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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynasty_of_Hasan_Pasha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_of_Hasan_Pasha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dynasty of Hasan Pasha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_of_Hasan_Pasha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hassan_Pasha_(1704–1723)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hassan_Pasha_(1704–1723)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Hassan Pasha (1704–1723)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hassan_Pasha_(1704–1723)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmad_Pasha_(1723–1747)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmad_Pasha_(1723–1747)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmad_Pasha_(1723–1747)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulayman_Abu_Layla_(1749–1762)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulayman_Abu_Layla_(1749–1762)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Sulayman Abu Layla (1749–1762)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulayman_Abu_Layla_(1749–1762)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omar_Pasha_(1762–1776)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omar_Pasha_(1762–1776)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Omar Pasha (1762–1776)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omar_Pasha_(1762–1776)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulayman_the_Great_(1780–1802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulayman_the_Great_(1780–1802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Sulayman the Great (1780–1802)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulayman_the_Great_(1780–1802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ali_Al-kahiya_(1802–1807)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ali_Al-kahiya_(1802–1807)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Ali Al-kahiya (1802–1807)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ali_Al-kahiya_(1802–1807)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulayman_the_Little_(1807–1810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulayman_the_Little_(1807–1810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Sulayman the Little (1807–1810)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulayman_the_Little_(1807–1810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dawud_Pasha_(1816–1831)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawud_Pasha_(1816–1831)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawud_Pasha_(1816–1831)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مماليك العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مماليك العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ml%C3%BCk_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si_(%C4%B0raq)" title="Məmlük sülaləsi (İraq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məmlük sülaləsi (İraq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="مملوک خاندانی (عراق) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مملوک خاندانی (عراق)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_mameluco_en_Irak" title="Gobierno mameluco en Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno mameluco en Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%98%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="이라크 맘루크 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크 맘루크 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95)" title="ममलूक राजवंश (इराक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ममलूक राजवंश (इराक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98)" title="მამლუქთა დინასტია (ერაყი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მამლუქთა დინასტია (ერაყი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%9C%9D" title="イラクのマムルーク朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラクのマムルーク朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ممالیک عراق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ممالیک عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мамлюкское правление в Ираке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мамлюкское правление в Ираке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مەمالیکی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەمالیکی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlukdynastin_i_Bagdad" title="Mamlukdynastin i Bagdad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mamlukdynastin i Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meml%C3%BBk_Hanedan%C4%B1_(Irak)" title="Memlûk Hanedanı (Irak) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memlûk Hanedanı (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мамлюцький Ірак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мамлюцький Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ممالیک عراق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممالیک عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="伊拉克馬木路克王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克馬木路克王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6745731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1704–1831 Georgian Mamluk dynasty under the Ottomans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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<span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mamluk dynasty of Iraq</div><div class="ib-country-names"><big>مماليك العراق</big><br />Mamālīk al-ʻIrāq</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1704–1831</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Iraq_(1900).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate area under Mamluk rule."><img alt="Approximate area under Mamluk rule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg/250px-Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg/375px-Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg/500px-Ottoman_Iraq_%281900%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="1657" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate area under Mamluk rule.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Iraqi Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (majority),<br />also <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam (In Najaf and Karbala)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pashalik (autonomous)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• (1704–1723) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(Mamluk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Pasha (Mamluk)">Hassan Pasha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• (1816–1831) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dynasty formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1704</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ridha_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Ridha Pasha">Ottoman reconquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1831</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b> Mamluk dynasty of Mesopotamia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مماليك العراق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mamālīk al-ʻIrāq</i></span>) was a dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> origin which ruled over <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> were <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> who <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Islam">converted to Islam</a>, were trained in a special school, and then assigned to military and administrative duties. Such Mamluks presided over <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a> from 1704 to 1831. </p><p>The Mamluk ruling elite, composed principally of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> origin from <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> officers,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeeded in asserting autonomy from their Ottoman overlords, and restored order and some degree of economic prosperity in the region. The Ottomans overthrew the Mamluk regime in 1831 and gradually imposed their direct rule over Iraq, which would last until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, although the Mamluks continued to be a dominant socio-political force in Iraq, as most of the administrative personnel of note in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were drawn from former Mamluk households, or comprised a cross-section of the notable class in Mamluk times.<sup id="cite_ref-HMF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the rise of the Mamluks, Iraq was never fully integrated into the Ottoman administrative system. The Mosul province was placed under the timar system where taxes were farmed out to cavalry officers. Baghdad and Basra were placed the salyane system where taxation was farmed out to the governors. Constant war with Iran weakened Ottoman control further. By the 1700s this problem was becoming worse.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 18th century was a time of important changes both in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Sultan Ahmed III</a> (1703–30) was marked by relative political stability in the capital and by extensive reforms—some of them influenced by European models—implemented during the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip Period</a> by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehirli_Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha">İbrahim Pasha</a>. </p><p>As in the previous two centuries, Iraq continued to be a battleground between the rival <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a>. The region also suffered from frequent inter-clan struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-Litvak_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litvak-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasty_of_Hasan_Pasha">Dynasty of Hasan Pasha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dynasty of Hasan Pasha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iraq" title="Category:History of Iraq">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History of <span class="fn org label">Iraq</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG/250px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG/375px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG/500px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemdet Nasr Period">Jemdet Nasr Period</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%C5%8Drist%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asōristān">Sasanian Asorestan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Iraq">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazeedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mazeedi">Al-Mazeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalairid Sultanate">Jalairid Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluk dynasty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Iraq" title="Modern history of Iraq">Modern Iraq</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Republic of Iraq (1958–68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Iraq (2011–present)">Recent history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iraq" title="Template:History of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:History of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Mamluks ruled the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">pashaliks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basrah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pashalik of <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a> was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalili_dynasty" title="Jalili dynasty">Jalili dynasty</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pasha_(Mamluk)" title="Hassan Pasha (Mamluk)">Hassan Pasha</a> (1704–1723)</li> <li>Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747) son of Hassan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulayman_Abu_Layla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulayman Abu Layla (page does not exist)">Sulayman Abu Layla</a> (1749–1762) son-in-law of Ahmad</li> <li>Omar Pasha (1762–1776) son of Ahmad</li> <li>Abdullah Pasha (1776-1777)</li> <li>Sulayman the Great (1780–1802) son of Omar</li> <li>Ali Al-Kahiya (1802–1807) son of Omar</li> <li>Sulayman the Little (1807–1810) son of Sulayman Great</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Said Pasha of Baghdad">Said Pasha</a> (1813–1816) son of Sulayman Great</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha</a> (1816–1831)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hassan_Pasha_(1704–1723)"><span id="Hassan_Pasha_.281704.E2.80.931723.29"></span>Hassan Pasha (1704–1723)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hassan Pasha (1704–1723)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Baghdad, Hassan Pasha (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ჰასან ფაშა</span></span>), the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> origin sent from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and his son Ahmad Pasha (1723–47) established a Georgian Mamluk household, through which they exercised authority and administered the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmad_Pasha_(1723–1747)"><span id="Ahmad_Pasha_.281723.E2.80.931747.29"></span>Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hassan's son and successor, Ahmad (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">აჰმედ ფაშა</span></span>), continued to recruit the Mamluks and promoted them to key administrative and military positions. Both Hasan and Ahmad rendered a valuable service to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> by curbing the unruly tribes and securing a steady inflow of taxes to the treasury in Constantinople as well as by defending Iraq against yet another military threat from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharids</a> of Iran. </p><p>By the time Ahmad Pasha died in 1747, his Mamluks had been organized into a powerful, self-perpetuating elite corps of some 2,000 men ("Georgian Guard"). On Ahmad's death, the sultan attempted to prevent these Mamluks from assuming power and sent an outsider as his <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a> in Baghdad. However, Ahmad's son-in-law Sulayman Abu Layla, already in charge of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, marched on Baghdad in the head of his Georgian guard and ousted the Ottoman administrator, thereby inaugurating 84 years of the Mamluk rule in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulayman_Abu_Layla_(1749–1762)"><span id="Sulayman_Abu_Layla_.281749.E2.80.931762.29"></span>Sulayman Abu Layla (1749–1762)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sulayman Abu Layla (1749–1762)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1750, Sulayman Abu Layla had established himself as an undisputed master at Baghdad and had been recognized by the Porte as the first Mamluk Pasha of Iraq. The newly established regime embarked on a campaign to gain more autonomy from the Ottoman government and to curb the resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> tribes. They managed to counter <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Al-Muntafiq</a> threats in the south and brought Basra under their control. They encouraged <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> trade and allowed the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> to establish an agency in Basra in 1763. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omar_Pasha_(1762–1776)"><span id="Omar_Pasha_.281762.E2.80.931776.29"></span>Omar Pasha (1762–1776)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Omar Pasha (1762–1776)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successes of Mamluk regime, however, still depended on their ability to cooperate with their Ottoman suzerains and religious elite within Iraq. The Porte sometimes employed force to depose the recalcitrant pashas of Baghdad, but the Mamluks were able to retain their hold of the pashalik, and even enlarged their domains. They failed, however, to secure a regular system of succession and the gradual formation of rival Mamluk households resulted in factionalism and frequent power struggles. Another major menace to the Mamluk rule came from Iran whose resurgent ruler, <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a>, invaded Iraq and installed his brother Sadiq Khan in Basra in 1776 after a protracted and stubborn resistance offered by the Mamluk general Sulayman Aga. The Porte hastened to exploit the crisis and replaced <a href="/wiki/Omar_Pasha_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Pasha of Baghdad">Omar Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ომარ ფაშა</span></span>) with a non-Mamluk, who proved incapable of keeping order.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulayman_the_Great_(1780–1802)"><span id="Sulayman_the_Great_.281780.E2.80.931802.29"></span>Sulayman the Great (1780–1802)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sulayman the Great (1780–1802)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamluke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/250px-Mamluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/375px-Mamluke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A Mamluk cavalryman, as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Carle_Vernet" title="Carle Vernet">Carle Vernet</a> in 1810.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1779, Sulayman the Great (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">სულეიმან ბუიუქი</span></span>) returned from his exile in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> and acquired the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basrah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a> in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Sulayman the Great is known as <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Büyük</i></span> ('the Great' in Turkish; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">بیوك</span>), and his rule (1780-1802) was efficient at first, but weakened as he grew older. He imported large numbers of Georgians to strengthen his clan, asserted his supremacy over the factionalized Mamluk households and restricted the influence of <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>. He fostered economy and continued to encourage commerce and diplomacy with Europe, which received a major boost in 1798 when Sulayman gave permission for a permanent British agent to be appointed in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his struggle against the Arab tribes in Northern Iraq was less despite the fact that he brutally crushed the revolters.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ali_Al-kahiya_(1802–1807)"><span id="Ali_Al-kahiya_.281802.E2.80.931807.29"></span>Ali Al-kahiya (1802–1807)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ali Al-kahiya (1802–1807)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of Sulayman the Great's death in 1802 was a power struggle between Ali Pasha the <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a>, Ahmad Agha leader of the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>, and Selim agha, which was won by Ali Al-kahiya (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ალი ფაშა</span></span>), who started a campaign to discipline Kurdish tribes who paid a tribute through their animals, then put down a rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, then rode to <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a> and arrested Muhammad beg al Shawi and his brother and executed them both, due to animosity towards them, then he returned to Baghdad to quell disorder there. </p><p>Ali Al-kahiya repelled the Wahhabi raids against <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a> in 1803 and 1806 but failed to challenge their domination of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">desert</a>. </p><p>Ali Al-kahiya was assassinated in 1807 by Madar beg al Abadhi and his followers due to personal grudges against him, while Ali was praying, by stabbing, They initially escaped but were apprehended and killed with their bodies sent to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulayman_the_Little_(1807–1810)"><span id="Sulayman_the_Little_.281807.E2.80.931810.29"></span>Sulayman the Little (1807–1810)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sulayman the Little (1807–1810)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Ali's assassination in 1807, his nephew Sulayman the Little took over the government. Inclined to curtail provincial autonomies, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (1808–39) made his first attempt to oust the Mamluks from Baghdad in 1810. Ottoman troops deposed and killed Sulayman, but again failed to maintain control of the country. After yet another bitter internecine feud in 1816, Sulayman's energetic son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha</a> ousted his rival <a href="/wiki/Said_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Said Pasha of Baghdad">Said Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">საიდ ფაშა</span></span>; 1813–16) and took control of Baghdad. The Ottoman government reluctantly recognized his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dawud_Pasha_(1816–1831)"><span id="Dawud_Pasha_.281816.E2.80.931831.29"></span>Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha of Baghdad</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">დაუდ ფაშა</span></span>) was the last of the Mamluk rulers of Iraq. Dawud Pasha initiated important modernization programs that included clearing canals, establishing industries, reforming the army with the help of European instructors, and founding a printing press. He maintained elaborate pomp and circumstance at his court. Besides the usual troubles with the Arab tribes and internal dissensions with <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a>, he was involved in more serious fighting with the Kurds and the conflict with Iran over the influence in the Kurdish principality of <a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a>. The conflict culminated in the Iranian invasion of Iraq and the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> in 1818. Later, Dawud Pasha capitalized on the destruction of Janissaries at Constantinople in 1826, and eliminated the Janissaries as an independent local force.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB-2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the existence of the autonomous regime in Iraq, a long-time source of anxiety at Constantinople, became even more threatening to the Porte when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Egypt</a> began to claim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>. In 1830, the Sultan decreed Dawud Pasha's dismissal, but the emissary carrying the order was arrested at Baghdad and executed. In 1831, the Ottoman army under <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha_(governor_of_Baghdad)" title="Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)">Ali Riza Pasha</a> marched from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> into Iraq. Devastated by floods and an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>, Baghdad capitulated after a ten-week-long blockade which caused mass-famine. Dawud Pasha, facing opposition from local clergymen within Iraq, surrendered to the Ottomans and was treated with favor. His life ended in 1851, while he was custodian of the shrine at <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of the Sultan's new governor in Baghdad in 1831 signaled the beginning of a direct Ottoman rule in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Ottoman governor, Ali Ridha Pasha, was forced to come to terms with the still-pervasive Mamluk presence in Baghdad even after the last Mamluk ruler had been deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-HMF_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later married the daughter of former Mamluk governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulayman_the_Little&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulayman the Little (page does not exist)">Sulayman the Little</a> (1807–1810).<sup id="cite_ref-HMF_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Baghdad" title="List of Ottoman governors of Baghdad">List of Ottoman governors of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalili_dynasty" title="Jalili dynasty">Jalili dynasty</a>, rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">pashalik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a> in this period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Shawkat" title="Naji Shawkat">Naji Shawkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> from 1932 to 1933, who was the scion of one of the Georgian Mamluk clans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad_1831-1917" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baghdad 1831-1917">History of Baghdad 1831-1917</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNieuwenhuis1981" class="citation book cs1">Nieuwenhuis, Tom (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TrqCAAAQBAJ"><i>Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks, and Local Rule Between 1802 and 1831</i></a>. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Iraq%3A+Maml%C5%ABk+Pashas%2C+Tribal+Shayks%2C+and+Local+Rule+Between+1802+and+1831&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Nieuwenhuis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TrqCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq, Tareq Y. Ismael, I. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Andrew James McGregor, p57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathawayBarbir2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane; Barbir, Karl (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582418998" title="Special:BookSources/9780582418998"><bdi>9780582418998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+1516-1800&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780582418998&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Barbir%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hathaway, Jane (February 1995). "The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 39–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800061572">10.1017/s0020743800061572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62834455">62834455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Military+Household+in+Ottoman+Egypt&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-52&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800061572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62834455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMF_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMF_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMF_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattah1997" class="citation book cs1">Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). <i>The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438402376" title="Special:BookSources/9781438402376"><bdi>9781438402376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Regional+Trade+in+Iraq%2C+Arabia%2C+and+the+Gulf%3A+1745-1900&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781438402376&rft.aulast=Fattah&rft.aufirst=Hala+Mundhir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGökhan_Çetinsaya2006" class="citation book cs1">Gökhan Çetinsaya (2006). <i>The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-190</i>. Routledge. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134294956" title="Special:BookSources/1134294956"><bdi>1134294956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Administration+of+Iraq%2C+1890-190&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1134294956&rft.au=G%C3%B6khan+%C3%87etinsaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litvak-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Litvak_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Litvak, Meir (2002), <i>Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala</i>, pp. 16-17. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89296-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89296-1">0-521-89296-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoke1927" class="citation book cs1">Coke, Richard (1927). <i>Baghdad, The City of Peace</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 232–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad%2C+The+City+of+Peace&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kissling-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kissling_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissling_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissling_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissling_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissling_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissling, H.J. (1969), <i>The Last Great Muslim Empires</i>, pp. 82-85. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-02104-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-02104-3">90-04-02104-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Iraq". (2007). In <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22896">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Iraq". (2007). In <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaqoosh2015" class="citation book cs1">Taqoosh, Muhammad Saheel (2015). <i>تاريخ العراق (الحديث والمعاصر)</i> [<i>history of Iraq (modern and contemporary)</i>]. Dar al Nafas. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-18-540-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-18-540-8"><bdi>978-9953-18-540-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%29&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Dar+al+Nafas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9953-18-540-8&rft.aulast=Taqoosh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saheel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Iraq%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2004), <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>, p. 220. Scarecrow Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4330-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4330-7">0-8108-4330-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nieuwenhuis, Tom (1982), <i>Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule between 1802 and 1831</i>. Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-2576-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-2576-3">90-247-2576-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_empires_and_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim empires and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashiduns</a> (632–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> (661–750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a> (868–905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a> (890–1004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a> (10th–11th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (909–1171)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhsidids</a> (935–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (970–11th/12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrids</a> (990–1081)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> (990–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a> (990–1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (1024–1080)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a> (11th–12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burid_dynasty" title="Burid dynasty">Burids</a> (1104–1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a> (1127–1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> (1171–1341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul#Lu'lu'id_dynasty" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Lu'lu'ids</a> (1234–1262)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri</a> (1250–1382)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Bahdinan</a> (1376–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji</a> (1382–1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfush</a> (15th–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a> (16th–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_dynasty" title="Ridwan dynasty">Ridwan</a> (1560s–1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a> (1649–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a> (1697–1842)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluks</a> (1704–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalili_dynasty" title="Jalili dynasty">Jalilis</a> (1726–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Alawiyya</a> (1805–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites of Iraq</a> (1921–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites of Jordan</a> (1921–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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