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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naval armaments race in the late nineteenth century</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg/350px-ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg/525px-ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg/700px-ARALibertad1892-MNPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ARA_Libertad_(1892)" title="ARA Libertad (1892)"><i>Libertad</i></a>, seen here c. 1893, was <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">laid down</a> in 1890 as part of the developing naval arms race between Argentina and Chile</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the South American nations of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> engaged in an expensive <a href="/wiki/Naval_arms_race" title="Naval arms race">naval arms race</a> to ensure the other would not gain supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>. </p><p>Although the Argentine and Chilean navies were insignificant in the 1860s, with zero and five warships, respectively, Argentina's concern over a strong <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> and the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">war against Spain</a> caused them to add capable warships to their fleets in the 1870s. During this time, diplomatic relations between Argentina and Chile soured due to conflicting boundary claims, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. By the beginning of the 1880s, after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, the Chilean government possessed possibly the strongest navy in the Americas. They planned to add to it with an 1887 appropriation for one <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruisers</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_gunboat" title="Torpedo gunboat">torpedo gunboats</a>. Argentina responded a year later with an order for two battleships of its own. The naval arms race unfolded over the next several years, with each country buying and ordering vessels that were slightly better than the previous ship, but the Argentines eventually pulled ahead with the acquisition of four <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi-class_cruiser" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi-class cruiser"><i>Garibaldi</i>-class cruisers</a>. </p><p>The race ended in 1902 with the British-arbitrated <a href="/wiki/Pacts_of_May" title="Pacts of May">Pacts of May</a>, which contained a binding naval-limiting agreement. Both governments sold or canceled the ships they had ordered, and three major warships were mostly disarmed to balance the fleets. The pacts proved to be the answer to the Argentine and Chilean disputes, as the countries enjoyed a period of warm relations. This did not last, as the Brazilian government's attempt to rebuild its naval forces sparked <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">another naval arms race</a>, involving all three countries ordering revolutionary new <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>—powerful battleships whose capabilities far outstripped older vessels in the world's navies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg/310px-Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg/465px-Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg/620px-Twms_gen_twcms_00_6077_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The protected cruiser <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a>, portrayed here by painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_de_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo de Martino (page does not exist)">Edoardo de Martino</a>, was purchased by the Chilean Navy in the 1880s to bolster its fleet</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_treaty_of_1881_between_Chile_and_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina">Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Argentina–Chile relations">Argentina–Chile relations</a></div> <p>Conflicting Argentine and Chilean claims to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> had been causing tension between the two countries since the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking seaborne forces, neither could enforce its claim, though: in 1860, the Chileans had only five small vessels, while the Argentine Navy had no seagoing ships.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attitudes quickly changed when the circumstances warranted; when Chile joined Peru against Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a>, the Spaniards <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Bombardment of Valparaíso">bombarded</a> and blockaded <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, leading the Chilean government to strengthen the navy. The Argentine government, under President <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Sarmiento</a>, decided to build a navy in the 1870s to counter Brazilian naval acquisitions. Two large <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Los_Andes" title="ARA Los Andes"><i>Los Andes</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/ARA_El_Plata_(1874)" title="ARA El Plata (1874)"><i>El Plata</i></a>, were ordered from <a href="/wiki/Laird_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Laird Brothers">Laird Brothers</a>, a British company, along with two gunboats. They were delivered in 1874 and 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patagonian tensions heightened in 1872 and 1878, when Chilean warships seized merchant ships which had been licensed to operate in the disputed area by the Argentine government. An Argentine warship did the same to a Chilean-licensed American ship in 1877. This action nearly led to war in November 1878, when the Argentines dispatched a squadron of warships to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Argentina)" title="Santa Cruz River (Argentina)">Santa Cruz River</a>. The Chilean Navy responded in kind, and war was only avoided by a hastily signed treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both countries were incapable of enforcing these claims with a seaborne force in the next few years, as the Argentines were occupied with <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">internal military operations against the indigenous population</a> (1870–84), and the Chileans involved in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (<i>Guerra del Pacífico</i>, 1879–83) against Bolivia and Peru. Still, several warships were ordered by both nations: the Argentines commissioned a central battery ironclad, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Almirante_Brown_(1880)" title="ARA Almirante Brown (1880)"><i>Almirante Brown</i></a>, and a protected cruiser, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Patagonia_(1886)" title="ARA Patagonia (1886)"><i>Patagonia</i></a>, in 1880 and 1885, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their part, the Chileans ordered a <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a>, to bolster its fleet, which was centered on two <a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">central battery</a> <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Almirante_Cochrane" title="Chilean ironclad Almirante Cochrane"><i>Almirante Cochrane</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada"><i>Blanco Encalada</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these ships, the Chilean Navy emerged from the War of the Pacific as the preeminent navy in the Americas, surpassing even the navy of the United States, which had fallen into <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#Decline_of_the_Navy_(1865–1882)" title="History of the United States Navy">steep decline</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chilean government utilized this advantage when it deployed <i>Esmeralda</i> to Panama <a href="/wiki/Panama_crisis_of_1885" title="Panama crisis of 1885">in 1885</a> to block the U.S. from attempting to annex the region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms_race">Arms race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arms race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" align="right" style="text-align: center; width:36%; font-size:80%; border:1px solid darkgray;" border="1"> <caption><big>Major Argentine and Chilean<br />warship purchases and orders, 1887–1902</big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:12%;"><div style="text-align:center;"><b>Year</b></div> </th> <th scope="row" style="width:31%;"><div style="text-align:center;"><b>Ships (type)</b></div> </th> <th scope="row" style="width:12%;"><div style="text-align:center;"><b>Year</b></div> </th> <th scope="row" style="width:31%;"><div style="text-align:center;"><b>Ships (type)</b></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1887 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Capit%C3%A1n_Prat" title="Chilean battleship Capitán Prat"><i>Capitán Prat</i></a> (BB)<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_cruiser_Presidente_Err%C3%A1zuriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean cruiser Presidente Errázuriz (page does not exist)"><i>Presidente Errázuriz</i></a> (PC)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Presidente_Pinto_(1890)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean cruiser Presidente Pinto (1890)"><i>Presidente Pinto</i></a> (PC)<br /> </p> </td> <td>1896 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_O%27Higgins_(1897)" title="Chilean cruiser O'Higgins (1897)"><i>O'Higgins</i></a> (AC)<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_Libertad_(1892)" title="ARA Libertad (1892)"><i>Libertad</i></a> (BB)<br /> <a href="/wiki/ARA_Independencia_(1891)" title="ARA Independencia (1891)"><i>Independencia</i></a> (BB) </p> </td> <td>1896 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARA_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="ARA San Martín"><i>San Martín</i></a> (AC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARA_Veinticinco_de_Mayo_(1890)" title="ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1890)"><i>Veinticinco de Mayo</i></a> (PC) </td> <td>1897 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="ARA Pueyrredón"><i>Pueyrredón</i></a> (AC) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_Nueve_de_Julio_(1892)" title="ARA Nueve de Julio (1892)"><i>Nueve de Julio</i></a> (PC)<br /> </p> </td> <td>1898 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano_(1896)" title="ARA General Belgrano (1896)"><i>General Belgrano</i></a> (AC) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean cruiser Blanco Encalada"><i>Blanco Encalada</i></a> (PC) </td> <td>1901 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kasuga" title="Japanese cruiser Kasuga"><i>Rivadavia</i></a> (AC)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nisshin" title="Japanese cruiser Nisshin"><i>Mariano Moreno</i></a> (AC) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARA_Buenos_Aires_(1895)" title="ARA Buenos Aires (1895)"><i>Buenos Aires</i></a> (PC) </td> <td>1901 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Constituci%C3%B3n_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean battleship Constitución (1903)"><i>Constitución</i></a> (BB)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Libertad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean battleship Libertad"><i>Libertad</i></a> (BB) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1896)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1896)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (AC)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Ministro_Zenteno" title="Chilean cruiser Ministro Zenteno"><i>Ministro Zenteno</i></a> (PC)<br /> </p> </td> <td>1901 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p>Two battleships,<br />possibly ordered </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_Garibaldi" title="ARA Garibaldi"><i>Garibaldi</i></a> (AC) </p> </td> <td>1901 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Chacabuco_(1898)" title="Chilean cruiser Chacabuco (1898)"><i>Chacabuco</i></a> (PC) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="4"><div style="text-align:center;">BB: <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a>; AC: <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a>; PC: <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="4"><div style="text-align:center;">Statistics compiled from Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 46–51, 297–299.</div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chilean government moved first to begin the naval arms race when it ordered a modern ironclad <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Capit%C3%A1n_Prat" title="Chilean battleship Capitán Prat"><i>Capitán Prat</i></a>, two protected cruisers, and two <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> from France and the United Kingdom. Bought with a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>3,129,500 appropriation in the 1887 budget, the ships would have upset the balance of naval power in Latin America—while the Argentines had more vessels, the Chileans had larger warships with far more experienced crewmen. This purchase was made worse, from the Argentine perspective, by a large order for <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">sabers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>, enough to arm an 80,000-strong army.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Argentine government responded with two battleships—<a href="/wiki/ARA_Independencia_(1891)" title="ARA Independencia (1891)"><i>Independencia</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA_Libertad_(1890)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA Libertad (1890) (page does not exist)"><i>Libertad</i></a>, though they were individually smaller than their Chilean counterpart—and two protected cruisers, one purchased on the stocks in 1890 (<a href="/wiki/ARA_Veinticinco_de_Mayo_(1890)" title="ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1890)"><i>Veinticinco de Mayo</i></a>) and a new-build of the same design in 1891 (<a href="/wiki/ARA_Nueve_de_Julio_(1892)" title="ARA Nueve de Julio (1892)"><i>Nueve de Julio</i></a>). The purchases were funded largely through export-related windfall, Chile through nitrates and Argentina through grain and cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1891" title="Chilean Civil War of 1891">Chilean Civil War</a> (1891), rather than calming the naval ambitions of Chile, escalated them. In that conflict, the Chilean Navy played a significant role on the congressional side against the president and the army. The resulting victory of the congressional side and subsequent presidency of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Montt" title="Jorge Montt">Jorge Montt</a> led to a large increase in prestige and consequent funding for the navy. Argentine naval units assisted failed revolts in Argentina, but the continuing acrimony with and naval acquisitions of Chile meant this had little effect.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chilean government purchased a protected cruiser, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean cruiser Blanco Encalada"><i>Blanco Encalada</i></a>, on the stocks in 1892, while the Argentines purchased one, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Buenos_Aires_(1895)" title="ARA Buenos Aires (1895)"><i>Buenos Aires</i></a>, being built speculatively in late 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chileans sold their oldest protected cruiser, <i>Esmeralda</i>, in late 1894 to finance the order of an <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a>. This materialized in May 1895 with a new <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1896)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1896)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a>, along with four torpedo boats; a Brazilian protected cruiser, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Ministro_Zenteno" title="Chilean cruiser Ministro Zenteno"><i>Ministro Zenteno</i></a>, was purchased while under construction in August 1895. The Argentines purchased an Italian armored cruiser, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Garibaldi" title="ARA Garibaldi"><i>Garibaldi</i></a>, on the stocks on 14 July 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1896, Chile ordered another armored cruiser, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_O%27Higgins_(1897)" title="Chilean cruiser O'Higgins (1897)"><i>O'Higgins</i></a>, and six torpedo boats. Naval historian Robert Scheina states that in the same month Argentina ordered <a href="/wiki/ARA_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="ARA San Martín"><i>San Martín</i></a>, a near-sister ship to <i>Garibaldi</i> which was under construction in Italy, but notes that the small time lapse between the orders makes it difficult or impossible to know who was responding to who—or if either were simply independent acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian Jonathan Grant writes, the Argentines may have moved first to secure a definite, if momentarily tenuous, advantage over the Chilean Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1898, the Chilean government found that the Argentines were planning on acquiring one, then two, <i>Garibaldi</i>-class cruisers (<a href="/wiki/ARA_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="ARA Pueyrredón"><i>Pueyrredón</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano_(1896)" title="ARA General Belgrano (1896)"><i>General Belgrano</i></a>). With tensions extremely high and war seemingly imminent, the two countries agreed to submit their boundary disputes to the British. They also signed pacts which led to the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama_dispute" title="Puna de Atacama dispute">Puna de Atacama dispute</a>. As the former arbitration took much time, leaving that particular boundary dispute unresolved, the naval arms race quickly picked back up.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Argentines ordered two additional armored cruisers that were similar to the previous four, but more powerful. To counter them, the Chilean government ordered two new battleships, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Constituci%C3%B3n_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean battleship Constitución (1903)"><i>Constitución</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Libertad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean battleship Libertad"><i>Libertad</i></a>, using part of its <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserve</a> to pay for them. These battleships' fast speed would make them suitable for opposing the new Argentine armored cruisers. The Chileans also purchased the protected cruiser <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Chacabuco_(1898)" title="Chilean cruiser Chacabuco (1898)"><i>Chacabuco</i></a>, which had been built on speculation, on the stocks in late 1901. The Argentines responded in May 1901 with an inquiry, possibly a full order, to <a href="/wiki/Gio._Ansaldo_%26_C." title="Gio. Ansaldo & C.">Ansaldo</a> for a new 15,000-long-ton (15,000 t) battleship design. This would mount a 305 mm (12 in) <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> and be capable of steaming at 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increased tensions and near state of war between Argentina and Chile caused the British to push for a resolution, lest their economic interests in the region, which included the export of British goods and the import of Latin American raw materials, be disrupted. Talks were held in the Chilean capital, <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, between the British ambassador to Chile, the Argentine ambassador to Chile, and the Chilean foreign minister and President <a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Riesco" title="Germán Riesco">Germán Riesco</a>. This led to the three <a href="/wiki/Pacts_of_May" title="Pacts of May">Pacts of May</a> on 28 May 1902, which ended the dispute. The third limited the naval armaments of both countries. Argentina and Chile were barred from acquiring any further warships for five years, unless they gave the other eighteen months of advance notice. The warships under construction were sold to the United Kingdom, with Chile's battleships becoming the <a href="/wiki/Swiftsure-class_battleship" title="Swiftsure-class battleship"><i>Swiftsure</i> class</a>, and Japan, with Argentina's final two armored cruisers becoming the <a href="/wiki/Kasuga-class_cruiser" title="Kasuga-class cruiser"><i>Kasuga</i> class</a>. The two planned Argentine battleships were either never ordered or canceled, and <i>Garibaldi</i> and <i>Pueyrredón</i>, along with Chile's <i>Capitán Prat</i>, were disarmed with the exception of their main batteries, as the Argentine Navy had no crane capable of removing the armored cruiser's gun turrets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg/310px-HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg/465px-HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg/620px-HMS_Swiftsure_LOC_ggbain_16800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(1903)" title="HMS Swiftsure (1903)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swiftsure-class_battleship" title="Swiftsure-class battleship"><i>Swiftsure</i>-class battleship</a>, was originally ordered by the Chilean government, but was sold to the United Kingdom due to the successful <a href="/wiki/Pacts_of_May" title="Pacts of May">Pacts of May</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnought race</a></div> <p>The Argentine–Chilean naval arms race was extremely expensive for both countries. The Argentine government was able to purchase £4,534,800 worth of ships between 1890 and 1898 with large foreign loans, which were given to them despite the country's role in the <a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> of 1890. The government's total foreign debt reached 421 million gold <a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">pesos</a> by 1896. As for Chile, it was forced to take out a £2 million loan in order to purchase Krupp weaponry, and this combined with its other loans led the banking industry to suspend loans to Chile until the diplomatic crisis with Argentina was solved. Both the Argentine President <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> and American ambassador to Argentina <a href="/wiki/William_Paine_Lord" title="William Paine Lord">William Paine Lord</a> ascribed the ending of the arms race to the diminished credit of Argentina and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By all measures, the Pacts of May were an unmitigated success. Both Argentina and Chile enjoyed a period of lessened tensions, leaving the near state of war they were in, and the pacts ended their expensive naval buildups. However, the third major country in South America, Brazil, brought this to a crashing halt in 1904, when <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">its congress</a> passed a large naval construction plan. This culminated in 1907 with a Brazilian order for three "<a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>", a new form of warship whose advanced armament and propulsion capabilities far outstripped older vessels in the world's navies. Two would be laid down immediately, with a third to follow. The Argentine and Chilean governments quickly moved to cancel the remaining months of the naval-limiting Pacts of May, and both eventually responded with orders for their own dreadnoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/64px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Argentina portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/32px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/48px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 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.reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Being 'purchased on the stocks' or 'off the stocks' in nautical terminology means that the ship was built <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speculation" class="extiw" title="wikt:speculation">on speculation</a> and was purchased while under construction.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrett, "Beagle Channel," 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 118; Lyon, "Argentina," 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 118; Lyon, "Argentina," 401, 403; Lyon, "Chile," 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 43, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 45–46, 347; Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 45–46, 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 122–23; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FJVgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EnMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1567,4412843">The 'Big Five' of the Sea</a>," <i>National Labor Tribune</i>, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sater, <i>Empires in Conflict</i>, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 46; Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 49–51; Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i>, 132–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 49–52, 298–99, 349; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o4o-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0VkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5800,1281217">Chile-Argentina Treaty</a>," <i>Boston Evening Transcript</i>, 10 January 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sater, <i>Empires in Conflict</i>, 51–52; Grant, <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money</i> 131–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 80–81; Scheina, "Brazil," 403; "The Brazilian Navy," <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times"><i>Times</i></a> (London), 28 December 1908, 48f.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_journal_articles">Books and journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books and journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gardiner, Robert, Roger Chesneau, and Eugene Kolesnik, eds. <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4">0-8317-0302-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4775646">4775646</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Garrett, James L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/165601">The Beagle Channel Dispute: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone</a>." <i>Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs</i> 27, no. 3 (1985): 81–109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-1937">0022-1937</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2239844">2239844</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Grant, Jonathan A. <i>Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02442-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02442-7">0-674-02442-7</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166262725">166262725</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Lyon, Hugh. "Argentina." In Gardiner, Chesneau, and Kolesnik, <i>Conway's</i>, 401–04. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li> ———. "Chile." In Gardiner, Chesneau, and Kolesnik, <i>Conway's</i>, 410–13. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Sater, William F. <i>Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict</i>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1249-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1249-5">0-8203-1249-5</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21374575">21374575</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Scheina, Robert L. "Brazil." In <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i>, edited by Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray, 403–07. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3">0-87021-907-3</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12119866">12119866</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li> ———. <i>Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8">0-87021-295-8</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15696006">15696006</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_newspapers">Articles and newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Articles and newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript" title="Boston Evening Transcript">Boston Evening Transcript</a></i> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Tribune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Labor Tribune (page does not exist)">National Labor Tribune</a></i> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times"><i>Times</i></a> (London) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rauch, George V. <i>Conflict in the Southern Cone: The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute with Chile, 1870–1902</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96347-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96347-0">0-275-96347-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39913542">39913542</a>. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Argentina_topics" title="Template:Argentina topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Argentina_topics" title="Template talk:Argentina topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Plata">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arms race with Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">December 2001 riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Argentina" title="List of cities in Argentina">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Argentina" title="Climate of Argentina">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Argentina" title="List of earthquakes in Argentina">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Argentina" title="Environment of Argentina">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Argentina" title="List of extreme points of Argentina">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Argentina" title="Category:Fauna of Argentina">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Argentina" title="Category:Flora of Argentina">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Argentina" title="List of islands of Argentina">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Argentina" title="List of mountains in Argentina">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Argentina" title="List of national parks of Argentina">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Argentina">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Argentina" title="List of rivers of Argentina">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Argentina" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Argentina">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Argentina" title="Administrative divisions of Argentina">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Argentina" title="Foreign relations of Argentina">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Argentina" title="Government of Argentina">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Ministries of the Argentine Republic">ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Human rights in Argentina">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Argentina" title="Intersex rights in Argentina">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Argentina">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Argentina" title="Law of Argentina">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Argentina" title="List of political parties in Argentina">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Argentina">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Argentina" title="Agriculture in Argentina">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Argentina" title="Banking in Argentina">Banking</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina" title="Communications in Argentina">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Argentina" title="Electricity sector in Argentina">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="Science and technology in Argentina">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Stock_Exchange" title="Buenos Aires Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Argentina" title="Tourism in Argentina">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Argentina" title="Transport in Argentina">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Argentina" title="Category:Society of Argentina">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Argentina" title="Crime in Argentina">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Argentina" title="Health care in Argentina">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Argentina">LGBT+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Argentina" title="Demographics of Argentina">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Argentina" title="Ethnic groups of Argentina">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Argentina" title="Prostitution in Argentina">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Argentina" title="Water supply and sanitation in Argentina">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a 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