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id="toc-Asian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Tantra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_esoteric_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_esoteric_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Western esoteric tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_esoteric_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_syncretic_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_syncretic_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Western syncretic tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_syncretic_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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Way</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Meditation research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Subtle body</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="সূক্ষ্ম শরীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সূক্ষ্ম শরীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiek%C3%B6rper" title="Energiekörper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energiekörper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شوکشما شریرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوکشما شریرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_subtils" title="Corps subtils – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corps subtils" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="सूक्ष्म शरीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूक्ष्म शरीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_(esoterismo)" title="Corpo (esoterismo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corpo (esoterismo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtilusis_k%C5%ABnas" title="Subtilusis kūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Subtilusis kūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finomtest" title="Finomtest – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Finomtest" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="सूक्ष्म शरीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूक्ष्म शरीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetisch_lichaam" title="Energetisch lichaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Energetisch lichaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_subtile_kroppen" title="Den subtile kroppen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den subtile kroppen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_sutil" title="Corpo sutil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpo sutil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тонкие тела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тонкие тела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subtle body" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetick%C3%A9_telo" title="Energetické telo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Energetické telo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E5%BE%AE%E8%BA%AB" title="細微身 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="細微身" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1341349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Subtle body (disambiguation)">Subtle body (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapta_Chakra,_1899_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Sapta_Chakra%2C_1899_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption>The subtle body in Indian mysticism, from a <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> manuscript in <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Braj Bhasa">Braj Bhasa</a> language, 1899. A row of <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> is depicted from the base of the spine up to the crown of the head.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>subtle body</b> is a "quasi material"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aspect of the human body, being neither solely physical nor solely spiritual, according to various <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occult</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> teachings. This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind–body dualism</a> that has dominated Western thought. The subtle body is important in the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> of China and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, mainly in the branches which focus on <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, where it is known as the <i>Sūkṣma-śarīra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">सूक्ष्म शरीर</span>). However, while mostly associated with Asian cultures, non-dualistic approaches to the mind and body are found in many parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subtle body concepts and practices can be identified as early as 2nd century BCE in <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> texts found in the <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a> tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "evidently present"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Indian thought as early as the 4th to 1st century BCE when the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Panchakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchakosha">Panchakoshas</a>, a series of five interpenetrating sheaths of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fully formed subtle body theory did not develop in India until the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> movement that affected all its religions in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the correlation of the subtle body to the physical body is viewed differently according to school, lineage and scholar, but for <a href="/wiki/Completion_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Completion stage">completion stage</a> in yoga, it is visualised within the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrīmālā_|_Tibetan_Medicine,_Buddhism_&_Astrology_|_London_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrīmālā_|_Tibetan_Medicine,_Buddhism_&_Astrology_|_London_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtle body consists of focal points, often called <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>, connected by channels, often called <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a>, that convey subtle breath, often called <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>. Through breathing and other exercises, a practitioner may direct the subtle breath to achieve <a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">supernormal powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>. </p><p>Subtle body in the Western tradition is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">body of light</a></i>. The concept derives from the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>: the word 'astral' means 'of the stars'; thus the <a href="/wiki/Astral_plane#History" title="Astral plane">astral plane</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">Seven Heavens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a> Porphyry and Proclus elaborated on Plato's description of the starry nature of the human psyche. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, philosophers and alchemists, healers including <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> and his students, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural scientists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>, continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between earth and the divine. The concept of the astral body or body of light was adopted by 19th and 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magicians</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> movement was the first to translate the Sanskrit term as 'subtle body', although their use of the term is quite different from Indic usage as they synthesize Western and Eastern traditions. This makes the term problematic for modern scholars, especially as the Theosophist view often influences <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holistic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic medicine">holistic medicine</a> perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western scientists have started to explore the subtle body concept in research on meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-Loizzo_2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loizzo_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_religions">Asian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Asian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> and other systems of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, as well as Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taoist_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist alchemy">Taoist alchemy</a> contain theories of subtle physiology with focal points (<a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Acupuncture points">acupuncture points</a>) connected by a series of channels (<a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">meridians</a>) that convey subtle breath (<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>, vayu, <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">ch'i, ki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)">lung</a>). These invisible channels and points are understood to determine the characteristics of the visible physical form. By understanding and mastering the subtlest levels of reality one gains mastery over the physical realm. Through breathing and other exercises, the practitioner aims to manipulate and direct the flow of subtle breath, to achieve supernormal powers <i>(<a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhis</a>)</i> and attain higher <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">states of consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017171–184_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017171–184-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SahajaSubtleSystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/220px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/330px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/440px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of a subtle body system of seven <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> connected by three major <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadi</a> channels, as commonly adopted by contemporary yoga</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three Bodies Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi (yoga)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early concepts of the subtle body (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <i>sūkṣma śarīra</i>) appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017173–174_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017173–174-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a></i> describes the theory of five <a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">koshas</a> or sheaths, though these are not to be thought of as concentric layers, but interpenetrating at successive levels of subtlety:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201333_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201333-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017184_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017184-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>anna-maya</i> ("food body", physical body, the grossest level),</li> <li>The <i>prana-maya</i> (body made of vital breath or <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>),</li> <li>The <i>mano-maya</i> (body made of mind),</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijñana</a>-maya</i> (body made of consciousness)</li> <li>The <i>ananda-maya</i> (bliss body, the subtlest level).</li></ul> <p>Subtle internal anatomy included a central channel (<a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201333_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201333-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Vedic texts called <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmanas</a> contain a theory of five "winds" or "breaths" (<i>vayus, <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">pranas</a></i>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201333_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201333-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Prāṇa</i>, associated with inhalation</li> <li><i>Uḍāna</i>, associated with exhalation</li> <li><i>Vyāna</i>, associated with distribution of breath within the body</li> <li><i>Samāna</i>, associated with digestion</li> <li><i>Apāna</i>, associated with excretion of waste</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later">Later</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A millennium later, these concepts were adapted and refined by various spiritual traditions. The similar concept of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Liṅga Śarīra</i></span> is seen as the vehicle of consciousness in later <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, and is propelled by past-life tendencies, or <i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhavas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2005242_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2005242-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linga can be translated as "characteristic mark" or "impermanence" and the Vedanta term <a href="/wiki/Sarira_(Vedanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarira (Vedanta)">sarira</a> as "form" or "mould".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Karana</i> or "instrument" is a synonymous term. In the Classical Samkhya system of <a href="/wiki/Isvarakrsna" class="mw-redirect" title="Isvarakrsna">Isvarakrsna</a> (ca. 4th century CE), the <i>Lińga</i> is the characteristic mark of the transmigrating entity. It consists of twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">tattvas</a> from eternal consciousness down to the five organs of sense, five of activity (<i>buddindriya</i> or <i>jñānendriya</i>, and <i>karmendriya</i> respectively) and the five subtle elements that are the objects of sense (<i><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">tanmatras</a></i>) The <i>Samkhyakarika</i> says:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2005268_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2005268-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The subtle body (<i>linga</i>), previously arisen, unconfined, constant, inclusive of the great one (<i>mahat</i>) etc, through the subtle elements, not having enjoyment, transmigrates, (because of) being endowed with <i>bhavas</i> ("conditions" or "dispositions"). As a picture (does) not (exist) without a support, or as a shadow (does) not (exist) without a post and so forth; so too the instrument (<i>linga</i> or <i>karana</i>) does not exist without that which is specific (i.e., a subtle body).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Samkhyakarika</i>, 60–81<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2005268_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2005268-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The classical <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> tradition developed the theory of the five bodies into the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">koshas</a> "sheaths" or "coverings" which surround and obscure the self (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>). In classical Vedanta these are seen as obstacles to realization and traditions like Shankara's <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> had little interest in working with the subtle body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201334,_37_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201334,_37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tantra">Tantra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tantra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> traditions meanwhile (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>), the subtle body was seen in a more positive light, offering potential for yogic practices which could lead to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201334_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201334-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tantric traditions contain the most complex theories of the subtle body, with sophisticated descriptions of energy <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a> (literally "stream or river", channels through which <i>vayu</i> and <i>prana</i> flows) and <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>, points of focus where nadis meet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201338–39_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201338–39-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main channels, shared by both Hindu and Buddhist systems, but visualised entirely differently, are the central (in Hindu systems: <i><a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">sushumna</a></i>; in Buddhist: <i>avadhuti</i>), left and right (in Hindu systems: <i>ida</i> and <i>pingala</i>; Buddhist: <i>lalana</i> and <i>rasana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201339_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201339-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further subsidiary channels are said to radiate outwards from the chakras, where the main channels meet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chakra systems vary with the tantra; the <i><a href="/wiki/Netra_Tantra" title="Netra Tantra">Netra Tantra</a></i> describes six chakras, the <i>Kaulajñana-nirnaya</i> describes eight, and the <i>Kubjikamata Tantra</i> describes seven (the most widely known set).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201340_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201340-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017175–178_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017175–178-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the subtle body takes a different form. More specifically, the tradition points to four areas of particularly concentration of <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">bodily energy</a> – viz. the heart (<i>tsitta</i>), where the enlightened energy resides; the "luminous channels" (<i>‘od rtsa</i>), through which the energy flows; the skull (<i>dung khang</i>), where it spreads before finally being released through the fourth hot-spot, namely the eyes (<i>tsakshu</i> / <i>briguta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Geisshuesler_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisshuesler-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Flavio Geisshuesler, who has studied the functioning of the Dzogchen subtle body in the context of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sky-gazing_(Dzogchen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky-gazing (Dzogchen)">sky-gazing</a>, argues that many of the specific motifs that appear in the tradition's conception of the body are of pre-Buddhist origin. More specifically, he notes that the Dzogchen body's motifs of "deer-hearts, silk-channels, buffalo-horns, or far-reaching lassos [...] reproduce the terminology of the hunting of animalistic vitality as if internalizing the quest for precious substances."<sup id="cite_ref-Geisshuesler_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisshuesler-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Indian spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> stated that the subtle body "is the vehicle of desires and vital forces". He held that the subtle body is one of three bodies with which the soul must cease to identify with in order to realize God.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illusory_body" title="Illusory body">Illusory body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_(3749594497).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg/260px-Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg/390px-Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg/520px-Chakras_and_energy_channels_2_%283749594497%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>A Tibetan illustration of the subtle body showing the central channel and two side channels connecting five chakras</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Tantra">Buddhist Tantra</a>, the subtle body is termed the "innate body" (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nija-deha</i></span>) or the "uncommon means body" (<i>asadhdrana-upayadeha</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Wayman_1977_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayman_1977-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sūkṣma śarīra</i></span>, rendered in Tibetan as <i>traway-lu</i> (transliterated <i>phra ba’i lus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtle body is sometimes known as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">manomaya-kāya</i></span>, the “body made of mind” and is the means for synchronising the body and the mind, particularly during meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002169_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002169-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subtle body consists of thousands of subtle energy channels (<a href="/wiki/Nadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadis">nadis</a>), which are conduits for energies or "winds" (<a href="/wiki/Lung_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)">lung</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>) and converge at <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">chakras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayman_1977_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayman_1977-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dagsay Tulku Rinpoche, there are three main channels (<i>nadis</i>), central, left and right, which run from the point between the eyebrows up to the crown chakra, and down through all seven chakras to a point two inches below the navel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lati Rinbochay describes the subtle body as consisting of 72,000 channels, various winds and a white and a red drop whilst a further very subtle body is a wind abiding in a drop at the centre of the heart chakra. The central channel is then described as being squeezed by two channels that encircle it at each chakra and thrice at the heart chakra, ensuring the winds do not move upward or downward until death.<sup id="cite_ref-Rinbochay_1985_p._26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rinbochay_1985_p.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Buddhist tantras generally describe four or five chakras in the shape of a lotus with varying petals. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hevajra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevajra Tantra">Hevajra Tantra</a> (8th century) states:</p><blockquote><p>In the Center [i.e. chakra] of Creation [at the sexual organ] a sixty-four petal lotus. In the Center of Essential Nature [at the heart] an eight petal lotus. In the Center of Enjoyment [at the throat] a sixteen petal lotus. In the Center of Great Bliss [at the top of the head] a thirty-two petal lotus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201340_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201340-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In contrast, the historically later <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra tantra</a> describes six chakras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201340_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201340-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, liberation is achieved through subtle body processes during <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Completion Stage</a> practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201338_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201338-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other spiritual traditions teach about a mystical or divine body, such as "the most sacred body" (<i>wujud al-aqdas</i>) and "true and genuine body" (<i>jism asli haqiqi</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">meridian system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese religion</a>, and "the immortal body" (<i>soma athanaton</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_esoteric_tradition">Western esoteric tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western esoteric tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></div> <p>The <i>body of light</i> is elaborated on according to various <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esoteric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> teachings. Other terms used for this body include <i>body of glory</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehun2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehun2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>spirit-body</i>, <i>radiant body</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead1919_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead1919-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>luciform body</i>, <i>augoeides</i> ('radiant'), <i>astroeides</i> ('starry' or 'sidereal body'), and <i>celestial body</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead191934–35_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead191934–35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept derives from the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>: the word 'astral' means 'of the stars'; thus the <a href="/wiki/Astral_plane#History" title="Astral plane">astral plane</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">Seven Heavens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a>. The idea is rooted in common worldwide religious accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul's</a> journey or "ascent" is described in such terms as "an ecstatic, mystical or out-of body experience, wherein the spiritual traveller leaves the physical body and travels in their body of light into 'higher' realms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolgern.d._33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolgern.d.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a> Porphyry and Proclus elaborated on Plato's description of the starry nature of the human psyche. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, philosophers and alchemists, healers including <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> and his students, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural scientists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>, continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between earth and the divine. The concept of the astral body or body of light was adopted by 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magician</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Farr" title="Florence Farr">Florence Farr</a> and the magicians of the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_syncretic_tradition">Western syncretic tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western syncretic tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmicman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cosmicman.jpg/100px-Cosmicman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="515" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cosmicman.jpg/150px-Cosmicman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cosmicman.jpg/200px-Cosmicman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>The subtle body and the cosmic man, Nepal 1600s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a> founded the esoteric religious system of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>, which attempted to restate Hindu and Buddhist philosophy for the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She adopted the phrase "subtle body" as the English equivalent of the Vedantic <i>sūkṣmaśarīra</i>, which in <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>'s writings was one of three bodies (physical, subtle, and causal). Geoffrey Samuel notes that theosophical use of these terms by Blavatsky and later authors, especially <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> (who went on to found <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>), has made them "problematic"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to modern scholars, since the Theosophists adapted the terms as they expanded their ideas based on "psychic and clairvoyant insights", changing their meaning from what they had in their original context in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-theosophists">Post-theosophists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-theosophists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The later theosophical arrangement was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a>, and from there found its way into the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> worldview<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_2002_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the human <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">aura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors treated the subtle body in varying ways. <a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Max Heindel</a> divided the subtle body into the <a href="/wiki/Etheric_body" title="Etheric body">Vital Body</a> made of Ether; the <a href="/wiki/Desire_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Desire body">Desire body</a>, related to the <a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">Mental body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeindel1911_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeindel1911-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Brennan" title="Barbara Brennan">Barbara Brennan</a>'s account of the subtle bodies in her books <i>Hands of Light</i> and <i>Light Emerging</i> refers to the subtle bodies as "layers" in the "Human Energy Field" or aura.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Way">Fourth Way</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fourth Way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtle bodies are found in the "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a>" teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouspensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouspensky">Ouspensky</a>, who write that one can create a subtle body, and hence achieve post-mortem immortality, through spiritual or yogic exercises. The "soul" in these systems is not something one is born with, but developed through esoteric practice to acquire complete understanding and to perfect the self. According to the historian Bernice Rosenthal, "In Gurdjieff's cosmology our nature is tripartite and is composed of the physical (planetary), emotional (astral) and mental (spiritual) bodies; in each person one of these three bodies ultimately achieves dominance."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_1997_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_1997-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "divine body" represents a fourth way, and the ultimate task of the teachings is to harmoniously develop the four ways into a single way.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_1997_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_1997-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meditation_research">Meditation research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meditation research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western scientists have started to explore the subtle body concept in relation to research on meditation. The subtle body model can be cross-referenced onto modern maps of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, and applied in research on meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-Loizzo_2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loizzo_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya" title="Saṃbhogakāya">Saṃbhogakāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_body" title="Spirit body">Spirit body (Mormonism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelJohnston2013_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuelJohnston2013">Samuel & Johnston 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrīmālā_|_Tibetan_Medicine,_Buddhism_&_Astrology_|_London_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shrīmālā_|_Tibetan_Medicine,_Buddhism_&_Astrology_|_London_2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shrimala.com/blog/tibetan-medicine-and-the-subtle-anatomy">"Tibetan Medicine and the Subtle Anatomy - Tibetan Medicine, Buddhism & Astrology - London"</a>. <i>Shrīmālā | Tibetan Medicine, Buddhism & Astrology | London</i>. 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shr%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81+%7C+Tibetan+Medicine%2C+Buddhism+%26+Astrology+%7C+London&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Medicine+and+the+Subtle+Anatomy+-+Tibetan+Medicine%2C+Buddhism+%26+Astrology+-+London&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrimala.com%2Fblog%2Ftibetan-medicine-and-the-subtle-anatomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loizzo_2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loizzo_2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loizzo_2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizzo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Loizzo, Joseph J. (10 May 2016). "The subtle body: an interoceptive map of central nervous system function and meditative mind-brain-body integration". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1373</b> (1). Wiley: 78–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NYASA1373...78L">2016NYASA1373...78L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.13065">10.1111/nyas.13065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8923">0077-8923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27164469">27164469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5042508">5042508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+subtle+body%3A+an+interoceptive+map+of+central+nervous+system+function+and+meditative+mind-brain-body+integration&rft.volume=1373&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-95&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5042508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NYASA1373...78L&rft.issn=0077-8923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.13065&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27164469&rft.aulast=Loizzo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017171–184-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017171–184_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 171–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPregadio2012" class="citation book cs1">Pregadio, Fabrizio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenelixir.com/press/occ_03_jindan_history.html"><i>The Way of the Golden Elixir: A Historical Overview of Taoist Alchemy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF, 60 pp., free download)</span>. 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London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2"><bdi>978-1-350-42881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Sky-Gazing+Meditation+and+the+Pre-History+of+Great+Perfection+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-42881-2&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Ftibetan-skygazing-meditation-and-the-prehistory-of-great-perfection-buddhism-9781350428812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaba,_Meher1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Baba, Meher</a> (1967). <i>Discourses, volume 2</i>. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880619094" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880619094"><bdi>978-1880619094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses%2C+volume+2&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Sufism+Reoriented&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1880619094&rft.au=Baba%2C+Meher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayman_1977-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wayman_1977_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wayman_1977_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman,_Alex1977" class="citation book cs1">Wayman, Alex (1977). <i>Yoga of the Guhyasamajatantra: The arcane lore of forty verses : a Buddhist Tantra commentary</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+of+the+Guhyasamajatantra%3A+The+arcane+lore+of+forty+verses+%3A+a+Buddhist+Tantra+commentary&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Wayman%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Lama_Willa_B.2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Lama Willa B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews%3A+Investigating+the+Subtle+Body&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.au=Miller%2C+Lama+Willa+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Freviews-investigating-the-subtle-body%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002169-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002169_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimmer-Brown2002">Simmer-Brown 2002</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagsay_Tulku_Rinpoche2002" class="citation book cs1">Dagsay Tulku Rinpoche (2002). <i>The Practice of Tibetan Meditation: Exercises, Visualizations, and Mantras for Health and Well-being</i>. 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J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEZZwXn25QUC"><i>Death, Intermediate State, and Rebirth in Tibetan Buddhism</i></a>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-756-8"><bdi>978-1-55939-756-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Intermediate+State%2C+and+Rebirth+in+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-756-8&rft.aulast=Rinbochay&rft.aufirst=L.+H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEZZwXn25QUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201338-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201338_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2013">Samuel 2013</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2018_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2018">White 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehun2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehun2010_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehun2010">Behun 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead1919-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead1919_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMead1919">Mead 1919</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead191934–35-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead191934–35_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMead1919">Mead 1919</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1995">Miller 1995</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolgern.d.-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolgern.d._33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolgern.d.">Woolger n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20131–3_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2013">Samuel 2013</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston_2002-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2002_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2002" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Jay (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/ARSR/article/view/8979">"The "Theosophic Glance": Fluid Ontologies, Subtle Bodies and Intuitive Vision"</a>. <i>Australian Religion Studies Review</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 101–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Religion+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Theosophic+Glance%22%3A+Fluid+Ontologies%2C+Subtle+Bodies+and+Intuitive+Vision&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-117&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenjournals.library.sydney.edu.au%2Findex.php%2FARSR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2001" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2001). <i>Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age</i>. Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900413638X" title="Special:BookSources/900413638X"><bdi>900413638X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Knowledge%3A+Strategies+of+Epistemology+from+Theosophy+to+the+New+Age&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=900413638X&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeindel1911-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeindel1911_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeindel1911">Heindel 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2016" class="citation web cs1">Dale, Cyndi (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consciouslifestylemag.com/human-energy-field-aura/">"Energetic Anatomy: A Complete Guide to the Human Energy Fields and Etheric Bodies"</a>. Conscious Lifestyle magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energetic+Anatomy%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Human+Energy+Fields+and+Etheric+Bodies&rft.pub=Conscious+Lifestyle+magazine&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Cyndi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consciouslifestylemag.com%2Fhuman-energy-field-aura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal_1997-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_1997_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_1997_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Bernice (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occultinrussians00unse/page/361"><i>The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occultinrussians00unse/page/361">361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8331-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8331-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35990156">35990156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occult+in+Russian+and+Soviet+Culture&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35990156&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8331-8&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Bernice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foccultinrussians00unse%2Fpage%2F361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehun2010" class="citation journal cs1">Behun, W. (2010). "The Body of Light and the Body without Organs". <i>Substance: A Review of Theory & Literary Criticism</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 125–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Substance%3A+A+Review+of+Theory+%26+Literary+Criticism&rft.atitle=The+Body+of+Light+and+the+Body+without+Organs&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-140&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Behun&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeindel1911" class="citation book cs1">Heindel, Max (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/rms/rmseng02.htm#Chapter_IV">"Chapter IV: The Constitution of Man: Vital Body - Desire Body - Mind"</a>. <i>The Rosicrucian Mysteries</i>. Rosicrucian Fellowship. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-86-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-86-3"><bdi>0-911274-86-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV%3A+The+Constitution+of+Man%3A+Vital+Body+-+Desire+Body+-+Mind&rft.btitle=The+Rosicrucian+Mysteries&rft.pub=Rosicrucian+Fellowship&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=0-911274-86-3&rft.aulast=Heindel&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosicrucian.com%2Frms%2Frmseng02.htm%23Chapter_IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson" title="Gerald James Larson">Larson, Gerald James</a> (2005). <i>Classical Samkhya : an interpretation of its history and meaning</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0503-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0503-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637247445">637247445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Samkhya+%3A+an+interpretation+of+its+history+and+meaning&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637247445&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0503-3&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i>Roots of Yoga</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">Mead, G. R. S.</a> (1919). <i>The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition</i>. Watkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Subtle+Body+in+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Watkins&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Suki (1995). <i>After Death: How People around the World Map the Journey after Death</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Death%3A+How+People+around+the+World+Map+the+Journey+after+Death&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Suki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Samuel, Geoffrey</a> (2013). <i>Religion and the subtle body in Asia and the West : between mind and body</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60811-4"><bdi>978-0-415-60811-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690084604">690084604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+subtle+body+in+Asia+and+the+West+%3A+between+mind+and+body&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F690084604&rft.isbn=978-0-415-60811-4&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, G.; Johnston, J. (2013). <i>Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body</i>. Routledge studies in Asian religion and philosophy. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76640-4"><bdi>978-1-136-76640-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Subtle+Body+in+Asia+and+the+West%3A+Between+Mind+and+Body&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+Asian+religion+and+philosophy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76640-4&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmer-Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Simmer-Brown, J. (2002). <i>Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism</i>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-920-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-920-4"><bdi>978-1-57062-920-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dakini%27s+Warm+Breath%3A+The+Feminine+Principle+in+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-920-4&rft.aulast=Simmer-Brown&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2018" class="citation journal cs1">White, John (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wie.org/j21/white.asp">"Enlightenment and the Body of Light"</a>. <i>Journal of Conscious Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conscious+Evolution&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+and+the+Body+of+Light&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wie.org%2Fj21%2Fwhite.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolgern.d." class="citation web cs1">Woolger, Roger J. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002073503/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/RWoolgerTransition.pdf">"Beyond Death: Transition and the Afterlife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Royal College of Psychiatrists</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/RWoolgerTransition.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+College+of+Psychiatrists&rft.atitle=Beyond+Death%3A+Transition+and+the+Afterlife&rft.aulast=Woolger&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcpsych.ac.uk%2FPDF%2FRWoolgerTransition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtle_body&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dale, Cyndi (2014). <i>The Subtle Body: An Encyclopedia of Your Energetic Anatomy</i>. Sounds True. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591798279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591798279"><bdi>978-1591798279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Subtle+Body%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Your+Energetic+Anatomy&rft.pub=Sounds+True&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1591798279&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Cyndi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (1969). <i>Yoga: Immortality and Freedom</i>. Translated by W. R. Trask. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Immortality+and+Freedom&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Poortman, J. J. (1978). <i>Vehicles of Consciousness; The Concept of Hylic Pluralism (Ochema)</i>. Vol. I–IV. The Theosophical Society in Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vehicles+of+Consciousness%3B+The+Concept+of+Hylic+Pluralism+%28Ochema%29&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Society+in+Netherlands&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Poortman&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Samuel, G. (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522444">"Unbalanced Flows in the Subtle Body: Tibetan Understandings of Psychiatric Illness and How to Deal With It"</a>. <i>J Relig Health</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 770–794. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-019-00774-1">10.1007/s10943-019-00774-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522444">6522444</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30788755">30788755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Relig+Health&rft.atitle=Unbalanced+Flows+in+the+Subtle+Body%3A+Tibetan+Understandings+of+Psychiatric+Illness+and+How+to+Deal+With+It&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=770-794&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6522444%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30788755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-019-00774-1&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6522444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon (2012). <i>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226149349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226149349"><bdi>978-0226149349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemical+Body%3A+Siddha+Traditions+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226149349&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtle+body" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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