CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>War of the Pacific - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c3e8c0a1-4cf9-47b9-95e3-f3f07e0115c1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"War_of_the_Pacific","wgTitle":"War of the Pacific","wgCurRevisionId":1275916648,"wgRevisionId":1275916648,"wgArticleId":234176,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Quechua-language text","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from January 2016","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Articles that may contain original research from January 2016", "All articles that may contain original research","Articles needing additional references from March 2017","All articles needing additional references","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Commons category link is on Wikidata","War of the Pacific","History of South America","Wars involving Bolivia","Wars involving Chile","Wars involving Peru","19th century in Bolivia","19th century in Chile","19th century in Peru","Territorial disputes of Chile","Territorial disputes of Bolivia","Territorial disputes of Peru","Territorial evolution of Peru","Territorial evolution of Bolivia","Bolivia–Chile relations","Chile–Peru relations","Bolivia–Peru relations","Military campaigns","Conflicts in 1879","Conflicts in 1880","Conflicts in 1881","Conflicts in 1882","Conflicts in 1883","1870s in Bolivia","1870s in Chile","1870s in Peru","1880s in Bolivia","1880s in Chile","1880s in Peru","1879 in Bolivia","1880 in Bolivia","1881 in Bolivia","1882 in Bolivia","1883 in Bolivia", "1879 in Chile","1880 in Chile","1881 in Chile","1882 in Chile","1883 in Chile","1879 in Peru","1880 in Peru","1881 in Peru","1882 in Peru","1883 in Peru"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"War_of_the_Pacific","wgRelevantArticleId":234176,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false ,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q152004","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/1200px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1949"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/800px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1300"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/640px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1040"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="War of the Pacific - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-War_of_the_Pacific rootpage-War_of_the_Pacific skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=War+of+the+Pacific" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=War+of+the+Pacific" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=War+of+the+Pacific" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=War+of+the+Pacific" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundary_Treaty_of_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_Treaty_of_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Boundary Treaty of 1866 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_Treaty_of_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_Treaty_of_Alliance_of_1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_Treaty_of_Alliance_of_1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Secret Treaty of Alliance of 1873 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_Treaty_of_Alliance_of_1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_Treaty_of_1874" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_Treaty_of_1874"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Boundary Treaty of 1874 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_Treaty_of_1874-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Causes of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Crisis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crisis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crisis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ten_Cents'_Tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_Cents'_Tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ten Cents' Tax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_Cents'_Tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilean_invasion_of_Antofagasta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_invasion_of_Antofagasta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chilean invasion of Antofagasta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_invasion_of_Antofagasta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peruvian_mediation_and_Bolivian_declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peruvian_mediation_and_Bolivian_declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peruvian_mediation_and_Bolivian_declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_sea_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_sea_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Struggle for sea control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_sea_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Land war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tarapacá_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarapacá_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Tarapacá Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarapacá_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Iquique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Iquique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Iquique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_Tacna_and_Arica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_Tacna_and_Arica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Campaign of Tacna and Arica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_Tacna_and_Arica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lynch's_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lynch's_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.1 Lynch's Expedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lynch's_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lackawanna_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lackawanna_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.2 Lackawanna Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lackawanna_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_Lima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_Lima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Campaign of Lima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_Lima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Lima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Lima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Domestic policies until the fall of Lima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Lima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_Peruvian_Sierra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_Peruvian_Sierra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 War in the Peruvian Sierra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_Peruvian_Sierra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letelier's_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letelier's_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6.1 Letelier's expedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letelier's_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1882_Sierra_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1882_Sierra_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6.2 1882 Sierra Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1882_Sierra_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1883_Sierra_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1883_Sierra_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6.3 1883 Sierra Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1883_Sierra_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Last days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Peace </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peace-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Peace subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_treaty_between_Chile_and_Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_treaty_between_Chile_and_Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Peace treaty between Chile and Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_treaty_between_Chile_and_Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_treaty_between_Bolivia_and_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_treaty_between_Bolivia_and_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_treaty_between_Bolivia_and_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Military analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Flow of information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting,_damages,_and_war_reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting,_damages,_and_war_reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Looting, damages, and war reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting,_damages,_and_war_reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Commemoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commemoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cultural impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_works_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cited works and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">War of the Pacific</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeteroorlog" title="Salpeteroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Salpeteroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6_(1879-1884)" title="حرب المحيط الهادئ (1879-1884) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب المحيط الهادئ (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADficu" title="Guerra del Pacíficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra del Pacíficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_Py%27aguapy_%C3%91orair%C3%B5" title="Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_okean_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Sakit okean müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sakit okean müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B9-%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B8%DB%B4)" title="پاسیفیک ساواشی (۱۸۷۹-۱۸۸۴) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاسیفیک ساواشی (۱۸۷۹-۱۸۸۴)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Тымыҡ океан һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тымыҡ океан һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Салетравая вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Салетравая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Салетравая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Салетравая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора тихоокеанска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора тихоокеанска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Meurvor_Habask_(1879-1883)" title="Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1879-1883) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1879-1883)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfic_(1879-1883)" title="Guerra del Pacífic (1879-1883) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra del Pacífic (1879-1883)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879-1883_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%9B%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%C4%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="1879-1883 çулсенчи Лăпкă океан вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1879-1883 çулсенчи Лăпкă океан вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_tichomo%C5%99sk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá tichomořská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá tichomořská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeterkrigen" title="Salpeterkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salpeterkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeterkrieg" title="Salpeterkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salpeterkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_(1879-1884)" title="Πόλεμος του Ειρηνικού (1879-1884) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Ειρηνικού (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Guerra del Pacífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_pacifika_milito" title="Dua pacifika milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua pacifika milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Bareko_Gerra" title="Ozeano Bareko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Bareko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%DB%B1%DB%B9)" title="جنگ اقیانوس آرام (قرن ۱۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ اقیانوس آرام (قرن ۱۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Pacifique_(1879-1884)" title="Guerre du Pacifique (1879-1884) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Pacifique (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Pac%C3%ADfico_(1879-1883)" title="Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1883) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1883)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_(%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4)" title="태평양 전쟁 (남아메리카) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태평양 전쟁 (남아메리카)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रशांत महासागर का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रशांत महासागर का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Pacifički rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pacifički rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_di_Pacifiko" title="Milito di Pacifiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito di Pacifiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Pasifik" title="Perang di Pasifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang di Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrrahafsstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kyrrahafsstríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kyrrahafsstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pacifico_(1879-1884)" title="Guerra del Pacifico (1879-1884) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Pacifico (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%98" title="מלחמת האוקיינוס השקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האוקיינוס השקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экинчи шошокеан къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Экинчи шошокеан къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="წყნარი ოკეანის მეორე ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყნარი ოკეანის მეორე ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_vya_shura" title="Vita vya shura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita vya shura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiojo_vandenyno_karas" title="Ramiojo vandenyno karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramiojo vandenyno karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9tromh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Salétromháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salétromháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тихоокеанска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тихоокеанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Pasifik" title="Perang di Pasifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang di Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeteroorlog" title="Salpeteroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salpeteroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89_(1879%E5%B9%B4-1884%E5%B9%B4)" title="太平洋戦争 (1879年-1884年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太平洋戦争 (1879年-1884年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeterkrigen" title="Salpeterkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salpeterkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillehavskrigen" title="Stillehavskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stillehavskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Pacific" title="Guèrra dau Pacific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra dau Pacific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_Pacyfik" title="Wojna o Pacyfik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o Pacyfik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Pac%C3%ADfico_(1879%E2%80%931884)" title="Guerra do Pacífico (1879–1884) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Pacífico (1879–1884)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Pacificului" title="Războiul Pacificului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Pacificului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая тихоокеанская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая тихоокеанская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War of the Pacific" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitrna_vojna" title="Solitrna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Solitrna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пацифички рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пацифички рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Pacifički rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pacifički rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyynenmeren_sota" title="Tyynenmeren sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyynenmeren sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeterkriget" title="Salpeterkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salpeterkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1879%E2%80%931884)" title="สงครามมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก (ค.ศ. 1879–1884) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก (ค.ศ. 1879–1884)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_(1879-1884)" title="Pasifik Savaşı (1879-1884) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pasifik Savaşı (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тихоокеанська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بحراوقیانوس کی جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحراوقیانوس کی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_(1879-1884)" title="Chiến tranh Thái Bình Dương (1879-1884) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Thái Bình Dương (1879-1884)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E7%9F%B3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="硝石战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硝石战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E7%9F%B3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="硝石戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="硝石戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E7%9F%B3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="硝石战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硝石战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:War_of_the_Pacific" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/War_of_the_Pacific" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/War_of_the_Pacific" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&oldid=1275916648" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=War_of_the_Pacific&id=1275916648&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWar_of_the_Pacific">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWar_of_the_Pacific">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=War_of_the_Pacific&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Pacific" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152004" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Territorial conflict between Chile and allied Peru and Bolivia (1879–83)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th-century war between Bolivia, Chile and Peru. For the Pacific theater of World War II, see <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="War in the Pacific">War in the Pacific</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Pacific</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/325px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/488px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg/650px-Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="887" /></a> Map showing changes of territory caused by the War of the Pacific. Earlier maps from 1879 show different border lines between <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and Bolivia and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>14 February 1879 – 20 October 1883 4 years, 8 months and 6 days (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Chile-Peru Peace</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valparaiso" title="Treaty of Valparaiso">Bolivia-Chile armistice</a> in 1884</li> <li>Peace with Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)">signed 20 October 1904</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Armed_Forces" title="Chilean Armed Forces">Chilean Forces</a> victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Bolivia becomes a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1884%E2%80%931885" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885">Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885</a> occurred a year later due to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ancon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ancon">Treaty of Ancon</a></li> <li>Chilean influence increases in Peru until 1885.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Litoral Department (Antofagasta)</a> occupied by Chile since 1879, ceded by Bolivia to Chile in 1904.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tarapaca_Department_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarapaca Department (Peru)">Tarapacá Department</a> occupied by Chile since 1879, ceded by <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> in 1884.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama" title="Puna de Atacama">Puna de Atacama</a> ceded by Bolivia to Chile and Argentina in 1889 and 1899.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tacna_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacna Region">Tacna Region</a> occupied by Chile since 1880, returned to Peru in 1929.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arica_Province_(Peru)" title="Arica Province (Peru)">Arica Province</a> occupied by Chile since 1880, ceded to Chile in 1929.</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)#Reconstruction_under_the_rule_of_the_Conservatives,_1880-1899" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Bolivia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republic" title="Liberal Republic">Chile</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">Presidents of Bolivia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">H. Daza</a> (1876–1879) <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_de_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro José Domingo de Guerra">P.J.D. de Guerra</a> (1879) <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Campero" title="Narciso Campero">N. Campero</a> (1879–1884) <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">Presidents of Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">M.I. Prado</a> (1876–1879) <a href="/wiki/Luis_La_Puerta" title="Luis La Puerta">L. La Puerta</a> (1879) <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">N. de Piérola</a> (1879–1881) <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">F. García C.</a> (1881) <a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">L. Montero F.</a> (1881–1883) <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">M. Iglesias</a> (1882–1885)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">Presidents of Chile</a> <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Pinto" title="Aníbal Pinto">A. Pinto</a> (1876–1881) <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">D. Santa María</a> (1881–1886)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/34px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/44px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> 1879 (prewar) <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Bolivian Army</a>: 1,687<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a>: 5,557<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a>: 4 ironclads 7 wooden ships 2 torpedo boats<a href="#cite_note-compnavies-3">[3]</a> 1880 <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a>: 25,000–35,000 men (Army of Lima)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a>: 3 ironclads 7 wooden ships 2 torpedo boats<a href="#cite_note-compnavies-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> 1879 (prewar) <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a>: 2,440<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> men <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>: 2 ironclads 9 wooden ships 4 torpedo boats<a href="#cite_note-compnavies-3">[3]</a> 1880 <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a>: 27,000 (Ante Lima) 8,000 (Occupation Force) 6,000 (Mainland)<a href="#cite_note-sater2007_263-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>: 3 ironclads 8 wooden ships 10 torpedo boats<a href="#cite_note-compnavies-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Killed and wounded: About 25,000<a href="#cite_note-casualties3-7">[7]</a> Captured: About 9,000<a href="#cite_note-casualties3-7">[7]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Killed: 2,791–2,825<a href="#cite_note-casualties2-8">[8]</a> Wounded: 7,193–7,347<a href="#cite_note-casualties2-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Pacific10501" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Template:Campaignbox War of the Pacific"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of the Pacific"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of the Pacific"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Pacific10501" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Pacific</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Naval_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific">Naval campaign</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Iquique" title="Blockade of Iquique">1st Iquique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipana" title="Battle of Chipana">Chipana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Pisagua" title="Bombardment of Pisagua">Pisagua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_naval_raid_on_Callao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean naval raid on Callao (page does not exist)">1st Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">2nd Iquique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Gruesa" title="Battle of Punta Gruesa">Punta Gruesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_of_Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Raids of Huáscar">Huáscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Antofagasta" title="First Battle of Antofagasta">1st Antofagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Iquique" title="Second Battle of Iquique">3rd Iquique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_steamer_R%C3%ADmac" title="Capture of the steamer Rímac">Rímac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Antofagasta" title="Second Battle of Antofagasta">2nd Antofagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_to_Punta_Arenas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid to Punta Arenas (page does not exist)">Punta Arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos" title="Battle of Angamos">Angamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_corvette_Pilcomayo" title="Capture of the corvette Pilcomayo">Pilcomayo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Arica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Arica (page does not exist)">Arica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Arica" title="Naval Battle of Arica">Naval Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_the_Blockade_of_Arica" title="Rupture of the Blockade of Arica">Rupture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Callao" title="Blockade of Callao">2nd Callao</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Land_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Land campaign of the War of the Pacific">Land campaigns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antofagasta_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antofagasta campaign (page does not exist)">Loa Line and Altiplano campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Top%C3%A1ter" title="Battle of Topáter">Calama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Grande" title="Battle of Río Grande">Río Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quillagua" title="Battle of Quillagua">Quillagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tambillo" title="Battle of Tambillo">Tambillo</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_campaign" title="Tarapacá campaign">Tarapacá campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pisagua" title="Battle of Pisagua">Pisagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pampa_Germania" title="Battle of Pampa Germania">Pampa Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco" title="Battle of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Tarapacá">Tarapacá</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tacna_and_Arica_campaign" title="Tacna and Arica campaign">Tacna and Arica campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_at_Ilo_and_Pacocha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landing at Ilo and Pacocha (page does not exist)">Ilo and Pacocha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_to_Moquegua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid to Moquegua (page does not exist)">Moquegua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expedition_to_Mollendo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expedition to Mollendo (page does not exist)">Mollendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Battle of Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Locumba" title="Battle of Locumba">Locumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buenavista" title="Battle of Buenavista">Buenavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacna" title="Battle of Tacna">Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arica" title="Battle of Arica">Arica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Palca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palca (page does not exist)">Palca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tarata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tarata (page does not exist)">Tarata</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Lynch_Expedition" title="Lynch Expedition">Lynch Expedition</a> <a href="/wiki/Lima_campaign" title="Lima campaign">Lima campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_at_Chilca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landing at Chilca (page does not exist)">Chilca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yerba_Buena_(1880)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Yerba Buena (1880) (page does not exist)">Yerba Buena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bujama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bujama (page does not exist)">Bujama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Humay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Humay (page does not exist)">Humay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Manzano" title="Battle of El Manzano">El Manzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rinconada_de_Ate" title="Battle of La Rinconada de Ate">Rinconada de Ate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">San Juan and Chorrillos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Lima</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Chilean occupation of Peru</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Bre%C3%B1a_campaign" title="Breña campaign">Breña campaign</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Chilean_expedition_in_the_Sierra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Chilean expedition in the Sierra (page does not exist)">1881</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jer%C3%B3nimo" title="Battle of San Jerónimo">San Jerónimo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letelier_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letelier Expedition (page does not exist)">Letelier Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A1ngrar" title="Battle of Sángrar">Sángrar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Verrugas_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Verrugas Bridge (page does not exist)">Verrugas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Purhuay_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Purhuay Bridge (page does not exist)">1st Purhuay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Calientes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Calientes (page does not exist)">Calientes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Pach%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Pachía (page does not exist)">1st Pachía</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cieneguilla_(1881)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cieneguilla (1881) (page does not exist)">Cieneguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Motupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Motupe (page does not exist)">Motupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guadalupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guadalupe (page does not exist)">Guadalupe</a></li></ul> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Chilean_expedition_in_the_Sierra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Chilean expedition in the Sierra (page does not exist)">1882</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_La_Oroya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of La Oroya (page does not exist)">1st La Oroya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Pucar%C3%A1" title="First Battle of Pucará">1st Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Acuchimay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Acuchimay (page does not exist)">Acuchimay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Comas_(1882)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Comas (1882) (page does not exist)">Comas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Pazos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Pazos (page does not exist)">1st Pazos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Pazos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Pazos (page does not exist)">2nd Pazos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sierralumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sierralumi (page does not exist)">Sierralumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaripampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Huaripampa (page does not exist)">Huaripampa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huancan%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Huancaní (page does not exist)">Huancaní</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Caratupampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Caratupampa (page does not exist)">Caratupampa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Llocllapampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Llocllapampa (page does not exist)">Llocllapampa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sicaya_(1882)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sicaya (1882) (page does not exist)">Sicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chupaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chupaca (page does not exist)">Chupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Acostambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Acostambo (page does not exist)">Acostambo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battal_of_%C3%91ahuimpuquio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battal of Ñahuimpuquio (page does not exist)">Ñahuimpuquio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_La_Oroya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of La Oroya (page does not exist)">2nd La Oroya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Pucar%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Pucará (page does not exist)">2nd Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Battle of La Concepción">La Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Pablo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Pablo (page does not exist)">San Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tarmatambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tarmatambo (page does not exist)">Tarmatambo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Juan_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Juan Cruz (page does not exist)">San Juan Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Tambo_de_Mora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Tambo de Mora (page does not exist)">1st Tambo de Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Sunampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Sunampe (page does not exist)">1st Sunampe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Chincha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Chincha (page does not exist)">1st Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Tambo_de_Mora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Tambo de Mora (page does not exist)">2nd Tambo de Mora</a></li></ul> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Chilean_expedition_in_the_Sierra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Chilean expedition in the Sierra (page does not exist)">1883</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ca%C3%B1ete_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cañete (1883) (page does not exist)">Cañete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Sunampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Sunampe (page does not exist)">2nd Sunampe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Chincha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Chincha (page does not exist)">2nd Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lar%C3%A1n_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Larán (1883) (page does not exist)">Larán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Conta_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Conta (1883) (page does not exist)">Conta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ungat%C3%A1_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ungatá (1883) (page does not exist)">Ungatá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Topar%C3%A1_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Topará (1883) (page does not exist)">Toprará</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Purhuay_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Purhuay Bridge (page does not exist)">2nd Purhuay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huamantanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Huamantanga (page does not exist)">Huamantanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pampa_Blanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pampa Blanca (page does not exist)">Pampa Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossing_of_the_Andes_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossing of the Andes (1883) (page does not exist)">Crossing of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huamachuco" title="Battle of Huamachuco">Huamachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Izcuchaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Izcuchaca (page does not exist)">Izcuchaca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Pach%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Pachía (page does not exist)">2nd Pachía</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coar%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Coarí (page does not exist)">Coarí</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mirave_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mirave (1883) (page does not exist)">Mirave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of Arequipa (page does not exist)">Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_patrol_of_Lake_Titicaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean patrol of Lake Titicaca (page does not exist)">Titicaca Lake</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The War of the Pacific (Spanish: Guerra del Pacífico), also known by <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Etymology">multiple other names</a>, was a war between <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Defensive_Alliance_(Bolivia%E2%80%93Peru)" title="Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)">Bolivian–Peruvian alliance</a> from 1879 to 1884. Fought over <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert_border_dispute" title="Atacama Desert border dispute">Chilean claims</a> on <a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">coastal Bolivian territory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. The direct cause of the war was a <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> taxation dispute between Bolivia and Chile, with Peru being drawn in due to its secret alliance with Bolivia. Some historians have pointed to deeper origins of the war, such as the interest of Chile and Peru in the nitrate business, a long-standing rivalry between Chile and Peru for regional hegemony, as well as the political and economical disparities between the stability of Chile and the volatility of Peru and Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-10">[A]</a> In February 1878, Bolivia increased taxes on the Chilean mining company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Salitres_y_Ferrocarril_de_Antofagasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta (page does not exist)">Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Salitres_y_Ferrocarril_de_Antofagasta" class="extiw" title="es:Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta">es</a>] (CSFA), in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1874_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1874</a> which established the border between both countries and prohibited tax increases for mining. Chile protested the violation of the treaty and requested international arbitration, but the Bolivian government, presided by <a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a>, considered this an internal issue subject to the jurisdiction of the Bolivian courts. Chile insisted that the breach of the treaty would mean that the territorial borders denoted in it were no longer settled. Despite this, Hilarión Daza rescinded the license of the Chilean company, seized its assets and put it up for auction. On the day of the auction, 14 February 1879, Chile's armed forces occupied without resistance the Bolivian port city of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, which was mostly inhabited by Chilean miners. War was declared between Bolivia and Chile on 1 March 1879, and between Chile and Peru on 5 April 1879. Battles were fought on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, in the Atacama Desert, the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru#The_Pacific_coastal_desert" title="Climate of Peru">Peruvian deserts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">mountainous interior</a> of Peru. For the first five months, the war played out in a <a href="/wiki/Naval_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific">naval campaign</a>, as Chile struggled to establish a marine resupply corridor for its forces in the world's driest desert. Afterwards, Chile's <a href="/wiki/Land_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Land campaign of the War of the Pacific">land campaign</a> overcame the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian army">Bolivian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian army">Peruvian</a> armies. Bolivia withdrew after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacna" title="Battle of Tacna">Battle of Tacna</a>, on 26 May 1880, leaving allied Peru fighting alone for most of the war. Chilean forces occupied Peru's capital <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in January 1881. Remnants and <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian army</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> but could not prevent war-weary Peruvian factions from reaching a peace deal with Chile involving territorial cessions. Chile and Peru signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Treaty of Ancón</a> on 20 October 1883. Bolivia signed a <a href="/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> with Chile in 1884. Chile acquired the Peruvian territory of <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Department_(Peru)" title="Tarapacá Department (Peru)">Tarapacá</a>, the disputed Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">department of Litoral</a> (turning Bolivia into a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>), and temporary control over the Peruvian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Tacna_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacna Province">Tacna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arica_Province_(Peru)" title="Arica Province (Peru)">Arica</a>. In 1904, Chile and Bolivia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)">Treaty of Peace and Friendship</a>, which established definite boundaries. The 1929 <a href="/wiki/Tacna%E2%80%93Arica_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacna–Arica compromise">Tacna–Arica compromise</a> gave Arica to Chile and Tacna to Peru. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico,_en_1879..jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg/220px-Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg/330px-Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg/440px-Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_hombres_muertos_en_el_campo_de_La_Alianza_durante_la_Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_en_1879..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Chilean lieutenant Solo Zaldívar and two soldiers burying three Bolivian soldiers after the Battle of Tacna. The elevation behind them is also a burial ground of victims.</figcaption></figure> The conflict is also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Saltpeter</a> War", the "Ten Cents War" (in reference to the controversial ten-<a href="/wiki/Centavo" title="Centavo">centavo</a> tax imposed by the Bolivian government), the "Nitrate War",<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and the "Second Pacific War".<a href="#cite_note-Resende-Santos2007-12">[11]</a> It is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Saltpeter_War_(Mexico)" title="Saltpeter War (Mexico)">Saltpeter War</a>, in what is now Mexico, nor the "Guano War" as the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a> is sometimes named.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The war largely settled (or set up, depending on one's point of view) the "Tacna-Arica dispute" or "Tacna-Arica controversy",<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> and is sometimes known by that name as well, although the details took decades to resolve. <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Wanu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: guano) is a <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> word for fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> (ordinary saltpeter) and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (Chile saltpeter) are nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as salpeter, saltpetre, salitre, caliche, or nitrate. They are used as fertilizer, but have other important uses. Saltpeter is used to make gunpowder. <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Region" title="Atacama Region">Atacama</a> is a Chilean region south of the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, which mostly coincides with the disputed Antofagasta province, known in Bolivia as <a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Litoral</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_(1825_-_1879).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg/300px-Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg/450px-Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg/600px-Atacama_Desert_Dispute_between_Bolivia_and_Chile_%281825_-_1879%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert_border_dispute" title="Atacama Desert border dispute">Atacama Desert border dispute</a> between Bolivia and Chile (1825–1879)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa,_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_(1793)_(Editado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg/220px-L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg/330px-L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg/440px-L%C3%ADmite_entre_Chile_y_Per%C3%BA_en_el_r%C3%ADo_Loa%2C_Plano_General_del_Reyno_de_Chile_en_la_Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional_de_Andr%C3%A9s_Baleato_%281793%29_%28Editado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2918" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>1793 Map of Andrés Baleato showing Peru and Chile's border inside the Spanish Empire.</figcaption></figure> When most of South America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the 19th century the demarcation of frontiers was uncertain, particularly in remote, thinly populated portions of the newly independent nations. Bolivia and Chile's <a href="/wiki/Atacama_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama border dispute">Atacama border dispute</a>, in the coastal territories between approximately the 23° and 24° South parallels, was just one of several longstanding border conflicts that arose in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Kacowicz1998-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cobija,_Chile" title="Cobija, Chile">Cobija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paposo" title="Paposo">Paposo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mejillones" title="Mejillones">Mejillones</a> and the territory of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a> appears on a 1793 map of Andrés Baleato and the 1799 map of the Spanish Navy as inside the jurisdiction of Chile, pointing out the <a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Loa River</a> as an internal limit of the Spanish Empire between Chile and Peru, leaving Charcas without sea access.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The dry climate of the Peruvian and Bolivian coasts had permitted the accumulation and preservation of vast amounts of high-quality <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> deposits and sodium nitrate. In the 1840s, Europeans knew the value of guano and nitrate as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> and the role of saltpeter in explosives. The Atacama Desert became economically important. Bolivia, Chile, and Peru were in the area of the largest reserves of a resource demanded by the world. During the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a> (1864–1866), Spain, under Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a>, attempted to exploit an incident involving Spanish citizens in Peru to re-establish its influence over the guano-rich <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands" title="Chincha Islands">Chincha Islands</a>. Starting from the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> in the 1830s, the Atacama was prospected and populated by Chileans.<a href="#cite_note-ChSI-20">[19]</a> Chilean and foreign enterprises in the region eventually extended their control to the Peruvian saltpeter works. In the Peruvian region of <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Province_(Peru)" title="Tarapacá Province (Peru)">Tarapacá</a>, Peruvians were a minority, behind both Chileans and Bolivians.<a href="#cite_note-Vergara-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_Treaty_of_1866">Boundary Treaty of 1866</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boundary Treaty of 1866">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1866_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia</a></div> Bolivia and Chile negotiated the "Boundary Treaty of 1866," or the "Treaty of Mutual Benefits," which established 24° S "from the littoral of the Pacific to the eastern limits of Chile" as the mutual boundary. Both countries also agreed to share the tax revenue from mineral exports from the territory between 23° and 25° S. The bipartite tax collecting caused discontent, and the treaty lasted for only eight years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_Treaty_of_Alliance_of_1873">Secret Treaty of Alliance of 1873</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secret Treaty of Alliance of 1873">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty_of_alliance_between_Peru_and_Bolivia_of_1873" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873">Secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873</a></div> In February 1873, Peru and Bolivia signed a <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty_of_alliance_between_Peru_and_Bolivia_of_1873" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873">secret treaty of alliance</a> against Chile.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The last clause kept it secret as long as both parties considered its publication unnecessary, until it was revealed in 1879. <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, long involved in a dispute with Chile over the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, was secretly invited to join the pact, and in September 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentine Chamber of Deputies</a> approved the treaty and 6,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a> for war preparations.<a href="#cite_note-escude-23">[22]</a> Eventually, Argentina and Bolivia did not agree on the territories of <a href="/wiki/Tarija" title="Tarija">Tarija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Chaco</a>, and Argentina also feared an alliance of Chile with Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentine Senate</a> postponed and then rejected the approval, but in 1875 and 1877, after border disputes with Chile flared up anew, Argentina sought to join the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> At the onset of the war, in a renewed attempt, Peru offered Argentina the Chilean territories from 24° to 27° S if Argentina adhered to the pact and fought in the war.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orrego1992-26">[25]</a> Historians including G. Bulnes,<a href="#cite_note-s1-27">[26]</a> Basadre,<a href="#cite_note-s2-28">[27]</a> and Yrigoyen<a href="#cite_note-s3-29">[28]</a> agree that the real intention of the treaty was to compel Chile to modify its borders according to the geopolitical interests of Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia, as Chile was militarily weak before the arrival of the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Almirante_Cochrane" title="Chilean ironclad Almirante Cochrane">Almirante Cochrane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada">Blanco Encalada</a>. Chile was not informed about the pact until it learned of it, at first cursorily by a leak in the Argentine Congress in September 1873, when the Argentine Senate discussed the invitation to join the Peru-Bolivia alliance.<a href="#cite_note-escude-23">[22]</a> The Peruvian mediator Antonio de Lavalle stated in his memoirs that he did not learn of it until March 1879, and Hilarion Daza was not informed of the pact until December 1878.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The Peruvian historian Basadre states that one of Peru's reasons for signing the treaty was to impede a Chilean-Bolivian alliance against Peru that would have given to Bolivia the region of Arica (almost all Bolivian commerce went through Peruvian ports of Arica before the war) and transferred Antofagasta to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Basadre_1964_Chapter_1,_Significado_del_tratado_de_la_alianza-31">[30]</a> The Chilean offers to Bolivia to change allegiance were made several times even during the war<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and also from the Bolivian side at least six times.<a href="#cite_note-Basadre_1964_Chapter_1,_Significado_del_tratado_de_la_alianza-31">[30]</a> On 26 December 1874, the recently built <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Almirante_Cochrane" title="Chilean ironclad Almirante Cochrane">Cochrane</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> and remained in Chile until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada">Blanco Encalada</a>. That threw the balance of power in the South Pacific toward Chile.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Historians disagree on how to interpret the treaty. Some Peruvian and Bolivian historians assess it as rightful, defensive, circumstantial, and known by Chile from the very onset. Conversely, some Chilean historians assess the treaty as aggressive against Chile, causing the war, designed to take control by Peru of the Bolivian nitrate and hidden from Chile. The reasons for its secrecy, its invitation to Argentina to join the pact, and Peru's refusal to remain neutral are still discussed.<a href="#cite_note-CruzCavallo1981-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_Treaty_of_1874">Boundary Treaty of 1874</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boundary Treaty of 1874">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1874_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia</a></div> In 1874, Chile and Bolivia replaced the 1866 boundary treaty by keeping the boundary at 24° S but granting Bolivia the authority to collect all tax revenue between 23° and 24° S. To compensate for the relinquishment of its rights, Chile received a 25-year guarantee against tax increases on Chilean commercial interests and their exports. Article 4 explicitly forbade tax increases on Chilean enterprises for 25 years: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The duties of exportation that may be levied on minerals exploited in the zone referred to in the preceding articles shall not exceed those now in force, and Chilean citizens, industry, and capital shall not be subjected to any other contributions what ever except those now existing. The stipulations in this article shall last for twenty-five years.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 4, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1874_Boundary_Treaty_between_Bolivia_and_Chile" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1874 Boundary Treaty between Bolivia and Chile">Chile-Bolivia Boundary Treaty of 1874</a></cite></div></blockquote> All disputes arising under the treaty would be settled by arbitration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_war">Causes of war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes of war">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (January 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_1879.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/220px-South_America_1879.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/330px-South_America_1879.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/440px-South_America_1879.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>All <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial claims</a> by Chile in 1879</figcaption></figure> The historian William F. Sater gives several possible and compatible reasons for the war.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_37-35">[34]</a> He considers the causes to be domestic, economic, and geopolitical. Several authors agree with them, but others only partially support his arguments. Some historians argue that Chile was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">economic crisis of the 1870s</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-36">[35]</a> and was looking for a replacement for its silver, copper and wheat exports.<a href="#cite_note-salazarpinto25-29-37">[36]</a> It has been argued that the economic situation and the view of new wealth in nitrate were the true reasons for the Chilean elite to go to war against Peru and Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-salazarpinto25-29-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The holder of the Chilean nitrate companies, according to Sater, "bulldozed" Chilean President Aníbal Pinto into declaring war to protect the owner of the Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta (CSFA) and then to seize Bolivia's and Peru's salitreras (saltpeter works). Several members of the Chilean government were shareholders of CSFA, and they are believed to have hired the services of one of the country's newspapers to push their case.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_37-35">[34]</a> Another US American historian, David Healy,<a href="#cite_note-Healy2001-39">[38]</a> rejects that thesis, and Fredrick B. Pike calls the allegation "absurd."<a href="#cite_note-Pike-40">[39]</a> The economic development that accompanied and followed the war was so remarkable that Marxist writers feel justified in alleging that Chile's great military adventure was instigated by self-seeking capitalists to bring their country out of the business stagnation that had begun in 1878 since the war provided Chile with the economic means to come of age. Sater states that that interpretation overlooks certain important facts. The Chilean investors in Bolivia correctly feared that Daza, the Bolivian dictator, would use the war as an excuse to expropriate their investments. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Melchor_de_Concha_y_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchor de Concha y Toro">Melchor de Concha y Toro</a>, the politically powerful president of Chile's <a href="/wiki/Camara_de_Diputados_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Camara de Diputados de Chile">Camara de Diputados</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Urmeneta" class="extiw" title="es:Jerónimo Urmeneta">Jerónimo Urmeneta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-M.Rubilar-41">[40]</a>: 105  and Lorenzo Claro, a Chilean founder of the Banco de Bolivia and a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Chile,_1857%E2%80%931933)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party (Chile, 1857–1933)">National Party</a>. A Santiago newspaper claimed that Melchor de Concha y Toro offered President Pinto 2,000,000 Chilean pesos to end the dispute and to return to the 1874 border. "In other words," writes W. Sater, "there were as many powerful interests opposed to helping the Compañía de Salitres as there were those seeking to aid the corporation."<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Also, B. Farcau objects to the argument: "On the other hand, the sorry state of the Chilean armed forces at the outbreak of the war, as will be discussed in the following chapter, hardly supports a theory of conscious, premeditated aggression."<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_45-43">[42]</a> Sater cites other sources that state that the true causes of the conflict were not economic but geopolitical, a struggle for control of the southeastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. In 1836 the Peruvian government tried to monopolize commerce in the South Pacific by rewarding ships that sailed directly to Callao, to the detriment of Valparaíso.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Peru tried to impede the agreement that had been reached between Spain and Chile to free its new warships built and embargoed in Britain during the Chincha Islands War. Sater cites Germany's minister in Chile, who argued that the war with Peru and Bolivia would "have erupted sooner or later, [and] on any pretext." He considered that Bolivia and Peru had developed a "bitter envy" against Chile and its material progress and good government.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Frederik B. Pike states: "The fundamental cause for the eruption of hostilities was the mounting power and prestige and the economic and political stability of Chile, on one hand, and the weakness and the political and economic deterioration of Bolivia, on the other.... The war—and its outcome—was as inevitable as the 1846—1848 conflict between the United States and Mexico. In both instances, a relatively well-governed, energetic, and economically expanding nation had been irresistibly tempted by neighboring territories that were underdeveloped, malgoverned, and sparsely occupied."<a href="#cite_note-Pike1977-46">[45]</a>: 128  Another reason, according to Sater, was Peru's desire to monopolize and appropriate the nitrate works to strengthen its nitrate monopoly, which required the Bolivian and Chilean salitreras to be controlled by Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-47">[46]</a> As unenviable as Chile’s situation was in the 1870s, that of Peru was much worse. The 1870s was for Peru's economy "a decade of crisis and change".<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill-48">[47]</a> Nitrate extraction rose while guano exports, the source of substantial revenue for Peru, declined from 575,000 tons in 1869 to less than 350,000 tons in 1873, and the Chincha Islands and other guano islands were depleted or nearly so.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill-48">[47]</a> William Edmundson writes in A History of the British Presence in Chile,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> "Peru has its own reasons to enter the dispute. Rory Miller (1993) argues that the depletion of guano resources and poor management of the economy in Peru had provoked a crisis. This has caused Peru to default on its external debt in 1876.... In that year [1875] the Peruvian government decided to procure a loan of seven millions pounds of which four millions pounds were earmarked to purchase privately owned oficinas [salitreras]... and Peru defaulted again in 1877." To increase guano revenue, Peru created a monopoly on nitrate commerce in 1875. Its aims were to increase prices, curb exports and to impede competition, but most larger nitrate firms opposed the monopoly on sales of nitrate.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill-48">[47]</a> When they were unsuccessful, Peru in 1876 began to expropriate nitrate producers<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and to buy nitrate concessions such as that of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Meiggs" title="Henry Meiggs">Henry Meiggs</a> in Bolivia ("Toco", south of the <a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Loa River</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill-48">[47]</a> However, the CSFA was too expensive to be purchased.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> As Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes states, the Bolivian salitreras needed to be controlled, which resulted in the internationalization of the conflict since they were owned by Chilean and European merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-47">[46]</a> As the Chilean company was to be auctioned on 14 February 1879, in Antofagasta, it was considered that the Peruvian consul would be the highest bidder.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> However, some sources, according to Sater, see the declarations of war between Chile and Peru as a product of popular domestic forces. The Peruvian President had to declare war to keep his position. Sater cites the British minister in Lima, Spencer St. John: "the rival parties may try to make political capital out of jealousy for the national honor, and His Excellency [Peruvian President Prado] may be forced to give way to the popular sentiment."<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Chilean President Pinto was under similar pressures.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_40-54">[53]</a> Bruce Farcau considers that to be the main cause for the war outbreak: "The argument that the attitude of the peoples of the region was just ripe for war seems best to fit the bill."<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_45-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis">Crisis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_Cents'_Tax">Ten Cents' Tax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ten Cents' Tax">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>License of 27 November 1873</dt></dl> Beginning in 1866, the Chilean entrepreneurs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Ossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Santos Ossa (page does not exist)">José Santos Ossa</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Ossa" class="extiw" title="es:José Santos Ossa">es</a>] and Francisco Puelma exploited deposits of sodium nitrate in Bolivian territory (the salitreras named "Las Salinas" and "Carmen Alto", 122 kilometres (76 mi) and 128 kilometres (80 mi) from Antofagasta, respectively) and secured concessions from Bolivian President <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Mariano Melgarejo">Mariano Melgarejo</a>. In 1868, a company named Compañía Melbourne Clark was established in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, Chile,<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_31-55">[54]</a> with 34% British capital<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gibbs_%26_Sons" title="Antony Gibbs & Sons">Antony Gibbs & Sons</a> of London, which also held shares of salitreras in Peru. Its shareholders included a number of leading Chilean politicians.<a href="#cite_note-Collier1996-57">[56]</a> The company obtained a license from the Melgarejo administration to construct a railroad from Antofagasta to Salinas, and was renamed Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta (CSFA). In 1871, a new Bolivian government canceled all contracts signed by Melgarejo, but on 22 November 1872, a Bolivian decree allowed the government to renegotiate the contracts. On 27 November 1873, CSFA obtained a license from the new administration in Bolivia to exploit saltpeter without duty for 15 years, but a dispute arose regarding whether the original 1872 decree, under which the 1873 license was issued, required the authorization of the Bolivian Congress.<a href="#cite_note-58">[B]</a> Some lawyers placed emphasis on con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura (Spanish for: "to be considered during the next legislative session [of the parliament]"), but others on sólo en los casos de no avenimiento (Spanish for "only in cases that no settlement [is reached]"). <dl><dt>Peruvian monopoly of saltpeter</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nitrate_monopoly" title="Peruvian nitrate monopoly">Peruvian nitrate monopoly</a></div> In 1873, the Peruvian government dictated the Ley del estanco del salitre, which limited the saltpeter production and authorized the government to purchase the whole production to a fixed price. However, the plan failed, and the law was repealed. In 1875, the Peruvian government expropriated the salitreras of Tarapacá to create a monopoly in guano and nitrate, and in 1876, Antony Gibbs & Sons became the consignee of the nitrate trade for the Peruvian government.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Mariano Ignacio Prado</a> was "determined to complete the monopoly," and in 1876, Peru bought the nitrate licenses for "El Toco" auctioned by a Bolivian decree of 13 January 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Ravest-60">[58]</a> However, the Chilean company remained the most serious competitor and clearly weakened Peru's monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> President Pardo, Prado's predecessor, had urged Gibbs to secure the monopoly by limiting the CSFA's output,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hucks_Gibbs,_1st_Baron_Aldenham" title="Hucks Gibbs, 1st Baron Aldenham">Henry Gibbs</a> had warned the CSFA's board of directors in a letter on 16 April 1878, that its refusal to limit its output would bring administrative trouble with Peru and Bolivia "as it is made more and more to the interest of a neighboring Government that they should be so."<a href="#cite_note-Ravest-60">[58]</a> Gibbs made repeated unsuccessful efforts in 1876 and 1877 to persuade Edwards, the Chilean majority shareholder, to accept a limit to its production.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The historian Ronald Bruce St. John in Foreign Policy of Peru states,<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy_of_Peru-65">[63]</a> "Although persuasive evidence linking Peru to either the ten-centavo tax or Bolivia's decision to confiscate Chilean holdings in Antofagasta never surfaced, it must be recognized that Peruvian interests had deep-seated economical and political reasons for going to war." <dl><dt>Tax and Chilean refusal</dt></dl> In 1875, the city of Antofagasta had attempted to impose a 3 cents tax on the CSFA, but the Bolivian State Council (Consejo de Estado), headed by Serapio Reyes Ortiz, who would be Minister of Foreign Affairs during the crisis, rejected the tax because it violated the license of 1873 and the Boundary Treaty of 1874.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> On 14 February 1878, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Bolivia">National Congress of Bolivia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Constituent Assembly">National Constituent Assembly</a> approved the 1873 license if the company paid a 10 cents per <a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintal</a> tax,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> but the company objected by citing the 1874 treaty that the increased payments were illegal and demanded an intervention from the Chilean government.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_28-68">[66]</a> The CSFA's directory board perceived the tax as a Peruvian move to displace Chileans from the nitrate production, as had occurred in Tarapacá in 1875 when the Peruvian government expropriated the salitreras.<a href="#cite_note-10ct-69">[67]</a> Having surrendered its claim to the disputed territories in return for a Bolivian promise to avoid increasing the tax,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Chile claimed that the treaty did not allow for such a tax hike.<a href="#cite_note-Collier1996-57">[56]</a> Bolivia suspended the tax in April 1878. In November, Chile proposed mediation and cautioned that Daza's refusal to cancel the tax would force Chile to declare null the 1874 treaty. In December 1878, Bolivia, counting on its military alliance with Peru, challenged Chile, stated the tax was unrelated to the treaty and that the claim of the CSFA should be addressed in Bolivian courts, and revived the tax.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_31-55">[54]</a> When the company refused to pay the tax, Bolivia confiscated its property on 11 February and threatened to sell it on 14 February to liquidate the company's debt.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_invasion_of_Antofagasta">Chilean invasion of Antofagasta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chilean invasion of Antofagasta">edit</a>]</div> In December 1878, Chile had dispatched a warship to the area. On 6 February, the Bolivian government nullified the CSFA's exploitation license and confiscated the property. The news reached Valparaíso on 11 February and so the Chilean government decided on the occupation of the region of Antofagasta south of 23° South.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> On the day of the planned auction, 200 Chilean soldiers arrived by ship at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a> and seized it without resistance. The occupying forces received widespread support from the local population, 93–95% of which was Chilean.<a href="#cite_note-Edmundson-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The Bolivian territory between 23° South and the Loa River, the border with Peru, remained unoccupied by Chilean forces almost one month after the Bolivian declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> On 21 March, <a href="/wiki/Cobija,_Chile" title="Cobija, Chile">Cobija</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Calama,_Chile" title="Calama, Chile">Calama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocopilla" title="Tocopilla">Tocopilla</a>, and other hamlets were occupied. The Chilean government asked the Bolivian office-holders to remain in office, but they refused.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peruvian_mediation_and_Bolivian_declaration_of_war">Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/War_of_the_Pacific" title="Special:EditPage/War of the Pacific">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Martiniano Urriola, with kepi, the commander of the occupation of Ayacucho in 1883, and Marcos Maturana, with poncho, the general chief of staff chief of the Expeditionary Army during the Lima Campaign; they view the dead bodies of a Peruvian gun crew after the Battle of Chorrillos.</figcaption></figure> On 22 February, Peru sent a diplomatic team headed by José Antonio de Lavalle to Santiago to act as a mediator between the Chilean and the Bolivian governments. Peru meanwhile ordered its fleet and army to prepare for war.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_37-35">[34]</a> De Lavalle arrived in Valparaíso on 4 March. On 27 February, Daza had made a public manifesto to inform the Bolivians on the occupation of Antofagasta and to call for patriotic support. The same day, the Bolivian legislature authorized a formal <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> upon Chile although it was not immediately announced. On 1 March, Daza issued instead a decree to prohibit all commerce and communications with Chile "while the state-of-war provoked upon Bolivia lasts." It provided Chileans ten days to leave Bolivian territory unless they were gravely ill or handicapped and embargoed Chilean furniture, property, and mining produce; allowed Chilean mining companies to continue operating under a government-appointed administrator; and provided all embargoes as temporary "unless the hostilities exercised by Chilean forces requires an energetic retaliation from Bolivia." In Santiago, Lavalle asked for Chile's withdrawal from Antofagasta to transfer the province to a tripartite administration of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru without Bolivia guaranteeing to end the embargo or to cancel the new tax.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> On 14 March, in a meeting with foreign powers in Lima, Bolivia announced that a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">state of war</a> existed with Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_28-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The declaration was aimed to impede further Chilean arms purchases in Europe and to scuttle the Peruvian mediation in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Bolivia called on Peru to activate the treaty of alliance arguing that Chile's invasion was a <a href="/wiki/Casus_foederis" title="Casus foederis">casus foederis</a>. Also on 14 March, Alejandro Fierro, Chile's minister of foreign affairs, sent a telegram to Chile's representative in Lima, Joaquin Godoy, to request the immediate neutrality of the Peruvian government. On March 17, Godoy formally presented the Chilean proposal in a meeting with Peruvian President Prado.<a href="#cite_note-causesofwar-81">[79]</a>: 147ff  On 21 March, Godoy telegraphed the Chilean government on the secret treaty between Peru and Bolivia, which had been revealed to him by Peruvian President Prado.<a href="#cite_note-causesofwar-81">[79]</a>: 154ff  On 23 March, on their way to occupy Calama, 554 Chilean troops and cavalry defeated 135 Bolivian soldiers and civilians, who were dug in at two destroyed bridges next to the Topáter ford. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Top%C3%A1ter" title="Battle of Topáter">Battle of Topáter</a> was the first battle of the war. When the Chilean government asked Lavalle directly and officially whether a defensive alliance existed that committed Peru to assist Bolivia in a war with Chile and whether Lima planned to honor the agreement, Lavalle could prevaricate no longer and answered yes to both. Chilean President Pinto sought and received legislative approval to declare war, which he did on 5 April 1879.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_37-35">[34]</a> Peru responded on 6 April, when Prado declared the casus foederis.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Chileans_from_Bolivia_and_Peru_in_1879" title="Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879">Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forces">Forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg/220px-11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg/330px-11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg/440px-11_mm_Gras_%26_Chassepot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>A metallic <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">brass cartridge</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Fusil_Gras_mle_1874" title="Fusil Gras mle 1874">Fusil Gras mle 1874</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridge</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Chassepot" title="Chassepot">Chassepot</a> rifle. The brass cartridge avoided the smoke and ashes of the self-consuming paper cartridge.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="float: right; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right; font-style:italic; font-size:70%; width:470px;"> <caption>Army forces </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Chile </th> <th scope="col">Perú </th> <th scope="col">Bolivia </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td colspan="3" align="left">January 1879, before the war </td></tr> <tr> <td width="33%">2,440<a href="#cite_note-83">[n 1]</a> </td> <td width="33%">5,557<a href="#cite_note-84">[n 2]</a> </td> <td width="33%">1,687<a href="#cite_note-85">[n 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td colspan="3" align="left">January 1881, before occupation of Lima </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>ante Lima: 27,000<a href="#cite_note-Sater263-86">[n 4]</a> </td> <td>Army of Lima: 25–35,000<a href="#cite_note-87">[n 5]</a> </td> <td>In Bolivia: </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Tarapacá & Antofagasta: 8,000<a href="#cite_note-Sater263-86">[n 4]</a> </td> <td>In Arequipa: 13,000<a href="#cite_note-88">[n 6]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>In Chile: 6,000<a href="#cite_note-Sater263-86">[n 4]</a> </td> <td>Army of the North: (Added to Lima) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 58 Table 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 45 Table 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 51 Table 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater263-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater263_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater263_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater263_86-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMachuca2012" class="citation book cs1">Machuca, Francisco (24 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/librod/docs/machuca__francisco_-_3las_cuatro_campa_as_de_la_gu">Las cuatro campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico</a>. p. 341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+cuatro+campa%C3%B1as+de+la+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.pages=341&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.aulast=Machuca&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Flibrod%2Fdocs%2Fmachuca__francisco_-_3las_cuatro_campa_as_de_la_gu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Other authors give other figures, see Valentina Verbal Stockmayer, p. 153</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="float: right; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right; font-style:italic; font-size:70%; width:470px;"> <caption>Artillery<a href="#cite_note-Sater6467-89">[F 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Model</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Caliber mm</th> <th>Weight kg</th> <th>Distance m</th> <th>Projectile kg </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left">Chile </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krupp Mountain Gun M1873 L/21</td> <td>12–16</td> <td>60</td> <td>107</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krupp Field Gun M1867 L/25</td> <td>?</td> <td>78.5</td> <td>?</td> <td>3000</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krupp Mountain Gun M1879 L/13</td> <td>38</td> <td>75</td> <td>100</td> <td>3000</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krupp Mountain Gun M1879-80 L/24</td> <td>24</td> <td>87</td> <td>305</td> <td>4600</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8_cm_Kanone_C/80" title="8 cm Kanone C/80">Krupp Field Gun M1880 L/27</a></td> <td>29</td> <td>75</td> <td>100</td> <td>4800</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9_cm_Kanone_C/73" title="9 cm Kanone C/73">Krupp Field Gun M1873 L/24</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>88</td> <td>450</td> <td>4800</td> <td>6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armstrong Bronze M1880</td> <td>6</td> <td>66</td> <td>250</td> <td>4500</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model 59 Emperador</td> <td>12</td> <td>87</td> <td>?</td> <td>323</td> <td>11.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Hitte Field Gun M1858</td> <td>4</td> <td>84</td> <td>?</td> <td>342</td> <td>4.035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Hitte Mountain Gun M1858</td> <td>8</td> <td>86.5</td> <td>?</td> <td>225</td> <td>4035 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left">Perú </td></tr> <tr> <td>White Gun (Mountain)<a href="#cite_note-90">[F 2]</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>55</td> <td>?</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White Gun (Field)</td> <td>49</td> <td>55</td> <td>?</td> <td>3800</td> <td>2.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grieve Steel<a href="#cite_note-Sater6467-89">[F 1]</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>60</td> <td>107</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left">Bolivia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krupp Mountain Gun M1872 L/21</td> <td>6</td> <td>60</td> <td>107</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sater6467-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater6467_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater6467_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 64–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> White and Grieve guns were developed and produced in Peru during the war </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Historians agree that the belligerents were not prepared for the war financially or militarily.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> None of the three nations had a <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_24-92">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">medical corps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a><a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_24-92">[82]</a> and their warships were in a deplorable state.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> In Chile, for example, the military contingent had been reduced continuously from 3,776 (by 1867) to 2,400 (by 1879) men,<a href="#cite_note-Verbal-95">[85]</a>: 140  and no military unit was deployed north of Valparaíso, 1700 km south of Iquique.<a href="#cite_note-Verbal-95">[85]</a>: 143  By the end of the war, 53% of chief engineers serving in Chilean warships were foreigners. The government of Peru was again in default of payment, and in Bolivia, famine spread over the country. According to William Sater, Chile and Peru enlisted temporarily 2% of the male population but Bolivia only 1%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacna" title="Battle of Tacna">Battle of Tacna</a>, both of the Allied armies were disbanded and had to be formed again. The Allied forces, at first glance, had some advantages over the Chilean forces. Their population and armies doubled the Chileans in numbers, and the Peruvian port of Callao's powerful artillery was impregnable for the Chilean navy and a secure haven for the Peruvian navy. In Callao, an English company offered the service of a floating dock for ships up to 3000 tonnes, and the Peruvian government used it to repair their ships at the outset of the war.<a href="#cite_note-eme-97">[87]</a>: 119  Those are some reasons that led the international press to expect a Chilean defeat as the war started.<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-stjohn-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> Moreover, the ambivalent Argentine position and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Mapuche conflict</a> overshadowed the Chilean perspective.<a href="#cite_note-stjohn-99">[89]</a>: 109  <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Basadre" title="Jorge Basadre">Jorge Basadre</a> commented on the public opinion in Peru and Bolivia: "They ignored the real power of Chile and the horrors of war, and simple minded people believed that the Allied would win the war because they together were bigger than Chile."<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> However, other observers<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> made a more in-depth analysis, which showed Chilean political and military advantages. Chile had a stable political system since 1833 that had developed and strengthened its institutions. The Chilean army and the navy had educated officers,<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> soldiers with professional experience in the Mapuche conflict,<a href="#cite_note-eme-97">[87]</a>: 43  and uniformly modern arms. Almost all Chilean soldiers were armed with <a href="/wiki/M1870_Belgian_Comblain" title="M1870 Belgian Comblain">Comblain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fusil_Gras_mle_1874" title="Fusil Gras mle 1874">Gras</a> rifles. The Chilean navy also possessed two new ironclads, which were invincible against the older Peruvian warships. Although there was interference between military and government over policy during the war, the primacy of the government was never questioned.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> The Chilean supply line from Europe through the Magellan Strait was only once threatened unsuccessfully by the Peruvian navy. The Allied armies were heavily involved in domestic politics and neglected their military duties, and poor planning and administration caused them to buy different rifles with different calibers. That hampered the instruction of conscripts, the maintenance of arms, and the supply of ammunition. The Peruvian navy warships manned before the war by Chilean sailors had to be replaced by foreign crews when the war began.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> Bolivia had no navy. The Allied armies had nothing comparable to the Chilean cavalry and artillery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_sea_control">Struggle for sea control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Struggle for sea control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Campaign of the War of the Pacific">Naval Campaign of the War of the Pacific</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdp.ops.en.400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gdp.ops.en.400.png/220px-Gdp.ops.en.400.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gdp.ops.en.400.png/330px-Gdp.ops.en.400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gdp.ops.en.400.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Almost all Chilean military operations began by landings. The exceptions were the operations in the Sierra.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/220px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/330px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/440px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Battle of Iquique</a></figcaption></figure> Its few roads and railroad lines made the nearly waterless and largely unpopulated Atacama Desert difficult to occupy. From the beginning, naval superiority was critical.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> Bolivia had no navy<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_57-107">[97]</a> and so on 26 March 1879, Hilarión Daza formally offered <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque</a> to any ships willing to fight for Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Armada de Chile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Marina de Guerra del Perú</a> fought the naval battles. Early on, Chile <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Iquique" title="Blockade of Iquique">blockaded</a> the Peruvian port of Iquique on 5 April.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Battle of Iquique</a>, on 21 May 1879, the Peruvian ironclad <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)" title="Huáscar (ironclad)">Huáscar</a> engaged and sank the wooden Esmeralda. Meanwhile, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Gruesa" title="Battle of Punta Gruesa">Battle of Punta Gruesa</a>, the Peruvian ironclad <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_ironclad_Independencia" title="Peruvian ironclad Independencia">Independencia</a> struck a submerged rock and sank in the shallow waters near Punta Gruesa while chasing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_schooner_Virgen_de_Covadonga" title="Spanish schooner Virgen de Covadonga">schooner Covadonga</a>. Peru broke the blockade of Iquique, and Chile lost the old Esmeralda, but the loss of the Independencia cost Peru 40% of its naval offensive power.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_137-110">[100]</a> It also made a strong impression upon military leaders in Argentina, and the possibility of Argentina's intervention in the war became far more remote.<a href="#cite_note-Burr1967-111">[101]</a> Despite being outnumbered, the Peruvian monitor Huáscar held off the Chilean Navy for six months and upheld Peru's morale during the early stages of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton1985-112">[102]</a>: 108  The <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_R%C3%ADmac" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the Rímac">capture of the steamship Rímac</a> on 23 July 1879, carrying a cavalry regiment (the Carabineros de Yungay) was the Chilean Army's largest loss until then.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> That led to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Counter_admiral" title="Counter admiral">Contraalmirante (Rear Admiral)</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams_Rebolledo" title="Juan Williams Rebolledo">Juan Williams Rebolledo</a>, the chief of the Chilean Navy, on 17 August. Commodore <a href="/wiki/Galvarino_Riveros_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas">Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas</a> replaced him and devised a plan to catch the Huáscar.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> Meanwhile, the Peruvian navy pursued other actions, particularly in August 1879 when the Unión unsuccessfully raided Punta Arenas, near the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, in an attempt to capture the British <a href="/wiki/Merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantmen">merchant ship</a> Gleneg, which was transporting weapons and supplies to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="float: right; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right; font-style:italic; font-size:70%; width:470px;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ships</a> of Chile and Peru at the beginning of the War of the Pacific<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warship</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">L.ton</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horse- power</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">Knots</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Iron_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron armor">Armor</a> (Inch) </th> <th scope="col">Main <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a> </th> <th scope="col">Built Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Chile </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chilean_battery_ship_Almirante_Cochrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean battery ship Almirante Cochrane">Cochrane</a> </th> <td>3,560 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>9–12.8 </td> <td>up to 9 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">6x9 Inch </td> <td>1874 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chilean_frigate_Blanco_Encalada_(1875)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean frigate Blanco Encalada (1875)">Blanco Encalada</a> </th> <td>3,560 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>9–12.8 </td> <td>up to 9 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">6x9 Inch </td> <td>1874 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Peru </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huáscar (ship)">Huascar</a> </th> <td>1,130 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>10–11 </td> <td>4½ </td> <td style="text-align: left;">2x300–pounders </td> <td>1865 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Independencia_(Peruvian_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independencia (Peruvian ship)">Independencia</a> </th> <td>2,004 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>12–13 </td> <td>4½ </td> <td style="text-align: left;">2x150–pounders </td> <td>1865 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos" title="Battle of Angamos">Battle of Angamos</a> proved decisive on 8 October 1879, and Peru was reduced almost exclusively to land forces.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117">[107]</a> In the battle, the Chilean Navy captured the Huáscar after several hours of fierce fighting, even though her surviving crewmen sought to scuttle her.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117">[107]</a> The Chilean Navy was thereafter free to carry troops for the invasion of Peru and to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating in the conflict areas. Chilean warships also had to impose a naval blockade of Peruvian ports and end the smuggling of arms from Panama into Peru via the Pacific. After the battle, despite the loss of both of Peru's main ships, the Peruvians used simple and ingenious ruses to sink two important Chilean ships, the Loa (July 1880) and the Covadonga (August 1880),<a href="#cite_note-VM-118">[108]</a> but its remaining vessels were locked in Callao during its long blockade by the Chileans. On the other hand, the Chilean Navy captured the ship Pilcomayo in November 1879 and the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific">torpedo boat Alay</a> in December 1880. When Lima fell after the Battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores, the Peruvian naval officers <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_Peruvian_fleet_in_El_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the Peruvian fleet in El Callao">scuttled their remaining fleet</a> to prevent its capture by the Chilean forces.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_296-119">[109]</a> During the Sierra campaign, Chilean ships were dedicated to guarding the Peruvian coast and transporting military detachments and war material for land operations. In November 1883, during the final phase of the war, the Chilean military command sent the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_torpedo_boat_Colo_Colo" title="Chilean torpedo boat Colo Colo">Chilean torpedo boat Colo Colo</a> to Lake Titicaca, via railroad, from <a href="/wiki/Mollendo" title="Mollendo">Mollendo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_patrol_of_Lake_Titicaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean patrol of Lake Titicaca (page does not exist)">control that lake</a>. The presence of the torpedo boat prevented communications through this route and its use for military purposes, and the Peruvian vessels that had taken refuge in the vicinity surrendered to the Chileans. The deployment of the torpedo boat also induced the Bolivian government to agree to a peace treaty with Chile in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_war">Land war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Land war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_Campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Campaign of the War of the Pacific">Land Campaign of the War of the Pacific</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv/220px--The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv/The_War_of_the_Pacific_Every_Week.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>The evolution of the land war in the War of the Pacific.</figcaption></figure> After the Battle of Angamos, once Chile achieved naval supremacy, the government had to decide where to strike. The options were Tarapacá, Moquegua or directly Lima. Because of its proximity to Chile and the capture of the Peruvian Salitreras, Chile decided to occupy the Peruvian province of Tarapacá first. Arica and Iquique were isolated and separated by the Atacama Desert; since the capture of the Huáscar in October 1879, neither port had naval protection needed to be adequately supplied by sea. Without any communication or withdrawal lines, the area was essentially cut off from the rest of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> After the loss of its naval capabilities, Peru had the option to withdraw to central Peru to strengthen its army around Lima until the re-establishment of a naval balance or to build up new alliances, as hinted by the Chilean historian Wilhelm Ekdahl. However, Jorge Basadre assumes that it would have been "striking and humiliating" to abandon Tarapacá, the source of Peru's wealth.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> On 30 April 1879, after 13 days of marching, 4,500 Bolivian soldiers, commanded by Daza, arrived in Tacna, a town 100 km (60 mi) north of Arica. The Bolivians had come to join the Peruvian forces, commanded by Juan Buendia. The Allied forces were deployed to the places that a Chilean landing could be expected; the Iquique-Pisagua or Arica-Tacna regions. There were reserves stationed at Arequipa, farther north in Peru, under Lizardo Montero, as well as in southern Bolivia, under Narciso Campero<a href="#cite_note-125">[C]</a> The reserves were to be deployed to the coast after a landing but failed to arrive. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG/220px-Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG/330px-Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG/440px-Batalla_de_Dolores.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco" title="Battle of San Francisco">Battle of San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> The land war can be seen as four Chilean military campaigns that successively occupied Tarapacá, Arica-Tacna, and Lima and a final campaign that ended the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_(War_of_the_Pacific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance (War of the Pacific)">Peruvian resistance</a> in the sierra. The occupation of Arequipa and Puno at the end of the war saw little military action. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tarapacá_Campaign">Tarapacá Campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tarapacá Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarapacá Campaign">Tarapacá Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarapaca_Campaign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tarapaca_Campaign.svg/220px-Tarapaca_Campaign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tarapaca_Campaign.svg/330px-Tarapaca_Campaign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tarapaca_Campaign.svg/440px-Tarapaca_Campaign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tarapacá, in November 1879.</figcaption></figure> The Campaign of Tarapacá began on November 2, 1879, when nine steam transporters escorted by half of the Chilean Navy transported 9,500 men and more than 850 animals to Pisagua, some 500 kilometres (310 mi) north of Antofagasta. After neutralizing the coastal batteries, the Chileans landed and attacked beach defenses in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pisagua" title="Battle of Pisagua">Pisagua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a> In the event of a Chilean landing, the Allied forces planned to counterattack the Chilean forces in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> involving advances from the north (Daza's forces coming from Arica) and from the south (Buendia's forces coming from Iquique). Although Peruvian forces marched northwards as planned after the fall of Pisagua, Daza, coming from Arica, decided in Camarones (44 km from Pisagua) to give up his part of the counterattack and return to Arica. The Chileans meanwhile marched towards <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a> and, on 19 November 1879, defeated the Allied troops without Daza's men gathered in Agua Santa in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco" title="Battle of San Francisco">Battle of San Francisco and Dolores</a>. Disbanded Bolivian forces there and the southern force retreated to <a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a>, and the Peruvians fell back to Tiliviche. The Chilean army captured Iquique (80 km/50 mi south of Pisagua) without resistance. Some of the Peruvian forces that had been defeated at San Francisco retreated on Tarapacá, a little town with same name as the province, where they combined with Peruvian troops who withdrew to Tarapacá directly from Iquique. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG/220px-Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG/330px-Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG/440px-Batalla_de_Tarapac%C3%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Tarapacá">Battle of Tarapacá</a></figcaption></figure> A detachment of Chilean soldiers, with cavalry and artillery, was sent to face the Peruvian forces in Tarapacá. Both sides clashed on 27 November in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Tarapacá">Battle of Tarapacá</a>, and the Chilean forces were defeated, but the Peruvian forces, without lines of communication with their supply bases in Peru or Bolivia, could not maintain their occupation of the territory. Consequently, the Peruvians retreated north through harsh desert terrain to <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> and lost many troops during their withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a> Bruce W. Farcau comments that, "The province of Tarapacá was lost along with a population of 200,000, nearly one tenth of the Peruvian total, and an annual gross income of £28 million in nitrate production, virtually all of the country's export earnings."<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a> The victory afforded Santiago an economic boon and a potential diplomatic asset.<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Iquique">Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique">edit</a>]</div> The Rimac’s capture, the sinking of the Esmeralda, and the passiveness of the Chilean fleet showed that the command of the navy was unprepared for the war, and the army also had trouble with the logistics, medical service, and command. Public discontent with poor decisions led to riots, and the government had to replace the "sclerotics"<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_137-110">[100]</a> chief of the navy <a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams_Rebolledo" title="Juan Williams Rebolledo">Juan Williams Rebolledo</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Galvarino_Riveros_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas">Galvarino Riveros</a>), and the Chief of the army <a href="/wiki/Justo_Arteaga_Cuevas" title="Justo Arteaga Cuevas">Justo Arteaga</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Erasmo_Escala" title="Erasmo Escala">Erasmo Escala</a>). After Tarapacá, the army was reorganized into <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>. Chile's foreign policy tried to separate Bolivia from Peru. Gonzalo Bulnes writes: "The target of the política boliviana was the same as before, to seize Tacna and Arica for Bolivia and put Bolivia as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between Peru and Chile, on the assumption that Peru would accept the Chilean peace conditions. The initiated called such policy 'to clear up Bolivia.'"<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> Moreover, the Chilean government had to find a border agreement with Argentina to avoid war. After the occupation of the salpeter and guano deposits, the Chilean government restituted the oficinas salitreras, which had been nationalized by Peru, to the owner of the certificate of debt.<a href="#cite_note-Rector2005-131">[120]</a> The alternative of a Chilean State Company of Salpeter was discarded as too onerous for a government waging war and lacking experienced personnel, and the creditors pressed the issue. In 1879, Chile began to exact a tax of 40 cents per "quintal métrico" (100 kg), increasing to $1.60 in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> As provided by the secret treaty, the allies agreed in the Protocol of Subsidies for Bolivia to bear the costs of the war. The agreement, which regulated the tax income for many years, caused resentments and fears in Bolivia, whose deployment of forces to Tacna was seen as helping Peru. Also, Bolivia knew that its army would be sent not to free the occupied region of Bolivia but to protect Peru. As Daza and his officers came to Tacna and Arica, they failed to see the expected Peruvian military strength and understood that their position of power in Bolivia was threatened by a defeat of the Allies. The Bolivian historian Querejazu suggests that Daza successfully used the Chilean offer of Tacna and Arica for Bolivia to exert pressure on Peru to get a more favorable Protocol of Subsidies. The reason that Daza abandoned the Peruvian forces in Iquique and turned back to Arica just before the Battle of San Francisco is uncertain. Some historians say that he wanted to keep the "Regimiento Colorados" untouched since the force secured his political power in Bolivia. Daza later stated that his officers refused to continue the march through the desert, but his shameful withdrawal accelerated his downfall, and he was succeeded by Narciso Campero. In the new government, there was a strong tendency to accept the Chilean offer of Tacna and Arica, but it was eventually refused. Bolivia signed the creation of the United States of Peru and Bolivia, a political fantasy without any practical consequences. Bolivia helped Peru with money and weapons, but the Bolivian army never again intervened in the war. In Peru, the political situation was complicated. President Prado had declared war on Chile for longstanding economical and political reasons<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy_of_Peru-65">[63]</a> but without the funds or international credit to finance the war. He turned over the administration of the state to Vice President Luis La Puerta de Mendoza to assume for himself the command of the army. Because of the Chilean blockade, Peru could not export revenuemaking goods via its ports. As a consequence, public revenue was half of what had been expected, and spending tripled. The Peruvian government in 1879 experienced several political crises and seven ministers of finance. General Buendía, who led the defeated allied troops in Iquique, and More, chief of the sunken warship Independence, were both put on trial but were eventually acquitted. The Peruvian government was confronted with widespread rioting in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> because of its failures.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> On 18 December 1879, as the fall of Iquique became known in Peru, Prado went from <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, allegedly with the duty to oversee the purchase of new arms and warships for the nation. In a statement for the Peruvian newspaper <a href="/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)" title="El Comercio (Peru)">El Comercio</a>, he turned over the command of the country to Vice President Luis La Puerta de Mendoza. History has condemned his departure as a desertion.<a href="#cite_note-cap4-134">[123]</a>: 27  <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Nicolás de Piérola</a> overthrew Puerta's government and took power on 23 December 1879.<a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> Piérola has been criticised because of his <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>, frivolous investment, bombastic decrees, and lack of control in the budget, but it must be said that he put forth an enormous effort to obtain new funds and to mobilize the country for the war. Basadre considered his work an act of heroism, abnegation in a country invaded, politically divided, militarily battered, and economically bloodless.<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign_of_Tacna_and_Arica">Campaign of Tacna and Arica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Campaign of Tacna and Arica">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tacna_and_Arica_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacna and Arica Campaign">Tacna and Arica Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg/220px-Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg/330px-Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg/440px-Mutilado-en-la-GdP-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Chilean private first class Tránsito Diaz, injured during the landing on Pisagua. The photo belongs to the "Álbum de inválidos de la Guerra del Pacífico", 130 photographic records ordered by the D. Santa María government to demonstrate the pensions and orthopedic devices given to disabled war veterans.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> Ten percent of the expeditionary force, 4,081 Chilean soldiers, returned disabled from the war. In 2008, 280 women were receiving a pension as the daughter or wife of a veteran.<a href="#cite_note-CMN-138">[127]</a>: 20, 30 </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg/220px-Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg/330px-Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg/440px-Tacna_Arica_campaign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tacna and Arica from January to June 1880.</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Chile continued its advances in the Tacna and Arica Campaign. On 28 November, ten days after the Battle of San Francisco, Chile declared the formal blockade of Arica. On 31 December, a Chilean force of 600 men carried out an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> raid at <a href="/wiki/Ilo,_Peru" title="Ilo, Peru">Ilo</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_in_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance in force">reconnaissance in force</a>, to the north of Tacna and withdrew the same day.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lynch's_Expedition">Lynch's Expedition</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lynch's Expedition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lynch_Expedition" title="Lynch Expedition">Lynch Expedition</a></div> On 24 February 1880, approximately 11,000 men in 19 ships, protected by <a href="/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada" title="Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada">Blanco Encalada</a>, Toro, and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_corvette_Magallanes_(1873)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean corvette Magallanes (1873)">Magallanes</a> and two torpedo boats, sailed from Pisagua. Two days later, on 26 February, the Chileans arrived off Punta Coles, near Pacocha, Ilo. The landing took several days to conclude but faced no resistance. The Peruvian commander, Lizardo Montero, refused to try to drive the Chileans from the beachhead, as the Chileans had expected.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_217-140">[129]</a> On 22 March, 3,642 Chilean troops defeated 1,300 Peruvian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Battle of Los Ángeles">Battle of Los Ángeles</a>, cutting any direct Peruvian supply from Lima to Arica or Tacna (supply was possible only through the long way, via Bolivia).<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> After the Battle of Los Ángeles, only three allied positions remained in southern Peru: General Leyva's 2nd Army at <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> (including some survivors from Los Ángeles), Bolognesi's 7th and 8th Divisions at Arica, and at Tacna the 1st Army. These forces were under Campero's direct command.<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_138-142">[131]</a> However, the numbers proved meaningless, as the Peruvians were unable to concentrate troops or even to move from their garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> After crossing 40 miles (64 km) of desert, on 26 May the Chilean army (14,147 men<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_229-145">[134]</a>) destroyed the allied army of 5,150 Bolivians and 8,500 Peruvians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacna" title="Battle of Tacna">Battle of Tacna</a>. The need for a port near the army to supply and reinforce the troops and to evacuate the wounded compelled the Chilean command to concentrate on the remaining Peruvian stronghold of Arica. On 7 June, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arica" title="Battle of Arica">Battle of Arica</a>, the last Peruvian bastion in the Tacna Department fell. After the campaign of Tacna and Arica, the Peruvian and Bolivian regular armies largely ceased to exist,<a href="#cite_note-Sater_2007_256-146">[135]</a> and Bolivia effectively left the war.<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_1147-147">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedicion_Lynch_(1880).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg/220px-Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg/330px-Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg/440px-Expedicion_Lynch_%281880%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Lynch's Expedition to Chimbote, Supe, Paita, Eten and islas de Lobos, from September to October 1880.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lackawanna_Conference">Lackawanna Conference</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lackawanna Conference">edit</a>]</div> On 22 October 1880, delegates of Peru, Chile, and Bolivia held a 5-day conference aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Lackawanna_(1862)" title="USS Lackawanna (1862)">USS Lackawanna</a> in Arica. The meeting had been arranged by the United States Ministers Plenipotentiary in the belligerent countries.<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> The Lackawanna Conference, also called the Arica Conference, attempted to develop a peace settlement. Chile demanded Peruvian Tarapacá Province and the Bolivian Atacama, an indemnity of 20,000,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Pesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesos">pesos</a>, the restoration of property taken from Chilean citizens, the return of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_transporter_R%C3%ADmac_(1872)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean transporter Rímac (1872)">Rimac</a>, the abrogation of the treaty between Peru and Bolivia, and a formal commitment not to mount artillery batteries in Arica's harbor. Arica, as a settlement, was to be limited to commercial use. Chile planned to retain the territories of Moquegua, Tacna, and Arica until all peace treaty conditions were satisfied. Although willing to accept the negotiated settlement, Peru and Bolivia insisted for Chile to withdraw its forces from all occupied lands as a precondition for discussing peace. Having captured the territory at great expense, Chile declined, and the negotiations failed. Bruce St. John states in Foreign Policy of Peru (p. 116), "Peru attended only out of deference to the [US government] latter, hoping a failure of the talks might lead to more aggressive US involvement." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign_of_Lima">Campaign of Lima</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Campaign of Lima">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lima_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Campaign">Lima Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_campaign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lima_campaign.svg/220px-Lima_campaign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lima_campaign.svg/330px-Lima_campaign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lima_campaign.svg/440px-Lima_campaign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Landing and deployment of Chilean troops during the Campaign of Lima, from November 1880 to January 1881. The long way from Pisco to Chilca was done only by the Lynch brigade.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg/220px-Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg/330px-Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg/440px-Chorrillos_Courret_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Chorrillos was the preferred seaside resort of Lima's aristocracy before the war, but during the Battle of Chorrillos, the Peruvian line of defense ran in the middle of the city and was shelled, set on fire, looted, and reduced to rubble during the conflict. At the end of the battle, bitter fighting had raged in every ruin and street.</figcaption></figure> The occupation of the southern departments of Peru (Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá) and the Lynch expedition showed that the army of Peru no longer possessed the skilled military manpower to defend the country. However, nothing could convince the Peruvian government to sue for peace. The defeated allies failed to realize their situation and, despite the empty Bolivian treasury, on 16 June 1880, the Bolivian National Assembly voted to continue the war. On 11 June 1880, a document was signed in Peru declaring the creation of the United States of Peru-Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> but Piérola continued the struggle. W. Sater states, "Had Piérola sued for peace in June 1880, he would have saved countless Peruvian lives and the nation's treasure."<a href="#cite_note-150">[139]</a> The Chilean government struggled to satisfy the public demands to end the war and to secure the peace. The situation forced the Chilean government to plan the occupation of Lima.<a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a> <dl><dt>Landings on Pisco, Chilca, Curayaco, and Lurín</dt></dl> Once the size of the Chilean army had been increased by 20,000 men to reach a strength of 41,000<a href="#cite_note-sater2007_263-6">[6]</a> soldiers, deployed from the forts of the <a href="/wiki/La_Frontera,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontera, Chile">Chile–Mapuche frontier</a> to the outskirts of Lima,<a href="#cite_note-sater2007_263-6">[6]</a> the Chilean army began the campaign of Lima. Lacking the ships to transport all the troops at once from Arica, the Chileans decided to land a division and then the rest of the army in stages. Their shortage of shipping also precluded an immediate landing at Lima. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a>, approximately 320 kilometres (200 mi) south of Lima, was the first landing point. On 19 November, 8,800 men, twenty cannons and their supplies reached Pisco. A party of 400 men was landed near the port and they learned that a garrison of 3,000 men defended Pisco. Bypassing it required a landing to be made directly into the port and so a Chilean vanguard was landed in Paracas, ten miles to the south. The force managed to capture Pisco and on 20 November the rest of the Chilean troops landed, later occupying various other nearby coastal cities, securing for the Chileans de facto control of the Peruvian province of Ica. On 2 December, 3,500 additional men and 416 horses disembarked in Pisco. Some two weeks later, on 15 December, 14,000 Chilean men, 2,400 horses and mules, and supplies left Arica for the north. Baquedano, the Chilean commander, decided that only one brigade in the Pisco region, Lynch's brigade, would march the 55 miles (89 km) north to the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Chilca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilca">Chilca</a>, a town only 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Lima. All other Chilean forces would be re-embarked in Pisco for naval transport to Chilca. The Chilean troops disembarked in Curayaco, slightly north of Chilca, on 22 December 1880. The artillery was later disembarked at Lurín, on the southern outskirts of Lima, as the Chilean army was able to advance quickly after landing. Piérola, who had expected a landing north of Lima, ordered the construction of two parallel lines of Peruvian defences, one at <a href="/wiki/Chorrillos_District" title="Chorrillos District">Chorrillos</a> and one at Miraflores. It was hoped that the Peruvian professional Army would defeat the Chileans in Chorrillos. If that measure failed, a reserve army, increased with remnants of Chorrillos and the Callao troops, were expected to hold the Chilean advance at Miraflores. The Peruvian forces numbered approximately 25,000 to 32,000 men and were titled the Army of Lima.<a href="#cite_note-Sater_1986_274-152">[141]</a> The main Peruvian defense line ran from the seaside resort of Chorrillos through Morro Solar, Santa Teresa, San Juan, the Pamplona (hills) until Monterrico Chico, a line of defence approximately 15 km long. <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a>, artillery, covering forts and trenches located along the top of the steeply natural hills (280 m in Morro Solar, 170 m in Sta. Teresa and San Juan<a href="#cite_note-FM-153">[142]</a>: 253 ) and minefields around the roads to Lima crossing the hamlets of San Juan and Santa Teresa, settlements that the Peruvians anticipated would be important targets of the Chilean attack, all of which were used by the Peruvian military. The second line of defense was less strong, consisting of 7 redoubts (one every 800 meters) for infantry and artillery, which the Peruvians hoped would stop any Chilean offensive. The Chilean General Staff had two plans for the attack. Baquedano, the army chief, advocated a direct and frontal advance through the Tablada de Lurín. The area was known, with large areas of relatively flat terrain against the line of Chorrillos. The advantages of that path of advance were the shorter distances to be covered, a withdrawal line, the possibility of support from the Chilean navy, water supply from Lurín, and less need to train troops and the complex Chilean discipline to control any advance and subsequent attack. The alternative plan of War Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Vergara" title="José Francisco Vergara">José Francisco Vergara</a> laid down a <a href="/wiki/Turning_movement" title="Turning movement">turning movement</a> that would bypass the Peruvian line by attacking from further to the east: through the Lurín valley, moving via Chantay and reaching Lima at Ate. Using that approach meant that Lima could be seized without resistance or both defense lines could be attacked from the rear. Vergara's plan avoided the bloody frontal attack, circumvented all defense works, cut any Peruvian withdrawal line to the east into the formidable Andes, and demoralized the Peruvians. However, there were no steady roads for movement of Chilean artillery and baggage, no water to allow navy support, and many bottlenecks in which a small force might stop the whole Chilean army on the way to Lima or if it had to withdraw. In addition, Vergara's plan required a well-trained and disciplined army. Baquedano pushed and eventually succeeded in having his plan adopted. <dl><dt>Battle of Chorrillos and Miraflores</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg/220px-BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg/330px-BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg/440px-BATALLA-DE-MIRAFLORES2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Miraflores</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg/220px-Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg/330px-Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg/440px-Chorrillos_War_Ruins_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Chorrillos, and the consequences of the war. January 1881</figcaption></figure> In the afternoon of 12 January 1881, three Chilean formations (referred to as divisions) stepped off from Lurín toward Chorrillos at about 4:00, reaching their attack positions at around 3:00 the next morning. At 5:00 a.m. an assault was begun on the Peruvian forts. Lynch's division charged Iglesias's positions (Morro Solar to Santa Teresa), Sotomayor's men against Caceres's sector (Santa Teresa to San Juan) and Lagos's division charged Davila's sector (San Juan to Monterrico Chico). Chilean and Peruvian soldiers locked in hand-to-hand combat and attacked one another with rifles, bayonets, rocks and even their bare hands. At the beginning, Sotomayor was unable to deploy in time, and Lynch's advance was repulsed. Baquedano was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage Lynch's flank. At 8:00 a.m., the Peruvian defenders were forced to withdraw from San Juan and Santa Teresa to Morro Solar and Chorrillos (town). At noon, Morro Solar was captured and the battle continued into Chorrillos, which fell at 14:00 (2 p.m.). During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chorrillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chorrillos">Battle of Chorrillos</a>, the Chileans inflicted a harsh defeat on the regular Peruvian forces, eliminating Lima's first defensive line. Two days later, the second line of defense was also penetrated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Battle of Miraflores</a>. Piérola's division of forces in two lines has been criticised by Chilean analyst Francisco Machuca.<a href="#cite_note-FM-153">[142]</a>: 361  Whether such criticism is justified is debatable. According to Gonzalo Bulnes the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores have been some of the largest in South America regarding the number of combatants, 45,000 in Chorrillos and 25,000 in Miraflores. The estimated death toll was 11,000 to 14,000 personnel, with a further 10,144 injured.<a href="#cite_note-154">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_policies_until_the_fall_of_Lima">Domestic policies until the fall of Lima</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Domestic policies until the fall of Lima">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1881_between_Chile_and_Argentina" title="Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina">Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Occupation of Lima</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chilean_presidential_election,_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean presidential election, 1881">Chilean presidential election, 1881</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">Mapuche uprising of 1881</a></div> On 15 June 1881 <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">Domingo Santa María</a> was elected president of Chile and assumed office on 18 September 1881. A new Congress was elected on schedule in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-155">[144]</a> Argentina had declared itself neutral at the onset of the war but allowed the transport of weapons to the Allies over Argentine territories, exerted influence on the US and European powers to stop the Chilean advance in the war, and pleaded for monetary indemnification instead of cession of territories to Chile. There was a strong drift in its public opinion in favor of Peru and Bolivia. Moreover, there were Peruvian and Bolivian hopes that Argentina could change its stance and enter a war against Chile.<a href="#cite_note-escude2-156">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[146]</a> On 23 July 1881, a few months after the fall of Lima, Chile and Argentina signed the Boundary Treaty, which ceded eastern <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> to Argentina and control over the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> to Chile. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Escud%C3%A9" title="Carlos Escudé">Carlos Escudé</a> and Andrés Cisneros state that the treaty was a true victory for Argentina,<a href="#cite_note-escude2-156">[145]</a> but Michael Morris believes,<a href="#cite_note-158">[147]</a> "Rearguard Argentine efforts had been made to gain recognition for some kind of shared management regime for the Strait [of Magellan], in order to mitigate what was perceived as the striking diplomatic defeat for Argentina in the 1881 treaty granting Chile control over the strait." The situation in Bolivia stayed the same after the fall of Lima. The Bolivian government lacked the money, men, weapons, and means to transport an army to Peru.<a href="#cite_note-stjohn-99">[89]</a>: 115  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_in_the_Peruvian_Sierra">War in the Peruvian Sierra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War in the Peruvian Sierra">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Campaign">Sierra Campaign</a></div> After the confrontations in Chorrillos and Miraflores, the Peruvian dictator Piérola refused to negotiate with the Chileans and escaped to the central Andes to try governing from the rear but soon lost the representation of the Peruvian state.<a href="#cite_note-159">[148]</a> (He left Peru in December 1881.) The occupation commanders, Manuel Baquedano, Pedro Lagos, and then <a href="/wiki/Patricio_Lynch" title="Patricio Lynch">Patricio Lynch</a>, had their respective military headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Government Palace</a>, Lima. The new Chilean administration continued to push for an end to the costly war, but contrary to expectations, neither Lima's capture nor the imposition of heavy taxes led Peru to sue for peace.<a href="#cite_note-160">[149]</a> Conversely, Peruvian caudillos advocated to wage a defensive <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a> that consumed Chile's power so much that it renounced their demand for the territory. On 22 February 1881, the Piérola Congress, allowed by Chile, reinstated the 1860 constitution and chose <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">Francisco García Calderón</a> as the provisional president<a href="#cite_note-161">[150]</a> but he was assisted by the US minister in Lima in refusing the cession of territories to Chile. He was overthrown by the Chileans in September 1881, but before his relegation to Chile, he had appointed <a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Lizardo Montero Flores</a> as successor.<a href="#cite_note-162">[151]</a> The Peruvian caudillos organized a resistance, which would be known as the Campaign of the Breña or Sierra, a widespread, prolonged, brutal, and eventually futile guerrilla campaign.<a href="#cite_note-163">[152]</a> They harassed the Chilean troops and their logistics to such a point that Lynch had to send expeditions to the valleys in the Andes. The resistance was organised by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Andrés Avelino Cáceres</a> in the regions Cajamarca (north), Arequipa (south) and the Sierra Central (Cerro Pasco to Ayacucho)<a href="#cite_note-164">[153]</a> However, the collapse of national order in Peru brought on also domestic chaos and violence, most of which was motivated by class or racial divisions. Chinese and black laborers took the opportunity to assault haciendas and the property of the rich to protest their mistreatment suffered in previous years. Lima's masses attacked Chinese grocery stores, and Indian peasants took over highland haciendas.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton1985-112">[102]</a>: 390–  For the occupation forces, the region was an unknown, difficult terrain, force inhibitor, insalubrious (<a href="/wiki/Tunga_penetrans" title="Tunga penetrans">tunga penetrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>),<a href="#cite_note-165">[154]</a> inaccessible, and Chilean military supplies had to be transported from Lima or other points on the coast, purchased from locals, or confiscated, each option being either very expensive or politically hazardous. An additional problem for the Chileans was collecting information in support of their expeditionary force. While Cáceres was informed about the dispositions and moves of his foes, Chileans often did not know the whereabouts of the guerrillas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Letelier's_expedition">Letelier's expedition</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Letelier's expedition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sangra">Battle of Sangra</a></div> In February 1881, Chilean forces, under Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio Letelier started the first expedition into the Sierra, with 700 men, to defeat the last <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> bands from <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a> (30 April) to <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Junín Region">Junín</a>. After many losses, the expedition achieved very little and returned to Lima in early July,<a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> where Letelier and his officers were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">courts-martialed</a> for diverting money into their own pockets.<a href="#cite_note-167">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1882_Sierra_Campaign">1882 Sierra Campaign</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1882 Sierra Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_(1879-1883).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png/220px-Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png/330px-Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png/440px-Batalla_en_guerra_del_Pacifico_%281879-1883%29.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Sierra Campaign</figcaption></figure> To annihilate the guerrillas in the <a href="/wiki/Mantaro_River" title="Mantaro River">Mantaro Valley</a>, in January 1882, Lynch ordered an offensive with 5,000 men<a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a> under the command of Gana and Del Canto, first towards <a href="/wiki/Tarma" title="Tarma">Tarma</a> and then southeast towards <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Izcuchaca_District" title="Izcuchaca District">Izcuchaca</a>. Lynch's army suffered enormous hardships including cold temperatures, snow and mountain sickness. On 9 July 1882, they fought the emblematic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Battle of La Concepción">Battle of La Concepción</a>. The Chileans had to pull back with a loss of 534 soldiers: 154 in combat, 277 of disease and 103 <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserters</a>. García Calderón refused to relinquish Peruvian control over the <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Region" title="Tarapacá Region">Tarapacá Region</a> and so was arrested. Before García Calderón left Peru for Chile, he named Admiral Lizardo Montero as his successor. At the same time, Piérola stepped back and supported Cáceres for the presidency. Cáceres refused to serve but supported Lizardo Montero. Montero moved to <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and so García Calderón's arrest unified the forces of Piérola and Cáceres.<a href="#cite_note-169">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1883_Sierra_Campaign">1883 Sierra Campaign</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1883 Sierra Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="April–Jule 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg/176px-Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg/264px-Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg/352px-Campaign.of.La.Sierra.1883.es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="980" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pursuits through Central Peru until Huamachuco.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="September–October 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg/258px-Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg/387px-Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg/516px-Ocupacion_de_arequipa_y_puno_1883.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1172" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Velasquez march to Arequipa and Puno in October 1883.</div></div></div></div></div> On 1 April 1882 <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">Miguel Iglesias</a>, Defence Minister under Piérola, became convinced that the war had to be brought to an end or Peru would be completely devastated. He issued a manifesto, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Mont%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Grito de Montán">es:Grito de Montán</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[159]</a> calling for peace and in December 1882 convened a convention of representatives of the seven northern departments, where he was elected "Regenerating President"<a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a> To support Iglesias against Montero, on 6 April 1883, Patricio Lynch started a new offensive to drive the guerrillas from central Peru and to destroy Caceres's army. The Chilean troops pursued Caceres northwest through narrow mountain passes until 10 July 1883, winning the definitive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huamachuco" title="Battle of Huamachuco">Battle of Huamachuco</a>, the final Peruvian defeat.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_days">Last days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Last days">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg/220px-Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg/330px-Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg/440px-Soldado-chileno-con-verrugas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A Chilean soldier with the "Peruvian wart," or <a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, who was infected probably in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Rimac_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimac River">Rimac River</a> during the war in the sierra.<a href="#cite_note-175">[164]</a></figcaption></figure> Chile and Iglesias's government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Peace Treaty of Ancón</a> on 20 October 1883, which ended the war and ceded Tarapacá to Chile. Lizardo Montero tried to resist in Arequipa with a force of 4,000 men, but when Chile's 3,000 fighters arrived from Mollendo, Moquegua, and Ayacucho and began the assault to Arequipa, the Peruvian troops mutinied against Montero and allowed the Chileans to occupy the city on 29 October 1883. Montero opted for a Bolivian asylum. The occupation of Ayacucho by Chilean Colonel Urriola on 1 October lasted only 40 days, as Urriola withdrew to Lima. Ayacucho was occupied by Cáceres's new army of 500 men. Caceres continued to refuse the cession of territories to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-176">[165]</a> The basis of Cáceres's war the increasingly powerful Indian insurrection against the Chileans, which had changed the nature of the war. Indian guerrillas fought "white men from all parties," looted towns, and seized land of the white owners.<a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a> In June 1884, Cáceres accepted Treaty of Ancón "as an accomplished fact" but continued to fight Iglesias. On Cáceres's true reasons for his change of mind, Florencia Mallon wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Mallon2014-178">[167]</a> <dl><dd>Yet long before the civil war was over, it became clear to the hero of la Breña that, in order to build an alliance that would carry him to the presidential palace, he had to mend fences with the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hacendado" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hacendado">"hacendados"</a> as a class, included those who had collaborated with the Chileans. The only way to do so was to give the "hacendados" what they wanted and repress the very guerrillas who had made the Breña campaign possible in the first place.</dd></dl> On 29 October 1883, the Chilean occupation of Lima ended, and on 4 August 1884, Lynch and the rest of the Chilean Expeditionary Forces embarked in Callao for Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Barros1970-179">[168]</a>: 473  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace">Peace</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Peace">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaty_between_Chile_and_Peru">Peace treaty between Chile and Peru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Peace treaty between Chile and Peru">edit</a>]</div> On 20 October 1883, hostilities between Chile and Peru formally came to an end under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Treaty of Ancón</a>, whose terms had Peru formally cede <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Province_(Peru)" title="Tarapacá Province (Peru)">Tarapacá Province</a> to Chile, and the use of the guano and nitrate resources to repay Peru's debts were regulated. Chile was also to occupy the provinces of Tacna and Arica for 10 years, when a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> was to be held to determine nationality. For decades thereafter, the two countries failed to agree on the terms of the plebiscite. Finally, in 1929, mediation under US President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)" title="Treaty of Lima (1929)">Treaty of Lima</a> to be signed by which Chile kept Arica, and Peru reacquired Tacna. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaty_between_Bolivia_and_Chile">Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Chile_border" title="Bolivia–Chile border">Bolivia–Chile border</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Truce_Pact_between_Bolivia_and_Chile" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Truce Pact between Bolivia and Chile">Treaty of Valparaiso</a></div></div></div> </div> In 1884, Bolivia signed a truce, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valparaiso" title="Treaty of Valparaiso">Treaty of Valparaiso</a> and accepted the military occupation of the entire Bolivian coast. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)">Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)</a> ceded the complete region of Antofagasta to Chile. In return, Chile agreed to build the <a href="/wiki/Arica%E2%80%93La_Paz_railway" title="Arica–La Paz railway">Arica–La Paz railway</a> to connect the capital city of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, Bolivia, with the port of Arica, and Chile guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of transit">freedom of transit</a> for Bolivian commerce through Chilean ports and territory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_analysis">Military analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Military analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> As the war began, the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a> numbered 5,241 men of all ranks, organized in seven <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, three squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and two regiments of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[169]</a> The most common rifles in the army were the French <a href="/wiki/Chassepot" title="Chassepot">Chassepot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifles</a>. The artillery, with a total of 28 pieces, was composed mostly of British-made Blakely cannons and counted four machine guns. Much of the artillery dated from 1866 and had been bought for the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a> against Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L_page_377-181">[170]</a> The mounts used by the cavalry were small and inferior to those used by the Chileans.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L_page_377-181">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Bolivian Army</a> numbered no more than 2,175 soldiers and was divided into three infantry regiments, two cavalry squadrons, and two sections of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Farcau_2000_57-107">[97]</a> The Colorados Battalion, President Daza's personal guard, was armed with <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rolling_Block_rifle" title="Remington Rolling Block rifle">Remington Rolling Block rifles</a>, but the remainder carried odds and ends including <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a>. The artillery had rifled three pounders and four machine guns, and the cavalry rode <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> given a shortage of good horses.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L_page_377-181">[170]</a> The regular Chilean Army was well equipped,<a href="#cite_note-182">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[174]</a> with 2,694 soldiers. The regular infantry was armed with the modern Belgian <a href="/wiki/M1870_Belgian_Comblain" title="M1870 Belgian Comblain">Comblain rifle</a>, of which Chile had a stock of some 13,000. Chile also had <a href="/wiki/Fusil_Gras_mle_1874" title="Fusil Gras mle 1874">Gras</a>, Minié, <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rolling_Block_rifle" title="Remington Rolling Block rifle">Remington</a> and Beaumont rifles, most of which fired the same caliber cartridge (11 mm). The artillery had 75 artillery pieces, most of which were of <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> and Limache manufacture, and six machine guns. The cavalry used French <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">sabers</a> and Spencer and <a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbines">carbines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> Control of the sea was Chile's key to an inevitably difficult desert war: supply by sea, including water, food, ammunition, horses, <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, and reinforcements, was quicker and easier than marching supplies through the desert or across the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Bolivian high plateau</a>. While the Chilean Navy started an economic and military blockade of the Allies' ports, Peru took the initiative and used its smaller navy as a raiding force. The raids delayed the ground invasion for six months and forced Chile to shift its fleet from blockading to hunting and capturing the Huáscar. After achieving naval supremacy, sea-mobile forces proved to be an advantage for <a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">desert warfare</a> on the long coastline. Peruvian and Bolivian defenders found themselves hundreds of kilometers from home, but the Chilean forces were usually just a few kilometers from the sea. The Chileans employed an early form of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a>, which saw the co-ordination of army, navy, and specialized units. The first amphibious assault of the war took place when 2,100 Chilean troops took <a href="/wiki/Pisagua,_Chile" title="Pisagua, Chile">Pisagua</a> on November 2, 1879. <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a> ships bombarded beach defenses for several hours at dawn, followed by open, oared boats landing army <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a> units into waist-deep water under enemy fire. An outnumbered first landing wave fought at the beach; the second and third waves in the following hours were able to overcome resistance and move inland. By the end of the day, an expeditionary army of 10,000 had disembarked at the captured port. In 1881 Chilean ships transported approximately 30,000 men, along with their mounts and equipment, 500 miles (800 km) in order to attack Lima.<a href="#cite_note-187">[176]</a> Chilean commanders were using purpose-built, flat-bottomed landing craft that would deliver troops in shallow water closer to the beach, possibly the first purpose-built amphibious landing craft in history:<a href="#cite_note-188">[177]</a> "These 36 shallow draft, flat-bottomed boats would be able to land three thousand men and twelve guns in a single wave." Chile's military strategy emphasized <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemption</a>, offensive action, and combined arms. It was the first to mobilize and deploy its forces and took the war immediately to Bolivian and Peruvian territories. It adopted combined arms strategy that used naval and ground forces to rout its allied foes and capture enemy territory.<a href="#cite_note-Resende-Santos2007-12">[11]</a>: 163  It landed ground forces in enemy territory to raid in strength to split and to drive out defenders, and it then <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> the territory as the fighting moved north. Chileans received the support of Chinese immigrants who had been enslaved by Peruvians and joined the Chilean Army<a href="#cite_note-189">[178]</a> during the campaign of Lima and in the raids to the north Peruvian cities. Peru and Bolivia fought a defensive war, maneuvering through long overland distances and relied when possible on land or coastal fortifications with gun batteries and minefields. Coastal railways reached to central Peru, and telegraph lines provided a direct line to the government in Lima. The occupation of Peru from 1881 and 1884 took a different form. The theater was the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra (Peru)">Peruvian Sierra</a>, where the remains of the Peruvian Army had easy access to the population, resource, and supply centers far from the sea, which supported indefinite <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition warfare</a>. The occupying Chilean force was split into small garrisons across the theater and could devote only part of its strength to hunting down dispersed pockets of resistance and the last Peruvian forces in the Sierra. After a costly occupation and prolonged counterinsurgency campaign, Chile sought a diplomatic exit. Rifts within Peruvian society and Peruvian defeat in the Battle of Huamachuco resulted in the peace treaty that ended the occupation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Both sides used late 19th-century military technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading">breech-loading</a> rifles and cannons, remote-controlled <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing">armor-piercing</a> shells, naval <a href="/wiki/Torpedoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedoes">torpedoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo boats">torpedo boats</a>, and purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>. The second generation of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclads</a>, designed after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a>, were used in battle for the first time. That was significant for a conflict in which no major power was involved and attracted British, French, and US observers. During the war, Peru developed the <a href="/wiki/Toro_Submarino" title="Toro Submarino">Toro Submarino</a> ("Submarine Bull"), which never saw action and was scuttled at the end to prevent capture. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Wachusett_(1861)" title="USS Wachusett (1861)">USS Wachusett</a> (1861) commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, Peru, to protect American interests during the war's final stages. Mahan formulated his concept of sea power while he was reading history in a British gentlemen's club in Lima, Peru. The concept became the foundation for his celebrated <a href="/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">The Influence of Sea Power upon History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_of_information">Flow of information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Flow of information">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wotp-roads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wotp-roads.svg/220px-Wotp-roads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wotp-roads.svg/330px-Wotp-roads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wotp-roads.svg/440px-Wotp-roads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Flow of news during the War. Distances in kilometers are <a href="/wiki/Great-circle_distance" title="Great-circle distance">great-circle distance</a>, for land and sea routes.</figcaption></figure> Since 1876, a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> connected Valparaíso and Lima.<a href="#cite_note-Britton2013-192">[181]</a>: 72  At the beginning of the war, Antofagasta and Iquique were connected to the cable.<a href="#cite_note-193">[182]</a> Both navies tried to take control of the cable or severed it according to its military and naval interests.<a href="#cite_note-194">[183]</a> Lima was not connected by cable to Panama, the southernmost post of the North American cable network. Valparaíso had been connected to Buenos Aires by a cable over the Andes since 26 July 1872. Buenos Aires was connected via Uruguay and Brazil, to Portugal and Britain and, from there, to the US over a submarine cable.<a href="#cite_note-Britton2013-192">[181]</a> It must be emphasized that La Paz, Bolivia's capital, was not connected by telegraph to the rest of the world. News coming from Tacna, Arica, and Antofagasta to La Paz had to be brought by foot or horse.<a href="#cite_note-195">[184]</a> The alternative way was from Peruvian port Mollendo (Querejazu: Moliendo) by railroad to Puno and then by boat service to Chichilaya, at the Bolivian shore of Lake Titicaca. The last route to La Paz was by horse or foot. The only telegraph in Bolivia was in Tupiza, 606 kilometres (377 mi) south from La Paz, <a href="/wiki/As_the_crow_flies" title="As the crow flies">as the crow flies</a>. Tupiza is at the border to Argentina and was connected to Buenos Aires via telegraph.<a href="#cite_note-196">[185]</a> The traditional transport for long distances were the steamships that connected Valparaíso, Caldera, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica, and Lima to the rest of the world. The disruption of maritime trade routes and the unavailability of submarine telegraph cables from and in the war zone presented special problems for the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a> coverage of the war. On the other hand, the west coast was important for investors, farmers, manufacturers, and government officials because of their financial commitments. Hence, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> of London and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> covered the events of the war as much as possible, in spite of the absence of their own correspondents. Information was culled from government representatives in Europe and the US, merchant houses and Lloyd's of London, articles printed in the Panama Star and Herald, and <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. The result was a mix of brief telegraphic dispatches a few days' old from cities with cable stations, along with lengthier but older reports carried by steamships to London or New York. For example, the Battle of Iquique occurred on 21 May, but its first mention appeared in the 30 May edition of both The Times and The New York Times with an incorrect message. It was only on 17 June that The Times could provide a reasonably accurate version of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Britton2013-192">[181]</a>: 72–74  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Atrocities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg/220px-Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg/330px-Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg/440px-Restos_humanos_en_Tacna_despues_de_la_Guerra_del_Pacifico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Human remains of Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian soldiers <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exhume" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:exhume">exhumed</a> from makeshift graves after the Battle of Tacna before their definitive interment in the Mausoleum of the Tacna cemetery in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-197">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> The three nations claimed to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Geneva Red Cross Convention</a> to protect the war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other noncombatants.<a href="#cite_note-198">[187]</a> At the onset of the war, 30,000<a href="#cite_note-Encina2-199">[188]</a> Chileans were expelled from Peru (within 8 days) and Bolivia (within 10 days) and their property confiscated, most of them having to shelter in the camps, boats, and pontoons of the Peruvian ports until they were transported by ship to Antofagasta. It is calculated that 7,000<a href="#cite_note-Encina2-199">[188]</a> of the refugees from Peru enlisted in the Chilean battalions, and their resentfulness would later influence the war.<a href="#cite_note-200">[189]</a> Peruvian and Bolivian residents in Chile were not expelled.<a href="#cite_note-201">[190]</a> Both sides complained that the other side had killed wounded soldiers after the battle and cited eyewitness accounts.<a href="#cite_note-202">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a>: 8  Besides the Peruvian-Chilean slaughter in the irregular war after the occupation of Lima, an ethnic and social conflict was simmering in Peru between the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a><a href="#cite_note-HP-204">[193]</a> peoples and (Chinese) <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a> who had been enslaved by Peru's white <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> On 2 July 1884, the guerrillero Tomás Laymes and three of his men were executed in <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> by Caceres's forces because of the atrocities and crimes committed by the guerrillas against the Peruvian inhabitants of the cities and hamlets.<a href="#cite_note-HP-204">[193]</a> In Ayacucho, indigenous peoples stood up against "the whites," and in Chincha, the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Peruvian">Afro-Peruvians</a> banded together against their owners in the Haciendas of "Larán," "San José," and "Hoja Redonda". Only the Peruvian army could forcibly suppress the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-207">[196]</a> Chinese coolies formed the battalion "Vulcano" within the Chilean Army. There were also interethnic tensions under blacks and coolies. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ete_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cañete Province">Cañete</a>, 2000 coolies from the Haciendas "Montalbán" and "Juan de Arona" were massacred by blacks.<a href="#cite_note-208">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_intervention">Foreign intervention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Foreign intervention">edit</a>]</div> The British historian B. Farcau stated: "Contrary to the concept of the 'merchants of death,' the arms manufacturers of Europe and the United States conniving to keep alive the conflict, from which they had earned some welcome sales of their merchandise, the most influential foreign businessmen and their respective consuls and ambassadors were the traders in nitrate and the holders of the growing stacks of debts of all the belligerents. They were all aware that the only way they could hope to receive payment on their loans and earn the profits from the nitrate business was to see the war ended and trade resumed on a normal footing without legal disputes over ownership of the resources of the region hanging over their heads."<a href="#cite_note-210">[199]</a> Nonethelesses, belligerents were able to purchase <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific">torpedo boats</a>, arms, and munitions abroad and to circumvent ambiguous neutrality laws, and firms like <a href="/wiki/Baring_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baring Brothers">Baring Brothers</a> in London were not averse to dealing with both Chile and Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton1985-112">[102]</a>: 129  Arms were sold freely to any side that could pay for them but the British abstained from selling warships.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_1955_18-211">[200]</a> For example, in 1879 to 1880, Peru acquired weapons from the United States, Europe, Costa Rica, and Panama. Weapons offloaded on the Caribbean coast of Panama were sent overland to the Pacific coast by the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">isthmus railway</a>. In the Pacific, a number of ships, including the <a href="/wiki/BAP_Talism%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="BAP Talismán">Talismán</a>, Chalaco, Limeña, Estrella, Enriqueta and Guadiana, transported the cargo to Peru. The trade was done with the consent of the president of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_State" title="Panama State">Sovereign State of Panamá</a>, then part of Colombia. The Chilean <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> in Panama persistently protested the trade by citing a Chile–Colombia agreement of 1844 that prohibited Colombia from providing war supplies to Chile's enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Rubilar2004-212">[201]</a> After the Chilean occupation of Arica, Tarapacá, and Antofagasta, the governments of Peru and Bolivia turned as their last hope to the United States to block the Chilean annexation of the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman1999-213">[202]</a>: 41  American diplomats were worried that European powers might be tempted to intervene in the Pacific. The Bolivian Minister in Washington offered <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Maxwell_Evarts" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maxwell Evarts">William Maxwell Evarts</a> the prospects of lucrative guano and nitrate concessions to American investors in return for official protection of Bolivia's territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Pike1977-46">[45]</a>: 131 <a href="#cite_note-Lehman1999-213">[202]</a>: 42  <a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Christiancy" title="Isaac P. Christiancy">Isaac P. Christiancy</a>, US Minister in Peru, organized the USS Lackwanna Conference, which ultimately failed, as none of the belligerents was ready to negotiate. Earlier, Christiancy had written to the US that Peru should be annexed for ten years and then admitted in the Union to provide the United States with access to the rich markets of South America.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman1999-213">[202]</a>: 42  In 1881, US President <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a> took the oath of office, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophobe">Anglophobic</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[203]</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> supported an assertive role for the US in the war,<a href="#cite_note-Lehman1999-213">[202]</a>: 43  ostensibly regarding the interests of promoting US ownership of nitrate and guano concessions.<a href="#cite_note-Pike1977-46">[45]</a>: 132  Blaine argued that the South American republics "are young sisters of this government" and so he would not tolerate European intervention in South America. The groups "Credit Industriel" and "Peruvian Company," representing European and American creditors, had guaranteed to the Peruvian provisional government of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">Francisco García Calderón</a> to pay the Peruvian external debt and the reparations to Chile, but in return, the Peruvian government had to grant mining concessions in Tarapacá to these corporations. With the acquiescence of García Calderón, both companies began to lobby in the United States for the territories to remain under Peruvian sovereignty. For example, the US "<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a>, Bliss and Company" would get a monopoly on the sales of Peruvian nitrate in the US. Beside the economic plans, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Hurlbut" title="Stephen A. Hurlbut">Stephen A. Hurlbut</a>, Christiancy's successor, had negotiated with García Calderón the cession to the US of a naval base in <a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a> and the railroads to the coal mines upcountry.<a href="#cite_note-215">[204]</a> When it became known that Blaine's representative in Peru, Hurlbut, would personally profit from the settlement, it was clear he was complicating the peace process<a href="#cite_note-216">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[206]</a> The American attempts reinforced Garcia Calderon's refusal to discuss the matter of territorial cession. Blaine then dispatched William H. Trescot in a mission to Chile to establish that problems would be resolved through arbitration and that acts of war would not justify territorial seizures.<a href="#cite_note-Pike1977-46">[45]</a>: 132  After the assassination of Garfield (2 July 1881) and the accession of <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> to the US presidency, Blaine was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> as Secretary of State. Frelinghuysen thought that the US was in no position to back Blaine's policy and recalled the Trescot mission. Kenneth D. Lehmann commented the US policy: <dl><dd>Washington had interjected itself into the middle of the controversy without developing a realistic position: the moralizing of the United States had an air of hypocrisy in light of his own history, and veiled threats carried no weight.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman1999-213">[202]</a>: 45 </dd></dl> Regarding a British intervention in the war, the British historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Kiernan" title="Victor Kiernan">Victor Kiernan</a> had stated: "It should be emphasized that the Foreign Office never at any time contemplated any kind of active intervention.... It was especially scrupulous in seeing to it that no warships were smuggled out for sale to either side, for it was in mortal dread of another <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Award</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_1955_18-211">[200]</a> During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> embargoed four warships sold to Chile and Perú.<a href="#cite_note-219">[D]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Looting,_damages,_and_war_reparations">Looting, damages, and war reparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Looting, damages, and war reparations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padrecobos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Padrecobos.jpg/220px-Padrecobos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Padrecobos.jpg/330px-Padrecobos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Padrecobos.jpg/440px-Padrecobos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Caricature in the Chilean magazine Padre Cobos. Minister Balmaceda washes his hands of responsibility and orders Intendent of Santiago Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna to get rid of the heavy Peruvian lion. The Santiago elite observes with pleasure the arrival of the statue. "Padre Cobos" and a black child play around.</figcaption></figure> The case of looting and <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> done by Chilean occupation forces in Peru has caused controversy between historians. It is overlooked in Chile and a source of anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru. The Chilean historian Milton Godoy Orellana<a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> distinguishes the looting after the battle of Chorrillos y Miraflores; the looting by Peruvians in Lima before the Chilean troops entered the city; and the Chilean destruction of locomotives, rails, printing machines, weapons, etc. The Chilean government tried to control it through the "Oficina Recaudadora de las Contribuciones de Guerra," whose tasks were to inventory and realize the confiscation and to record and to confirm transport to Chile, the destination, and the sender. Allegedly, the strategic purposes were to obtain the peace. There is no general list of the looted goods, but many of the shipments were registered in private and official letters, newspaper articles, manifests, etc. Also, looting of cultural assets of Peru by the Chileans and Peruvians occurred; the development of international law regarding the protection of cultural objects evolved over the 19th and 20th centuries, but the idea of protecting cultural assets first emerged in Europe in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a> of 1863 unconditionally protected works of art during an armed conflict (Art. 35) but expressly consented to the use of cultural property as war reparations (Art. 36).<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> In fact, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Sergio Villalobos</a> states that in 1817, the US accepted the confiscation of art works but the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war#International_treaties_on_the_laws_of_war" title="Law of war">1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War</a> asserted that the cultural assets were to be considered as protected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004230-223">[211]</a> In March 1881, the Chilean government began to seize the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional del Perú">Biblioteca Nacional del Perú</a>, and 45,000 books were seized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004230-223">[211]</a> but some of the books were sold in Lima by Peruvians, and so it is contested how much of the booty was taken by the Chilean forces. In any case, in late March 1881, some of the books arrived to Chile, and the press began to inform and discuss about the legitimacy of looting oil paintings, books, statues, etc., or "international robbery", as a journalist of "La Epoca" described it. On 4 January 1883, in a session of the Chilean Congress, the deputy <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Matte" class="extiw" title="es:Augusto Matte">Augusto Matte Pérez</a> questioned <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Public_Security_(Chile)" title="Ministry of the Interior and Public Security (Chile)">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda" title="José Manuel Balmaceda">José Manuel Balmaceda</a> on the "opprobrious and humiliating" shipments of Peruvian cultural assets. Montt asked the devolution of the assets and was supported by deputies McClure and Puelma. The minister vowed to impede further exactions and to repatriate the objects mentioned in the discussion. Apparently, he did so since the shipments stopped, and the mentioned statues are not there anymore, but it was not until November 2007 that Chile returned 3,778 stolen books to the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú.<a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a> S. Villalobos asserted, "There was no justification for the theft."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004233-225">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png/220px-Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png/330px-Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Borders_Chile_1879_and_2006_SP.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Chile's territorial gains after the War of the Pacific</figcaption></figure> Another issue was the damage from acts of war on properties owned by citizens of neutral countries. In 1884, the Tribunales Arbitrales were constituted with a Chilean judge, who was named by the country of the claimant, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a> judge to deal with the claims of citizens from Britain (118 claims), Italy (440 claims), and France (89 claims). A tribunal was established in 1886 for German citizens. The "Italian" tribunal also dealt with Belgian citizens, and the "German" tribunal acted for Austrian and Swiss citizens. Spaniards accepted the decision of the Chilean state without the tribunal's assistance and the US did not agree at the time. According to international law, <a href="/wiki/Habitual_residence" title="Habitual residence">animus manendi</a> claims by foreign citizens could not be made unless the damaged property had been in an actual battleground (such as Arica, Chorrillos, and Miraflores, with Pisagua and Tacna being in a similar situation), but damages caused by individual or scattered soldiers were dismissed. Only 3.6% (1,080,562 <a href="/wiki/Chilean_pesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean pesos">Chilean pesos</a>) of the value that was claimed was recognized by the tribunals. According to Villalobos, the verdicts proved that the accusations against the Chilean forces had been exaggerated by Peruvians because of their wounded pride and by foreign citizens because of monetary interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004259–262-226">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Consequences of the War of the Pacific">Consequences of the War of the Pacific</a></div> The war had a profound and longlasting effect on the societies of all countries involved. The negotiations concerning territorial cessions continued until 1929, but the war ended in 1884 for all practical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarcau2000191-227">[215]</a> Various authors have referred to the war as a <a href="/wiki/National_trauma" title="National trauma">trauma for Peru and Bolivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a> Ever since the war ended, the aspiration to regain coastal sovereignty has been a recurring theme in Bolivia's domestic and foreign policy, as well as a common cause of tensions with Chile. Even in the current century there have been periods when diplomatic relations break off and demands are placed in international courts. Bolivia included in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">2009 Constitution</a> an inalienable right to the currently Chilean territories. However, these allegations against the existing treaties have not been supported by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Obligation_to_Negotiate_Access_to_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean">Bolivian demand against Chile before The Hague</a>. Relations between Chile and Peru after the Treaty of Lima have been more cordial than between Chile and Bolivia, although there have been diplomatic frictions. However, both nations maintain continuous diplomatic relations, cooperate in international trade, are part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a> to promote mutual integration and joint strategic trade in Asia, and invest extensively in each other. This has generated rapid growth for both economies and a growing cultural exchange. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADa_del_Mar" title="Día del Mar">Día del Mar</a></div> Día del Mar is celebrated in Bolivia on 23 March, at the conclusion of the weeklong Semana del Mar with a ceremony at La Paz's Plaza Abaroa, in homage to war hero Eduardo Abaroa, and in parallel ceremonies nationwide. <a href="/wiki/Navy_Day_(Chile)" title="Navy Day (Chile)">Naval Glories Day</a> is a Chilean anniversary that commemorates two naval battles that occurred on Wednesday, 21 May 1879: that of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Iquique</a>, where captain of frigate <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Prat" title="Arturo Prat">Arturo Prat</a> died along with the entire crew of the corvette <a href="/wiki/Chilean_corvette_Esmeralda" title="Chilean corvette Esmeralda">Esmeralda</a>, sunk by the Peruvian monitor <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)" title="Huáscar (ironclad)">Huáscar</a> (built in the United Kingdom for the Peruvian government in 1864, it served in the Peruvian Navy until it was captured by Chile in 1879) under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Grau" title="Miguel Grau">Miguel Grau</a>; and that of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Gruesa" title="Battle of Punta Gruesa">Punta Gruesa</a>, where the schooner <a href="/wiki/Spanish_schooner_Virgen_de_Covadonga" title="Spanish schooner Virgen de Covadonga">Covadonga</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Condell" title="Carlos Condell">Carlos Condell</a>, ran aground the Peruvian armored frigate <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_ironclad_Independencia" title="Peruvian ironclad Independencia">Independencia</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guillermo_More" title="Juan Guillermo More">Juan Guillermo More</a>, in the rocks of Punta Gruesa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliche_sangriento" title="Caliche sangriento">Caliche sangriento</a>, 1969 Chilean film directed by Helvio Soto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bruce_St._John" title="Ronald Bruce St. John">Ronald Bruce St. John</a> states in The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert: <dl><dd><blockquote>Even though the 1873 treaty and the imposition of the 10 centavos tax proved to be the <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>, there were deeper, more fundamental reasons for the outbreak of hostilities in 1879. On the one hand, there was the power, prestige, and relative stability of Chile compared to the economic deterioration and political discontinuity which characterised both Peru and Bolivia after independence. On the other, there was the ongoing competition for economic and political hegemony in the region, complicated by a deep antipathy between Peru and Chile. In this milieu, the vagueness of the boundaries between the three states, coupled with the discovery of valuable guano and nitrate deposits in the disputed territories, combined to produce a diplomatic conundrum of insurmountable proportions.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></blockquote></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The Bolivian law of 22 November said (<a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1979">Querejazu 1979</a>, pp. 181–182): Se autoriza al Ejecutivo para transar sobre indemnización y otros reclamos pendientes en la actualidad, y para acordar con las partes interesadas la forma más conveniente en que habrán de llenarse sus obligaciones respectivas; defiriéndose estos asuntos, sólo en los casos de no avenimiento, a la decisión de la Corte Suprema, con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> The Bolivian 5th Division started on 11 October 1879 from Cotagaita bound for Antofagasta and was reordered to Iquique, next to Tacna, then to repress any rebellion against Daza in South Bolivia, and finally arrived at Oruro 19 Januar 1880. It never entered the Bolivian Litoral but later fought in the Battle of Tacna. Querejazu states that its wandering in Potosi and Oruro showed that Daza had been bribed by Chile.<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> See also <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruta_5._division_de_Camacho,_en_1879-80.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Ruta 5. division de Camacho, en 1879-80.svg">commons:File:Ruta 5. division de Camacho, en 1879-80.svg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> The cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tsukushi" title="Japanese cruiser Tsukushi">Arturo Prat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883)">Esmeralda</a> built in England for Chile and <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cruiser_Lima" title="Peruvian cruiser Lima">Lima</a> (Sócrates) and <a href="/wiki/USS_Topeka_(PG-35)" title="USS Topeka (PG-35)">Topeka</a> (Diógenes) built in Germany but armed in Britain for Perú. The Greek names were a device to conceal their real destination.<a href="#cite_note-218">[207]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 51 Table 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 45 Table 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-compnavies-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compnavies_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compnavies_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compnavies_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compnavies_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 113–4 Table 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 58 Table 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-sater2007_263-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sater2007_263_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sater2007_263_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sater2007_263_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties3_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 349 Table 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties2_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 348 Table 22. The statistics on battlefield deaths are inaccurate because they do not provide follow-up information on those who later died of their wounds. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._JohnSchofield1994" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce; Schofield, Clive (1994). The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897643144" title="Special:BookSources/1897643144"><bdi>1897643144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolivia%E2%80%93Chile%E2%80%93Peru+Dispute+in+the+Atacama+Desert&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=University+of+Durham%2C+International+Boundaries+Research+Unit&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1897643144&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1920" class="citation journal cs1">James, Herman G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42882949">"The Controversy Over Tacna and Arica"</a>. The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly. 1 (2): 155–169. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2374-1295">2374-1295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Controversy+Over+Tacna+and+Arica&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=1920&rft.issn=2374-1295&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42882949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resende-Santos2007-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Resende-Santos2007_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resende-Santos2007_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoao_Resende-Santos2007" class="citation book cs1">Joao Resende-Santos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6t4CSs6QxJ8C">Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46633-2"><bdi>978-1-139-46633-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neorealism%2C+States%2C+and+the+Modern+Mass+Army&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46633-2&rft.au=Joao+Resende-Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6t4CSs6QxJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/guanowar.html">"WHKMLA : The Guano War, 1865–1866"</a>. www.zum.de. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zum.de&rft.atitle=WHKMLA+%3A+The+Guano+War%2C+1865%E2%80%931866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fmilitary%2F19cen%2Fguanowar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchard1922" class="citation journal cs1">Borchard, Edwin M. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028196">"The Tacna-Arica Controversy"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 1 (1): 29–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028196">10.2307/20028196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Tacna-Arica+Controversy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20028196&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Borchard&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20028196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolsey1929" class="citation journal cs1">Woolsey, L. H. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2190017">"The Tacna-Arica Settlement"</a>. The American Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 605–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2190017">10.2307/2190017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Tacna-Arica+Settlement&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E605-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2190017&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft.aulast=Woolsey&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2190017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeofilo_Laime_Ajacopa2007" class="citation book cs1">Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futatraw.ourproject.org/descargas/DicQuechuaBolivia.pdf">Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua</a> (PDF). La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Biling%C3%BCe%3A+Iskay+simipi+yuyayk%E2%80%99anch%3A+Quechua+%E2%80%93+Castellano+%2F+Castellano+%E2%80%93+Quechua&rft.place=La+Paz%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=futatraw.ourproject.org&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Teofilo+Laime+Ajacopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutatraw.ourproject.org%2Fdescargas%2FDicQuechuaBolivia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kacowicz1998-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Kacowicz1998_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArie_Marcelo_Kacowicz1998" class="citation book cs1">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itXKj0EY9zwC&pg=PA105">Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 105–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3957-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3957-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-3957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zones+of+Peace+in+the+Third+World%3A+South+America+and+West+Africa+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=105-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3957-9&rft.au=Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitXKj0EY9zwC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyzaguirre,_Jaime1967" class="citation book cs1">Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.scribd.com/document/105213842/Breve-Historia-de-Las-Fronteras-de-Chile-Jaime-Eyzaguirre">Breve Historia de las Fronteras de Chile</a>. Editorial Universitaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Historia+de+las+Fronteras+de+Chile&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Eyzaguirre%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F105213842%2FBreve-Historia-de-Las-Fronteras-de-Chile-Jaime-Eyzaguirre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagos_Carmona,_Guillermo1981" class="citation book cs1">Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1981). Los títulos históricos Historia de las fronteras de Chile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+t%C3%ADtulos+hist%C3%B3ricos+Historia+de+las+fronteras+de+Chile&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Lagos+Carmona%2C+Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChSI-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ChSI_20-0">^</a> Bethell, Leslie. 1993. Chile Since Independence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vergara-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Vergara_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergaraGundermann2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/326/32623101009.pdf">"Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chungara_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungara (journal)">Chungara</a> (in Spanish). 44 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="University of Tarapacá">University of Tarapacá</a>: 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0717-73562012000100009">10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chungara&rft.atitle=Constitution+and+internal+dynamics+of+the+regional+identitary+in+Tarapac%C3%A1+and+Los+Lagos%2C+Chile&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2Fs0717-73562012000100009&rft.aulast=Vergara&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Iv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Gundermann%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F326%2F32623101009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-escude-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escude_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-escude_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscudéCisneros" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-066.htm">"Sarmiento y Tejedor proponen al Congreso la adhesión al tratado secreto peruano-boliviano del 6 de febrero de 1873"</a>. Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113210142/http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-066.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+de+las+Relaciones+Exteriores+Argentinas&rft.atitle=Sarmiento+y+Tejedor+proponen+al+Congreso+la+adhesi%C3%B3n+al+tratado+secreto+peruano-boliviano+del+6+de+febrero+de+1873&rft.aulast=Escud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Cisneros%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argentina-rree.com%2F6%2F6-066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1995">Querejazu 1995</a> Cap. XXVII La Alianza secreta de Bolivia y el Peru </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603095013/http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-081.htm">"Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, La misión Balmaceda: asegurar la neutralidad argentina en la guerra del Pacífico, Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros"</a>. www.argentina-rree.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-081.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.argentina-rree.com&rft.atitle=Historia+de+las+Relaciones+Exteriores+Argentinas%2C+La+misi%C3%B3n+Balmaceda%3A+asegurar+la+neutralidad+argentina+en+la+guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico%2C+Carlos+Escud%C3%A9+y+Andr%C3%A9s+Cisneros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argentina-rree.com%2F6%2F6-081.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orrego1992-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Orrego1992_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmilio_Ruiz-Tagle_Orrego1992" class="citation book cs1">Emilio Ruiz-Tagle Orrego (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nMVv4hNcY4C&pg=PA149">Bolivia y Chile: el conflicto del Pacífico</a>. Andres Bello. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-13-0954-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-13-0954-8"><bdi>978-956-13-0954-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+y+Chile%3A+el+conflicto+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=Andres+Bello&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-956-13-0954-8&rft.au=Emilio+Ruiz-Tagle+Orrego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nMVv4hNcY4C%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s1-27"><a href="#cite_ref-s1_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1920">Bulnes 1920</a>, p. 57 <dl><dd>The synthesis of the Secret Treaty was this: opportunity: the disarmed condition of Chile; the pretext to produce conflict: Bolivia; the profit of the business: Patagonia and the salitre; (Traducción: La síntesis del tratado secreto es: oportunidad: la condición desarmada de Chile; el pretexto para producir el conflicto: Bolivia; la ganancia del negocio: Patagonia y el salitre;)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-s2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-s2_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. Cap. 1, pág. 12, La transacción de 1873 y el tratado de 1874 entre Chile y Bolivia <dl><dd>La gestión diplomática peruana en 1873 ante la Cancillería de Bolivia fue en el sentido de que aprovechara los momentos anteriores a la llegada de los blindados chilenos para terminar las fatigosas disputas sobre el tratado de 1866 y de que lo denunciase para sustituirlo por un arreglo más conveniente, o bien para dar lugar, con la ruptura de las negociaciones, a la mediación del Perú y la Argentina. o en</dd> <dd>La alianza al crear el eje Lima-La Paz con ánimo de convertirlo en un eje Lima-La Paz-Buenos Aires, pretendió forjar un instrumento para garantizar la paz y la estabilidad en las fronteras americanas buscando la defensa del equilibrio continental como había propugnado "La Patria" de Lima.(Ch. 1, p. 8) anteriormente Basadre expuso lo explicado por "La Patria":</dd> <dd>El Perú, según este articulista, tenía derecho para pedir la reconsideración del tratado de 1866. La anexión de Atacama a Chile (así como también la de Patagonia) envolvía una trascendencia muy vasta y conducía a complicaciones muy graves contra la familia hispanoamericana. El Perú defendiendo a Bolivia, a sí mismo y al Derecho, debía presidir la coalición de todos los Estados interesados para reducir a Chile al límite que quería sobrepasar, en agravio general del uti possidetis en el Pacífico. La paz continental debía basarse en el equilibrio continental. ... Se publicaron estas palabras en vísperas de que fuese suscrito el tratado secreto peruano-boliviano.(Ch. 1, p. 6)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-s3-29"><a href="#cite_ref-s3_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYrigoyen1921">Yrigoyen 1921</a>, p. 129 <dl><dd>Tan profundamente convencido estaba el gobierno peruano de la necesidad que había de perfeccionar la adhesión de la Argentina al Tratado de alianza Peru-boliviano, antes de que recibiera Chile sus blindados, a fin de poderle exigir a este país pacíficamente el sometimiento al arbitraje de sus pretensiones territoriales, que, apenas fueron recibidas en Lima las observaciones formuladas por el Canciller Tejedor, se correspondió a ellas en los siguientes términos... (p. 129)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1995">Querejazu 1995</a> Cap. XXVII, La maniobra leguleyesca </li> <li id="cite_note-Basadre_1964_Chapter_1,_Significado_del_tratado_de_la_alianza-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basadre_1964_Chapter_1,_Significado_del_tratado_de_la_alianza_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basadre_1964_Chapter_1,_Significado_del_tratado_de_la_alianza_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, Chapter 1, "Significado del tratado de la alianza" </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennis1927">Dennis 1927</a>, p. 80, Sotomayor letter urging Bolivia to break its alliance with Peru </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. 2282 "The beginning of the Peruvian naval inferiority and lack of initiative for preventive war" </li> <li id="cite_note-CruzCavallo1981-34"><a href="#cite_ref-CruzCavallo1981_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolás_CruzAscanio_Cavallo1981" class="citation book cs1">Nicolás Cruz; Ascanio Cavallo (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XWsGwAACAAJ">Las guerras de la guerra: Perú, Bolivia y Chile frente al conflicto de 1879</a>. Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+guerras+de+la+guerra%3A+Per%C3%BA%2C+Bolivia+y+Chile+frente+al+conflicto+de+1879&rft.pub=Instituto+Chileno+de+Estudios+Human%C3%ADsticos&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Nicol%C3%A1s+Cruz&rft.au=Ascanio+Cavallo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XWsGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_37-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_37_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_37_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_37_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_37_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-salazar-36"><a href="#cite_ref-salazar_36-0">^</a> Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores. 2002. Gabriel Salazar and Julio Pinto. pp. 25–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-salazarpinto25-29-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salazarpinto25-29_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazarpinto25-29_37-1">b</a> Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 25–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto_Rodríguez1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Pinto_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Jorge Pinto Rodríguez">Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge</a> (1992), "Crisis económica y expansión territorial : la ocupación de la Araucanía en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX", Estudios Sociales, 72</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Sociales&rft.atitle=Crisis+econ%C3%B3mica+y+expansi%C3%B3n+territorial+%3A+la+ocupaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Araucan%C3%ADa+en+la+segunda+mitad+del+siglo+XIX&rft.volume=72&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Pinto+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healy2001-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Healy2001_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Healy2001" class="citation book cs1">David Healy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesgblainelati00heal">James G. Blaine and Latin America</a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6329-2"><bdi>978-0-8262-6329-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+G.+Blaine+and+Latin+America&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6329-2&rft.au=David+Healy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesgblainelati00heal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pike-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Pike_40-0">^</a> Fredrick B. Pike, "Chile and the United States, 1880–1962", University of Notre Dame Press 1963, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-M.Rubilar-41"><a href="#cite_ref-M.Rubilar_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubilar_Luengo2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Rubilar Luengo, Mauricio (2012). La política exterior de Chile durante la guerra y la posguerra del Pacífico (1879–1891): las relaciones con Estados Unidos y Colombia: diplomacia, opinión pública y poder naval (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35376%2F10324%2F925">10.35376/10324/925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+pol%C3%ADtica+exterior+de+Chile+durante+la+guerra+y+la+posguerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+%281879%E2%80%931891%29%3A+las+relaciones+con+Estados+Unidos+y+Colombia%3A+diplomacia%2C+opini%C3%B3n+p%C3%BAblica+y+poder+naval&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35376%2F10324%2F925&rft.aulast=Rubilar+Luengo&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farcau_2000_45-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_45_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_45_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Leslie Bethell, The Cambridge History of Latin America, 2009, p. 541 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 38, 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pike1977-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pike1977_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pike1977_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pike1977_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pike1977_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrick_B._Pike1977" class="citation book cs1">Fredrick B. Pike (1 January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesande0000pike">The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92300-3"><bdi>978-0-674-92300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Andean+Republics%3A+Peru%2C+Bolivia%2C+and+Ecuador&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92300-3&rft.au=Fredrick+B.+Pike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesande0000pike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reyes-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_47-1">b</a> Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes Flores, Relaciones Internacionales en el Pacífico Sur, in La Guerra del Pacífico, Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Alejandro Reyes et al. , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 1979, p. 110: <dl><dd>Jorge Basadre respecto a este problema económico crucial dice Al realizar el estado peruano con la ley del 28 de marzo de 1875, la expropiación y monopolio de las salitreras de Tarapacá, era necesario evitar la competencia de las salitreras del Toco [in Bolivia].... Aquí es donde se internacionalizaba el conflicto, pues estas salitreras, económicamente estaban en poder de chilenos y británicos</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhill-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhillMiller1973" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhill, Robert G.; Miller, Rory M. (May 1973). "The Peruvian Government and the Nitrate Trade, 1873–1879". Journal of Latin American Studies. 5 (1): 107–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X00002236">10.1017/S0022216X00002236</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/156003">156003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145462958">145462958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Peruvian+Government+and+the+Nitrate+Trade%2C+1873%E2%80%931879&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145462958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F156003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X00002236&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Rory+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence, William Edmundson, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230101210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230101210">978-0230101210</a>, 288 pages, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Harold Blackmore, The Politics of Nitrate in Chile, Pressure Groups and Policies, 1870–1896, Some Unanswered Questions </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1979">Querejazu 1979</a>, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1979">Querejazu 1979</a>, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_40-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_40_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_31-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_31_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_31_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Luis Ortega, "Los Empresarios, la política y los orígenes de la Guerra del Pacífico", Flacso, Santiago de Chile, 1984, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier1996-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier1996_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier1996_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1996" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Simon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx8iIxafDVYC">A History of Chile, 1808–1994</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56827-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chile%2C+1808%E2%80%931994&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56827-2&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLx8iIxafDVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenhillMiller1973">Greenhill & Miller 1973</a>, pp. 117–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravest-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravest_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravest_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavest_Mora2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ravest Mora, Manuel (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/historia/v41n1/art03.pdf">"La Casa Gibbs y el monopolio salitrero peruano: 1876–1878"</a> [The Gibbs House and the Peruvian nitrate monopoly: 1876–1878] (PDF). Historia (in Spanish). 41 (1): 63–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-71942008000100003">10.4067/S0717-71942008000100003</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/221161317">221161317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=La+Casa+Gibbs+y+el+monopolio+salitrero+peruano%3A+1876%E2%80%931878&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0717-71942008000100003&rft.aulast=Ravest+Mora&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fpdf%2Fhistoria%2Fv41n1%2Fart03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenhillMiller1973">Greenhill & Miller 1973</a>, pp. 123–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1980">O'Brien 1980</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenhillMiller1973">Greenhill & Miller 1973</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1980">O'Brien 1980</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_Policy_of_Peru-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Policy_of_Peru_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Policy_of_Peru_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1992" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofp00stjo/page/105">Foreign Policy of Peru</a>. Colorado, US: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofp00stjo/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-304-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-304-9"><bdi>1-55587-304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Policy+of+Peru&rft.place=Colorado%2C+US&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55587-304-9&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignpolicyofp00stjo%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1979">Querejazu 1979</a>, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_28-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_28_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_28_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-10ct-69"><a href="#cite_ref-10ct_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1995">Querejazu 1995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_Ravest_Mora1983" class="citation book cs1">Manuel Ravest Mora (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOV_kpPcRoYC">La Compañía Salitrera y la Ocupación de Antofagasta 1878–1879</a>. Andres Bello. GGKEY:BNK53LBKGDQ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+Salitrera+y+la+Ocupaci%C3%B3n+de+Antofagasta+1878%E2%80%931879&rft.pub=Andres+Bello&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Manuel+Ravest+Mora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOV_kpPcRoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmundson-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmundson_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson2011" class="citation book cs1">Edmundson, William (2011). The Nitrate King: A Biography of "Colonel" John Thomas North. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230112803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230112803"><bdi>978-0230112803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nitrate+King%3A+A+Biography+of+%22Colonel%22+John+Thomas+North&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230112803&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarros_Arana1881a">Barros Arana 1881a</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1920">Bulnes 1920</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1911">Bulnes 1911</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1911">Bulnes 1911</a>, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, Chapter 1, Los tres obstáculos para el éxito de la mediación: <dl><dd>la condición impuesta por el gobierno peruano en sus instrucciones para que Chile fuese a la desocupación previa del litoral ocupado sin prometer la suspensión del decreto boliviano sobre expropiación de los bienes de la Compañía de Antofagasta o la modificación del impuesto de los 10 centavos</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, Chapter 1, La declaratoria de guerra de Bolivia a Chile como recurso para hacer fracasar a Lavalle: <dl><dd>La versión chilena fue que Bolivia quiso impedir que Chile se armara. En realidad, Daza buscó la forma de malograr la misión Lavalle.</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-causesofwar-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-causesofwar_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-causesofwar_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1920">Bulnes 1920</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennis1927">Dennis 1927</a>, pp. 79–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_24-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_24_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_24_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbal-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verbal_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbal_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmeyer2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stockmeyer, Valentina Verbal (2014). "El ejército de Chile en vísperas de la Guerra del Pacífico: Una visión de las tropas (1866–1879)" [The Chilean army on the eve of the War of the Pacific: A vision of the troops (1866–1879)]. Historia 396 (in Spanish). 4 (1): 135–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+396&rft.atitle=El+ej%C3%A9rcito+de+Chile+en+v%C3%ADsperas+de+la+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico%3A+Una+visi%C3%B3n+de+las+tropas+%281866%E2%80%931879%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stockmeyer&rft.aufirst=Valentina+Verbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-eme-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eme_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eme_97-1">b</a> Estado Mayor del Ejército de Chile, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/albedu/docs/ej_rcito_de_chile_-_historia__5_._el_ej_rcito_en_l">Historia del Ejército de Chile</a>, Tomo 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellington1948" class="citation book cs1">Mellington, Herbert (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmUaAAAAYAAJ">American Diplomacy and the War of the Pacific</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374957254" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374957254"><bdi>978-0374957254</bdi></a>. <q>The press in the United States was also almost unanimous in predicting the sound defeat of Chile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Diplomacy+and+the+War+of+the+Pacific&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0374957254&rft.aulast=Mellington&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmUaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stjohn-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_John1992" class="citation book cs1">St John, Ronald Bruce (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofp00stjo">Foreign policy of Peru</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofp00stjo/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-304-2"><bdi>978-1-55587-304-2</bdi></a>. <q>... the fact that a Chilean victory at the outset was far from certain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+policy+of+Peru&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-304-2&rft.aulast=St+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignpolicyofp00stjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan1955">Kiernan 1955</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. 39 Cap.I "La actitud de la opinión pública peruana" </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, pp. 52–53 Cap.I "El Perú y Chile en su evolución republicana" </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1919">Bulnes 1919</a>, p. 616 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 65 <dl><dd>As the earlier discussion of the geography of the Atacama region illustrates, control of the sea lanes along the coast would be absolutely vital to the success of a land campaign there</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farcau_2000_57-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_57_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_57_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 102ff <dl><dd>"...to anyone willing to sail under Bolivia's colors ..."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_137-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_137_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_137_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burr1967-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Burr1967_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_N._Burr1967" class="citation book cs1">Robert N. Burr (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KRUbCt56M8sC_2">By Reason Or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830–1905</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KRUbCt56M8sC_2/page/n151">145</a>–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02629-2"><bdi>978-0-520-02629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Reason+Or+Force%3A+Chile+and+the+Balancing+of+Power+in+South+America%2C+1830%E2%80%931905&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02629-2&rft.au=Robert+N.+Burr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_KRUbCt56M8sC_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton1985-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton1985_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton1985_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton1985_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._Clayton1985" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence A. Clayton (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EB5i7yoRk3UC">Grace: W.R. Grace & Co., the Formative Years, 1850–1930</a>. Lawrence Clayton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-25-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-25-1"><bdi>978-0-915463-25-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace%3A+W.R.+Grace+%26+Co.%2C+the+Formative+Years%2C+1850%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Lawrence+Clayton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-915463-25-1&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEB5i7yoRk3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 113–114 <dl><dd>"There are numerous differences of opinion as to the ships' speed and armament. Some of these differences can be attributed to the fact that the various sources may have been evaluating the ships at different times."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, Chapter 2, "El combate de Angamos" </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-118"><a href="#cite_ref-VM_118-0">^</a> Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1881). Guerra del Pacífico. Historia de la Campaña de Lima 1880–1881, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_296-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_296_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTromben_Corbalán2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tromben Corbalán, Carlos (2017). La Armada de Chile: una historia de dos siglos (in Spanish). Vol. I. Chile: RIL Editores. p. 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-01-0431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-01-0431-1"><bdi>978-956-01-0431-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Armada+de+Chile%3A+una+historia+de+dos+siglos&rft.place=Chile&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=RIL+Editores&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-956-01-0431-1&rft.aulast=Tromben+Corbal%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Basadre, Histroria de la Republica, pág. 2357. J. Basadre cites <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Vicu%C3%B1a_Mackenna" title="Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna">Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna</a>: "Tarapacá era una tumba. Estratégicamente hablando era aquel un ejército perdido porque no tenía base de operaciones, ni líneas de comunicación, ni línea de retirada". </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Basadre, Histroria de la República, pág. 2353 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> R. Querejazu C., Guano, Salitre y Sangre, p. 365, version pdf. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 171–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1914">Bulnes 1914</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rector2005-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Rector2005_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Rector2005" class="citation book cs1">John L. Rector (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-cYwiBkreYC">The History of Chile</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6257-7"><bdi>978-1-4039-6257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chile&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6257-7&rft.au=John+L.+Rector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-cYwiBkreYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Thomas F. O'Brien, "The Antofagasta Company: A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism", Duke University Press, Hispanic American Historical Review, 1980, pp. 21–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-cap4-134"><a href="#cite_ref-cap4_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a> Cap. IV "La crisis hacendaria y política" </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. 31 Cap.IV "Proclamación de la dictadura" </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Diario <a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a>, del Domingo 28 de abril de 2002 en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307163056/http://www.guerradelpacifico1879.cl/noticias/mercurioexposicionandresbel.jpg">archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMN-138"><a href="#cite_ref-CMN_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéndez_Notari2009" class="citation book cs1">Méndez Notari, Carlos (2009). Héroes del Silencio, Veteranos De La Guerra del Pacífico (1884–1924). Santiago: Centro de Estudios Bicentenario. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-8147-77-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-8147-77-8"><bdi>978-956-8147-77-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A9roes+del+Silencio%2C+Veteranos+De+La+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+%281884%E2%80%931924%29&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Bicentenario&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-956-8147-77-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ndez+Notari&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_217-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_217_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 222 "Baquedano could not simply bypass the Peruvian troops, whose presence threatened Moquegua as well as the communications network extending southeast across the Locumba Valley to Tacna and northwest to Arequipa and northeast to Bolivia" </li> <li id="cite_note-Farcau_2000_138-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_138_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 138 specifies 3,100 men in Arequipa, 2,000 men in Arica and 9,000 men in Tacna, but this figure contradicts the total numbers given (below) by William F. Sater in page 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 138 "...it became evident that there was a total lack of the necessary transport for even the minimum amount of supplies and water." </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 227 "The allied force, he [Campero] concluded lacked sufficient transport to move into the field its artillery as well as its rations and, more significantly, its supplies of water." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_229-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_229_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_2007_256-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_2007_256_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farcau_2000_1147-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Farcau_2000_1147_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 1147 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, pp. 149–150 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sater_1986_274-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Sater_1986_274_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater1986">Sater 1986</a>, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-FM-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FM_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FM_153-1">b</a> Francisco Machuca (1929), "Las Cuatro Campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico:La campaña de Lima" </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 348–349 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater1986">Sater 1986</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-escude2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escude2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-escude2_156-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-088.htm">Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros|title=Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225428/http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-088.htm">"El tratado del 23 de julio de 1881"</a>. 2 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-088.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+tratado+del+23+de+julio+de+1881&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argentina-rree.com%2F6%2F6-088.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> See "The Strait of Magellan", Michael Morris, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-0181-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-0181-1">0-7923-0181-1</a>, pages 120 and 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 301–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curriculumenlineamineduc.cl/605/articles-23247_recurso_jpg.jpg">infografía del Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile, retrieved on 14 May 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulnes1919">Bulnes 1919</a>, p. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 315 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Congreso del Perú, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1883-2.pdf">Grito de Montán, retrieved on 24 March 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511110823/http://www4.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1883-2.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 329–330 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, pp. 181–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 317–338 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, pp. 183–187 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bvrevistas/folia/Vol10_N1/enf_carri%C3%B3n.htm">Folia Dermatológica Peruana</a>, Vol. 10 • Nº. 1 Marzo de 1999. Foto en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bvrevistas/folia/Vol10_N1/img_enfcarrion.htm">Imágenes de la Enfermedad de Carrión</a> por Uriel García Cáceres y Fernando Uriel García V. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 340ff </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallon2014-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallon2014_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorencia_E._Mallon2014" class="citation book cs1">Florencia E. Mallon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860–1940</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5604-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-5604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defense+of+Community+in+Peru%27s+Central+Highlands%3A+Peasant+Struggle+and+Capitalist+Transition%2C+1860%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5604-6&rft.au=Florencia+E.+Mallon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytX_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barros1970-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Barros1970_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros1970" class="citation book cs1">Barros, Mario (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2w2Rhnn4US0C">Historia diplomática de Chile, 1541–1938</a>. Andres Bello. GGKEY:7T4TB12B4GQ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+diplom%C3%A1tica+de+Chile%2C+1541%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Andres+Bello&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2w2Rhnn4US0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish1985">English 1985</a>, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_L_page_377-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L_page_377_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L_page_377_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L_page_377_181-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheina2003">Scheina 2003</a>, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish1985">English 1985</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Stanislav Andreski Wars, revolutions, dictatorships: studies of historical and contemporary problems from a comparative viewpoint p. 105: <dl><dd>(...) Chile's army and fleet were better equipped, organized and commanded(...)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Helen Miller Bailey, Abraham Phineas Nasatir Latin America: the development of its civilization p. 492: <dl><dd>Chile was a much more modernized nation with better-trained and better-equipped</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheina2003">Scheina 2003</a>, pp. 376–377 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothea" class="citation web cs1">Dorothea, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.appstate.edu/sites/default/files/appalachian-spring-papers/2008/dorotheamartinpaper.pdf">"Chinese Migration into Latin America – Diaspora or Sojourns in Peru?"</a> (PDF). Appalachian State University. p. 10. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Migration+into+Latin+America+%E2%80%93+Diaspora+or+Sojourns+in+Peru%3F&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Appalachian+State+University&rft.aulast=Dorothea&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.appstate.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fappalachian-spring-papers%2F2008%2Fdorotheamartinpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan by Richard W. Turk; Greenwood Press, 1987. 183 pgs. p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiro2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2008). "Mahan and the 'English Club' of Lima, Peru: The Genesis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History". The Journal of Military History. 72 (3): 901–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.0.0046">10.1353/jmh.0.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159553860">159553860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Mahan+and+the+%27English+Club%27+of+Lima%2C+Peru%3A+The+Genesis+of+The+Influence+of+Sea+Power+upon+History&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E901-%3C%2Fspan%3E906&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.0.0046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159553860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferreiro&rft.aufirst=Larrie+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britton2013-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britton2013_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britton2013_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britton2013_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Britton2013" class="citation book cs1">John A. Britton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdQWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903</a>. UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5398-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-5398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cables%2C+Crises%2C+and+the+Press%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+the+New+Information+System+in+the+Americas%2C+1866%E2%80%931903&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5398-6&rft.au=John+A.+Britton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdQWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988">: 71-  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugusto_Pinochet_Ugarte1984" class="citation book cs1">Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WVYNdBb_UUC&pg=PA20">La Guerra Del Pacífico</a>. Andres Bello. pp. 20–. GGKEY:TLF0S8WSFAA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guerra+Del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.pages=20-&rft.pub=Andres+Bello&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Augusto+Pinochet+Ugarte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WVYNdBb_UUC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauricio_Pelayo_González2015" class="citation web cs1">Mauricio Pelayo González (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419024937/http://www.laguerradelpacifico.cl/campana%20naval/Combate%20Antofagasta.htm">"Combate Naval de Antofagasta"</a>. www.laguerradelpacifico.cl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laguerradelpacifico.cl/campana%20naval/Combate%20Antofagasta.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.laguerradelpacifico.cl&rft.atitle=Combate+Naval+de+Antofagasta&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.au=Mauricio+Pelayo+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laguerradelpacifico.cl%2Fcampana%2520naval%2FCombate%2520Antofagasta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1979">Querejazu 1979</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuerejazu1995">Querejazu 1995</a> Cap XXXI Que se rinda su abuela carajo! </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soberaniachile.cl/mitos_sobre_los_trofeos_de_guerra_peruanos_traidos_a_chile.html">"Corporación de Defensa de la Soberanía"</a>. www.soberaniachile.cl. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soberaniachile.cl&rft.atitle=Corporaci%C3%B3n+de+Defensa+de+la+Soberan%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soberaniachile.cl%2Fmitos_sobre_los_trofeos_de_guerra_peruanos_traidos_a_chile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Encina2-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encina2_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encina2_199-1">b</a> Francisco Antonio Encina, "Historia de Chile", page 8, cited in <a href="#CITEREFStockmeyer2014">Stockmeyer 2014</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereyra_Plasencia2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Pereyra Plasencia, Hugo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/bitstream/handle/123456789/5317/PEREYRA_PLASENCIA_HUGO_APROXIMACION_POLITICA.pdf?sequence=1">Una aproximación política, social y cultural a la figura de Andrés Cáceres entre 1882 y 1883</a> (PDF) (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Una+aproximaci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica%2C+social+y+cultural+a+la+figura+de+Andr%C3%A9s+C%C3%A1ceres+entre+1882+y+1883&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pereyra+Plasencia&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftesis.pucp.edu.pe%2Frepositorio%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F5317%2FPEREYRA_PLASENCIA_HUGO_APROXIMACION_POLITICA.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_204-1">b</a> Hugo Pereira, Una revisión histográfica de la ejecución del guerrillero Tomás Laymes, in Trabajos sobre la Guerra del Pacífico, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 269ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_García_Meza" class="citation magazine cs1">Oliver García Meza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistamarina.cl/revistas/2012/5/garcia.pdf">"Los chinos en la Guerra del Pacífico"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Revista_de_Marina" title="Revista de Marina">Revista de Marina</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Marina&rft.atitle=Los+chinos+en+la+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.au=Oliver+Garc%C3%ADa+Meza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistamarina.cl%2Frevistas%2F2012%2F5%2Fgarcia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, pp. 160, 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Ramon Aranda de los Rios, Carmela Sotomayor Roggero, Una sublevación negra en Chincha: 1879, pp. 238ff in "La Guerra del Pacífico", Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Wilfredo Kapsoli & others, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Wilfredo Kapsoli, El Peru en una coyuntura de crisis, 1879–1883, pp. 35–36 in "La Guerra del Pacífico", Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Wilfredo Kapsoli & others, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan_1955_18-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_1955_18_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_1955_18_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan1955">Kiernan 1955</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubilar2004-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubilar2004_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubilar_Luengo2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rubilar Luengo, Mauricio E. (2004), "Guerra y diplomacia: las relaciones chileno-colombianas durante la guerra y postguerra del Pacífico (1879–1886)", <a href="/wiki/Revista_Universum" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista Universum">Revista Universum</a> (in Spanish), 19 (1): 148–175, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0718-23762004000100009">10.4067/s0718-23762004000100009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Universum&rft.atitle=Guerra+y+diplomacia%3A+las+relaciones+chileno-colombianas+durante+la+guerra+y+postguerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+%281879%E2%80%931886%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2Fs0718-23762004000100009&rft.aulast=Rubilar+Luengo&rft.aufirst=Mauricio+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehman1999-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lehman1999_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehman1999_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehman1999_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehman1999_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehman1999_213-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Duane_Lehman1999" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Duane Lehman (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATv_VPFez5EC">Bolivia and the United States: A Limited Partnership</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2116-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-2116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Limited+Partnership&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2116-5&rft.au=Kenneth+Duane+Lehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATv_VPFez5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 304–306 <dl><dd>"The anglophobic secretary of state..."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSater2007">Sater 2007</a>, pp. 304–306 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasadre1964">Basadre 1964</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellafe_Maturana2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mellafe Maturana, Rafael (December 2012). "La ayuda inglesa a Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico. ¿Mito o realidad?" [English aid to Chile during the War of the Pacific. Myth or Reality?]. Cuaderno de Historia Militar (in Spanish): 61–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuaderno+de+Historia+Militar&rft.atitle=La+ayuda+inglesa+a+Chile+durante+la+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico.+%C2%BFMito+o+realidad%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Mellafe+Maturana&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodoy_Orellana2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Godoy Orellana, Milton (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01693618/file/Guerra%20del%20Pacifico.pdf">"'Ha traído hasta nosotros desde territorio enemigo, el alud de la guerra': confiscación de maquinarias y apropiación de bienes culturales durante la ocupación de Lima, 1881–1883"</a> ['It has brought to us from enemy territory, the avalanche of war': confiscation of machinery and appropriation of cultural property during the occupation of Lima, 1881–1883] (PDF). Historia (in Spanish). 44 (2): 287–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-71942011000200002">10.4067/S0717-71942011000200002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=%27Ha+tra%C3%ADdo+hasta+nosotros+desde+territorio+enemigo%2C+el+alud+de+la+guerra%27%3A+confiscaci%C3%B3n+de+maquinarias+y+apropiaci%C3%B3n+de+bienes+culturales+durante+la+ocupaci%C3%B3n+de+Lima%2C+1881%E2%80%931883&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0717-71942011000200002&rft.aulast=Godoy+Orellana&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-01693618%2Ffile%2FGuerra%2520del%2520Pacifico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunning2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cunning, Andrera (1 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil/vol11/iss1/6">"Safeguarding of Cultural Property in Times of War & (and) Peace, The"</a>. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law. 11 (1): 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+Journal+of+Comparative+and+International+Law&rft.atitle=Safeguarding+of+Cultural+Property+in+Times+of+War+%26+%28and%29+Peace%2C+The&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=211&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft.aulast=Cunning&rft.aufirst=Andrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu%2Ftjcil%2Fvol11%2Fiss1%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gattin, A. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a015504">"Restitution by Russia of Works of Art Removed from German Territory at the End of the Second World War"</a>. European Journal of International Law. 7 (1): 67–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a015504">10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a015504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Restitution+by+Russia+of+Works+of+Art+Removed+from+German+Territory+at+the+End+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a015504&rft.aulast=Gattin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.ejil.a015504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004230-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004230_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004230_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollyns2007" class="citation news cs1">Collyns, Dan (7 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7082436.stm">"Chile returns looted Peru books"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chile+returns+looted+Peru+books&rft.date=2007-11-07&rft.aulast=Collyns&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7082436.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004233-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004233_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004259–262-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalobos2004259–262_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillalobos2004">Villalobos 2004</a>, pp. 259–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarcau2000191-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarcau2000191_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarcau2000">Farcau 2000</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgarte_Díaz2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ugarte Díaz, Emilio José (19 August 2014). "La Guerra del Pacífico como referente nacional y punto condicionante de las relaciones chileno-peruanas" [The War of the Pacific as a national reference point and determinant issue of Chilean-Peruvian Relations]. Revista de Estudios Transfronterizos (in Spanish). XIV (2): 159–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Estudios+Transfronterizos&rft.atitle=La+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+como+referente+nacional+y+punto+condicionante+de+las+relaciones+chileno-peruanas&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Ugarte+D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Emilio+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_works_and_further_reading">Cited works and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cited works and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros_Arana1881a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Barros_Arana" title="Diego Barros Arana">Barros Arana, Diego</a> (1881a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadelague00arangoog">Historia de la guerra del Pacífico (1879–1880) (History of the War of the Pacific (1879–1880))</a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Santiago, Chile: Librería Central de Servat i Ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+%281879%E2%80%931880%29+%28History+of+the+War+of+the+Pacific+%281879%E2%80%931880%29%29&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pub=Librer%C3%ADa+Central+de+Servat+i+C%3Csup%3Ea%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Barros+Arana&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriadelague00arangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros_Arana1881b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Barros_Arana" title="Diego Barros Arana">Barros Arana, Diego</a> (1881b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadelague01arangoog">Historia de la guerra del Pacífico (1879–1880)</a> (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santiago, Chile: Librería Central de Servat i Ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico+%281879%E2%80%931880%29&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pub=Librer%C3%ADa+Central+de+Servat+i+C%3Csup%3Ea%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Barros+Arana&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriadelague01arangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasadre1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Basadre" title="Jorge Basadre">Basadre, Jorge</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211081817/http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/">Historia de la Republica del Peru, La guerra con Chile</a> (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Peruamerica S.A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/">the original</a> on 11 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Republica+del+Peru%2C+La+guerra+con+Chile&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pub=Peruamerica+S.A.&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Basadre&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unjbg.edu.pe%2Fbasadre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boyd. Robert N. Chili: Sketches of Chili and the Chilians During the War 1879–1880. (1881)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulnes1911" class="citation book cs1">Bulnes, Gonzalo (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/mc0007407.pdf">Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 1: De Antofagasta a Tarapacá</a> (PDF). Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico.+vol.+1%3A+De+Antofagasta+a+Tarapac%C3%A1&rft.place=Valpara%C3%ADso&rft.pub=Sociedad+Imprenta+y+Litograf%C3%ADa+Universo&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bulnes&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2Farchivos2%2Fpdfs%2Fmc0007407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulnes1914" class="citation book cs1">Bulnes, Gonzalo (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/mc0007408.pdf">Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 2: De Tarapacá a Lima</a> (PDF). Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico.+vol.+2%3A+De+Tarapac%C3%A1+a+Lima&rft.place=Valpara%C3%ADso&rft.pub=Sociedad+Imprenta+y+Litograf%C3%ADa+Universo&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Bulnes&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2Farchivos2%2Fpdfs%2Fmc0007408.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulnes1919" class="citation book cs1">Bulnes, Gonzalo (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/mc0007409.pdf">Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 3: Ocupación del Perú - La Paz</a> (PDF). Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico.+vol.+3%3A+Ocupaci%C3%B3n+del+Per%C3%BA+-+La+Paz&rft.place=Valpara%C3%ADso&rft.pub=Sociedad+Imprenta+y+Litograf%C3%ADa+Universo&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Bulnes&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2Farchivos2%2Fpdfs%2Fmc0007409.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulnes1920" class="citation book cs1">Bulnes, Gonzalo (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chileperucauseso00bulnuoft">Chile and Peru: the causes of the war of 1879</a>. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Universitaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+and+Peru%3A+the+causes+of+the+war+of+1879&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pub=Imprenta+Universitaria&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Bulnes&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchileperucauseso00bulnuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis1927" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, William Jefferson (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kL0JAAAAIAAJ">"Documentary history of the Tacna-Arica dispute from University of Iowa studies in the social sciences"</a>. University of Iowa Studies in the Social Sciences. 8. Iowa: University Iowa City.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Iowa+Studies+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Documentary+history+of+the+Tacna-Arica+dispute+from+University+of+Iowa+studies+in+the+social+sciences&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=William+Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkL0JAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish1985" class="citation book cs1">English, Adrian J. (1985). Armed forces of Latin America: their histories, development, present strength, and military potential. Jane's Information Group, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0321-0"><bdi>978-0-7106-0321-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+forces+of+Latin+America%3A+their+histories%2C+development%2C+present+strength%2C+and+military+potential&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0321-0&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarcau2000" class="citation book cs1">Farcau, Bruce W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsxISMTwsSUC">The Ten Cents War, Chile, Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884</a>. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96925-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96925-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Cents+War%2C+Chile%2C+Peru+and+Bolivia+in+the+War+of+the+Pacific%2C+1879%E2%80%931884&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut%2C+London&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96925-7&rft.aulast=Farcau&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsxISMTwsSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1955" class="citation journal cs1">Kiernan, V. G. (1 February 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-35.1.14">"Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific"</a>. Hispanic American Historical Review. 35 (1): 14–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-35.1.14">10.1215/00182168-35.1.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509249">2509249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Foreign+Interests+in+the+War+of+the+Pacific&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1955-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-35.1.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2509249%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-35.1.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1980" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Thomas F. (1 February 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-60.1.1">"The Antofagasta Company: A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism"</a>. Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-60.1.1">10.1215/00182168-60.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Antofagasta+Company%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Peripheral+Capitalism&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1980-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-60.1.1&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-60.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz_Soldan1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Felipe_Paz_Sold%C3%A1n" title="Mariano Felipe Paz Soldán">Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narracionhistri00soldgoog">Narracion Historica de la Guerra de Chile contra Peru y Bolivia (Historical narration of the Chile's War against Peru and Bolivia)</a> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Imprenta y Libreria de Mayo, calle Peru 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narracion+Historica+de+la+Guerra+de+Chile+contra+Peru+y+Bolivia+%28Historical+narration+of+the+Chile%27s+War+against+Peru+and+Bolivia%29&rft.place=Buenos+Aires%2C+Argentina&rft.pub=Imprenta+y+Libreria+de+Mayo%2C+calle+Peru+115&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Paz+Soldan&rft.aufirst=Mariano+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarracionhistri00soldgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuerejazu1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Querejazu, Roberto Calvo (1979). Guano, Salitre y Sangre (in Spanish). La Paz-Cochabamba, Bolivia: Editorial los amigos del Libro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guano%2C+Salitre+y+Sangre&rft.place=La+Paz-Cochabamba%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=Editorial+los+amigos+del+Libro&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Querejazu&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Calvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuerejazu1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Querejazu, Roberto Calvo (1995). Aclaraciones históricas sobre la Guerra del Pacífico (in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Editorial los amigos del Libro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aclaraciones+hist%C3%B3ricas+sobre+la+Guerra+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.place=La+Paz%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=Editorial+los+amigos+del+Libro&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Querejazu&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Calvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSater2007" class="citation book cs1">Sater, William F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etT0iVZW73MC">Andean Tragedy: Fighting the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884</a>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4334-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-4334-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andean+Tragedy%3A+Fighting+the+War+of+the+Pacific%2C+1879%E2%80%931884&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4334-7&rft.aulast=Sater&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetT0iVZW73MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSater1986" class="citation book cs1">Sater, William F. (1986). Chile and the War of the Pacific. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4155-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-4155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+and+the+War+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4155-8&rft.aulast=Sater&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-OVsN5SwPIC">Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-450-0"><bdi>978-1-57488-450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+The+age+of+the+caudillo%2C+1791%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-450-0&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-OVsN5SwPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalobos2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Villalobos, Sergio</a> (2004). Chile y Perú, la historia que nos une y nos separa, 1535–1883 (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Chile: Editorial Universitaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789561116016" title="Special:BookSources/9789561116016"><bdi>9789561116016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+y+Per%C3%BA%2C+la+historia+que+nos+une+y+nos+separa%2C+1535%E2%80%931883&rft.place=Chile&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789561116016&rft.aulast=Villalobos&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyen1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yrigoyen, Pedro (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laalianzaperbo00yrig">La alianza perú-boliviano-argentina y la declaratoria de guerra de Chile</a> (in Spanish). Lima: San Marti & Cía. Impresores. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/692069503">692069503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+alianza+per%C3%BA-boliviano-argentina+y+la+declaratoria+de+guerra+de+Chile&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=San+Marti+%26+C%C3%ADa.+Impresores&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F692069503&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaalianzaperbo00yrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Pacific" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Pacific" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chile-Peruvian_War" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chile-Peruvian War">Chile-Peruvian War</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Chilean caricatures during the war in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesis.uchile.cl/tesis/uchile/2009/ibarra_pa/html/TH.4.html">Tesis of Patricio Ibarra Cifuentes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140058/http://www.tesis.uchile.cl/tesis/uchile/2009/ibarra_pa/html/TH.4.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Universidad de Chile, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2014/jun/02/caliche-great-war-first-world-war-conflict-mineral">"Caliche: The Conflict Mineral That Fuelled the First World War"</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> by Daniel A. Gross, 2 June 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Pacific58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_of_the_Pacific" title="Template:War of the Pacific"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_of_the_Pacific" title="Template talk:War of the Pacific"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_of_the_Pacific" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War of the Pacific"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Pacific58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Pacific</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Allied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">preliminary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama border dispute">Atacama border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1866_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Defensive_Alliance_(Bolivia%E2%80%93Peru)" title="Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)">Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Saltpeter_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly">Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1874_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">1879</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Refugees</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Chileans_from_Bolivia_and_Peru_in_1879" title="Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879">Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval Maneuvers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific">Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Iquique" title="Blockade of Iquique">Blockade of Iquique</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval Battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipana" title="Battle of Chipana">Battle of Chipana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Battle of Iquique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Gruesa" title="Battle of Punta Gruesa">Battle of Punta Gruesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos" title="Battle of Angamos">Battle of Angamos</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Amphibious</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pisagua" title="Battle of Pisagua">Battle of Pisagua</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Land Battles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Land_campaign_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Land campaign of the War of the Pacific">Land campaign of the War of the Pacific</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Top%C3%A1ter" title="Battle of Topáter">Battle of Topater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_campaign" title="Tarapacá campaign">Tarapacá campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Tarapacá">Battle of Tarapacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco" title="Battle of San Francisco">Battle of San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">1880</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacna_and_Arica_campaign" title="Tacna and Arica campaign">Tacna and Arica campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arica" title="Battle of Arica">Battle of Arica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Callao">Bombardment of Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Battle of Los Ángeles">Battle of Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacna" title="Battle of Tacna">Battle of Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Battle_at_Tacna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Battle at Tacna">Order of Battle at Tacna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">1881</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_at_Chorrillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle at Chorrillos">Chorrillos order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Battle of Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Occupation of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Chilean occupation of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_treaty_of_1881_between_Chile_and_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina">Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sangra">Battle of Sangra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">1882</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Battle of La Concepción">Battle of La Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pucar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pucará">Battle of Pucará</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">1883</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huamachuco" title="Battle of Huamachuco">Battle of Huamachuco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Ending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Treaty of Ancón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Valparaíso">Treaty of Valparaíso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)">Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)" title="Treaty of Lima (1929)">Treaty of Lima (1929)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific">Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Submarino" title="Toro Submarino">Toro Submarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Strategies of the War of the Pacific">Strategies of the War of the Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean%E2%80%93Peruvian_maritime_dispute" title="Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute">Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama_dispute" title="Puna de Atacama dispute">Puna de Atacama dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Consequences of the War of the Pacific">Consequences of the War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara%C3%B1a_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charaña agreement">Charaña agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Peru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Grau_Seminario" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Grau Seminario">Miguel Grau Seminario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bolognesi" title="Francisco Bolognesi">Francisco Bolognesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Andrés Avelino Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Mariano Ignacio Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ugarte" title="Alfonso Ugarte">Alfonso Ugarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Bustamante" title="Mariano Bustamante">Mariano Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Nicolás de Piérola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Lizardo Montero Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melit%C3%B3n_Carvajal" title="Melitón Carvajal">Melitón Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Buend%C3%ADa" title="Juan Buendía">Juan Buendía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fanning" title="Juan Fanning">Juan Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guillermo_More" title="Juan Guillermo More">Juan Guillermo More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">Miguel Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">Francisco García Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leoncio_Prado_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez">Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Germ%C3%A1n_Astete" title="Luis Germán Astete">Luis Germán Astete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Cavenecia" title="Emilio Cavenecia">Emilio Cavenecia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Bolivia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Abaroa" title="Eduardo Abaroa">Eduardo Abaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Cabrera" title="Ladislao Cabrera">Ladislao Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Campero" title="Narciso Campero">Narciso Campero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_de_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro José Domingo de Guerra">Pedro José Domingo de Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Montes" title="Ismael Montes">Ismael Montes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morales" title="Irene Morales">Irene Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Aldea" title="Juan de Dios Aldea">Juan de Dios Aldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Araneda_Carrasco" title="José Luis Araneda Carrasco">José Luis Araneda Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_G%C3%B3mez_Carre%C3%B1o" title="Luis Gómez Carreño">Luis Gómez Carreño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bravo_(navy_officer)" title="Juan Bravo (navy officer)">Juan Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Baquedano" title="Manuel Baquedano">Manuel Baquedano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orozimbo_Barbosa" title="Orozimbo Barbosa">Orozimbo Barbosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Segundo_Maturana" title="Marcos Segundo Maturana">Marcos Segundo Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bulnes_Pinto" title="Manuel Bulnes Pinto">Manuel Bulnes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_del_Canto" title="Estanislao del Canto">Estanislao del Canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Carrera_Pinto" title="Ignacio Carrera Pinto">Ignacio Carrera Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Condell" title="Carlos Condell">Carlos Condell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Cruz_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Luis Cruz Martínez">Luis Cruz Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmo_Escala" title="Erasmo Escala">Erasmo Escala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gorostiaga" title="Alejandro Gorostiaga">Alejandro Gorostiaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guevara" title="Tomás Guevara">Tomás Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lagos" title="Pedro Lagos">Pedro Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Latorre" title="Juan José Latorre">Juan José Latorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricio_Lynch" title="Patricio Lynch">Patricio Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Prat" title="Arturo Prat">Arturo Prat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Julio_Quintavalla" title="Pedro Julio Quintavalla">Pedro Julio Quintavalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleuterio_Ram%C3%ADrez_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleuterio Ramírez Molina">Eleuterio Ramírez Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simpson" title="Enrique Simpson">Enrique Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policarpo_Toro" title="Policarpo Toro">Policarpo Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Viel_y_Toro" title="Óscar Viel y Toro">Óscar Viel y Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Silva_Renard" title="Roberto Silva Renard">Roberto Silva Renard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Souper_Howard" title="Robert Souper Howard">Robert Souper Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Trizano" title="Hernán Trizano">Hernán Trizano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Uribe" title="Luis Uribe">Luis Uribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Urrutia" title="Gregorio Urrutia">Gregorio Urrutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez_B%C3%B3rquez" title="José Velásquez Bórquez">José Velásquez Bórquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams_Rebolledo" title="Juan Williams Rebolledo">Juan Williams Rebolledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvarino_Riveros_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas">Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Montt" title="Jorge Montt">Jorge Montt Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">Domingo Santa María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Pinto" title="Aníbal Pinto">Aníbal Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Blest_Gana" title="Alberto Blest Gana">Alberto Blest Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Allende_Pad%C3%ADn" title="Ramón Allende Padín">Ramón Allende Padín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_L%C3%B3pez_(nurse)" title="Juana López (nurse)">Juana López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dubl%C3%A9_Almeyda" title="Diego Dublé Almeyda">Diego Dublé Almeyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofanor_Parra" title="Sofanor Parra">Sofanor Parra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel-Nicolas_Bergasse_du_Petit-Thouars" title="Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars">Abel-Nicolas du Petit-Thouars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Moltke" title="Otto von Moltke">Otto von Moltke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox857" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178972-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85145191">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529281">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548762605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&oldid=1275916648">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&oldid=1275916648</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Pacific" title="Category:War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_South_America" title="Category:History of South America">History of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Bolivia" title="Category:Wars involving Bolivia">Wars involving Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Chile" title="Category:Wars involving Chile">Wars involving Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Peru" title="Category:Wars involving Peru">Wars involving Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Bolivia" title="Category:19th century in Bolivia">19th century in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Chile" title="Category:19th century in Chile">19th century in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Peru" title="Category:19th century in Peru">19th century in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_Chile" title="Category:Territorial disputes of Chile">Territorial disputes of Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Territorial disputes of Bolivia">Territorial disputes of Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_Peru" title="Category:Territorial disputes of Peru">Territorial disputes of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_evolution_of_Peru" title="Category:Territorial evolution of Peru">Territorial evolution of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_evolution_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Territorial evolution of Bolivia">Territorial evolution of Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivia%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Category:Bolivia–Chile relations">Bolivia–Chile relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chile%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Category:Chile–Peru relations">Chile–Peru relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivia%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Category:Bolivia–Peru relations">Bolivia–Peru relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_campaigns" title="Category:Military campaigns">Military campaigns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1879" title="Category:Conflicts in 1879">Conflicts in 1879</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1880" title="Category:Conflicts in 1880">Conflicts in 1880</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1881" title="Category:Conflicts in 1881">Conflicts in 1881</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1882" title="Category:Conflicts in 1882">Conflicts in 1882</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1883" title="Category:Conflicts in 1883">Conflicts in 1883</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1870s in Bolivia">1870s in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Chile" title="Category:1870s in Chile">1870s in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Peru" title="Category:1870s in Peru">1870s in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1880s in Bolivia">1880s in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Chile" title="Category:1880s in Chile">1880s in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Peru" title="Category:1880s in Peru">1880s in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1879 in Bolivia">1879 in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1880 in Bolivia">1880 in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1881 in Bolivia">1881 in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1882_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1882 in Bolivia">1882 in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_in_Bolivia" title="Category:1883 in Bolivia">1883 in Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_in_Chile" title="Category:1879 in Chile">1879 in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_in_Chile" title="Category:1880 in Chile">1880 in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_in_Chile" title="Category:1881 in Chile">1881 in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1882_in_Chile" title="Category:1882 in Chile">1882 in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_in_Chile" title="Category:1883 in Chile">1883 in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_in_Peru" title="Category:1879 in Peru">1879 in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_in_Peru" title="Category:1880 in Peru">1880 in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_in_Peru" title="Category:1881 in Peru">1881 in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1882_in_Peru" title="Category:1882 in Peru">1882 in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_in_Peru" title="Category:1883 in Peru">1883 in Peru</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Quechua-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Quechua-language text">Articles containing Quechua-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_January_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from January 2016">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2016">Articles that may contain original research from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2017">Articles needing additional references from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 21:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >War of the Pacific</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 63 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-gtn8x","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.640","walltime":"1.926","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19186,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":301358,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17932,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":385503,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1616.989 1 -total"," 33.16% 536.119 4 Template:Reflist"," 15.89% 257.019 44 Template:Cite_book"," 10.00% 161.716 139 Template:Harvnb"," 8.94% 144.485 31 Template:Rp"," 8.41% 135.915 31 Template:R/superscript"," 6.58% 106.464 1 Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Pacific"," 6.46% 104.425 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 5.39% 87.077 2 Template:Langx"," 5.15% 83.195 4 Template:Efn-ua"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.909","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21027481,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArie_Marcelo_Kacowicz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugusto_Pinochet_Ugarte1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarros1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarros_Arana1881a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarros_Arana1881b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasadre1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchard1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulnes1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulnes1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulnes1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulnes1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollyns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunning2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Healy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorothea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmundson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmilio_Ruiz-Tagle_Orrego1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscudéCisneros\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEyzaguirre,_Jaime1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarcau2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorencia_E._Mallon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrick_B._Pike1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGattin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodoy_Orellana2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhillMiller1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoao_Resende-Santos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_A._Britton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Rector2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Duane_Lehman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagos_Carmona,_Guillermo1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_A._Clayton1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachuca2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuel_Ravest_Mora1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauricio_Pelayo_González2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellafe_Maturana2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellington1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéndez_Notari2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolás_CruzAscanio_Cavallo1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_García_Meza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaz_Soldan1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereyra_Plasencia2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto_Rodríguez1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuerejazu1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuerejazu1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavest_Mora2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_N._Burr1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubilar_Luengo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubilar_Luengo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSater1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSater2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheina2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._John1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._JohnSchofield1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt_John1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockmeyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTromben_Corbalán2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUgarte_Díaz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergaraGundermann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillalobos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolsey1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYrigoyen1921\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War of the Pacific\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 139,\n [\"ILL\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref Laime\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"Rp\"] = 31,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War of the Pacific\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-l8rh5","timestamp":"20250215210933","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Pacific","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152004","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152004","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-01T21:09:05Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T21:09:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d2\/Map_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific.en2.svg","headline":"war between Chile and a Bolivian\u2013Peruvian alliance"}</script> </body> </html>