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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Early classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lugii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lugii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Lugii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lugii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przeworsk_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przeworsk_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Przeworsk culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przeworsk_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_into_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_into_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Introduction into the Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_into_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Britannia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Britannia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In Britannia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Britannia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hispania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hispania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>In Hispania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hispania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_in_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_in_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kingdom in North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_in_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sack_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sack_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Sack of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sack_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_religious_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_religious_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Domestic religious tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_religious_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbulent_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbulent_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.6</span> <span>Turbulent end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbulent_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_kings_of_Vandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_of_the_kings_of_Vandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family tree of the kings of Vandals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_kings_of_Vandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Latin literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vandals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandale_(volk)" title="Vandale (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vandale (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandalen" title="Wandalen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wandalen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="وندال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وندال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalos" title="Vandalos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vandalos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_v%C3%A1ndalu" title="Pueblu vándalu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu vándalu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandallar" title="Vandallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vandallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Вандалы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вандалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вандали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вандали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaled" title="Vandaled – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vandaled" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0ndals" title="Vàndals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vàndals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вандалсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вандалсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalov%C3%A9" title="Vandalové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vandalové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandaliaid" title="Fandaliaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fandaliaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaler" title="Vandaler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandaler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalen" title="Vandalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vandalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaalid" title="Vandaalid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vandaalid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βάνδαλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάνδαλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ndalos" title="Vándalos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vándalos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaloj" title="Vandaloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vandaloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandalo" title="Bandalo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bandalo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="وندال‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وندال‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandales" title="Vandales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vandales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandalen" title="Fandalen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fandalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ndalos" title="Vándalos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vándalos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="반달족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반달족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վանդալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանդալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="वैन्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैन्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal" title="Vandal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vandal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalar" title="Vandalar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vandalar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ונדלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונדלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვანდალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანდალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вандалдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вандалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavandali" title="Wavandali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wavandali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_(gel)" title="Vandal (gel) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vandal (gel)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вандалдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вандалдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda%C4%BCi" title="Vandaļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vandaļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalai" title="Vandalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand%C3%A1lok" title="Vandálok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vandálok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вандали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вандали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandala_(vahoaka)" title="Vandala (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vandala (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="വാൻഡൽ ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൻഡൽ ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ڤاندال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤاندال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal" title="Vandal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vandal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ndalos" title="Bándalos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bándalos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalen" title="Vandalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vandalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ヴァンダル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァンダル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaler" title="Vandaler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vandaler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalar" title="Vandalar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vandalar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vandals" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandallar" title="Vandallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vandallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandalen" title="Wandalen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wandalen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandalowie" title="Wandalowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wandalowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2ndalos" title="Vândalos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vândalos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Вандалы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вандалы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бандааллар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бандааллар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0ndalos" title="Vàndalos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vàndalos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vandals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal%C3%ABt" title="Vandalët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vandalët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nnali" title="Vànnali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vànnali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vandals" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ڤەندال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤەندال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вандали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вандали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vandali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaalit" title="Vandaalit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vandaalit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaler" title="Vandaler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vandaler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahing_Bandalo" title="Lahing Bandalo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lahing Bandalo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ชาวแวนดัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวแวนดัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandallar" title="Vandallar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vandallar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вандали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вандали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="وانڈال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وانڈال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Vandal" title="Người Vandal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Vandal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalo" title="Vandalo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vandalo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="汪达尔人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汪达尔人" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">East Germanic tribe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vandal" and "Vandali" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vandal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vandal (disambiguation)">Vandal (disambiguation)</a>. For more information about <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism on Wikipedia</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Wikipedia:Vandalism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry,_c._300_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg/280px-KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg/420px-KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg/560px-KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption>Vandalic gold foil jewellery from the 3rd or 4th century</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-213_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel" which means "Theater of all the peoples and nations of the earth with their various clothes and ornaments, both ancient and modern, diligently depicted in nature". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas de Heere</a> in the second half of the 16th century and preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Vandals</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a> who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a>. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdoms</a> first within the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, and then in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean islands">Mediterranean islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p><p>Archaeologists associate the early Vandals with the <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a>, which has led to some authors equating them to the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a>, who were another group of Germanic peoples associated with that same archaeological culture and region. Expanding into <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, the Vandals were confined to Pannonia by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> around 330 AD, where they received permission to settle from <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. Around 400, raids by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> from the east forced many Germanic tribes to migrate west into the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and, fearing that they might be targeted next, the Vandals were also pushed westwards, <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> along with other tribes in 406.<sup id="cite_ref-Bam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 409, the Vandals crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> (northwest Iberia) and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a> (south-central Iberia). </p><p>On the orders of the Romans, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> invaded Iberia in 418. They almost wiped out the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and Silingi Vandals who voluntarily subjected themselves to the rule of Hasdingian leader <a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a>. Gunderic was then pushed from Gallaecia to Baetica by a Roman-<a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> coalition in 419. In 429, under king <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a> (reigned 428–477), the Vandals entered <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa</a>. By 439 they <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">established a kingdom</a> which included the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. They fended off several Roman attempts to recapture the African province, and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sacked the city of Rome</a> in 455. Their kingdom collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a> of 533–534, in which Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s forces reconquered the province for the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>As the Vandals plundered Rome for fourteen days,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early-modern</a> writers characterized the Vandals as prototypical <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>. This led to the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>" to describe any pointless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artwork. However, some modern historians have emphasised the role of Vandals as continuators of aspects of <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a>, in the transitional period from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna,_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg/220px-Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg/330px-Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg/440px-Halsring_neck_ring_with_plug_clasp_from_the_Vandalic_Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka_displayed_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_in_Vienna%2C_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Neck ring with plug clasp from the Vandalic <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Osztr%C3%B3pataka" title="Treasure of Osztrópataka">Treasure of Osztrópataka</a> displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> is attested as <i>Wandali</i> and <i>Wendilenses</i> by <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo</a>, as <i>Vendill</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, and as <i>Wend(e)las</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, all going back to a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> form reconstructed as *<i>Wanđilaz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the name remains unclear. According to linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Vladimir Orel</a>, it may stem from the Proto-Germanic adjective *<i>wanđaz</i> ('turned, twisted'), itself derived from the verb *<i>wenđanan</i> (or <i>*winđanan</i>), meaning 'to wind'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it has been derived from a root *<i>wanđ-</i>, meaning 'water', based on the idea that the tribe was originally located near the <a href="/wiki/Limfjord" title="Limfjord">Limfjord</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">sea inlet</a> in Denmark).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stem can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>wentilsēo</i> and Old English <i>wendelsǣ</i>, both literally meaning 'Vandal-sea' and designating the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germanic mythological figure of <i><a href="/wiki/Aurvandil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurvandil">Aurvandill</a></i> has been interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Much" title="Rudolf Much">Rudolf Much</a> to mean 'Shining Vandal'. Much forwarded the theory that the tribal name <i>Vandal</i> reflects worship of Aurvandil or the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Twins">Divine Twins</a>, possibly involving an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> that the Vandalic kings were descended from Aurvandil (comparable to the case of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples#Mythical_founders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">many other Germanic tribal names</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> authors equated two classical ethnonyms, "Vandals" and <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Veneti</a>, and applied both to <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>, leading to the term <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>, which has been used for various Slavic-speaking groups and is still used for <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Lusatians</a>. However, modern scholars derive "Wend" from "Veneti", and do not equate the Veneti and Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the Vandals has been connected to that of <a href="/wiki/Vendel" title="Vendel">Vendel</a>, the name of a province in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, Sweden, which is also eponymous of the <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel Period</a> of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the late <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. The connection is considered tenuous at best and more plausibly the result of chance, though <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> is considered the probable homeland of the tribe prior to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Files_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Files-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>As the Vandals eventually came to live outside of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, they were not considered <i>Germani</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> authors. Neither another <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a>-speaking group, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> (early Scandinavians), were counted among the <i>Germani</i> by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Vandals spoke a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> (mainly:<a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a>) and belonged to <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic culture</a>, they are classified as a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a> by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Germanic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origins_300BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Origins_300BC.png/300px-Origins_300BC.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Origins_300BC.png/450px-Origins_300BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Origins_300BC.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Germanic and Proto-Slavic tribes of Central Europe around 3rd century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/300px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/450px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/600px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Tribes of Central Europe in the mid-1st century AD. The Vandals/<a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> are depicted in green, in the area of modern Poland.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_classical_sources">Early classical sources</h4></div> <p>The earliest mention of the Vandals is from <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, who used the term <i>Vandili</i> in a broad way to define one of the major groupings of all <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. Tribes within this category who he mentions are the <a href="/wiki/Burgundiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundiones">Burgundiones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varini" class="mw-redirect" title="Varini">Varini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carini_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carini (Germanic tribe)">Carini</a> (otherwise unknown), and the <a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus mentioned the <i>Vandilii</i>, but only in a passage explaining legends about the origins of the Germanic peoples. He names them as one of the groups sometimes thought to be one of the oldest divisions of these peoples, along with the <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> but does not say where they live, or which peoples are within this category. On the other hand, Tacitus and Ptolemy give information about the position of Varini, Burgundians, and Gutones in this period, and these indications suggest that the Vandals in this period lived between the Oder and Vistula rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy furthermore mentioned the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> who were later counted as Vandals, as living south of the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>, who were Suebians living on the Elbe, and stretching to the Oder.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hasdingi, who later led the invasion of Carthage, do not appear in written records until the 2nd century and the time of the Marcomannic wars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lacringi appear in 3rd century records.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lugii">Lugii</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a></div> <p>The Lugii, who were also mentioned in early classical sources in the same region, are likely to have been the same people as the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lugii are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> as a large group of tribes between the Vistula and the Oder. Strabo and Ptolemy do not mention the Vandals at all, only the Lugii, Tacitus mentions them in a passage about the ancestry of the Germanic peoples without saying where they lived, and Pliny the Elder in contrast mentions the Vandals but not the Lugii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a> have noted that Ptolemy seems to distinguish the Silingi from the Lugii, and in the 2nd century the Hasdings, when they appear in the Roman record, are also distinguished from the Lugii.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> notes that "In all likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia, where it was first under <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and then under Germanic domination."<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may account for the differentiation between the Celtic Lugii and their more Germanic successors the Vandals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Przeworsk_culture">Przeworsk culture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a></div> <p>In archaeology, the Vandals are associated with the Przeworsk culture, but the culture probably extended over several central and eastern European peoples. Their origin, ethnicity and linguistic affiliation are heavily debated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merrils_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrils-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Todd_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bearers of the Przeworsk culture mainly practiced <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and occasionally inhumation.<sup id="cite_ref-Todd_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic language</a></div> <p>Very little is known about the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic language</a> itself, but it is believed to be of the extinct <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> linguistic branch, like Gothic. The Goths left behind the only text corpus of the East Germanic language type, especially a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">4th-century translation of the Gospels.</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_into_the_Roman_Empire">Introduction into the Roman Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/250px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/375px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/500px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The Roman empire under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (ruled 117–38), showing the location of the Vandilii East Germanic tribes, then inhabiting the upper <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> region (Poland).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2nd century, two or three distinct Vandal peoples came to the attention of Roman authors, the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a>, and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a>, who appear together with the Hasdingi. Only the Silingi had been mentioned in early Roman works, and are associated with <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. </p><p>These peoples appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>, which resulted in widespread destruction and the first invasion of Italy in the Roman Empire period.<sup id="cite_ref-EBGermanyAncientHistory_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBGermanyAncientHistory-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Marcomannic Wars (166–180) the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> (or Astingi), led by the kings Raus and Rapt (or Rhaus and Raptus) moved south, entering <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> as allies of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandals_30_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandals_30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they eventually caused problems in Dacia and moved further south, towards the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> area. Together with the Hasdingi were the Lacringi, who were possibly also Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 271 AD the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> was obliged to protect the middle course of the Danube against Vandals. They made peace and stayed on the eastern bank of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandals_30_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandals_30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 278, <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> reported that emperor <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a> had defeated the Vandals and Burgundians near a river (sometimes proposed to be the <a href="/wiki/Lech_(river)" title="Lech (river)">Lech</a>, and sent many of them to Britain. During this same period, the 11th <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> delivered in 291, reported two different conflicts outside the empire wherein Burgundians were associated with <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, and other Vandals, probably Hasdingi in the Carpathian region, were associated with <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden,_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG/200px-026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG/300px-026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG/400px-026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of an Iron Age warrior's garments representing a Vandalic man, with his hair in a "<a href="/wiki/Suebian_knot" title="Suebian knot">Suebian knot</a>" (160 AD), <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Archaeological Museum of Kraków</a>, Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Getica_(Jordanes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Getica (Jordanes)">Getica</a></i>, the Hasdingi came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> around the time of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. At the time, these Vandals were living in lands later inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, where they were surrounded "on the east [by] the Goths, on the west [by] the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, on the north [by] the <a href="/wiki/Hermanduri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermanduri">Hermanduri</a> and on the south [by] the Hister (<a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>)." The Vandals were attacked by the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Geberic" title="Geberic">Geberic</a>, and their king <a href="/wiki/Visimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Visimar">Visimar</a> was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutte_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schutte-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vandals then migrated to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, where, after <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (in about 330) granted them lands on the right bank of the Danube, they lived for the next sixty years.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutte_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schutte-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 4th century and early 5th, the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> (died 408), the chief minister of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, was described as being of Vandal descent. Vandals raided the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> in the winter of 401/402. From this, historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> concludes that at this time the Vandals were located in the region around the Middle and Upper Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that such Middle Danubian Vandals were part of the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a>' invasion of Italy in 405–406 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Hasdingian Vandals were already established in the Middle Danube for centuries, it is less clear where the Silingian Vandals had been living<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it may have been in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Britannia">In Britannia</h3></div> <p>In AD 278, Emperor Probus on defeating the Vandals and Burgundians, transferred many of them to Britain. It is unknown where they were settled, though <a href="/wiki/Silchester" title="Silchester">Silchester</a> seems to be a likely candidate. The city bears the name of the Silingi, is only one of six that existed in Roman Britain that did not survive the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Roman">Sub-Roman</a> era,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears to have been ritually cursed – likely by the Anglo-Saxons – before being abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Gaul">In Gaul</h3></div> <p>In 405 AD the Vandals advanced from Pannonia travelling west along the Danube without much difficulty, but when they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, who populated and controlled Romanized regions in northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. According to the Frigeridus fragment cited by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, around 20,000 Vandals, including Godigisel himself, died in this <a href="/wiki/Vandal-Frankish_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal-Frankish war">Vandal-Frankish war</a>, but then with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> they managed to defeat the Franks, and on December 31, 405<sup id="cite_ref-Goffart_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffart-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vandals <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a>, probably while it was frozen, to invade Gaul, which they devastated terribly. Under Godigisel's son <a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a>, the Vandals plundered their way westward and southward through <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Hispania">In Hispania</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandals_Migration_pt.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/290px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/435px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/580px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Migrations of the Vandals from Scandinavia through Dacia, Gaul, Iberia, and into North Africa. Grey: Roman Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 13, 409 they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>. There, the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> received land from the Romans, as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asturia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturia">Asturia</a> (Northwest) and the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a> (South), while the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> got lands in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (West) and the region around <a href="/wiki/Carthago_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthago Nova">Carthago Nova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Spain_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Spain-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> also controlled part of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, who invaded Iberia on the orders of the Romans before receiving lands in <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> (Southern France), crushed the Silingi Vandals in 417 and the Alans in 418, killing the western Alan king <a href="/wiki/Attaces" title="Attaces">Attaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of his people and the remnants of the Silingi, who were nearly wiped out, subsequently appealed to the Vandal king <a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a> to accept the Alan crown. Later Vandal kings in North Africa styled themselves <i>Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum</i> ("King of the Vandals and Alans"). In 419 AD the Hasdingi Vandals were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nervasos_Mountains" title="Battle of the Nervasos Mountains">defeated</a> by a joint Roman-Suebi coalition. Gunderic fled to <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a>, where he was also proclaimed king of the Silingi Vandals. In 422, Gunderic decisively defeated a Roman-Suebi-Gothic coalition led by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Castinus" title="Castinus">Castinus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarraco" title="Battle of Tarraco">Battle of Tarraco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JaquesTarraco_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaquesTarraco-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that many Roman and Gothic troops deserted to Gunderic following the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next five years, according to <a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a>, Gunderic created widespread havoc in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 425, the Vandals pillaged the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritania (Roman province)">Mauritania</a>, sacking <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in 425.<sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of the maritime city of Cartagena enabled the Vandals to engage in widespread naval activities.<sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 428 Gunderic captured Seville for a second time but died while laying siege to the city's church.<sup id="cite_ref-MM50_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a>, who although he was <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> (his mother was a slave) had held a prominent position at the Vandal court, rising to the throne unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 429, the Vandals departed Spain which remained almost totally in Roman hands until 439, when the Sueves, confined to Gallaecia moved south and captured <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a> (Mérida), the see city of Roman administration for the whole peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genseric is often regarded by historians as the most able barbarian leader of the Migration Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frasseto173-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Frassetto" title="Michael Frassetto">Michael Frassetto</a> writes that he probably contributed more to the destruction of Rome than any of his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frasseto173-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the barbarians controlled Hispania, they still comprised a tiny minority among a much larger <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Hispano-Roman</a> population, approximately 200,000 out of 6,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Spain_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Spain-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after seizing the throne, Genseric was attacked from the rear by a large force of <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Heremigarius" title="Heremigarius">Heremigarius</a> who had managed to take <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-celtiberia_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtiberia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Suebi army was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida_(428)" title="Battle of Mérida (428)">defeated</a> near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Hermigarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermigarius">Hermigarius</a> drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a> River while trying to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-celtiberia_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtiberia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Andalusia">name <i>Al-Andalus</i></a> (and its derivative <i><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></i>) is derived from the Arabic adoption of the name of the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_in_North_Africa">Kingdom in North Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment">Establishment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa">Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png/300px-Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png/450px-Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png/600px-Vandal_Kingdom_at_its_maximum_extent_in_the_470s.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The Vandal Kingdom at its greatest extent in the 470s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg/300px-Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg/450px-Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg/600px-Bonifatius_Comes_Africae_422-431CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Bonifacius</a> <i>Comes Africae</i> (422–431 CE), who was defeated by the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legends: DOMINUS NOSTRIS / CARTAGINE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vandals under Genseric (also known as Geiseric) <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa">crossed to Africa in 429</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_124_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_124-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although numbers are unknown and some historians debate the validity of estimates, based on Procopius' assertion that the Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Heather estimates that they could have fielded an army of around 15,000–20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at the request of <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Bonifacius</a>, the military ruler of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to establish himself as an independent ruler in Africa or even become Roman Emperor, Bonifacius had defeated several Roman attempts to subdue him, until he was mastered by the newly appointed Gothic <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a> of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Sigisvult" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigisvult">Sigisvult</a>, who captured both <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frasseto173-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Bonifacius had sought Genseric as an ally against Sigisvult, promising him a part of Africa in return.<sup id="cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frasseto173-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advancing eastwards along the coast, the Vandals were confronted on the <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> border in May–June 430 by Bonifacius. Negotiations broke down, and Bonifacius was soundly defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-MM53_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonifacius subsequently barricaded himself inside Hippo Regius with the Vandals <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hippo_Regius" title="Siege of Hippo Regius">besieging</a> the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_124_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_124-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> and his priests prayed for relief from the invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city would spell <a href="/wiki/Conversion_or_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion or death">conversion or death</a> for many Roman Christians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, St. Augustine (who was 75 years old) died,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps from starvation or stress, as the wheat fields outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. The death of Augustine shocked the Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>, who feared the consequences if her realm lost its most important source of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She raised a new army in Italy and convinced her nephew in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, to send an army to North Africa led by <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around July–August 431, Genseric raised the siege of Hippo Regius,<sup id="cite_ref-MM53_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enabled Bonifacius to retreat from Hippo Regius to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, where he was joined by Aspar's army. During the summer of 432, Genseric soundly defeated the joint forces of both Bonifacius and Aspar, which enabled him to seize Hippo Regius unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genseric and Aspar subsequently negotiated a peace treaty of some sorts.<sup id="cite_ref-MM53_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon seizing Hippo Regius, Genseric made it the first capital of the Vandal kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans and the Vandals concluded a treaty in 435 giving the Vandals control of the Mauretania and the western half of Numidia. Genseric chose to break the treaty in 439 when he invaded the province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(439)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Carthage (439)">seized</a> Carthage on October 19.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was captured without a fight; the Vandals entered the city while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the hippodrome. Genseric made it his capital, and styled himself the King of the Vandals and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, to denote the inclusion of the Alans of northern Africa into his alliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His forces also occupied <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. His siege of Palermo in 440 was a failure as was the second attempt to invade Sicily near Agrigento in 442 (the Vandals occupied the island from 468 to 476 when it was ceded to Odovacer).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Cameron suggests that the new Vandal rule may not have been unwelcomed by the population of North Africa as the great landowners were generally unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impression given by ancient sources such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vitensis" title="Victor Vitensis">Victor of Vita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quodvultdeus" title="Quodvultdeus">Quodvultdeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a> was that the Vandal take-over of Carthage and North Africa led to widespread destruction. However, recent archaeological investigations have challenged this assertion. Although Carthage's Odeon was destroyed, the street pattern remained the same and some public buildings were renovated. The political centre of Carthage was the Byrsa Hill. New industrial centres emerged within towns during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Andy Merrills uses the large amounts of <a href="/wiki/African_Red_Slip" class="mw-redirect" title="African Red Slip">African Red Slip</a> ware discovered across the Mediterranean dating from the Vandal period of North Africa to challenge the assumption that the Vandal rule of North Africa was a time of economic instability.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Vandals raided Sicily in 440, the Western Roman Empire was too preoccupied with war with Gaul to react. Theodosius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, dispatched an expedition to deal with the Vandals in 441; however, it only progressed as far as Sicily. The Western Empire under <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> secured peace with the Vandals in 442.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_125_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_125-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the treaty the Vandals gained <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, and the eastern half of Numidia, and were confirmed in control of Proconsular Africa<sup id="cite_ref-Camerson_553_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camerson_553-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Vandal Kingdom as the first <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian kingdom</a> was officially recognized as an independent kingdom in former Roman territory instead of <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Empire retained western Numidia and the two Mauretanian provinces until 455. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sack_of_Rome">Sack of Rome</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Sack of Rome (455)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/300px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/450px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/600px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sack of Rome</i>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a>, 1833–1836</figcaption></figure> <p>During the next thirty-five years, with a large fleet, Genseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western Empires. Vandal activity in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> was so substantial that the sea's name in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> was <i>Wendelsæ</i> (i. e. Sea of the Vandals).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a>'s death, however, the Romans could afford to turn their attention back to the Vandals, who were in control of some of the richest lands of their former empire. </p><p>In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Empire, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> offered his daughter's hand in marriage to Genseric's son. Before this treaty could be carried out, however, politics again played a crucial part in the blunders of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> and claimed the Western throne. Petronius then forced Valentinian III's widow, empress <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a>, to marry him.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomacy between the two factions broke down, and in 455 with a letter from Licinia Eudoxia, begging Genseric's son to rescue her, the Vandals took Rome, along with the Empress and her daughters <a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(daughter_of_Valentinian_III)" title="Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III)">Eudocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a>. </p><p>The chronicler <a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper of Aquitaine</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers the only fifth-century report that, on 2 June 455, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a> received Genseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. Whether the pope's influence saved Rome is, however, questioned. The Vandals departed with countless valuables. Eudoxia and her daughter Eudocia were taken to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Camerson_553_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camerson_553-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/260px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/390px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/520px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476</figcaption></figure> <p>In 456 a Vandal fleet of 60 ships threatening both Gaul and Italy was ambushed and defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum_(456)" title="Battle of Agrigentum (456)">Agrigentum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corsica" title="Battle of Corsica">Corsica</a> by the Western Roman general <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 457 a mixed Vandal-Berber army returning with loot from a raid in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> were soundly <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(457)" title="Battle of Garigliano (457)">defeated</a> in a surprise attack by Western Emperor Majorian at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Garigliano" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandal_War_(461-468)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal War (461-468)">Vandal War (461-468)</a></div> <p>As a result of the Vandal sack of Rome and piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, it became important to the Roman Empire to destroy the Vandal kingdom. In 460, <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> launched an expedition against the Vandals, but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(461)" title="Battle of Cartagena (461)">Battle of Cartagena</a>. In 468 the Western and Eastern Roman empires launched an enormous expedition against the Vandals under the command of <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>, which reportedly was composed of 100,000 soldiers and 1,000 ships. The Vandals defeated the invaders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cap_Bon_(468)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cap Bon (468)">Battle of Cap Bon</a>, capturing the Western fleet, and destroying the Eastern through the use of <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_125_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_125-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, but were driven back by the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> at Kenipolis with heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>, hacked them to pieces and threw the pieces overboard on the way to Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 469 the Vandals gained control of Sicily but were forced by <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> to relinquish it in 477 except for the western port of Lilybaeum (lost in 491 after a failed attempt on their part to re-take the island).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 470s, the Romans abandoned their policy of war against the Vandals. The Western general <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> reached a treaty with them,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_125_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_125-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 476 Genseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with Constantinople. Relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 477 onwards, the Vandals produced their own coinage, restricted to bronze and silver low-denomination coins. The high-denomination imperial money was retained, demonstrating in the words of Merrills "reluctance to usurp the imperial prerogative".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Vandals had fended off attacks from the Romans and established hegemony over the islands of the western Mediterranean, they were less successful in their conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. Situated south of the Vandal kingdom, the Berbers inflicted two major defeats on the Vandals in the period 496–530.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_125_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_125-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_religious_tensions">Domestic religious tensions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg/220px-Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg/330px-Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg/440px-Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a>. Legends: D[OMINUS] N[OSTRIS] HILDIRIX REX / KART[A]G[INE] FELIX.</figcaption></figure> <p>Differences between the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Vandals and their <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarian</a> subjects (including both Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatists</a>) were a constant source of tension in their African state. Catholic bishops were exiled or killed by Genseric and laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He protected his Catholic subjects when his relations with Rome and Constantinople were friendly, as during the years 454–457, when the Catholic community at Carthage, being without a head, elected Deogratias bishop. The same was also the case during the years 476–477 when Bishop Victor of <a href="/wiki/Cartenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartenna">Cartenna</a> sent him, during a period of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suffered no punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_encyclopedia-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huneric, Genseric's successor, issued edicts against Catholics in 483 and 484 in an effort to marginalise them and make Arianism the primary religion in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally most Vandal kings, except <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a>, persecuted Trinitarian Christians to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals, exiling bishops and generally making life difficult for Trinitarians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4></div> <p>According to the 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>: "Genseric, one of the most powerful personalities of the "era of the Migrations", died on 25 January 477, at the great age of around 88 years. According to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> (477–484), who at first tolerated Catholics, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a> and Catholics."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_encyclopedia-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunthamund" title="Gunthamund">Gunthamund</a> (484–496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Catholics and ceased persecution once more. Externally, the Vandal power had been declining since Genseric's death, and Gunthamund lost early in his reign all but a small wedge of western Sicily to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">Ostrogoths</a> which was lost in 491 and had to withstand increasing pressure from the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autochthonous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autochthonous">autochthonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. </p><p>According to the 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>: "While <a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a> (496–523), owing to his religious fanaticism, was hostile to Catholics, he contented himself with bloodless persecutions".<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_encyclopedia-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turbulent_end">Turbulent end</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/220px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/330px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/440px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> may be this bearded figure on the right of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Church of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, which celebrates the reconquest of Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> under the skillful leadership of Belisarius</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> (523–530) was the Vandal king most tolerant towards the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He granted it religious freedom; consequently, Catholic synods were once more held in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war, and left it to a family member, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoamer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoamer (page does not exist)">Hoamer</a>. When Hoamer suffered a defeat against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> faction within the royal family led a revolt, raising the banner of national Arianism, and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> (530–534) became king. Hilderic, Hoamer and their relatives were thrown into prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury_1923_131_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury_1923_131-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> declared war, with the stated intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne. The deposed Hilderic was murdered in 533 on Gelimer's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury_1923_131_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury_1923_131-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an expedition was en route, a large part of the Vandal army and navy was led by <a href="/wiki/Tzazo" title="Tzazo">Tzazo</a>, Gelimer's brother, to Sardinia to deal with a rebellion. As a result, the armies of the Byzantine Empire commanded by <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> were able to land unopposed 10 miles (16 km) from Carthage. Gelimer quickly assembled an army,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_126_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_126-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and met Belisarius at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Battle of Ad Decimum</a>; the Vandals were winning the battle until Gelimer's brother <a href="/wiki/Ammatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammatas">Ammatas</a> and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius quickly took Carthage while the surviving Vandals fought on.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Battle of Tricamarum</a>, some 20 miles (32 km) from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Gelimer's brother <a href="/wiki/Tzazo" title="Tzazo">Tzazo</a> fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo</a>, second city of the Vandal Kingdom, and in 534 Gelimer surrendered to the Byzantine conqueror, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_cavalryman,_c._AD_500,_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/220px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/330px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/440px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Vandal cavalryman, <i>c.</i> AD 500, from a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> pavement at <a href="/wiki/Zaghouan_Aqueduct#Cistern_of_Bordj_Djedid" title="Zaghouan Aqueduct">Bordj Djedid</a> near <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North Africa, comprising north Tunisia and eastern Algeria in the Vandal period, became a Roman province again, from which the Vandals were <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">expelled</a>. Many Vandals went to <a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a> (today called <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> in north Algeria) where they integrated themselves with the Berbers. Many others were put into imperial service or fled to the two Gothic kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>). Some Vandal women married Byzantine soldiers and settled in north Algeria and Tunisia. The choicest Vandal warriors were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as <i>Vandali Iustiniani</i>, stationed on the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Persian</a> frontier. Some entered the private service of Belisarius.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1913 <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> states that "Gelimer was honourably treated and received large estates in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. He was also offered the rank of a patrician but had to refuse it because he was not willing to change his <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian faith</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_encyclopedia-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of historian Roger Collins: "The remaining Vandals were then shipped back to Constantinople to be absorbed into the imperial army. As a distinct ethnic unit they disappeared".<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_126_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_126-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the few Vandals remained at North Africa while more migrated back to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 546 the Vandalic <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntarith" title="Guntarith">Guntarith</a>, defected from the Byzantines and raised a rebellion with Moorish support. He was able to capture Carthage, but was assassinated by the Byzantines shortly afterwards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_kings">List of kings</h2></div> <p>Known kings of the Vandals:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisimar" title="Wisimar">Wisimar</a> (d. 335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godigisel" title="Godigisel">Godigisel</a> (359–406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a> (407–428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> (428–477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> (477–484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunthamund" title="Gunthamund">Gunthamund</a> (484–496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a> (496–523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> (523–530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> (530–534)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_of_the_kings_of_Vandals">Family tree of the kings of Vandals</h2></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wisimar" title="Wisimar">Wisimar</a><br />king of Hasdingi Vandals</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Godigisel" title="Godigisel">Godigisel</a><br />king of Vandals</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a><br />West Roman Emperor</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(daughter_of_Valentinian_III)" title="Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III)">Eudocia</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gento_(son_of_Genseric)" title="Gento (son of Genseric)">Gento</a><br />prince</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gunthamund" title="Gunthamund">Gunthamund</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gelarius<br />prince</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Amalafrida" title="Amalafrida">Amalafrida</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a><br />king of Ostrogoths</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a><br />king of Vandals, Alans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ammatus" title="Ammatus">Ammatus</a><br />general</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_literacy">Latin literacy</h2></div> <p>All Vandals that modern historians know about were able to speak <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which also remained the official language of the Vandal administration (most of the staff seem to have been native Berber or Roman).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levels of literacy in the ancient world are uncertain, but writing was integral to administration and business. Studies of literacy in North Africa have tended to centre around the administration, which was limited to the social elite. However, the majority of the population of North Africa did not live in urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judith George explains that "Analysis of the [Vandal] poems in their context holds up a mirror to the ways and values of the times".<sup id="cite_ref-George_138_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_138-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little work of the poets of Vandal North Africa survives, but what does is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_Anthology" title="Latin Anthology">Latin Anthology</a></i>; apart from their names, little is known about the poets themselves, not even when they were writing. Their work drew on earlier Roman traditions. Modern scholars generally hold the view that the Vandals allowed the Romans in North Africa to carry on with their way of life with only occasional interference.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Leutemann,_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_(c._1860%E2%80%931880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg/330px-Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg/440px-Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%931880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>The Vandals' traditional reputation: a coloured steel engraving of the Sack of Rome (455) by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leutemann" title="Heinrich Leutemann">Heinrich Leutemann</a> (1824–1904), c. 1860–80</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Middle Ages, kings of Denmark were styled "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Goths" title="King of the Goths">Goths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">Wends</a>", the Wends being a group of <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> formerly living in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> in modern Germany. The title "King of the Wends" is translated as <i>vandalorum rex</i> in Latin. The title was shortened to "King of Denmark" in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1540, Swedish kings (following Denmark) were styled <i>Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex</i> ("King of the <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">Wends</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a> dropped the title in 1973 and now styles himself simply as "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>". </p><p>The modern term <i><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a></i> stems from the Vandals' reputation as the barbarian people who sacked and looted Rome in AD 455. The Vandals were probably not any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but writers who idealized Rome often blamed them for its destruction. For example, English <a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a> poet <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> wrote, <i>Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, / Did all the matchless Monuments deface</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Vandalisme</i> was coined in 1794 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, to describe the destruction of artwork following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularizing the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Vandals and other "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" groups had long been blamed for the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> by writers and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migrations_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrations period">Migrations period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Germanic_kingdoms_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula">Timeline of Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_War_(439-442)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal War (439-442)">Vandal War (439–442)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=29&xywh=-4120,-220,13707,8315">"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D29%26xywh%3D-4120%2C-220%2C13707%2C8315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bam_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bam_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian" class="citation web cs1">Brian, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623155644/http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-016.html">"History of the Vandals"</a>. Roman Empire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-016.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Vandals&rft.pub=Roman+Empire&rft.aulast=Brian&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-empire.net%2Farticles%2Farticle-016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Contrasting articles in Frank M. Clover and R.S. Humphreys, eds, <i>Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity</i> (University of Wisconsin Press) 1989, highlight the Vandals' role as continuators: Frank Clover stresses continuities in North African Roman mosaics and coinage and literature, whereas Averil Cameron, drawing upon archaeology, documents how swift were the social, religious and linguistic changes once the area was conquered by Byzantium and then by Islam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962653–654_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1962">de Vries 1962</a>, pp. 653–654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003446_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorazza1986" class="citation book cs1">Corazza, Vittoria Dolcetti (1986). <i>Il mare dei Germani</i>. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. p. 487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+mare+dei+Germani&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Corazza&rft.aufirst=Vittoria+Dolcetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Much, <i>Wandalische Götter</i>, Mitteilungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde 27, 1926, 20–41. "R. Much has brought forth a relatively convincing argument to show that the very name <i>Vandal</i> reflects the worship of the Divine Twins." Donald Ward, <i>The divine twins: an Indo-European myth in Germanic tradition</i>, University of California publications: Folklore studies, nr. 19, 1968, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annales_Alamannici" title="Annales Alamannici">Annales Alamannici</a>, 795 ad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam Bremensis</a> 1075 ad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Steinacher "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/DISSERTATION-Volltext.pdf">Studien zur vandalischen Geschichte. Die Gleichsetzung der Ethnonyme Wenden, Slawen und Vandalen vom Mittelalter bis ins 18. Jahrhundert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119061857/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/DISSERTATION-Volltext.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenček1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rado_Len%C4%8Dek" title="Rado Lenček">Lenček, Rado L.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fssj.v12i1.3797">"The Terms Wende-Winde, Wendisch-Windisch in the Historiographic Tradition of the Slovene Lands"</a>. <i>Slovene Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fssj.v12i1.3797">10.7152/ssj.v12i1.3797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0193-1075">0193-1075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovene+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Terms+Wende-Winde%2C+Wendisch-Windisch+in+the+Historiographic+Tradition+of+the+Slovene+Lands&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fssj.v12i1.3797&rft.issn=0193-1075&rft.aulast=Len%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Rado+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7152%252Fssj.v12i1.3797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Files-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_Files_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/id/53282b41b47fc407a900034a">"Vandali (Vandals) (Germans): Incorporating the Asdingas & Silingi"</a>. <i>Kingdoms of the Germanic Tribes</i>. English Place-name Society. 31 December 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Germanic+Tribes&rft.atitle=Vandali+%28Vandals%29+%28Germans%29%3A+Incorporating+the+Asdingas+%26+Silingi&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepns.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fid%2F53282b41b47fc407a900034a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>, p. 4 "Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans... In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter John</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6693?">"Vandals"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Vandals, a Germanic people...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-6693%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchner2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Bruce_Hitchner" title="R. Bruce Hitchner">Hitchner, R. Bruce</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-5683?">"Vandals"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195187922" title="Special:BookSources/9780195187922"><bdi>9780195187922</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Vandals... a Germanic people</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195187922&rft.aulast=Hitchner&rft.aufirst=R.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-5683%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Darvill" title="Timothy Darvill">Darvill, Timothy</a>, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4473?">"Vandals"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727139" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727139"><bdi>9780191727139</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Vandals. Germanic people, perhaps originally from the Baltic region, who invaded Gaul in ad 406, and established a kingdom in Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191727139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043-e-4473%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bennett_(historian)" title="Matthew Bennett (historian)">Bennett, Matthew</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001/acref-9780198606963-e-1325?">"Vandals"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a>; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727467" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727467"><bdi>9780191727467</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Vandals were a Germanic people...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780191727467&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198606963.001.0001%2Facref-9780198606963-e-1325%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D28">"Natural History 4.28"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530161627/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D28">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+History+4.28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D4%253Achapter%253D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt2010549_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerndt2010">Berndt 2010</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy", Book II, Chapter 10: "Greater Germany"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102001414/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">Archived</a> 2022-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Goffart, <i>Barbarian Tides</i>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Pohl, <i>Die Germanen</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1938">Anderson 1938</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, <i>Die Germanen</i>, p. 23; Goffart, <i>Barbarian Tides</i>, p. 298, footnote 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222716/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/1405117141/Todd_sample%20chapter_The%20early%20germans.pdf">"Land and People, p. 25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/1405117141/Todd_sample%20chapter_The%20early%20germans.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+and+People%2C+p.+25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FSample_chapter%2F1405117141%2FTodd_sample%2520chapter_The%2520early%2520germans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrils-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merrils_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrills2004">Merrills 2004</a>, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todd-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Todd_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todd_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2009">Todd 2009</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 217, 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBGermanyAncientHistory-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBGermanyAncientHistory_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58075/The-press">"Germany: Ancient History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828160433/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58075/The-press">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Ancient+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F231186%2FGermany%2F58075%2FThe-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandals_30-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vandals_30_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandals_30_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221024915/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72%2A.html">Archived</a> 2021-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schutte-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schutte_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schutte_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchütte2013">Schütte 2013</a>, pp. 50–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordanes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_22">chapter 22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105120230/http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_22">Archived</a> 2013-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffart, <i>Barbarian Tides</i>, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Barbarians: Warriors & Wars of the Dark Ages, Tim Newark (Blandford Press, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew H. Merrills, "Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa", 2004, <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4145-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4145-7">0-7546-4145-7</a> p. 34, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC&dq=silingi+silesia&pg=PA34">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Strzelczyk" title="Jerzy Strzelczyk">Jerzy Strzelczyk</a>, "Wandalowie i ich afrykańskie państwo" p. 59, Warszawa 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeological Fieldwork and Opportunities Bulletin. Archaeological Institute of America. 2002. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fulford, Michael (2000). "Human Remains from the North Gate, Silchester: An 'Early' and a 'Late' Radiocarbon Date from the City". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>31</b>: 356–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F526928">10.2307/526928</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/526928">526928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16432945">16432945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33704958">33704958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Human+Remains+from+the+North+Gate%2C+Silchester%3A+An+%27Early%27+and+a+%27Late%27+Radiocarbon+Date+from+the+City&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=356-358&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16432945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33704958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F526928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F526928&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, S. 1997: ‘Abandonment, rubbish disposal and “special” deposits’, in Meadows, K., Lemke, C. and Heron, J. (eds), TRAC 96. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference Sheffield 1996, Oxford, 73–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goffart_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart2006" class="citation book cs1">Goffart, Walter (2006). <i>Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3939-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3939-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Tides%3A+The+Migration+Age+and+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3939-3&rft.aulast=Goffart&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vandals" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vandals">Vandals</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Spain-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Spain_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Spain_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain/70357/Visigothic-Spain-to-c-500#ref587098">"Spain: Visigothic Spain to c. 500"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+Visigothic+Spain+to+c.+500&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F557573%2FSpain%2F70357%2FVisigothic-Spain-to-c-500%23ref587098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasconcellos 1913, p. 551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JaquesTarraco-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JaquesTarraco_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaques2007c">Jaques 2007c</a>, p. 999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM50-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM50_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Late Roman Spain and its Cities</i>, Michael Kulikowsi, 2004, pp. 173–180 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7978-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7978-7">0-8018-7978-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frasseto173-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frasseto173_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2003">Frassetto 2003</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celtiberia-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celtiberia_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celtiberia_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCossue2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cossue (28 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=1671">"Breve historia del reino suevo de Gallaecia (1)"</a> (in Spanish). Celtiberia.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107022825/http://celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=1671">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breve+historia+del+reino+suevo+de+Gallaecia+%281%29&rft.pub=Celtiberia.net&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.au=Cossue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celtiberia.net%2Farticulo.asp%3Fid%3D1671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMokhtar1981">Mokhtar 1981</a>, p. 281 (Vol. 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke1900">Burke 1900</a>, p. 410 (Vol. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=153210">"CNG Coins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171332/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=153210">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNG+Coins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D153210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_124-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_124_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_124_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> <i> <a href="/wiki/Procopius#The_Wars_of_Justinian" title="Procopius">Wars</a></i> 3.5.18–19 in <a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 197–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Procopius#The_Wars_of_Justinian" title="Procopius">Wars</a></i> 3.5.23–24 in <a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM53-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM53_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM53_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM53_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm">"Newadvent.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020030610/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02084a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Bury, <i>History of the Later Roman Empire</i>, Dover Vol. I. pp. 254, 258, 410 <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/58011273">58-11273</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2000">Cameron 2000</a>, pp. 553–554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrills2004">Merrills 2004</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrills2004">Merrills 2004</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_125-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_125_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_125_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_125_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_125_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camerson_553-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camerson_553_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camerson_553_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2000">Cameron 2000</a>, p. 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatout_BurnsJensen2014" class="citation book cs1">Patout Burns, J.; Jensen, Robin M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjSqCwAAQBAJ&q=Vandals++treaty++442+++first++independent&pg=PA64"><i>Christianity in Roman Africa: The Development of Its Practices and Beliefs– Google Knihy</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6931-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6931-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-6931-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226060050/https://books.google.sk/books?id=IjSqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Roman+Africa%3A+The+Development+of+Its+Practices+and+Beliefs%E2%80%93+Google+Knihy&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6931-9&rft.aulast=Patout+Burns&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Robin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjSqCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DVandals%2B%2Btreaty%2B%2B442%2B%2B%2Bfirst%2B%2Bindependent%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143410/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mediterranean&allowed_in_frame=0">"Mediterranean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mediterranean&allowed_in_frame=0">the original</a> on 2014-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mediterranean&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DMediterranean%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph W. Mathisen, Petronius Maximus (17 March – 22 May 455)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper's</a> account of the event was followed by his continuator in the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Victor_of_Tunnuna" title="Victor of Tunnuna">Victor of Tunnuna</a>, a great admirer of Leo quite willing to adjust a date or bend a point (Steven Muhlberger, "Prosper's <i><a href="/wiki/Epitoma_Chronicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma Chronicon">Epitoma Chronicon</a></i>: was there an edition of 443?" <i>Classical Philology</i> <b>81</b>.3 (July 1986), pp. 240–244).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaques2007a">Jaques 2007a</a>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaques2007b">Jaques 2007b</a>, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Bury, <i>History of the Later Roman Empire</i>, 1958 edition, pp. 254, 327, 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrills2004">Merrills 2004</a>, pp. 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_encyclopedia-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_encyclopedia_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLöffler1912">Löffler 1912</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2000">Cameron 2000</a>, p. 555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury_1923_131-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury_1923_131_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury_1923_131_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_126-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_126_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_126_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, pp. 133–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, pp. 124–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2009">Wickham 2009</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConant2004">Conant 2004</a>, pp. 199–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_138-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George_138_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2004">George 2004</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2004">George 2004</a>, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Berdichevsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Norman Berdichevsky (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewGNwBvD2gcC&pg=PA163"><i>An Introduction to Danish Culture</i></a>. McFarland. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6401-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-6401-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Danish+Culture&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6401-2&rft.au=Norman+Berdichevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewGNwBvD2gcC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Guinchard1914" class="citation book cs1">J. Guinchard (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/sweden14/1/0218.html"><i>Sweden: Historical and statistical handbook</i></a>. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225136/http://runeberg.org/sweden14/1/0218.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweden%3A+Historical+and+statistical+handbook&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=P.+A.+Norstedt+%26+S%C3%B6ner&rft.date=1914&rft.au=J.+Guinchard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsweden14%2F1%2F0218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryden, John, "To Sir Godfrey Kneller", 1694. Dryden also wrote of Renaissance Italy <i>reviving from the trance/Of Vandal, Goth and Monkish ignorance.</i> ("To the Earl of Roscommon", 1680).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010">Merrills & Miles 2010</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(classical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anderson (classical scholar)">Anderson, John</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPZJAAAAYAAJ"><i>Germania</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Classical_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Classical Press">Bristol Classical Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-503-3"><bdi>978-1-85399-503-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 1. Year Books. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-4054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-4054-8"><bdi>978-1-4437-4054-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mocavo.com/A-History-of-Spain-From-the-Earliest-Times-to-the-Death-of-Ferdinand-the-Catholic/137368/12?browse=true#449">the original</a> on 2014-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. II. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+from+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian+%28A.D.+395+to+A.D.+565%29&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2000" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2000). "The Vandal conquest and Vandal rule (A.D. 429–534)". <i>The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600</i>. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vandal+conquest+and+Vandal+rule+%28A.D.+429%E2%80%93534%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History.+Late+Antiquity%3A+Empire+and+Successors%2C+A.D.+425%E2%80%93600&rft.pages=553-559&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2000). "Vandal Africa, 429–533". <i>The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600</i>. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandal+Africa%2C+429%E2%80%93533&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History.+Late+Antiquity%3A+Empire+and+Successors%2C+A.D.+425%E2%80%93600&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConant2004" class="citation book cs1">Conant, Jonathan (2004). "Literacy and Private Documentation in Vandal North Africa: The Case of the <a href="/wiki/Albertini_Tablets" title="Albertini Tablets">Albertini Tablets</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC&q=Vandals"><i>Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 199–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4145-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-4145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literacy+and+Private+Documentation+in+Vandal+North+Africa%3A+The+Case+of+the+Albertini+Tablets&rft.btitle=Vandals%2C+Romans+and+Berbers%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Late+Antique+North+Africa&rft.pages=199-224&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4145-2&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdnrTM_d1GkC%26q%3DVandals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1962). <i>Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch</i> (1977 ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3"><bdi>978-90-04-05436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altnordisches+Etymologisches+Worterbuch&rft.edition=1977&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05436-3&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Frassetto, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC"><i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576072639" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576072639"><bdi>978-1576072639</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Barbarian+Europe%3A+Society+in+Transformation&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576072639&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW-GfElbafQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2004" class="citation book cs1">George, Judith (2004). "Vandal Poets in their Context". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC&q=Vandals"><i>Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F%E2%80%93O&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007c" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313335396" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313335396"><bdi>978-0313335396</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Vandals, Romans and Berbers: Understanding Late Antique North Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC"><i>Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4145-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-4145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals%2C+Romans+and+Berbers%3A+Understanding+Late+Antique+North+Africa&rft.btitle=Vandals%2C+Romans+and+Berbers%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Late+Antique+North+Africa&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4145-2&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdnrTM_d1GkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIHPoyMOFYC"><i>The Vandals</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6068-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-6068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandals&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6068-1&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Miles%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTIHPoyMOFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokhtar1981" class="citation book cs1">Mokhtar, G (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDxMF-6UdCQC&q=andalusia"><i>Ancient Civilizations of Africa</i></a>. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06697-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06697-7"><bdi>978-0-520-06697-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations+of+Africa&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06697-7&rft.aulast=Mokhtar&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDxMF-6UdCQC%26q%3Dandalusia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel"><i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i></a></span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofgerman0000orel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Julian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXb6voWPCZgC"><i>Defending Rome: The Masters of the Soldiers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477164600" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477164600"><bdi>978-1477164600</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Rome%3A+The+Masters+of+the+Soldiers&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1477164600&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXb6voWPCZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütte2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gudmund_Sch%C3%BCtte" title="Gudmund Schütte">Schütte, Gudmund</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ"><i>Our Forefathers, Volume 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67723-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67723-4"><bdi>978-1-107-67723-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Forefathers%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-67723-4&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtte&rft.aufirst=Gudmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0R9aAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC"><i>The Early Germans</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3756-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3756-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5QdmV3zNpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcellos1913" class="citation book cs1">Vasconcellos, José Leite (1913). <i>Religiões da Lusitania na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal</i>. Vol. 3. Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religi%C3%B5es+da+Lusitania+na+parte+que+principalmente+se+refere+a+Portugal&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Vasconcellos&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Leite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2009" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980"><i>The Inheritance of Rome</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0"><bdi>978-0-670-02098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inheritance+of+Rome&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02098-0&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780670020980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOnQDfRU-poC"><i>The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520085114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520085114"><bdi>978-0520085114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0520085114&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOnQDfRU-poC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöffler1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Löffler, Klemens (1912). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Vandals" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vandals">Vandals</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandals&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ffler&rft.aufirst=Klemens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandals" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Blume, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/08/25/blume_ed3_.php#">"Vandals Exhibit Sacks Some Cultural Myths"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/"><i>International Herald Tribune</i></a>, August 25, 2001.</li> <li>Christian Courtois: Les Vandales et l'Afrique. Paris 1955</li> <li>Clover, Frank M: The Late Roman West and the Vandals. Aldershot 1993 (Collected studies series 401), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-354-5">0-86078-354-5</a></li> <li>Die Vandalen: die Könige, die Eliten, die Krieger, die Handwerker. Publikation zur Ausstellung "Die Vandalen"; eine Ausstellung der Maria-Curie-Sklodowska-Universität Lublin und des Landesmuseums Zamość ... ; Ausstellung im <a href="/wiki/Weserrenaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Weserrenaissance">Weserrenaissance</a>-Schloss Bevern ... Nordstemmen 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9805898-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-9805898-6-2">3-9805898-6-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a>, <i>Byzantium: The Early Centuries</i></li> <li>F. Papencordt's Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika</li> <li>Guido M. Berndt, Konflikt und Anpassung: Studien zu Migration und Ethnogenese der Vandalen (Historische Studien 489, Husum 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7868-1489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7868-1489-4">978-3-7868-1489-4</a>.</li> <li>Hans-Joachim Diesner: Vandalen. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der class. Altertumswissenschaft (RE Suppl. X, 1965), S. 957–992.</li> <li>Hans-Joachim Diesner: Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang. Stuttgart 1966. 5.</li> <li>Helmut Castritius: Die Vandalen. Etappen einer Spurensuche. Stuttgart u.a. 2007.</li> <li>Ivor J. Davidson, <i>A Public Faith</i>, Chapter 11, <i>Christians and Barbarians</i>, Volume 2 of Baker History of the Church, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-1275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-1275-9">0-8010-1275-9</a></li> <li>L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 1. Turnhout 2002 (Antiquité Tardive 10), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-51275-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-51275-5">2-503-51275-5</a>.</li> <li>L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 2, Turnhout 2003 (Antiquité Tardive 11), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-52262-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-52262-9">2-503-52262-9</a>.</li> <li>Lord Mahon <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_Stanhope" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope">Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope</a>, <i>The Life of Belisarius</i>, 1848. Reprinted 2006 (unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889758-67-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-889758-67-1">1-889758-67-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html">Evolpub.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607154228/http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ludwig Schmidt: Geschichte der Wandalen. 2. Auflage, München 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">Pauly-Wissowa</a></li> <li>Pierre Courcelle: Histoire littéraire des grandes invasions germaniques. 3rd edition Paris 1964 (Collection des études Augustiniennes: Série antiquité, 19).</li> <li>Roland Steinacher: Vandalen – Rezeptions- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In: Hubert Cancik (Hrsg.): Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 2003, Band 15/3, S. 942–946, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-476-01489-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-476-01489-4">3-476-01489-4</a>.</li> <li>Roland Steinacher: Wenden, Slawen, Vandalen. Eine frühmittelalterliche pseudologische Gleichsetzung und ihr Nachleben bis ins 18. Jahrhundert. In: W. Pohl (Hrsg.): Auf der Suche nach den Ursprüngen. Von der Bedeutung des frühen Mittelalters (Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 8), Wien 2004, S. 329–353. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100046/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/%7Ec61705/Steinacher,%20WendenSlawenVandalen%202004.pdf">Uibk.ac.at</a></li> <li>Stefan Donecker; Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum – The Debates on Wends and Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic Perception, in: ed. Robert Nedoma, Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden. Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis heute (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242–252. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227195324/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/Donecker-Steinacher.pdf">Uibk.ac.at</a></li> <li>Victor of Vita, <i>History of the Vandal Persecution</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-127-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-127-3">0-85323-127-3</a>. Written 484.</li> <li>Walter Pohl: Die Völkerwanderung. Eroberung und Integration. Stuttgart 2002, S. 70–86, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-015566-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-015566-0">3-17-015566-0</a>.</li> <li>Westermann, <i>Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte</i> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Mod%C3%A9ran" title="Yves Modéran">Yves Modéran</a>: Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine. 4e.–7e. siècle. Rom 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_des_%C3%89coles_fran%C3%A7aises_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes_et_de_Rome" title="Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome">Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome</a>, 314), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7283-0640-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-7283-0640-0">2-7283-0640-0</a>.</li> <li>Robert Kasperski, Ethnicity, ethnogenesis, and the Vandals: Some Remarks on a Theory of Emergence of the Barbarian Gens, „Acta Poloniae Historia” 112, 2015, pp. 201–242.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vandals" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Vandals">Vandals</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vandal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vandal">vandal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vandals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vandals">Vandals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203100937/http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/europe3.gif">Kingdom of the Vandals – location map</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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476–793)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a><br /> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 BCE–21 CE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segimer" title="Segimer">Segimerus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 BCE–9 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> (9–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a><br /> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 BCE–37 CE,<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 166–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 172)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Maroboduus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 BCE–18 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catualda" title="Catualda">Catualda</a> (18 CE-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballomar" title="Ballomar">Ballomar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 166–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 172)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariovistus" title="Ariovistus">Ariovistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 419-438)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a> (438-448)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a> (448-456)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a> (-406)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithimiris" title="Vithimiris">Vithimiris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balt_dynasty" title="Balt dynasty">Balti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> (395-410)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaulf" title="Athaulf">Athaulf</a> (410-415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric" title="Sigeric">Sigeric</a> (415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallia" title="Wallia">Wallia</a> (415-418)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_I" title="Theodoric I">Theodoric I</a> (418-451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorismund" title="Thorismund">Thorismund</a> (451-453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_II" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a> (453-466)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a> (466-484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaric_II" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a> (484-507)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesalec" title="Gesalec">Gesalec</a> (507-513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaric" title="Amalaric">Amalaric</a> (522-531)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Balti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a> (531-548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudigisel" title="Theudigisel">Theudigisel</a> (548-549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agila_I" title="Agila I">Agila</a> (549-554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanagild" title="Athanagild">Athanagild</a> (554-567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuva_I" title="Liuva I">Liuva I</a> (567-572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuvigild" title="Liuvigild">Liuvigild</a> (568-586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reccared_I" title="Reccared I">Reccared I</a> (586-601)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuva_II" title="Liuva II">Liuva II</a> (601-603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witteric" title="Witteric">Witteric</a> (603-610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundemar" title="Gundemar">Gundemar</a> ( 610-612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a> (612-621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reccared_II" title="Reccared II">Reccared II</a> (621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suintila" title="Suintila">Suintila</a> (621-631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisenand" title="Sisenand">Sisenand</a> (631-636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintila" title="Chintila">Chintila</a> (636-639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulga" title="Tulga">Tulga</a> (639-642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindasuinth" title="Chindasuinth">Chindasuinth</a> (642-653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recceswinth" title="Recceswinth">Recceswinth</a> (649-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamba_(king)" title="Wamba (king)">Wamba</a> (672-680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwig" title="Erwig">Erwig</a> (680-687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica" title="Egica">Egica</a> (687-702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittiza" title="Wittiza">Wittiza</a> (694-710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> (710-712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achila_II" title="Achila II">Achila II</a> (711-714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardo" title="Ardo">Ardo</a> (714-721)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valamir" title="Valamir">Valamir</a> (447-469)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Ostrogothic_king)" title="Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)">Theodemir</a> (469-475)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> (475-526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> (526-534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalasuintha" title="Amalasuintha">Amalasuintha</a> (534-535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a> (534-536)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Amal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges</a> (536-540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad</a> (540-541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric</a> (541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> (541-552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia</a> (551-553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclingas" title="Iclingas">Iclingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuffingas" title="Wuffingas">Wuffingas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godigisel" title="Godigisel">Godigisel</a> (until 406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a> (407–428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> (428–477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> (477–484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunthamund" title="Gunthamund">Gunthamund</a> (484–496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a> (496–523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> (523–530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> (530–534)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">List of kings of Burgundy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards#Legendary_rulers" title="List of kings of the Lombards">List of legendary kings of the Lombards</a> (3rd-4th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards#Lething_Dynasty" title="List of kings of the Lombards">Lething Dynasty</a> (5th-6th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audoin" title="Audoin">Audoin</a> (546–565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> (568–572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph</a> (572–574)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes">Interregnum</a></i> (574–584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari</a> (584–590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf</a> (590–616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald</a> (616–626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald</a> (626–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari</a> (636-652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald</a> (652–653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a> (653–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert</a> (661–662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a> (661–662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald</a> (662–671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald</a> (671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a> (671–688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a> (688–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis</a> (689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a> (689–700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert</a> (700–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raginpert" title="Raginpert">Raginpert</a> (701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II</a> (702–712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand</a> <i>(712)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> (712–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildeprand" title="Hildeprand">Hildeprand</a> (744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a> (744–749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a> (749–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> (756–774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Merovingians_(428–751)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a><br /> (428–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlodio" title="Chlodio">Chlodio</a> (428–445/448)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovech" title="Merovech">Merovech</a> (445/448–457)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric I</a> (457–481/482)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (481/482–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a> (511–558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a> (511–561)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a> (561–567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a> (561–593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a> (561–584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a> (561–575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a> (575–595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a> (584–629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> (623–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a> (639–656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a> (639–657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a> (657–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a> (673–675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a> (675–691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a> (691–695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a> (695–711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a> (711–715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a> (715–721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a> (717–719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a> (721–737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a> (737–751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilolfings" title="Agilolfings">Agilolfings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Frisia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Frisia">List of monarchs of Frisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Denmark" title="List of legendary kings of Denmark">List of legendary kings of Denmark</a> (7th–10th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">King of the Wends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms of Norway</a> (6th–9th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden" title="List of legendary kings of Sweden">List of legendary kings of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a> (9th–12th centuries) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Muns%C3%B6" title="House of Munsö">House of Munsö</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Geats" title="King of the Geats">List of legendary kings of the Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Goths" title="King of the Goths">King of the Goths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbarian_kingdoms_established_around_the_Migration_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Template:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbarian_kingdoms_established_around_the_Migration_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> established around the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepid kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42211#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577527">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vandalové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph515677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/20634">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandals&oldid=1256213348">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandals&oldid=1256213348</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vandals" title="Category:Vandals">Vandals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carthage" title="Category:Carthage">Carthage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th_century_in_sub-Roman_Gaul" title="Category:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul">5th century in sub-Roman Gaul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Libya" title="Category:Roman Libya">Roman Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th_century_in_Hispania" title="Category:5th century in Hispania">5th century in Hispania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mauretania" title="Category:Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Numidia" 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