px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/160px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cyprus" title="Districts of Cyprus">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cyprus" title="List of earthquakes in Cyprus">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyprus_islets" title="List of Cyprus islets">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Lakes of Cyprus">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Mountains of Cyprus">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Rivers of Cyprus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cyprus" title="Wildlife of Cyprus">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Cyprus" title="Chief Justice of Cyprus">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">UN resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cyprus">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_General_Staff" title="Chief of the National Guard General Staff">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Police" title="Cyprus Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cyprus" title="List of political parties in Cyprus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cyprus" title="List of banks in Cyprus">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange" title="Cyprus Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cyprus" title="Tourism in Cyprus">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Society of Cyprus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cypriot nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Cyprus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in 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href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cyprus" title="Sport in Cyprus">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cyprus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus">Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linobambaki" title="Linobambaki">Linobambaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Settlers from Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Cyprus">Armenian Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Cyprus" title="National symbols of Cyprus">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of 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