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href="#Creation_and_administration_of_the_province_within_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Creation and administration of the province within the Kingdom of Prussia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creation_and_administration_of_the_province_within_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Creation and administration of the province within the Kingdom of Prussia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_administration_of_the_province_within_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Agricultural reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bismarck_era_administrative_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bismarck_era_administrative_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bismarck era administrative reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bismarck_era_administrative_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province_of_the_Free_State_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province_of_the_Free_State_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Province of the Free State of Prussia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Province_of_the_Free_State_of_Prussia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Province of the Free State of Prussia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Province_of_the_Free_State_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Revolution_of_1918–19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Revolution_of_1918–19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 German Revolution of 1918–19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Revolution_of_1918–19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Counter-revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Constitution of 1920 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nazi era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nazi_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nazi era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nazi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pomeranian_Nazi_movement_before_1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomeranian_Nazi_movement_before_1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pomeranian Nazi movement before 1933 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomeranian_Nazi_movement_before_1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_government_since_1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_government_since_1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nazi government since 1933 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_government_since_1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportation_of_the_Pomeranian_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation_of_the_Pomeranian_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Deportation of the Pomeranian Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation_of_the_Pomeranian_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repressions_against_Polish_minority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repressions_against_Polish_minority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Repressions against Polish minority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repressions_against_Polish_minority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 World War II and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 First war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Pomeranian_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 East Pomeranian Offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Pomeranian_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Battle of Berlin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Dissolution of the province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Administrative subdivisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative subdivisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Köslin_government_region_(Farther_Pomerania)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Köslin_government_region_(Farther_Pomerania)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Köslin government region (Farther Pomerania) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Köslin_government_region_(Farther_Pomerania)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stettin_government_region_(Western_Pomerania)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stettin_government_region_(Western_Pomerania)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Stettin government region (Western Pomerania) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stettin_government_region_(Western_Pomerania)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stralsund_government_region_(Northwest)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stralsund_government_region_(Northwest)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Stralsund government region (Northwest) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stralsund_government_region_(Northwest)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posen-West_Prussia_government_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posen-West_Prussia_government_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Posen-West Prussia government region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posen-West_Prussia_government_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Modern inhabitants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(1815_%E2%80%93_1945)" title="مقاطعة بوميرانيا (1815 – 1945) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاطعة بوميرانيا (1815 – 1945)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Памеранія (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Памеранія (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Pomer%C3%A0nia_(1815-1945)" title="Província de Pomerània (1815-1945) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Província de Pomerània (1815-1945)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Pommern" title="Provinsen Pommern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Provinsen Pommern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Pommern" title="Provinz Pommern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provinz Pommern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Pomerania_(1815-1945)" title="Provincia de Pomerania (1815-1945) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Pomerania (1815-1945)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_de_Pom%C3%A9ranie_(1815-1945)" title="Province de Poméranie (1815-1945) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province de Poméranie (1815-1945)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roinn_Phruisianach_Phomerania" title="Roinn Phruisianach Phomerania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roinn Phruisianach Phomerania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_della_Pomerania_(1815-1946)" title="Provincia della Pomerania (1815-1946) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Provincia della Pomerania (1815-1946)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="פרובינציית פומרניה (1815–1945) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינציית פומרניה (1815–1945)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2mr%C3%AB" title="Pòmrë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòmrë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamario_provincija" title="Pamario provincija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pamario provincija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommeren_(provincie)" title="Pommeren (provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pommeren (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Pommern" title="Provinsen Pommern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Provinsen Pommern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Pommern_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Provinsen Pommern (1815–1945) – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Provinsen Pommern (1815–1945)" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorze_(prowincja)" title="Pomorze (prowincja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomorze (prowincja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_da_Pomer%C3%A2nia_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Província da Pomerânia (1815–1945) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província da Pomerânia (1815–1945)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Pomerania" title="Provincia Pomerania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincia Pomerania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Померания (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Померания (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Провинција Померанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Провинција Померанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommerin_provinssi" title="Pommerin provinssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pommerin provinssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Pommern" title="Provinsen Pommern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Provinsen Pommern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&params=53_26_N_14_32_E_">53°26′N 14°32′E / 53.433°N 14.533°E / 53.433; 14.533</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Prussia from 1815 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other provinces of this name, see <a href="/wiki/Pomerania_Province_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pomerania Province (disambiguation)">Pomerania Province (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Province of Pomerania<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Provinz Pommern (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Province of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1815–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Province of Pomerania"><img alt="Flag of Province of Pomerania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg/125px-Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg/188px-Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg/250px-Provinz_Pommern_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Province_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Province of Pomerania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Province of Pomerania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Province of Pomerania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="539" /></a></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg/220px-Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg/330px-Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg/440px-Map-Prussia-Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2200" /></a> The Province of Pomerania (red) within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (blue) in 1914</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinz_Pommern_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/220px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/330px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/440px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1361" /></a> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> (Szczecin)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&params=53_26_N_14_32_E_">53°26′N 14°32′E / 53.433°N 14.533°E / 53.433; 14.533</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1905</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,120 km2 (11,630 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1939</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,400 km2 (14,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1905 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,684,125</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin</a> <a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin</a> <a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund</a> (1818−1932) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneidem%C3%BChl_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneidemühl (region) (page does not exist)">Posen-West Prussia</a> (1938−1945)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Province of Pomerania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)">State of Mecklenburg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Western_Pomerania" title="District of Western Pomerania">District of Western Pomerania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomerania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomerania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">∟<a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Province of Pomerania (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Provinz Pommern; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Prowincja Pomorze) was a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> from 1815 to 1945. Pomerania was established as a province of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1815, an expansion of the older <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Pomerania</a>, and then became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. From 1918, Pomerania was a province of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> until it was dissolved following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by decree of the Allied Control Council with the de jure abolition of Prussia on 25 February <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, and its territory divided between Poland and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>. The city of Stettin (present-day <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, Poland) was the provincial capital. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Pomerania comes from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> po more, which means "Land at the Sea".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The province was created from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">former Prussian Province of Pomerania</a>, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>. It resembled the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 had been split between <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> and Sweden. Also, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Schivelbein" class="mw-redirect" title="Schivelbein">Schivelbein</a> (Świdwin) and <a href="/wiki/Dramburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramburg">Dramburg</a> (Drawsko Pomorskie), formerly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a>, were merged into the new province.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.366-2">[2]</a> While in the Kingdom of Prussia, the province was heavily influenced by the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> primarily affected the <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> area and the infrastructure, while most of the province retained a rural and agricultural character.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_pp.412,413-5">[5]</a> From 1850, the <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> was negative; <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">Pomeranians</a> emigrated primarily to Berlin, the West German industrial regions and overseas.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After World War I, democracy and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's right to vote</a> were introduced to the province. After <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>'s abdication, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.472ff-7">[7]</a> The economic situation worsened due to the consequences of World War I and worldwide <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff,481ff-8">[8]</a> As in the previous Kingdom of Prussia, Pomerania was a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">national conservatives</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-9">[9]</a> who continued in the Weimar Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.377ff,439ff,491ff-10">[10]</a> In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian regime</a>, concentrating the province's administration in the hands of their <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a>, and implementing <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939 was launched in part from Pomeranian soil. Jewish and Polish populations (whose minorities lived in the region) were classified as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subhuman" class="extiw" title="wikt:subhuman">subhuman</a>" by the German state during the war and subjected to repressions, slave work and executions.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Opponents were arrested and executed; Jews who by 1940 had not emigrated were all deported to the <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Lublin reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Besides the air raids conducted since 1943, World War II reached the province in early 1945 with the <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, both launched and won by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Insufficient evacuation left the population subject to murder, <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war rape</a>, and plunder by the successors.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> When the war was over, the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> cut the province in two unequal parts. The smaller western part became part of the East German State of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>. The larger eastern part was attached to post-war Poland as <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship</a>. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">ethnic Germans were expelled from Poland</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> and the area was re-settled with Poles.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.515-17">[17]</a> Currently, most of the territory of the province lies within the <a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>, which share the same city—now <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>—as its capital. Until 1932, the province was subdivided into the government regions (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Regierungsbezirk Köslin</a> (eastern part, <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Stettin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Stettin (page does not exist)">Stettin</a> (southwestern part, Old Western Pomerania), and <a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund</a> (northwestern part, Neuvorpommern).<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> The Stralsund region was merged into the Stettin region in 1932. In 1938, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneidem%C3%BChl_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneidemühl (region) (page does not exist)">Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia region</a> (southeastern part, created from the former <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Prussian Province</a> <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a>) was merged into the province.<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> The provincial capital was <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> (now Szczecin), the Regierungsbezirk capitals were <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a> (now Koszalin), Stettin, <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Schneidemühl</a> (now Piła), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> In 1905 the province of Pomerania had 1,684,326 inhabitants, among them 1,616,550 Protestants, 50,206 Catholics, and 9,660 Jews. In 1900 Polish was the native language of 14,162 of the inhabitants (at the border to <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>), and there were 310 (at the Lake Leba and at the Lake Garde) whose native language was <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>. The area of the province amounted to 30,120 km2 (11,630 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1925, the province had an area of 30,208 km2 (11,663 sq mi), with a population of 1,878,780 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_administration_of_the_province_within_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia">Creation and administration of the province within the Kingdom of Prussia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation and administration of the province within the Kingdom of Prussia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Hardenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></figcaption></figure> Although there had been a <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Prussian Province of Pomerania before</a>, the province of Pomerania was newly constituted in 1815, based on the "decree concerning improved establishment of provincial offices" (German: Verordnung wegen verbesserter Einrichtung der Provinzialbehörden), issued by <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a> on 30 April, and the integration of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, handed over to Prussia on 23 October.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.366-2">[2]</a> The Hardenberg decree reformed all Prussian territories, which henceforth formed ten (later eight) provinces with similar administrations. After the implementation of the reform, the new province of Pomerania consisted basically of its predecessor and Swedish Pomerania, but also of the <a href="/wiki/Dramburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramburg">Dramburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schivelbein" class="mw-redirect" title="Schivelbein">Schivelbein</a> counties.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.366-2">[2]</a> The province was headed by a governor (Oberpräsident, literally "senior president") with his seat in the capital, Stettin. It was subdivided into government regions (<a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a>) headed by a president (Regierungspräsident). Initially, two such regions were planned (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Stettin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Stettin (page does not exist)">Regierungsbezirk Stettin</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Köslin">Regierungsbezirk Köslin</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>). Hardenberg however, who as the Prussian chief diplomat had settled the terms of session of Swedish Pomerania with Sweden at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, had assured to leave the local constitution in place when the treaty was signed on 7 June 1815. This circumstance led to a creation of a third government region, <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Stralsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Stralsund">Regierungsbezirk Stralsund</a>, for the former Swedish Pomerania at the expense of the Stettin region.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.366-369-21">[21]</a> In early 1818, Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_August_Sack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann August Sack (page does not exist)">Johann August Sack</a> had reformed the county (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">Kreise</a>) shapes, yet adopted the former shape in most cases. Köslin government region comprised nine counties, Stettin government region thirteen, and Stralsund government region four (identical with the former Swedish <a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Ämter</a> (districts)).<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.366-369-21">[21]</a> The new parliament (<a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a>) assembled first on October 3, 1824. Based on two laws of June 5<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and July,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> 1823, the Landtag was constituted by 25 lords and knights, 16 representatives of the towns, and eight from the rural communities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Subordinate to the provincial Landtag were two Kommunallandtag assemblies, one for former Swedish Pomerania (<a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> River) and one for the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">former Prussian part</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.377-25">[25]</a> The counties each assembled a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreisstand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreisstand (page does not exist)">Kreisstand</a>, where the knights of the county had one vote each and towns also just one vote.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.377-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Throughout its existence, the province was a stronghold of the Conservative Parties.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruegen_038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ruegen_038.jpg/220px-Ruegen_038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ruegen_038.jpg/330px-Ruegen_038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ruegen_038.jpg/440px-Ruegen_038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">Narrow gauge railway</a> "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgensche_Kleinbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rügensche Kleinbahn">Rügensche Kleinbahn</a>", operating since 1895</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binz_Kurhaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Binz_Kurhaus.JPG/220px-Binz_Kurhaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Binz_Kurhaus.JPG/330px-Binz_Kurhaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Binz_Kurhaus.JPG/440px-Binz_Kurhaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Binz" title="Binz">Binz</a>, tourist resort since the 1860s</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, the first overland routes (Chaussee) and railways were introduced in Pomerania. In 1848, 126.8 Prussian miles of new streets had been built. On October 12, 1840, construction of the Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> railway began, which was finished on 15 August 1843. Other railways followed: Stettin–<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a> (1859), <a href="/wiki/Angerm%C3%BCnde" title="Angermünde">Angermünde</a>–<a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCssow" title="Züssow">Züssow</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a> (1863), Stettin–<a href="/wiki/Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolp">Stolp</a> (1869), and a connection with <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (1870).<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_pp.412,413-5">[5]</a> In rural areas, many <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow-gauge railways">narrow-gauge railways</a> were built for faster transport of crops. The first gas, water, and power plants were built. Streets and canalisation of the towns were modernized.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The construction of narrow-gauge railways was enhanced by a special decree<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> of July 28, 1892, implementing Prussian financial aid programs. In 1900, the total of narrow-gauge railways had passed the 1,000-kilometer (620 mi) threshold.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> From 1910 to 1912, most of the province was supplied with electricity as the main lines were built. Plants were built since 1898.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awina" title="Świna">Świna</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> rivers, the major water route to Stettin, were deepened to five meters and shortened by a <a href="/wiki/Piast_Canal" title="Piast Canal">canal</a> in 1862. In Stettin, heavy industry was settled, making it the only industrial center of the province.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Stettin was connected to Berlin by the Berlin-Stettin waterway in 1914 after eight years of construction. The other traditional waterways and ports of the province, however, declined. Exceptions were only the port of <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a> (Świnoujście), which was used by the navy, and the port of <a href="/wiki/Stolpm%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpmünde">Stolpmünde</a> (Ustka), from which parts of the <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomeranian</a> exports were shipped, and the port of <a href="/wiki/Sassnitz" title="Sassnitz">Sassnitz</a>, which was built in 1895 for railway ferries to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> With the infrastructural improvements, mass tourism to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Coast</a> started. The tourist resort (Ostseebad) <a href="/wiki/Binz" title="Binz">Binz</a> had 80 visitors in 1870, 10,000 in 1900, and 22,000 in 1910. The same phenomenon occurred in other tourist resorts.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_reform">Agricultural reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agricultural reform">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pommernschaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pommernschaf.jpg/220px-Pommernschaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pommernschaf.jpg/330px-Pommernschaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Pommernschaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Coarsewool_Sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranian Coarsewool Sheep">Pomeranian Coarsewool Sheep</a>. Pomerania was the leading Prussian province in sheep breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.457-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> Already in 1807, Prussia issued a decree (Steinsches Oktoberedikt) abolishing <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Hardenberg</a> issued a decree on September 14, 1811, defining the terms by which <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> were to be released (Hardenbergsches Regulierungsedikt). This could either be done by monetary payment or by releasing title to the land to the former lord. These reforms were applied during the early years of the province's existence. The so-called "regulation" was applied to 10,744 peasants until 1838, who paid their former lords 724,954 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">taler</a> and handed over 255,952 hectares (2,559.52 km2; 988.24 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> of farmland to bail themselves out.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999-3">[3]</a> Tumults arose in 1847 in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a> due to food shortages, as a result, prices for some foods were fixed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On March 2, 1850, a law was passed<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> settling the conditions on which peasants and farmers could capitalize their property rights and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">feudal service duties</a>, and thus get a long-term credit (41 to 56 years to pay back). This law made way for the establishment of Rentenbank credit houses and Rentengut farms. Subsequently, the previous rural structure changed dramatically as farmers, who used this credit to bail out their feudal duties, were now able to self determine how to use their land (so-called "regulated" peasants and farmers, regulierte Bauern). This was not possible before, when the jurisdiction had sanctioned the use of farmland and feudal services according not to property rights, but to social status within rural communities and estates.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> From 1891 to 1910, 4,731 Rentengut farms were set up, most (2,690) with a size of 10 to 25 hectares (0.10 to 0.25 km2; 0.039 to 0.097 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.457-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bismarck_era_administrative_reforms">Bismarck era administrative reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bismarck era administrative reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG/220px-Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG/330px-Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG/440px-Otto_von_Bismarck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> in 1873</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> inherited from his father the <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomeranian</a> estates <a href="/wiki/Kulice,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Kulice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship">Külz</a> (Kulice), <a href="/wiki/Jarchlino" title="Jarchlino">Jarchlin</a> (Jarchlino) and <a href="/wiki/Konarzewo,_Goleni%C3%B3w_County" title="Konarzewo, Goleniów County">Kniephof</a> (Konarzewo). Aiming at a farming career, he studied agriculture at the academy in <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>-Eldena. From 1867 to 1874, he bought and expanded the <a href="/wiki/Warcino" title="Warcino">Varzin</a> (Warcino) estates.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff-4">[4]</a> In 1869, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Albrecht_Graf_zu_Eulenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Albrecht Graf zu Eulenburg (page does not exist)">Friedrich Albrecht Graf zu Eulenburg</a> drafted a county reform (Kreisreform) that was promoted by Bismarck. The reform passed the House of Lords on December 7, 1872. Most importantly, the reform cut the linkage between noble status and the right to vote, the latter now depended on property (one had to be above a certain tax threshold) and not on status, aiming against the overrepresentation of the knights compared to <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff-4">[4]</a> On June 29, 1875, a new constitution for the province was passed (Provinzialordnung<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>), which entered into force in 1876. It redefined the responsibilities of the provincial administration (headed by the Oberpräsident) and the self-administrative institutions (Provinzialverband, comprising the provincial parliament (Provinziallandtag), a Landeshauptmann (head) and a Landesausschuß (commission)). The Provinzialverband was financed directly from the Prussian state budget. The Landtag was responsible for streets, welfare, education, and culture. Landownership was no longer a criterion to become elected. The provincial Landtag (Provinziallandtag) was elected by the county representative assemblies (Kreistag for counties, Stadtverordnetenversammlung for town districts) for a six years' term. A subordinate Kommunallandtag only existed for Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, until it was abolished in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff,450-453-41">[41]</a> In 1891, a county reform was passed,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> allowing more communal self-government. Municipalities hence elected a Gemeindevorstand (head) and a Gemeindevertretung (communal parliament). Gutsbezirk districts, i.e. estates not included in counties, could be merged or dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.453-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg/170px-Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg/255px-Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg/340px-Stargard_Szczec_cmentarz_wojenny_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the War Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></figcaption></figure> During the First World War, no battles took place in the province.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff-44">[44]</a> Nevertheless, the war affected society, economy, and administration. During the war, the provincial administrative institutions were subordinate to the military and headed by military officials. <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a> resulted in work force shortage affecting all non-war-related industry, construction, and agriculture. Women, minors and <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> partially replaced the drafted men. Import and fishing declined when the ports were blocked. With the war going on, food shortages occurred, especially in the winter of 1916/17. Also coal, gas, and electricity were at times unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.468,469-45">[45]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> entered into force on January 10, 1920, the province's eastern frontier became the border to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, comprising most of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. Minor border adjustments followed, where 9,5 km2 of the province became Polish and 74 km2 of former <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> (parts of the former counties of <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_in_Westpreu%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Neustadt in Westpreußen">Neustadt in Westpreußen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartuzy" title="Kartuzy">Karthaus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.469-46">[46]</a> were merged into the province.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Province_of_the_Free_State_of_Prussia">Province of the Free State of Prussia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Province of the Free State of Prussia">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> was forced to abdicate, the province became part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Revolution_of_1918–19">German Revolution of 1918–19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German Revolution of 1918–19">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">German Revolution of 1918–19</a>, revolutionary councils of soldiers and workers took over the Pomeranian towns (<a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> on November 9, <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasewalk" title="Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Stargard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a> on November 10, <a href="/wiki/Barth,_Germany" title="Barth, Germany">Barth</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCtow" title="Bütow">Bütow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neustettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neustettin">Neustettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolp">Stolp</a> on November 11). On January 5, 1919, <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">workers' and soldiers' councils</a> (Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte) were in charge of most of the province (231 towns and rural municipalities). The revolution was peaceful, no riots are reported. The councils were led by <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>, who cooperated with the provincial administration. Of the 21 Landrat officials, only five were replaced, while of the three heads of the government regions ("Regierungspräsident") two were replaced (in Stralsund and Köslin) in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.471-47">[47]</a> On November 12, 1918, a decree<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> was issued allowing farmworkers' unions to negotiate with farmers (<a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a>). The decree further regulated work time and wages for farmworkers.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> On May 15, 1919, street fights and plunder occurred following Communist assemblies in Stettin. The revolt was put down by the military. In late August, strikes of farmworkers occurred in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Szczecinek" title="Szczecinek">Neustettin</a> (Szczecinek) and <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ogard" title="Białogard">Belgard</a> (Białogard). The power of the councils however declined, only a few were left in the larger towns in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Counter-revolution">edit</a>]</div> Conservative and right-wing groups evolved in opposition to the revolutions' achievements.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Landowners formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pommerscher_Landbund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pommerscher Landbund (page does not exist)">Pommerscher Landbund</a> in February 1919, which by 1921 had 120,000 members and from the beginning was supplied with arms by the 2nd army corps in Stettin. Paramilitias ("Einwohnerwehr") formed throughout the spring of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> Pommerscher Landbund units participated in the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> in Berlin, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> Members of the "Iron Division" (Eiserne Division), a dissolved <a href="/wiki/Freikorps_in_the_Baltic" title="Freikorps in the Baltic">Freikorps in the Baltic</a>, reorganized in Pomerania, where the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a> hosted them on their estates as a private army.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> Also, counter-revolutionary Pomeranians formed <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> participating in fights in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_of_1920">Constitution of 1920</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1920">edit</a>]</div> In 1920 (changed in 1921 and 1924), the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> adopted a democratic constitution for her provinces. The constitution granted a number of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> to the Prussian population and enhanced the self-government of the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">[49]</a> The provincial and county parliaments (Landtag and Kreistag) were hence elected directly by the population, including women, in free and secret votes.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.472ff-7">[7]</a> The "Provinzialverband", which included all self-governmental institutions of the province such as the provincial parliament (Provinziallandtag), gained influence on the formerly Berlin-led provincial government: The Provinzialverband would hence elect the "Oberpräsident" (head of the administration) and appoint representatives for the <a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Reichsrat</a> assembly in Berlin. Furthermore, the Provinzialverband officials could hence self determine how to spend the money they received from Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.472ff-7">[7]</a> From 1919 to 1930 <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lippmann" title="Julius Lippmann">Julius Lippmann</a> served as governor of the province.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> The border changes however caused a severe decline in the province's economy. <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> was cut off from <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a> (Gdańsk) by the so-called corridor. Former markets and supplies in the now Polish territories became unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp._443ff-52">[52]</a> Farther Pomeranian farmers had sold their products primarily to the eastern provinces, that were now part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. Due to high transport costs, the markets in the West were unavailable too. The farmers reacted by modernizing their equipment, improving the quality of their products, and applying new technical methods. As a consequence, more than half of the farmers were severely indebted in 1927. The government reacted with the <a href="/wiki/Osthilfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Osthilfe">Osthilfe</a> program, and granted credits to favourable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.481-53">[53]</a> Stettin particularly suffered from a post-war change in trade routes. Before the territorial changes, it had been on the export route from the <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> industrial region in now Polish <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. Poland changed this export route to a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Coal_Trunk-Line" title="Polish Coal Trunk-Line">new inner-Polish railway</a> connecting Katowice with the new-build port of <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> within the corridor.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp._443ff-52">[52]</a> As a counter-measure, Prussia invested in the Stettin port since 1923. While initially successful, a new economical <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> led to the closure of one of Stettin's major shipyard, <a href="/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin" title="AG Vulcan Stettin">AG Vulcan Stettin</a>, in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p._485-54">[54]</a> The province also reacted to the availability of new traffic vehicles. Roads were developed due to the upcoming cars and buses, four towns got electric street cars, and an international airport was built in <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85bie,_Szczecin" title="Dąbie, Szczecin">Altdamm</a> (Dąbie) near <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p._485-54">[54]</a> The Pomeranian agriculture underwent a crisis. Programs were started to regain soil that had turned into swamps during the wartime, and even to establish new settlements by setting up settlement societies. The results were mixed. On the one hand, 130,858 hectares (1,308.58 km2; 505.25 sq mi) of farmland were settled with 8,734 new-build settlements<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> until 1933. The settlers originated in Pomerania itself, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, also refugees from the former <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> settled in the province. On the other hand, people left the rural communities en masse and turned to Pomeranian and other urban centers (<a href="/wiki/Landflucht" title="Landflucht">Landflucht</a>). In 1925, 50.7% of the Pomeranians worked in agricultural professions, this percentage dropped to 38.2% in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> With the economic <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>, unemployment rates reached 12% in 1933, compared to an overall 19% in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_era">Nazi era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nazi era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomeranian_Nazi_movement_before_1933">Pomeranian Nazi movement before 1933</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pomeranian Nazi movement before 1933">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, politics in the province was dominated by the nationalist conservative DNVP (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>); an entity composed of nationalists, monarchists, radical <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">volkisch</a> and anti-semitic elements, and supported by <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a> an old organisation believing in superiority of German people over others.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-9">[9]</a> The Nazi party (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>) did not have any significant success at elections, nor did it have a substantial number of members. The Pomeranian Nazi party was founded by students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a> in 1922, when the NSDAP was officially forbidden. The university's rector <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Vahlen" title="Theodor Vahlen">Theodor Vahlen</a> became <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> (head of the provincial party) in 1924. Soon afterwards, he was fired by the university and went bankrupt. In 1924, the party had 330 members, and in December 1925, 297 members. The party was not present in all of the province. The members were concentrated mainly in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> and internally divided. Vahlen retired from the Gauleiter position in 1927 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Corswant" title="Walther von Corswant">Walther von Corswant</a>, a Pomeranian knight estate holder.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.491ff-58">[58]</a> Corswant led the party from his estate in <a href="/wiki/Kuntzow" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuntzow">Kuntzow</a>. In the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> elections, the Nazis got 1.5% of the votes in Pomerania. Party property was partially pawned. In 1929, the party gained 4.1% of the votes. Corswant was fired after conflicts with the party's leadership and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karpenstein" title="Wilhelm Karpenstein">Wilhelm Karpenstein</a>, one of the former students who formed the Pomeranian Nazi party in 1922 and since 1929 a lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>. He moved the headquarters to Stettin and replaced many of the party officials predominantly with young radicals. In the Reichstag elections of September 14, 1930, the party gained a significant 24.3% of the Pomeranian votes and thus became the second strongest party, the strongest still being the DNVP, which however was internally divided in the early 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.491ff-58">[58]</a> In the elections of July 1932, the Nazis gained 48% of the Pomeranian votes, while the DNVP dropped to 15.8%. In March 1933, the NSDAP gained 56.3%.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.491ff-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_government_since_1933">Nazi government since 1933</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nazi government since 1933">edit</a>]</div> Immediately after their gain of power, the Nazis began arresting their opponents. In March 1933, 200 people<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.509-59">[59]</a> were arrested, this number rose to 600<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.500-60">[60]</a> during the following months. In <a href="/wiki/Drzetowo" title="Drzetowo">Stettin-Bredow</a> (Szczecin-Drzetowo), at the site of the bankrupt <a href="/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin" title="AG Vulcan Stettin">Vulcan</a> shipyards, the Nazis set up a short-lived "wild" concentration camp from October 1933 to March 1934, where <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> maltreated their victims. The Pomeranian SA in 1933 had grown to 100,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff-14">[14]</a> Oberpräsident <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Halfern" title="Carl von Halfern">Carl von Halfern</a> retired in 1933, and with him one third of the Landrat and Oberbürgermeister (mayor) officials.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.509-59">[59]</a> Also in 1933, an election was held for a new provincial parliament, which then had a Nazi majority. Decrees were issued that shifted all issues formerly in responsibility of the parliament to the Provinzialausschuß commission, and furthermore, shifted the power to decide on these issues from the Provinzialausschuß to the Oberpräsident official, although he had to hear the Provinzialrat commission before. Once the power was shifted to the Oberpräsident with the Provinzialrat as an advisor, all organs of the Provinzialverband (Provinziallandtag (parliament), Provinzialausschuß and all other commissions), the former self-administration of the province, were dissolved except for the downgraded Provinzialrat, which assembled about once a year without making use of its advisory rights. The Landeshauptmann position, the Provinzialverband's head, was not abolished. From 1933, Landeshauptmann would be a Nazi who was acting in line with the Oberpräsident. The law entered into force on April 1, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.509-59">[59]</a> In 1934, many of the heads of the Pomeranian Nazi-movement were exchanged. SA leader <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Heydebreck" title="Peter von Heydebreck">Peter von Heydebreck</a> was shot in <a href="/wiki/Stadelheim_Prison" title="Stadelheim Prison">Stadelheim</a> near <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> due to his friendship to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a>. Gauleiter Karpenstein was arrested for two years and banned from Pomerania due to conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> headquarters. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schwede-Coburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Schwede-Coburg">Franz Schwede-Coburg</a>, replaced most of Karpenstein's staff with Corswant's earlier staff, friends of him from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>. From the 27 <a href="/wiki/Kreisleiter" title="Kreisleiter">Kreisleiter</a> officials, 23 were forced out of office by Schwede-Coburg, who became Gauleiter on July 21, and Oberpräsident on July 28, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff-14">[14]</a> As in all of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the Nazis established <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian control</a> over the province through their policy of <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_of_the_Pomeranian_Jews">Deportation of the Pomeranian Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deportation of the Pomeranian Jews">edit</a>]</div> In 1933, about 7,800 Jews lived in Pomerania, of which a third lived in Stettin (Szczecin). The other two thirds were living all over the province, Jewish communities numbering more than 200 people were in Stettin, <a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a> (Kołobrzeg), <a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork" title="Lębork">Lauenburg in Pomerania</a> (Lębork), and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp</a> (Słupsk).<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.506-61">[61]</a> When the Nazis started to terrorize Jews, many emigrated. Twenty weeks after the Nazis seized power, the number of Jewish Pomeranians had already dropped by eight percent.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.506-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg/220px-L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg/330px-L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg/440px-L%C3%B6cknitz-Gedenkstein-f%C3%BCr-die-j%C3%BCdische-Gemeinde-20-03-2010_307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of the Kristallnacht in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6cknitz" title="Löcknitz">Löcknitz</a></figcaption></figure> Besides the repressions Jews had to endure in all <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, including the destruction of the Pomeranian synagogues on November 9, 1938 (<a href="/wiki/Reichskristallnacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskristallnacht">Reichskristallnacht</a>), all male Stettin Jews were deported to <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg concentration camp</a> after this event and kept there for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.510-62">[62]</a> On February 12 and 13, 1940, 1,000 to 1,300 Pomeranian Jews, regardless of sex, age and health, were deported from Stettin and <a href="/wiki/Schneidem%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneidemühl">Schneidemühl</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lublin-Lipowa_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lublin-Lipowa Reservation">Lublin-Lipowa Reservation</a>, that had been set up following the <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a> in occupied Poland. Among the deported were intermarried non-Jewish women. The deportation was carried out in an inhumane manner. Despite low temperatures, the carriages were not heated. No food had been allowed to be taken along. The property left behind was liquidated. Up to 300 people perished from the deportation itself. In the Lublin area under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Engel (page does not exist)">Kurt Engel</a>'s regime, the people were subjected to inhumane treatment, starvation and outright murder. Only a few survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Simonstein_Cullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Simonstein Cullman (page does not exist)">Peter Simonstein Cullman</a> in "History of the Jewish Community of Schneidemühl: 1641 to the Holocaust" and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewishgen.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewishgen.org (page does not exist)">jewishgen.org</a> say that the Jews of Schneidemühl were not "deported together with the more than 1,000 Jews of <a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin [Region] </a>(who were subsequently sent to Piaski, near Lublin in Poland)", based on lack of evidence in the archives of <a href="/wiki/Reichsvereinigung_der_Juden_in_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland">Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland</a> (cf. file 75 C Re1, No. 483, Bundesarchiv Berlin, and USHMM Archives: RG-14.003M; Acc. 1993.A.059). He concludes that "while the deportations of the Jews of Schneidemühl had indeed been planned by the Gestapo to coincide with the terrible events that occurred in Stettin – those actions were not carried out together. The deportations of all Jews from the Gau were primarily planned on orders of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schwede-Coburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Schwede-Coburg">Franz Schwede-Coburg</a>, the notorious Gauleiter of Pomerania, in cahoots with several Nazi authorities of Schneidemühl. The Gauleiter’s personal goal was to be the first in the Reich to declare his Gau Judenrein – cleansed of Jews". He based his statement on doc. 795 of the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Adolf_Eichmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Adolf Eichmann">Trial of Adolf Eichmann</a>. According to Cullmann, the following events took place in Schneidemühl: "On February 15, 1940, an order had been issued by the Gestapo in Schneidemühl that the Jews of that town should get ready to be deported within a week, ostensibly to the Generalgouvernement in Eastern Poland. When Dr. Hildegard Böhme of the Reichsvereinigung had become aware of Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg's plan – and fearing a repetition of the events on the scale of the Stettin deportations – her timely and tireless intervention on behalf of the Reichsvereinigung with the RSHA in Berlin resulted in a modification of the planned deportations of Schneidemühl's Jews. The Stapo, the State police in Schneidemühl, however, played its own part in the planned round-up of the city's Jews by giving in to the local Nazi Party cadre and to the orders of the city's fanatic Mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rogausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Rogausch (page does not exist)">Friedrich Rogausch</a>, in concert with the Gauleiter. The latter two are known to have planned a Schneidemühl-Aktion as a revenge for the earlier interference by the Reichsvereinigung in the Stettin deportations. Thus on Wednesday, February 21, 1940 – merely one week after the Stettin deportations – one hundred and sixty Jews were arrested in Schneidemühl, while mass arrests of Jews took place concurrently within an 80 km (50 mi) radius of Schneidemühl, in the surrounding administrative districts of Köslin, Stettin and the former <a href="/wiki/Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen">Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen</a>, whereby three hundred and eighty-four Jews were seized by the Gestapo. In total 544 Jews were arrested during the entire Aktion in and around Schneidemühl. Those rounded up ranged from two-year-old children to ninety-year-old men. Surviving documents give a grim account of the subsequent Odyssey of those arrested. By then it had been decreed in Berlin that the victims of the round-up should not be sent to Poland but be kept within the so-called Altreich, i.e. within Germany's borders of 1937. Over the following eighteen months most of the arrested became ensnared in the Nazi's maw – on a journey of terminal despair. Only one young woman from Schneidemühl survived the hell of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">death marches</a> of mid-January 1945."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repressions_against_Polish_minority">Repressions against Polish minority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Repressions against Polish minority">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg/170px-Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg/255px-Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg/340px-Szczecin_godlo_z_konsulatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the pre-war Polish Consulate in Szczecin, removed from the consulate building by the Germans in September 1939 and thrown into the Oder River; now an exhibit of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Szczecin" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Szczecin">National Museum in Szczecin</a></figcaption></figure> Grzęda (1994) says that in 1910, according to German data, 10,500 Poles lived in the Stettin (Szczecin) area, and that in his view the number was most likely reduced.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Fenske (1993) and Buchholz et al. (1999) say that in 1910, 7,921 Poles lived steadily in the province;<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz534535-68">[68]</a> Skóra (2001) says that in 1925, according to German data, 5,914 Poles lived in the province (1,104 in the Stettin and 4,226 in the Köslin government regions), while the Polish consul "boldly assumed" that over 9000 Poles lived in the province.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Wynot (1996) says that during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar era">interwar era</a>, between 22,500 and 27,000 Poles lived "along the border of the Poznan/Pomorze region", the majority of whom were peasants, with a small number of shopkeepers and craftsmen.<a href="#cite_note-Wynot-70">[70]</a> In addition, "a colony of about 2,000 workers" existed in Stettin.<a href="#cite_note-Wynot-70">[70]</a> To maintain contact with the Poles of the province, Poland opened a consulate in Szczecin in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A number of the Poles in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (Stettin) were members of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Germany" title="Union of Poles in Germany">Union of Poles in Germany</a>, a Polish scouts team was established there as well,<a href="#cite_note-Bialecki-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] in addition to a Polish school where the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> was taught.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Repressions intensified after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power and led to closing of the school.<a href="#cite_note-Bialecki-72">[72]</a> Members of Polish community who took part in cultural and political activities were persecuted and even murdered. In 1938 the head of Stettin's Union of Poles unit Stanisław Borkowski was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bialecki-72">[72]</a> In 1939, all Polish organisations in Stettin were disbanded by the authorities. During the war, two teachers from Polish school: Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-Bialecki-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Resistance">edit</a>]</div> Resistance groups formed in the economical centers, especially in <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, from where most arrests were reported.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.500-60">[60]</a> Resistance is also reported from members of the nationalist conservative DNVP. The monarchist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_von_Bismarck-Lasbeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert von Bismarck-Lasbeck (page does not exist)">Herbert von Bismarck-Lasbeck</a> was forced out of office in 1933. The newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pommersche_Tagespost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pommersche Tagespost (page does not exist)">Pommersche Tagespost</a> was banned in 1935 after printing an article of monarchist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_von_Rohr" title="Hans Joachim von Rohr">Hans Joachim von Rohr</a> (1888–1971). In 1936, four members of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a> were tried for founding a monarchist organization.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Other DNVP members, who had addressed their opposition already before 1933, were arrested multiple times after the Nazis had taken over. <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Kleist-Schmenzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewald Kleist-Schmenzin">Ewald Kleist-Schmenzin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Magnus_von_Knebel-Doberitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Magnus von Knebel-Doberitz (page does not exist)">Karl Magnus von Knebel-Doberitz</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Zitzewitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Zitzewitz (page does not exist)">Karl von Zitzewitz</a> were active resistants.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16,_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></figcaption></figure> Within the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian provincial subsection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a>, resistance was organized within the <a href="/wiki/Pfarrernotbund" title="Pfarrernotbund">Pfarrernotbund</a> (150 members in late 1933) and <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> (Bekennende Kirche), the successor organization, headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinold_von_Thadden-Trieglaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinold von Thadden-Trieglaff (page does not exist)">Reinold von Thadden-Trieglaff</a>. In March 1935, 55 priests were arrested. The Confessing Church maintained a preachers' seminar headed by <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zingst" title="Zingst">Zingst</a>, which moved to <a href="/wiki/Zdroje,_Szczecin" title="Zdroje, Szczecin">Finkenwalde</a> (Zdroje) in 1935 and to <a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Köslin</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onowice,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Słonowice, Pomeranian Voivodeship">Groß Schlönwitz</a> (Słonowice) in 1940. Within the Catholic Church, the most prominent resistance member was <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Alfons Wachsmann</a>, who was executed in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> After the failed assassination attempt of Hitler on July 20, 1944, <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> arrested thirteen Pomeranian nobles and one burgher, all knight estate owners. Of those, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_von_Kleist-Schmenzin" title="Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin">Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin</a> had contacted <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1938 to inform about the work of the German opposition to the Nazis, and was executed in April 1945. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Zitzewitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Zitzewitz (page does not exist)">Karl von Zitzewitz</a> had connections to the <a href="/wiki/Kreisauer_Kreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisauer Kreis">Kreisauer Kreis</a> group. Among the other arrested were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malte_von_Veltheim_F%C3%BCrst_zu_Putbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malte von Veltheim Fürst zu Putbus (page does not exist)">Malte von Veltheim Fürst zu Putbus</a>, who died in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_von_Kameke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander von Kameke (page does not exist)">Alexander von Kameke</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Caminecci-Zettuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Caminecci-Zettuhn (page does not exist)">Oscar Caminecci-Zettuhn</a>, who both were executed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_aftermath">World War II and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_war_years">First war years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: First war years">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on September 1, 1939, which marked the beginning of World War II, was in part mounted from the province's soil. General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian</a>'s 19th army corps attacked from the <a href="/wiki/Cz%C5%82uch%C3%B3w" title="Człuchów">Schlochau</a> (Człuchów) and <a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisch_Friedland" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußisch Friedland">Preußisch Friedland</a> (Debrzno) areas, which since 1938 belonged to the province ("<a href="/wiki/Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen">Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen</a>").<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.511-78">[78]</a> The pre-war persecution of Poles in the province further intensified in September 1939 with mass arrests of Polish activists, teachers etc., who were then sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_(Hammerstein)_(2-145).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg/170px-Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg/255px-Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg/340px-Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki_w_Czarnem_%28Hammerstein%29_%282-145%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>Polish prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Stalag_II-B" title="Stalag II-B">Stalag II-B</a></figcaption></figure> According to Kozłowski & Krzywicki (1988), around 56,000 Polish POWs were located in Pomerania after the invasion, and soon Germany stripped them of their status (against international law) turning them into <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Germany during World War II">forced labourers</a>; in April 1940 they were 82.417 of them in Pomerania, with the number reaching 116.330 Polish forced labourers in 1944 September<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Because the invasion of Poland (and later the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) was a success and the battle front moved far more east (<a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>), the province was not the site of battles in the first years of the war. Germany operated several <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camps</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stalag_II-B" title="Stalag II-B">Stalag II-B</a>, Stalag II-C, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_II-D" title="Stalag II-D">Stalag II-D</a>, Stalag II-E, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_I" title="Stalag Luft I">Stalag Luft I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_II" title="Stalag Luft II">Stalag Luft II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_IV" title="Stalag Luft IV">Stalag Luft IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_7" title="Stalag Luft 7">Stalag Luft 7</a>, Stalag 302, Stalag 351, Oflag II-B, <a href="/wiki/Oflag_II-C" title="Oflag II-C">Oflag II-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oflag_II-D" title="Oflag II-D">Oflag II-D</a> and Oflag 65, for Polish POWs and civilians, including women and children, and <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French</a>, Belgian, Dutch, Serbian, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Military_Internees" title="Italian Military Internees">Italian</a>, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealander, Czech, <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Tirailleurs" title="Senegalese Tirailleurs">Senegalese</a>, Tunisian, Moroccan, Algerian, South African and other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs, with numerous forced labour subcamps in the region.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Zima_w_Sanatorium_Borkowo_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Former Germanisation camp for kidnapped Polish children in <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%82czyn-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Połczyn-Zdrój">Połczyn-Zdrój</a></figcaption></figure> There were also several subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and several Nazi prisons with numerous forced labour subcamps in the region. <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%82czyn-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Połczyn-Zdrój">Połczyn-Zdrój</a> was the location of a <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_in_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)">Germanisation</a> camp for <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">kidnapped Polish children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unieszyno" title="Unieszyno">Unieszyno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship">Police</a> housed camps for <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a>).<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a> was active in the region, including the Odra organization and local units of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>. Activities included espionage of German military activity, infiltration of the local German industry, sabotage actions, distribution of <a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and facilitating escapes of Polish and British prisoners of war who fled from German POW camps by the Baltic Sea to <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Since 1943, the province became a target of allied air raids. The first attack was launched against <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> on April 21, 1943, and left 400 dead. On August 17/18, the British <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> launched an attack on <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> and his staff had developed and tested the world's first <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. In October, <a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a> was a target. Throughout 1944 and early 1945, Stettin's industrial and residential areas were targets of air raids. <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> was a target in October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.512-92">[92]</a> Despite these raids, the province was regarded "safe" compared to other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, and thus became a shelter for evacuees primarily from hard-hit Berlin and the West German industrial centers.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.512-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Wall" title="Pomeranian Wall">Pomeranian Wall</a> was renovated in the summer of 1944, and in the fall all men between sixteen and sixty years of age who had not yet been drafted were enrolled into <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.512-92">[92]</a> In early 1945, German-perpetrated <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">death marches</a> of prisoners of German POW camps and concentration camps passed through the region.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The province of Pomerania became a battlefield on January 26, 1945, when in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</a> Soviet tanks entered the province near <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Schneidemühl</a> (Piła), which surrendered on February 13.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.512-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Pomeranian_Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: East Pomeranian Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolobrzeg1945.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kolobrzeg1945.JPG/220px-Kolobrzeg1945.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kolobrzeg1945.JPG/330px-Kolobrzeg1945.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kolobrzeg1945.JPG/440px-Kolobrzeg1945.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Kolberg (1945)">Battle of Kolberg</a> left 80% of the town in ruins.</figcaption></figure> On February 14, the remnants of German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a> (Heeresgruppe Weichsel) had managed to set up a frontline roughly at the province's southern frontier, and launched a counterattack (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Operation Solstice</a>, "Sonnenwende") on February 15, that however stalled already on February 18. On February 24, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Belorussian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Belorussian Front">Second Belorussian Front</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</a> and despite heavy resistance primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Miastko" title="Miastko">Rummelsburg</a> (Miastko) area took eastern <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> until March 10. On March 1, the <a href="/wiki/First_Belorussian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="First Belorussian Front">First Belorussian Front</a> had launched an offensive from the <a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82awiec" title="Mirosławiec">Märkisch Friedland</a> (Mirosławiec) area and succeeded in taking northwestern Farther Pomerania within five days. Cut off corps group <a href="/wiki/Tettau" title="Tettau">Tettau</a> retreated to <a href="/wiki/Dziwna" title="Dziwna">Dziwna</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">moving pocket</a> until March 11. Thus, German-held central Farther Pomerania was cut off, and taken after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Kolberg (1945)">Battle of Kolberg</a> (March 4 to 18).<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.512-515-96">[96]</a> The fast advances of the Red Army during the <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</a> caught the civilian Farther Pomeranian population by surprise. The land route to the west was blocked since early March. Evacuation orders were issued not at all or much too late. The only way out of Farther Pomerania was via the ports of <a href="/wiki/Stolpm%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpmünde">Stolpmünde</a> (Ustka), from which 18,300 were evacuated, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgenwalde" class="mw-redirect" title="Rügenwalde">Rügenwalde</a> (Darłowo), from which 4,300 were evacuated, and <a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a>, which had been declared fortress and from which before the end of the Battle of Kolberg some 70,000 were evacuated. Those left behind became victims of murder, <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war rape</a>, and plunder. On March 6, the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> shelled <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a>, where thousands of refugees were stranded, killing an estimated 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.514-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Berlin">Battle of Berlin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battle of Berlin">edit</a>]</div> On March 20, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> abandoned the last bridgehead on the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> rivers eastern bank, the <a href="/wiki/Altdamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Altdamm">Altdamm</a> area. The frontline then ran along <a href="/wiki/Dziwna" title="Dziwna">Dziwna</a> and lower Oder, and was held by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army" title="3rd Panzer Army">3rd Panzer Army</a> commanded by general <a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a>. After another four days of fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> managed to break through and cross the Oder between <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gartz_(Oder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartz (Oder)">Gartz (Oder)</a>, thus starting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin#North" title="Battle of Berlin">northern theater of the Battle of Berlin</a> on March 24. Stettin was abandoned the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.514-97">[97]</a> Throughout April, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Belorussian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Belorussian Front">Second Belorussian Front</a> led by general <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a> advanced through <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> surrendered on April 30.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.514-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide_in_Demmin" title="Mass suicide in Demmin">In Demmin, more than 1,000 people committed</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">mass suicides</a> after the Red Army had conquered the town facing only modest resistance. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River <a href="/wiki/Tollense" title="Tollense">Tollense</a> and River <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a>, while others poisoned themselves. This was fueled by atrocities – rapes, pillage and executions – committed by Red Army soldiers after the Peene-bridge had been destroyed by retreating German troops. 80 percent of the town was destroyed in the first 3 days after its conquest.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the first days of May, <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> abandoned <a href="/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Usedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wollin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollin">Wollin</a> islands, and on May 5, the last German troops departed from <a href="/wiki/Sassnitz" title="Sassnitz">Sassnitz</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>. Two days later, Wehrmacht surrendered unconditionally to the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.514-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_province">Dissolution of the province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the province">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_(Vorpommern,_red)_in_modern_Germany.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Western part of the former province (Western Pomerania, Vorpommern, red) in modern Germany (grey)"><img alt="Western part of the former province (Western Pomerania, Vorpommern, red) in modern Germany (grey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png/88px-Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png/132px-Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png/176px-Western_part_of_the_former_Province_of_Pomerania_%28Vorpommern%2C_red%29_in_modern_Germany.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="278" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western part of the former province (<a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, Vorpommern, red) in modern Germany (grey)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomerania_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-war Polish part of the pre-1937 province of Pomernia"><img alt="Post-war Polish part of the pre-1937 province of Pomernia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/120px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/180px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/240px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-war Polish part of the pre-1937 province of Pomernia</div> </li> </ul> By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>, Western Pomerania east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> became part of Poland. This line left the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river north of <a href="/wiki/Gartz_(Oder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartz (Oder)">Gartz (Oder)</a> and included the <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a> area into the Polish state. The remaining <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">German population was expelled</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> and the area was resettled with Poles. Western Pomerania west of the Oder-Neisse line was merged with <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> to constitute the state of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> of Germany, that in 1949 became the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR). Vorpommern was soon dropped from the federal state's name, and after the GDR states were abolished, the coastal Western Pomeranian Landkreis districts became part of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a> whereas the mainland Landkreis districts became part of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a>. In 1990, after <a href="/wiki/Die_Wende" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Wende">the GDR communist system was overthrown</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> was recreated, with Vorpommern being a non-administrative region. The districts <a href="/wiki/Vorpommern-R%C3%BCgen" title="Vorpommern-Rügen">Vorpommern-Rügen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorpommern-Greifswald" title="Vorpommern-Greifswald">Vorpommern-Greifswald</a> constitute most of the German part of former Pomerania, but these districts also contain some former <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburgian</a> territory, and a small part of former Pomerania is now part of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. Due to this, the old Pomeranian border disappeared from the map and today is only prevailed by the border of the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a>. The part of the province of Pomerania which had become Polish was re-organized as <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship</a> after the war, from which the eastern part was split off as <a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship</a> in 1950. <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> was split off from this voivodeship in 1975, there were also territorial exchanges with neighboring voivodeships. Since 1999, the area of the former province of Pomerania is included in the <a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> (Zachodniopomorskie, bulk) and <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> (western part around <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_subdivisions">Administrative subdivisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Administrative subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Köslin_government_region_(Farther_Pomerania)">Köslin government region (Farther Pomerania)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Köslin government region (Farther Pomerania)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Region of Köslin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Farther Pomerania">List of towns in Farther Pomerania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinz_Pommern_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/220px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/330px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Provinz_Pommern_1905.png/440px-Provinz_Pommern_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Province of Pomerania in 1905</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin government region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a> Köslin) was the administrative name for the region of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> (Hinterpommern) along with the smaller region of <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> (easternmost part).<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> These parts of Pomerania were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)</a> already after the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. During the war, the noble <a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a> (Griffins), ruling the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> since the 1120s, became extinct in the male line with the death of <a href="/wiki/Bogislaw_XIV,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislaw XIV</a> in 1637. Throughout the existence of the Griffin Duchy, Brandenburg had claimed overlordship and was asserted of Pomerania inheritance in numerous treaties. Yet, Sweden had been one of the most important players in the war and as such, she was awarded some of her territorial gains in Pomerania after the war by the Peace of Westphalia, thwarting Brandenburg-Prussia's ambitions for inheritance of the whole former Duchy of Pomerania. This led to tensions between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in Pomerania until Sweden lost her <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomeranian</a> possessions in 1720 (Stettin government region) and 1815 (Stralsund government region). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Lauenburg-B%C3%BCtow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow (page does not exist)">Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Lauenburg-B%C3%BCtow" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow">de</a>] comprised the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelian</a> borderland with a somewhat different history than the rest of Pomerania. It was in 1846 dissolved into smaller administrative units. In contrast to ethnic German Pomerania, this area also had a <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubian</a> population. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_F%C3%BCrstenthum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Fürstenthum (page does not exist)">Landkreis Fürstenthum</a> comprised the earlier secular possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kammin" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin">Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishops</a>, and was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator#Administrators_of_prince-bishoprics" title="Diocesan administrator">administrators</a> from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Pomeranian ducal house</a> since the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> until 1650. Until 1872, the area kept its territorial integrity, before it was dissolved into smaller administrative units. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>urban districts (Stadtkreise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolp">Stolp</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 27,293 (1900); 50,377 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> split off Landkreis Köslin in 1923, population 33,479 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> split off Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin in 1920, population 36,617 (1939)</li></ul></li> <li>rural districts (Landkreise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgard_District" title="Belgard District">Landkreis Belgard (Persante)</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 47,097 (1900); 79,183 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Dramburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Dramburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Dramburg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Dramburg" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Dramburg">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 35,863 (1900);</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_F%C3%BCrstenthum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Fürstenthum (page does not exist)">Landkreis Fürstenthum</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> (1816–1872), 1872 divided into <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Bublitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Bublitz (page does not exist)">Landkreis Bublitz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Bublitz" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Bublitz">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 20,916 (1900); in 1932 merged into Landkreis Köslin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolberg-K%C3%B6rlin_District" title="Kolberg-Körlin District">Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 57,871 (1900); 38,785 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_K%C3%B6slin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Köslin (page does not exist)">Landkreis Köslin</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_K%C3%B6slin" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Köslin">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 48,678 (1900); 80,287 (1939)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Greifenberg_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Greifenberg_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1939 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stettin, population 47,891 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Lauenburg-B%C3%BCtow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow (page does not exist)">Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Lauenburg-B%C3%BCtow" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Lauenburg-Bütow">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a>), 1846 divided into: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_B%C3%BCtow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Bütow (page does not exist)">Landkreis Bütow</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_B%C3%BCtow" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Bütow">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 26,021 (1900); 28,018 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Lauenburg_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Lauenburg i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Lauenburg i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Lauenburg_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Lauenburg i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 45,986 (1900); 63,985 (1939)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Neustettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Neustettin">Landkreis Neustettin</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Neustettin" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Neustettin">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 76,101 (1900); since 1938 administered by Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Regenwalde" title="Landkreis Regenwalde">Landkreis Regenwalde</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> 49,668 (1939), until 1938 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stettin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Rummelsburg_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Rummelsburg i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Rummelsburg i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Rummelsburg_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Rummelsburg i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 33,785 (1900); 40,692 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Schivelbein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Schivelbein (page does not exist)">Landkreis Schivelbein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Schivelbein" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Schivelbein">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 19,656 (1900); in 1932 merged into Landkreis Belgard (Persante)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Schlawe_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Schlawe i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Schlawe i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Schlawe_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Schlawe i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 73,206 (1900); 78,363 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Stolp" title="Landkreis Stolp">Landkreis Stolp</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 75,310 (1900); 83,009 (1939)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stettin_government_region_(Western_Pomerania)">Stettin government region (Western Pomerania)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stettin government region (Western Pomerania)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Vorpommern">List of towns in Vorpommern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Farther Pomerania">List of towns in Farther Pomerania</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin government region</a> (Regierungsbezirk Stettin) since 1932 comprised the region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> (Vorpommern, "Hither Pomerania"), the former <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> From 1815, the Stettin government region comprised only the southern parts of Western Pomerania (<a href="/wiki/Old_Western_Pomerania" title="Old Western Pomerania">Old Western Pomerania</a>, i.e. south of the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> river).<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> This part had been Swedish only until 1720, thereafter it was merged into the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Western_Pomerania" title="New Western Pomerania">New Western Pomerania</a> (north of the river) was administered as <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Stralsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Stralsund">Regierungsbezirk Stralsund</a> until it was merged into Regierungsbezirk Stettin in 1932. Stettin, <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Dukes%27_Castle,_Szczecin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin">the former ducal residence</a>, was made capital of the province and also was the administrative center of the Regierungsbezirk Stettin.<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subdivisions_2">Subdivisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg/220px-Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg/330px-Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg/440px-Pyritz_i_Pom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Pyritz (<a href="/wiki/Pyrzyce" title="Pyrzyce">Pyrzyce</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>urban districts (Stadtkreise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 37,051 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard_(Pommern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard (Pommern)">Stargard (Pommern)</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> split off Landkreis Saatzig in 1901, population 39,760 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 210,702 (1900); 382,984 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 52,931 (1939)</li></ul></li> <li>rural districts (Landkreise): <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Anklam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Anklam (page does not exist)">Landkreis Anklam</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Anklam" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Anklam">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 32,693 (1900); 39,527 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Cammin_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Cammin i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Cammin i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Cammin_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Cammin i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 42,485 (1900); 45,694 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Demmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Demmin">Landkreis Demmin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 48,090 (1900); 54,769 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Franzburg-Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Franzburg-Barth (page does not exist)">Landkreis Franzburg-Barth</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Franzburg-Barth" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Franzburg-Barth">de</a>] (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Barth,_Germany" title="Barth, Germany">Barth</a>):<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 55,542 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Greifenberg_i._Pom.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom. (page does not exist)">Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Greifenberg_i._Pom." class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Greifenberg i. Pom.">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 37,483 (1900); after 1939 administered by Regierungsbezirk Köslin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Greifenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Greifenhagen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Greifenhagen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Greifenhagen" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Greifenhagen">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 48,258 (1900); 69,326 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Greifswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Greifswald (page does not exist)">Landkreis Greifswald</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Greifswald" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Greifswald">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 39,207 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Grimmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Grimmen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Grimmen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Grimmen" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Grimmen">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 42,259 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Naugard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Naugard (page does not exist)">Landkreis Naugard</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Naugard" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Naugard">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 52,777 (1900); 61,320 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Pyritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Pyritz (page does not exist)">Landkreis Pyritz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Pyritz" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Pyritz">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 42,686 (1900); 48,418 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Randow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Randow (page does not exist)">Landkreis Randow</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Randow" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Randow">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 94,859 (1900); partitioned in 1939 by Stadtkreis Stettin, Landkreis Greifenhagen, Landkreis Ueckermünde, and Landkreis Naugard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_R%C3%BCgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Rügen">Landkreis Rügen</a> (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Bergen_auf_R%C3%BCgen" title="Bergen auf Rügen">Bergen auf Rügen</a>): until 1932 administered by Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, population 62,261 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Regenwalde" title="Landkreis Regenwalde">Landkreis Regenwalde</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 44,954 (1900);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Saatzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Saatzig">Landkreis Saatzig</a> (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Stargard_(Pommern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard (Pommern)">Stargard (Pommern)</a>):<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 69,762 (1900); 43,258 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Landkreis Ueckermünde</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Ueckermünde">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 56,767 (1900); 79,996 (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Usedom-Wollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Usedom-Wollin (page does not exist)">Landkreis Usedom-Wollin</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Usedom-Wollin" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Usedom-Wollin">de</a>] (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a>):<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 52,193 (1900); 83,479 (1939)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stralsund_government_region_(Northwest)">Stralsund government region (Northwest)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Stralsund government region (Northwest)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Stralsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Stralsund">Region of Stralsund</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Vorpommern">List of towns in Vorpommern</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pommern_1913.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pommern_1913.svg/260px-Pommern_1913.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pommern_1913.svg/390px-Pommern_1913.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pommern_1913.svg/520px-Pommern_1913.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Districts of the province of Pomerania (1913) with the <a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund government region</a> shown in Blue.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Stralsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Stralsund">Stralsund government region</a> (Regierungsbezirk Stralsund) comprised the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomeranian</a> region of Neuvorpommern. The reason for creating a Regierungsbezirk as small as Stralsund was that Neuvorpommern had a somewhat different history than the rest of Pomerania. This region, consisting of the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a> and the adjacent mainland between the <a href="/wiki/Recknitz" title="Recknitz">Recknitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> rivers, made up the <a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Rugia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Rugia">Principality of Rugia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Although it was inherited by the Pomeranian dukes in 1325, the region was for some time governed as the splinter duchy of Pomerania-Barth. While a part of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, Denmark maintained her old claims and occupied the area in 1715 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. Yet, the Danes were forced to return it to Sweden by the 1720 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)</a>. In the 1813 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>, Denmark again gained nominal overlordship, yet was unable to pay her war reparations to Sweden and awarded her claim to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> along with her debts in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lauenburg">Duchy of Lauenburg</a>. The name <a href="/wiki/New_Western_Pomerania" title="New Western Pomerania">New Western Pomerania</a> (Neuvorpommern) stems from that era, to distinguish the Western Pomeranian areas south of the Peene River gained by Prussia in 1720 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Western_Pomerania" title="Old Western Pomerania">Old Western Pomerania</a> or Altvorpommern) from the northern regions gained in 1815 and to replace the outdated term <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a>. When merged into the province in 1815, Neuvorpommern was guaranteed her constitution to be left in place. The administration was led by the former Swedish general governour, prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malte_von_Putbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malte von Putbus (page does not exist)">Malte von Putbus</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte_zu_Putbus" class="extiw" title="de:Malte zu Putbus">de</a>], until Regierungsbezirk Stralsund was officially created in 1818. Prussian law (Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht and Preußisches Stadtrecht) was not enforced, and the Swedish jurisdiction with the court in <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> was left in place.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.369-99">[99]</a> Regierungsbezirk Stralsund was fused into Regierungsbezirk Stettin in 1932. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subdivisions_3">Subdivisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>urban districts (Stadtkreise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> split off Landkreis Franzburg-Barth in 1874, population 31,076 (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> split off Landkreis Greifswald in 1913</li></ul></li> <li>rural districts (Landkreise): <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Franzburg-Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Franzburg-Barth (page does not exist)">Landkreis Franzburg-Barth</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Franzburg-Barth" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Franzburg-Barth">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 41,704 (1900)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Greifswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Greifswald (page does not exist)">Landkreis Greifswald</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Greifswald" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Greifswald">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 61,840 (1900)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Grimmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Grimmen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Grimmen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Grimmen" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Grimmen">de</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 35,540 (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_R%C3%BCgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Rügen">Landkreis Rügen</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Bergen_auf_R%C3%BCgen" title="Bergen auf Rügen">Bergen auf Rügen</a>):<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> population 46,270 (1900)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posen-West_Prussia_government_region">Posen-West Prussia government region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Posen-West Prussia government region">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Farther Pomerania">List of towns in Farther Pomerania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg/260px-Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg/390px-Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg/520px-Pomerania_counties_1939_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Districts of the province of Pomerania (1939) with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneidem%C3%BChl_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneidemühl (region) (page does not exist)">Posen-West Prussia government region</a> shown in Green.</figcaption></figure> The Posen-West Prussia government region (Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen) was created in 1938 from the northern part of the former <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Prussian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a>, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneidem%C3%BChl_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneidemühl (region) (page does not exist)">Schneidemühl government region</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Schneidem%C3%BChl" class="extiw" title="de:Regierungsbezirk Schneidemühl">de</a>] (Regierungsbezirk Schneidemühl). Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, most of the Prussian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. The remainders of these provinces formed the province of <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a>, combining small German-settled regions all along the new German-Polish border (Grenzmark meaning border march). In 1938, this province was dissolved and partitioned between Pomerania, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>. The Pomeranian share was extended by the districts of <a href="/wiki/Szczecinek" title="Szczecinek">Neustettin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drawsko_Pomorskie" title="Drawsko Pomorskie">Dramburg</a>, formerly administered by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Regierungsbezirk Köslin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a> The formerly Branderburgian districts of <a href="/wiki/Choszczno" title="Choszczno">Arnswalde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strzelce_Kraje%C5%84skie" title="Strzelce Krajeńskie">Friedeberg</a> were also incorporated into the Posen-West Prussia government region. During World War II, it became a battlefield and was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in early 1945. Shortly thereafter, by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>, the Grenzmark, which was part of Polish Pomerania and Greater Poland before the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, became again part of Poland and the remaining <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">German population was expelled</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subdivisions_4">Subdivisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>urban districts (Stadtkreise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Schneidemühl</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li></ul></li> <li>rural districts (Landkreise): <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Arnswalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Arnswalde (page does not exist)">Landkreis Arnswalde</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Arnswalde" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Arnswalde">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Deutsch_Krone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Deutsch Krone (page does not exist)">Landkreis Deutsch Krone</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Deutsch_Krone" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Deutsch Krone">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Dramburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Dramburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Dramburg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Dramburg" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Dramburg">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Flatow" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Flatow">Landkreis Flatow</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Friedeberg_Nm." title="Landkreis Friedeberg Nm.">Landkreis Friedeberg Nm.</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netzekreis" title="Netzekreis">Netzekreis</a> (capital: <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nlanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Schönlanke">Schönlanke</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Neustettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Neustettin">Landkreis Neustettin</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlochau_(district)" title="Schlochau (district)">Landkreis Schlochau</a><a href="#cite_note-SASt9192-18">[18]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1818: The province with an estimated area of 540 (Prussian) square miles had a population of 630,000. The Prussian state official ("Staatsminister") <a href="/wiki/Von_Beyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Beyme">von Beyme</a> stated in his report, that the province was in a "low state of population and culture".<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.369-99">[99]</a></li> <li>1823: In 1823, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hassel" title="Georg Hassel">Georg Hassel</a> published the following data about the population of the province of Pomerania:<a href="#cite_note-hassel22-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethnic structure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of the province of Pomerania in 1817–1819<a href="#cite_note-hassel22-100">[100]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>Population (number) </th> <th>Population (percent) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Germans (Deutsche) </td> <td>633,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">90.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> (Wenden und Kassuben) </td> <td>65,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">9.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jews (Juden) </td> <td>2,976 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>700,766 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">100.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Georg Hassel, there were 65,000 Slavic-speakers in the whole Provinz Pommern in 1817–1819. Modern estimates for just eastern parts of Pommern in early 1800s range between 40,000 (Leszek Belzyt) and 25,000 (Jan Mordawski, Zygmunt Szultka). The number declined to between 35,000 and 23,000 (Zygmunt Szultka, Leszek Belzyt) in the years 1827–1831. In the 1850–1860s there were an estimated 23,000 to 17,000 Slavic-speakers left in Pommern, down to 15,000 in year 1892 according to <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ramu%C5%82t" title="Stefan Ramułt">Stefan Ramułt</a>. The number was declining due to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>. The bulk of Slavic population in 19th century Pommern was concentrated in its easternmost counties: especially <a href="/wiki/Byt%C3%B3w" title="Bytów">Bytów</a> (Bütow), <a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork" title="Lębork">Lębork</a> (Lauenburg) and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a> (Stolp). Until 1841, immigration to the province was higher than emigration. This trend reversed since 1850. However, the population grew further due to high birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <ul><li>1850: 1,255,900 inhabitants, predominantly Protestants, 11,100 Catholics, 9,700 Jews and 100 <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>1858: 1,125,000 people, 28% of whom lived in towns.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>1871: 1,431,492 people, 68,7% of those lived in communities with less than 2,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448-104">[104]</a></li> <li>1875: 1,445,852 people lived in the province, then with an area of 30,131 km2. Of those, 685,147 lived in Regierungsbezirk Stettin, and 554,201 in Regierungsbezirk Köslin.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>1890: 1,520,889 people, 62,3% of those lived in communities with less than 2,000 inhabitants, and 7,6% in Stettin.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448-104">[104]</a> Among them were 1,476,300 Protestants, 27,476 Catholics, 4,587 persons belonging to other Christian religious groups, 200 dissidents and 12,246 Jews; 1,519,397 were citizens of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, 758 came from foreign territories attached to the empire, and 734 did not belong to any of these groups. With the exception of 10,666 persons composed of Poles, Kashubians and Masurians, all people of the Province used German as their native language.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ramu%C5%82t" title="Stefan Ramułt">Stefan Ramułt</a> the number of Slavic-speakers was higher, 15,000 just in the three easternmost counties of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork" title="Lębork">Lauenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byt%C3%B3w" title="Bytów">Bütow</a> in year 1892.</li></ul> Between 1871 and 1914, the prime characteristic of the province's demography was migration from the rural areas, first to urban centers (Landflucht), then to destinations in other German provinces and overseas (<a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a>). Despite the emigration during this time span, the population increased by 300,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a> <ul><li>Between 1871 and 1880, 61,700 people emigrated to America.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Between 1881 and 1890, 132,100 people emigrated to America; 95,000 of these emigrated between 1881 and 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Between 1891 and 1900, 56,700 people emigrated to America.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Between 1871 and 1895, 242,505 people emigrated from the province, primarily from 1880 to 1885 (95,000 emigrants).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Between 1880 and 1910, 426,000 more people emigrated than immigrated. Emigrants came primarily from rural areas, which they left for economic reasons; prime destinations were <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a> and Berlin (<a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a>).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul> Most people emigrated from Regierungsbezirk Köslin, where the population numbers of 1880 were only reached again in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a> The Province of Pomerania was one of the three provinces (the other two were <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>) responsible for most of the German emigrants who went overseas. Imperial Commissioners for emigration ("Reichskommissar für Auswanderung") organized emigration from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a>. Emigration to overseas ended in 1893, when in America the free availability of soil claims ended.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.456-110">[110]</a> <ul><li>1905: Of 1,684,326 inhabitants 1,616,550 were Protestants, 50,206 Roman Catholics and 9660 Jews, (1900) 14,162 Polish speakers (at the <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussian</a> border) and 310 <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a> speakers (at the Lakes <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ebsko_Lake" title="Łebsko Lake">Lebasee</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardescher_See&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardescher See (page does not exist)">Gardescher See</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>1907: 440,000 people born in the province lived in other areas of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Piskorski262-107">[107]</a></li> <li>1910: 1,716,921 inhabitants, 55,3% of those lived in communities with less than 2,000 inhabitants, and 13,7% in Stettin.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448-104">[104]</a> Of those, the majority was Protestant (1,637,299; i.e. 95,36%), 56,298 were Roman Catholics (3,27%), less than one percent were <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_Pomorski" title="Kamień Pomorski">Cammin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greifenberg" title="Greifenberg">Greifenberg</a> counties), and 8862 were Jews (0,52%)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li></ul> Polish seasonal workers were employed in Pomeranian agriculture since the 1890s, initially to replace the emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.456-110">[110]</a> In 1910, 7921 Poles lived steadily in the province. In 1912, 12,000 seasonal workers were employed in agriculture, in 1914 their number increased to 42,000.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz534535-68">[68]</a> <ul><li>1919: On October 8, 1919, the province had 1,787,179 inhabitants. This population had increased by 160,000 in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li></ul> On October 1, 1938, the bulk of the former <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Posen-West Prussia">Province of Posen-West Prussia</a> was merged into the province of Pomerania, adding an area of 5,787 km2 (2,234 sq mi) with a population of 251,000.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.511-78">[78]</a> On October 15, Stettin's city limits were expanded to an area of 460 km2 (180 sq mi), housing 383,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Buchholz,_p.511-78">[78]</a> During the Soviet conquest of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expulsions of Germans</a> until 1950, 498,000 people from the part of the province east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> died, making up for 26,4% of the former population. Of the 498,000 dead, 375,000 were civilians, and 123,000 were <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers. Low estimates give a million expellees from the then Polish part of the province in 1945 and the following years. Only 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi) remained with Germany, about a fourth of the province's size before 1938 and a fifth of the size thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.515-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_inhabitants">Modern inhabitants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modern inhabitants">edit</a>]</div> During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In the case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same territory corresponding to 1939 Provinz Pommern east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> (which became part of Poland in 1945) was inhabited as of December 1950 by: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> 1950 population by place of residence back in 1939:<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region (within 1939 borders): </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Autochthons</a> (1939 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">DE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">FCD</a> citizens) </td> <td>70,209 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish expellees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>) </td> <td>250,091 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">24.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poles from abroad except the USSR </td> <td>18,607 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city_of_Warsaw_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital city of Warsaw (1919–39)">City of Warsaw</a> </td> <td>37,285 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Warsaw region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a>) </td> <td>73,936 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Białystok region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Sudovia</a> </td> <td>16,081 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a> </td> <td>145,854 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań region</a> </td> <td>81,215 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katowice region (<a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">East Upper Silesia</a>) </td> <td>11,869 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">City of Łódź</a> </td> <td>8,344 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Łódź region</a> </td> <td>76,128 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship" title="Kielce Voivodeship">Kielce region</a> </td> <td>78,340 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Lublin region</a> </td> <td>81,167 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Kraków region</a> </td> <td>18,237 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkarpackie Voivodeship">Rzeszów region</a> </td> <td>57,965 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>place of residence in 1939 unknown </td> <td>17,891 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total pop. in December 1950 </th> <th>1,043,219 </th> <th style="text-align: right;">100.0% </th></tr></tbody></table> Over 90% of the 1950 population were newcomers to the region, with less than 10% residing in German Province of Pomerania already back in August 1939 (so-called autochthons, who had German citizenship before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and were granted Polish citizenship after 1945). The largest group among new inhabitants were Poles expelled from areas of <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a> annexed by the Soviet Union. The second largest group were newcomers from <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish part of historical Pomerania</a>. The third-largest group were Poles from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">pre-war Poznań Voivodeship</a> of Poland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Western_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Western Pomerania">List of towns in Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Farther Pomerania">List of towns in Farther Pomerania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pommersches-landesmuseum.de/kulturreferat-fuer-pommern/aufgaben/aufgaben.html">Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie "Land am Meer".</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Pommersches Landesmuseum) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.366-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.366_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.366_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.366_2-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 366, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999_3-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 393ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.420ff_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.420ff_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.420ff_4-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 420ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_pp.412,413-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_pp.412,413_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_pp.412,413_5-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 412, 413, 464ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 400ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.472ff-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.472ff_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.472ff_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.472ff_7-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 472ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff,481ff-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.443ff,481ff_8-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 443ff, 481ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_9-1">b</a> Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion David Nicholls page 178 ;(November 1, 2000 The main nationalist party the German National People's Party DNVP was divided between reactionary conservative monarchists, who wished to turn the clock back to the pre-1918 Kaisereich, and more radical volkisch and anti-Semitic elements. It also inherited the support of the old Pan-German League, whose nationalists rested on the belief in the inherent superiority of the German people </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.377ff,439ff,491ff-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.377ff,439ff,491ff_10-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 377ff, 439ff, 491ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413024247/http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">Archived</a> April 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The Origins of <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">the Final Solution</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Jürgen Matthäus">Jürgen Matthäus</a> page 64 University of Nebraska Press, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.500ff,509ff_14-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 500ff, 509ff <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany, Rutgers University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2909-3">0-8135-2909-3</a>, p. 130: February 11/12 from Stettin, soon thereafter from Schneidemühl, total of 1,260 Jews deported, among the deportees were intermarried non-Jewish women who had refused to divorce, eager Nazi Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg was the first to have his Gau "judenfrei", Eichmann's "RSHA" (Reich Security Main Office) ensured this was an isolated local incident to worried Eppstein of the Central Organization of Jews in Germany (<a href="/wiki/Reichsvereinigung_der_Juden_in_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland">Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 511–515, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.515-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.515_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.515_17-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 515, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SASt9192-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASt9192_18-60">bi</a> Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, a translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, pp. 91–92, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57641-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-57641-0">3-486-57641-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 16, Leipzig/Wien: Bibliographisches Institut, 1909, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, Vol. 14, Leipzig: Brockhaus Verlag, 1933, p. 741. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.366-369-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.366-369_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.366-369_21-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 366–369, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Allgemeines Gesetz wegen Anordnung der Provinzialstände </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Gesetz wegen Anordnung der Provinzialstände im Herzogtum Pommern und im Fürstentum Rügen </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 375, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.377-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.377_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.377_25-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 377, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Kreisordnung des Herzogtums Pommern und des Fürstentums Rügen" of 17 August 1825 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 377ff, 439ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 447ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Gesetz über Klein- und Privatanschlußbahnen </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 464, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.462, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 413ff,447ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 465, 467, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.465, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.457-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.457_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.457_35-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 457, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> this data (ha of farmland substitute for monetary payment) is marked in the source as referring to Regierungsbezirk Stettin and Köslin only; note that the Stralsund district with its Swedish law had a somewhat different standing. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.406, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> (titled "Ablösung der Reallasten und die Regulierung der gutsherrlichen und bäuerlichen Verhältnisse") </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 416, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> full name: Provinzialordnung für die Provinzen Preußen, Brandenburg, Pommern, Schlesien und Sachsen </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.420ff,450-453-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.420ff,450-453_41-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 420ff, 450–453, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> "Landgemeindeordnung" for the eastern provinces of Prussia </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.453-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.453_43-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 453, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.443ff-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.443ff_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.443ff_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.443ff_44-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.443ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.468,469-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.468,469_45-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.468,469, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.469-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.469_46-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.469, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.471-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.471_47-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 471, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Landarbeiterverordnung </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.472-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.472_49-6">g</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 472, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewald_von_Kleist-Schmenzin" title="Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin">Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin</a> after the Kaiser's abdication assembled the workers of his estate and stated in disgrace: "As long as the king of Prussia is by injustice hindered in his government, I will function as his substitute in the <a href="/wiki/Schmenzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmenzin">Schmenzin</a> estate" (Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.471, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitmannSchoepsNeubach1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius H.; Neubach, Helmut (1995). "Ich halte fern dem ganzen Land jedes Verderben" – Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern (in German). Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Moses Mendelsohn Zentrum für europäisch-jüdische Studien; Salomon Ludwig Steinheim Institut für deutsch-jüdische Geschichte. pp. 345 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-10074-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-10074-6"><bdi>3-487-10074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Ich+halte+fern+dem+ganzen+Land+jedes+Verderben%22+%E2%80%93+Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+Juden+in+Pommern&rft.place=Hildesheim%2FZ%C3%BCrich%2FNew+York&rft.pages=345+ff&rft.pub=Moses+Mendelsohn+Zentrum+f%C3%BCr+europ%C3%A4isch-j%C3%BCdische+Studien%3B+Salomon+Ludwig+Steinheim+Institut+f%C3%BCr+deutsch-j%C3%BCdische+Geschichte&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-487-10074-6&rft.aulast=Heitmann&rft.aufirst=Margret&rft.au=Schoeps%2C+Julius+H.&rft.au=Neubach%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp._443ff-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp._443ff_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp._443ff_52-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 443ff., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.481-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.481_53-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 481, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p._485-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p._485_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p._485_54-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 485, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Ansiedlungen" based on the "<a href="/wiki/Reich_Settlement_Law" title="Reich Settlement Law">Reichssiedlungsgesetz</a>" (law) of 1919 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 479ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 446, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.491ff-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.491ff_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.491ff_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.491ff_58-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 491ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.509-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.509_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.509_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.509_59-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 509, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.500-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.500_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.500_60-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 500, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.506-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.506_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.506_61-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.506 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.510-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.510_62-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 510, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> * Lucie Adelsberger, Arthur Joseph Slavin, Susan H. Ray, Deborah E. Lipstadt, Auschwitz: A Doctor's Story, Northeastern University Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-233-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-233-0">1-55553-233-0</a>, p.138: February 12/13, 1940 <ul><li>Isaiah Trunk, Jacob Robinson, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, U of Nebraska Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9428-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9428-X">0-8032-9428-X</a>, p.133: February 14, 1940; unheated wagons, elderly and sick suffered most, inhumane treatment</li> <li>Leni Yahil, Ina Friedman, Haya Galai, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, Oxford University Press US, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504523-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504523-8">0-19-504523-8</a>, p. 138: February 12/13, 1940, 1,300 Jews of all sexes and ages, extreme cruelty, no food allowed to be taken along, cold, some died during deportation, cold and snow during resettlement, 230 dead by March 12, Lublin reservation chosen in winter, 30,000 Germans resettled before to make room <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&dq=stettin+jews+february&pg=PA139">[1]</a></li> <li>Martin Gilbert, Eilert Herms, Alexandra Riebe, Geistliche als Retter – auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust: Auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148229-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148229-8">3-16-148229-8</a>, pp. 14 (English) and 15 (German): February 15, 1940, 1000 Jews deported</li> <li>Jean-Claude Favez, John Fletcher, Beryl Fletcher, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41587-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41587-X">0-521-41587-X</a>, p.33: February 12/13, 1,100 Jews deported, 300 died en route <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG_yipcsovQC&dq=stettin+jews+february&pg=PA33">[2]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Yad Vashem Studies, Yad ṿa-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Shoʼah ṿela-gevurah, Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1996 Notizen: v.12, p.69: 1,200 deported, 250 died during deportation <ul><li>Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany, Rutgers University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2909-3">0-8135-2909-3</a>, p. 130: February 11/12 from Stettin, soon thereafter from Schneidemühl, total of 1,260 Jews deported, among the deportees were intermarried non-Jewish women who had refused to divorce, – eager Nazi Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg was the first to have his Gau "judenfrei", Eichmann's "RSHA" (Reich Security Main Office) assured worried Eppstein of the Central Organization of Jews in Germany ("Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland") that this was an isolated local incident.</li> <li>John Mendelsohn, Legalizing the Holocaust, the Later Phase, 1939–1943, Garland Pub., 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4876-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4876-8">0-8240-4876-8</a>, p.131: Stettin Jews' houses were sealed, belongings liquidated, funds to be held in blocked accounts</li> <li>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a>, p. 506: Only very few [of the Pomeranian Jews] survived the Nazi era. p. 510: Nearly all Jews from Stettin and all the province, about a thousand</li> <li>Alicia Nitecki, Jack Terry, Jakub's World: A Boy's Story of Loss and Survival in the Holocaust, SUNY Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6407-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6407-5">0-7914-6407-5</a>, pp. 13ff: Stettin Jews to Belzyce in Lublin area, reservation purpose decline of Jews, terror command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Engels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Engels (page does not exist)">Kurt Engels</a>, shocking insights in life circumstances</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/pila/deportations.html">"The deportations of the Jews of Schneidemühl – a synopsis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a> ShtetlLinks. Retrieved November 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+deportations+of+the+Jews+of+Schneidem%C3%BChl+%E2%80%93+a+synopsis&rft.pub=JewishGen+ShtetlLinks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org%2Fpila%2Fdeportations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> Peter Simonstein Cullman, "History of the Jewish Community of Schneidemühl: 1641 to the Holocaust", Avotaynu, Inc., 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886223-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-886223-27-0">1-886223-27-0</a>, pp. 170–183 Untergang </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Polonia sczcecińska na przełomie dwóch epok, 1930–1935; Marian Grzęda Uniwersytet Szczeciński 1994 page 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Fenske, Hans: Die Verwaltung Pommerns 1815–1945. Aufbau und Ertrag, Böhlau: Köln/Weimar 1993, p. 12, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-13892-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-13892-4">3-412-13892-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz534535-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz534535_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz534535_68-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 534, 535, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Skóra, Wojciech: Konsulat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Szczecinie w latach 1925–1939:powstanie i działalność Wojciech Skóra page 124 Pomorska Akademia Pedagogiczna w Słupsku, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wynot-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wynot_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wynot_70-1">b</a> The Poles in Germany, 1919–1939 East European Quarterly, Summer, 1996 by Edward D. Wynot, Jr <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002266854">[3]</a>, quote: "This paper attempts to fill that apparent gap in scholarship by providing an overview of the Polish minority in inter-war Germany. [...] Whatever its actual size, the German Polish population was internally differentiated in terms of both geographical dispersal and socio-economic profile. By far most lived in areas that adjoined the Polish Republic. [...] The final group in this category lived along the border of the Poznan/Pomorze region (22,500–27,000), where, for the most part, they formed Polish islands surrounded by a German sea. The majority were peasants, with a smattering of small shopkeepers and craftsmen sprinkled among their midst and a colony of about 2,000 workers living in the port of Stettin/Szczecin." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerankaSzczepanik2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)">Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych</a>. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65681-93-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65681-93-5"><bdi>978-83-65681-93-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urz%C4%99dy+konsularne+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+1918%E2%80%931945.+Informator+archiwalny&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Naczelna+Dyrekcja+Archiw%C3%B3w+Pa%C5%84stwowych%2C+Ministerstwo+Spraw+Zagranicznych&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-83-65681-93-5&rft.aulast=Ceranka&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Szczepanik%2C+Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bialecki-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bialecki_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bialecki_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bialecki_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bialecki_72-3">d</a> Tadeusz Białecki, "Historia Szczecina" <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</a>, 1992 Wrocław. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Polski ruch narodowy w Niemczech w latach 1922–1939 Wojciech Wrzesiński page 200 Ossolineum, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 489, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 505, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 506, 510 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 505, 512 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.511-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.511_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.511_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.511_78-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 511, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 48–49, 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Hitlerowskie+prze%C5%9Bladowania+przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+i+aktywu+Zwi%C4%85zk%C3%B3w+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+w+latach+1939-1945&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=48-49%2C+54&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cyga%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Historyczna droga do polskiego Szczecina:wybór dokumentów i opracowań Kazimierz Kozłowski, Stanisław Krzywicki page 86 Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeOvermansVogt2022" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 221, 230–232, 284, 353, 393, 397–398, 401, 503–505, 507, 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1"><bdi>978-0-253-06089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+IV&rft.pages=221%2C+230-232%2C+284%2C+353%2C+393%2C+397-398%2C+401%2C+503-505%2C+507%2C+510&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06089-1&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stalag2b.free.fr/leskommandos.htm">"Les Kommandos"</a>. 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Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 3: 160. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377">0137-5377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stutthof.+Zeszyty+Muzeum&rft.atitle=Podobozy+i+wi%C4%99ksze+komanda+zewn%C4%99trzne+obozu+Stutthof+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=160&rft.issn=0137-5377&rft.aulast=Gli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polczyn-zdroj.pl/node/318">"Lebensborn"</a>. Połczyn-Zdrój (in Polish). Retrieved December 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Po%C5%82czyn-Zdr%C3%B3j&rft.atitle=Lebensborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polczyn-zdroj.pl%2Fnode%2F318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000795">"Lager für Sinti und Roma Schneidemühl"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved December 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Lager+f%C3%BCr+Sinti+und+Roma+Schneidem%C3%BChl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100000795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001328">"Lager für Sinti und Roma Wunneschin"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved December 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Lager+f%C3%BCr+Sinti+und+Roma+Wunneschin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100001328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001210">"Lager für Sinti und Roma Stettin"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved December 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Lager+f%C3%BCr+Sinti+und+Roma+Stettin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100001210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrzanowski2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022). Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Gdańsk: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. pp. 47–48, 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8229-411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8229-411-8"><bdi>978-83-8229-411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polskie+Pa%C5%84stwo+Podziemne+na+Pomorzu+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=47-48%2C+57&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-83-8229-411-8&rft.aulast=Chrzanowski&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85003-97-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-85003-97-5"><bdi>83-85003-97-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+konspiracji+Wielkopolskiej+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=625&rft.pub=Instytut+Zachodni&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-85003-97-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrzanowski" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chrzanowski, Bogdan. "Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 5: 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377">0137-5377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stutthof.+Zeszyty+Muzeum&rft.atitle=Organizacja+sieci+przerzut%C3%B3w+drog%C4%85+morsk%C4%85+z+Polski+do+Szwecji+w+latach+okupacji+hitlerowskiej+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=29-30&rft.issn=0137-5377&rft.aulast=Chrzanowski&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.512-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.512_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.512_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.512_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.512_92-3">d</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 512, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGliński" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gliński, Mirosław. "Ewakuacja i wyzwolenie obozu Stutthof (25 stycznia–9 maja 1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 3: 189. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377">0137-5377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stutthof.+Zeszyty+Muzeum&rft.atitle=Ewakuacja+i+wyzwolenie+obozu+Stutthof+%2825+stycznia%E2%80%939+maja+1945%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=189&rft.issn=0137-5377&rft.aulast=Gli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaszuba2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaszuba, Sylwia (February 9, 2024). "Marsz 1945". In Grudziecka, Beata (ed.). Stalag XX B: historia nieopowiedziana (in Polish). Malbork: Muzeum Miasta Malborka. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-950992-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-950992-2-9"><bdi>978-83-950992-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marsz+1945&rft.btitle=Stalag+XX+B%3A+historia+nieopowiedziana&rft.place=Malbork&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Muzeum+Miasta+Malborka&rft.date=2024-02-09&rft.isbn=978-83-950992-2-9&rft.aulast=Kaszuba&rft.aufirst=Sylwia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bialogard.info/7,4412,stalag-luft-iv-marsz-smierci">"Stalag Luft IV. Marsz Śmierci"</a>. Miasto Białogard (in Polish). Retrieved December 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miasto+Bia%C5%82ogard&rft.atitle=Stalag+Luft+IV.+Marsz+%C5%9Amierci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbialogard.info%2F7%2C4412%2Cstalag-luft-iv-marsz-smierci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_pp.512-515-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_pp.512-515_96-0">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 512–515, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.514-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.514_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.514_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.514_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.514_97-3">d</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 514, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeschel2009" class="citation book cs1">Goeschel, Christian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIjccRg7_UYC&q=demmin+&pg=PA205">Suicide in Nazi Germany</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8"><bdi>978-0-19-953256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953256-8&rft.aulast=Goeschel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIjccRg7_UYC%26q%3Ddemmin%2B%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html">Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> March 30, 2005 (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndr1radiomv.de/programm/erinnerungen/vor_der_teilung/ndr1250.html">Kriegsende in Demmin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228090339/http://www.ndr1radiomv.de/programm/erinnerungen/vor_der_teilung/ndr1250.html">Archived</a> February 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/die-letzten-kriegstage-tragoedie-an-der-peene_aid_151639.html">Tragödie an der Peene</a> <a href="/wiki/Focus_(German_magazine)" title="Focus (German magazine)">Focus</a> May 8, 1995 (in German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBscheid2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bscheid, Andrea Karoline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9966/1/Bscheid_Andrea.pdf">Das Nürnberger Bündnis gegen Depression</a> (PDF) (in German). University of Munich. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+N%C3%BCrnberger+B%C3%BCndnis+gegen+Depression&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Munich&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bscheid&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Karoline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F9966%2F1%2FBscheid_Andrea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> Buske, Norbert (Hg.): Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945. Berichte Erinnerungen Dokumente (Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Landeskundliche Hefte), Schwerin 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.369-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.369_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.369_99-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 369, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hassel22-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassel22_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassel22_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassel1823" class="citation book cs1">Hassel, Georg (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA31">Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt</a>. Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistischer+Umri%C3%9F+der+s%C3%A4mmtlichen+europ%C3%A4ischen+und+der+vornehmsten+au%C3%9Fereurop%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+in+Hinsicht+ihrer+Entwickelung%2C+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%2C+Volksmenge%2C+Finanz-+und+Milit%C3%A4rverfassung%2C+tabellarisch+dargestellt%3B+Erster+Heft%3A+Welcher+die+beiden+gro%C3%9Fen+M%C3%A4chte+%C3%96sterreich+und+Preu%C3%9Fen+und+den+Deutschen+Staatenbund+darstellt&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Verlag+des+Geographischen+Instituts+Weimar&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Hassel&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31DMAJgQV28C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Werner Buchholz: Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.400, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 10th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig 1854, pp. 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, p. 249, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-906184-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-906184-8-6">83-906184-8-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43087092">43087092</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Buchholz_1999,_p.448_104-2">c</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 448, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.427,428 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14th edition, vol. 13, Leipzig 1895, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-Piskorski262-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskorski262_107-5">f</a> Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, p. 262, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-906184-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-906184-8-6">83-906184-8-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43087092">43087092</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 535, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 429, 430, 456, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchholz,_p.456-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.456_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz,_p.456_110-1">b</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 456, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/A/Pommern?hl=pommern">Meyers Konversations Lexikon 1905, online at</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.439, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 470,471, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8">3-88680-272-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiński1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiński, Leszek (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">"Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r. [Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950]"</a> (PDF). Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). 2. Warsaw: PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences), Institute of Geography: Tabela 1 (data by county) – via Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dokumentacja+Geograficzna&rft.atitle=Pochodzenie+terytorialne+ludno%C5%9Bci+Ziem+Zachodnich+w+1950+r.+%5BTerritorial+origins+of+inhabitants+of+the+Western+Lands+in+year+1950%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=Tabela+1+%28data+by+county%29&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kosi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F33932%2FWA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Pomerania+%281815%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900//gem1900.htm?pommern/pommern1900.htm">Administrative Subdivision of the Province of Pomerania in 1900/10</a> (in German)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="History_of_Pomerania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Pomerania" title="Early history of Pomerania">10,000 BC – 600 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">600–1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the High Middle Ages">1100–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages">1300–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">1500–1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1806%E2%80%931933)" title="History of Pomerania (1806–1933)">1806–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Pomerania (1933–1945)">1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pomerania (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow" title="County of Gützkow">Gützkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin" title="Pomerania-Demmin">Pomerania-Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe" title="Pomerania-Schlawe">Pomerania-Schlawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin" title="Pomerania-Neustettin">Pomerania-Neustettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde" title="Pomerania-Rügenwalde">Pomerania-Rügenwalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp" title="Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp">Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Barth" title="Pomerania-Barth">Pomerania-Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_of_Police" title="Enclave of Police">Enclave of Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Bezirk Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Schlawe-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow</a> classified as <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland" title="Pomerelia">Polish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence" title="Pomerelia">Danish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Duchy of Pomerelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo">Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda" title="Duchy of Białogarda">Duchy of Białogarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Lubiszewo">Duchy of Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie" title="Duchy of Świecie">Duchy of Świecie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> 1466–1793 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig 1920–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975–1998" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r" title="Gmina Biały Bór">Gmina Biały Bór</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecclesiastical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecclesiastical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Christianization of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Diocese of Wollin/Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kolberg">Diocese of Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno">Diocese of Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient See of Roskilde">Diocese of Roskilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig">Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Tütz">Apostolic Administration of Tütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl">Prelature of Schneidemühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła">Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)</a> with see in <a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> 1945–1972</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Archdiocese of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz">Diocese of Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg">Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pelplin">Diocese of Pelplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień">Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Toruń">Diocese of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek">Diocese of Włocławek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Prussia">Evangelical State Church in Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> <ul><li>Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland" title="Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland">Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław">Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demography_and_anthropology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania" title="Demographic history of Pomerania">Demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle-Ellerbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelland_culture" title="Havelland culture">Havelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustow_group" title="Gustow group">Gustow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn (Denzin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Slavic Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velunzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Velunzani">Velunzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">German Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major demographic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">WWII flight and expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian dialect">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen" title="Treaty of Kremmen">Kremmen</a> (1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin" title="Treaty of Landin">Landin</a> (1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Kępno</a> (1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1309)">Soldin (1309)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin" title="Treaty of Templin">Templin</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Ueckermünde</a> (1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1343)">Kalisz</a> (1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1354)">Stralsund (1354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Stralsund (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry" title="Treaty of Pyzdry">Pyzdry</a> (1390)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Peace of Raciążek">Raciążek (1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">Thorn, First</a> (1411)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1415) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, First</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno" title="Treaty of Melno">Melno</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Perleberg (page does not exist)">Perleberg</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1427) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, Second</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Truce of Łęczyca">Łęczyca (1433)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Peace of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> (1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1466)">Soldin (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn, Second (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> (1448/1468/1472/1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz" title="Treaty of Pyritz">Pyritz</a> (1493)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1700</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn" title="Compromise of Thorn">Thorn</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Kraków">Kraków</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Grimnitz</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Lublin</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg" title="Capitulation of Franzburg">Franzburg</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Stettin (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Stettin (1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau and Bromberg</a> (1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund (1679)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm</a> (1719 / 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg" title="Treaty of Frederiksborg">Frederiksborg</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Polish Partitions Treaties</a> (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1925" title="Concordat of 1925">Polish Concordat</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussian Concordat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Moscow (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty" title="German reunification">German Reunification Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1993" title="Concordat of 1993">Polish Concordat</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">Treaty of Accession 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> (1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> (1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> (1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of Vienna</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> (1814–1848)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>2 (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> (1824–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.   2 From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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