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id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diversity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Numbers and habitats of major phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolutionary origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>External phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Internal phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-bilateria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-bilateria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Non-bilateria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-bilateria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bilateria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protostomes_and_deuterostomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protostomes_and_deuterostomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Protostomes and deuterostomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protostomes_and_deuterostomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecdysozoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecdysozoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Ecdysozoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecdysozoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiralia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiralia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.2</span> <span>Spiralia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiralia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In human culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Practical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Symbolic uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 248 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">248 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulatang" title="Meulatang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meulatang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elleekodde" title="Elleekodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elleekodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor" title="Deor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Deor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalu" title="Animalu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Animalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tye" title="Bétye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bétye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesis" title="Awesis – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Awesis" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymba" title="Mymba – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymba" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvanlar" title="Heyvanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حئیوان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حئیوان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buron" title="Buron – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bagan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্রাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewan" title="Kewan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kewan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайуандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хайуандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जानवर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जानवर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animol" title="Animol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Animol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viecha" title="Viecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Viecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྲོག་ཆགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loen" title="Loen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амитан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амитан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕрчунсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕрчунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananap" title="Mananap – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mananap" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Živočichové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuka" title="Mhuka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyama" title="Vinyama – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vinyama" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anifail" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedier" title="Gedier – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedier" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldeehii" title="Naaldeehii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaldeehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93" title="སེམས་ཅན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སེམས་ཅན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8E%CE%BF" title="Ζώο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζώο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ракшат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ракшат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestoj" title="Bestoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3" title="Lã – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جانوران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagh" title="Baagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Baagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beathach" title="Beathach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beathach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animais" title="Animais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Animais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%B2" title="頭牲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="頭牲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પ્રાણી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlin" title="Kanlin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kanlin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabba" title="Dabba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենդանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalo" title="Animalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1run" title="Niġrun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niġrun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Цæрæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæрæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilwanyana" title="Isilwanyana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isilwanyana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izilwane" title="Izilwane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izilwane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato_k%C3%A9wan" title="Sato kéwan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sato kéwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცხოველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="جانوَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جانوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жануарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyval" title="Enyval – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enyval" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamaswa" title="Inyamaswa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyamaswa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyama" title="Mnyama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibulu" title="Kibulu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаныбар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаныбар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%8F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хӏайван – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хӏайван" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeivin%C4%ABki" title="Dzeivinīki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeivinīki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ierer%C3%A4ich" title="Déiereräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Déiereräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гьайванар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьайванар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyv%C5%ABnai" title="Gyvūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieste" title="Bieste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/danlu" title="danlu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="danlu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia" title="Bestia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bestia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatok" title="Állatok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby" title="Biby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ജന്തു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Annimal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩხოლარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხოლარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="حیوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حیوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьтан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu" title="Manumanu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieren (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%90%A2%E1%91%AD%E1%90%A4" title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जनावर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarten" title="Diarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C3%A2" title="Animâ – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Animâ" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Янлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Янлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bineelda" title="Bineelda – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bineelda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonlar" title="Hayvonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جانور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جانور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пода – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пода" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abus" title="Abus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Abus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerter" title="Deerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Deerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwierzęta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywanlar" title="Haywanlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Haywanlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Animalia" title="Regnul Animalia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Animalia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasho" title="Vasho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vasho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быдла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Быдла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Животные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Харамай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харамай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/aadupen" title="aadupen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="aadupen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="जन्तवः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जन्तवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierte" title="Dierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafsh%C3%ABt" title="Kafshët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafshët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armali" title="Armali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8D%C3%ADchy" title="Živočíchy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živočíchy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zwiyrzynta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayawaan" title="Xayawaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xayawaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گیانلەبەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیانلەبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meti" title="Meti – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Meti" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Животиње – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животиње" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato" title="Sato – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sato" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4imet" title="Eläimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djur" title="Djur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="விலங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amudr" title="Amudr – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amudr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ersiw" title="Aɣersiw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣersiw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Animalia" title="Regnum Animalia – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Animalia" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайваннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хайваннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BB%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qsinu" title="qsinu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qsinu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="జంతువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="สัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷонварон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонварон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumanu" title="Monumanu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Monumanu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9D%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hova" title="Hova – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hova" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phukha" title="Phukha – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Phukha" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan" title="Hayvan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%BDwanlar" title="Haýwanlar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Haýwanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmoa" title="Mmoa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmoa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam" title="Nyam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тварини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тварини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیوانات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیوانات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھايۋانات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايۋانات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz" title="Doenghduz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivatad" title="Živatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Živatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Động vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim" title="Nim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4j%C3%A4q" title="Eläjäq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eläjäq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse" title="Biesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C3%BCtkana" title="Mürütkana – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mürütkana" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAesten_(ryk)" title="Bêesten (ryk) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bêesten (ryk)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab" title="Rab – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiharhi" title="Swiharhi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Swiharhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko" title="Ẹranko – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAsten" title="Beêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Gīvē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9wan" title="Héwan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Héwan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelu" title="Jelu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jelu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99jvonon" title="Həjvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həjvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q729#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Animal" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Animalia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Animalia (disambiguation)">Animalia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Animals<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> – present, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">665–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.59993869463px; width:34.400061305366px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Animal_diversity_b.png/300px-Animal_diversity_b.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Animal_diversity_b.png 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="428" usemap="#ImageMap_6823760c349117fd" resource="/wiki/File:Animal_diversity_b.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_6823760c349117fd"><area href="/wiki/Echinoderm" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,73" alt="Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm" /><area href="/wiki/Cnidaria" shape="rect" coords="0,73,100,146" alt="Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria" /><area href="/wiki/Tardigrade" shape="rect" coords="0,146,100,219" alt="Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade" /><area href="/wiki/Crustacean" shape="rect" coords="0,219,100,292" alt="Crustacean" title="Crustacean" /><area href="/wiki/Arachnid" shape="rect" coords="0,292,100,365" alt="Arachnid" title="Arachnid" /><area href="/wiki/Sponge" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,73" alt="Sponge" title="Sponge" /><area href="/wiki/Insect" shape="rect" coords="100,73,200,146" alt="Insect" title="Insect" /><area href="/wiki/Bryozoa" shape="rect" coords="100,146,200,219" alt="Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa" /><area href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" shape="rect" coords="100,219,200,292" alt="Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala" /><area href="/wiki/Flatworm" shape="rect" coords="100,292,200,365" alt="Flatworm" title="Flatworm" /><area href="/wiki/Mollusc" shape="rect" coords="200,0,300,73" alt="Mollusc" title="Mollusc" /><area href="/wiki/Annelid" shape="rect" coords="200,73,300,146" alt="Annelid" title="Annelid" /><area href="/wiki/Vertebrate" shape="rect" coords="200,146,300,219" alt="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate" /><area href="/wiki/Tunicate" shape="rect" coords="200,219,300,292" alt="Tunicate" title="Tunicate" /><area href="/wiki/Phoronid" shape="rect" coords="200,292,300,365" alt="Phoronid" title="Phoronid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Animalia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (~30 phyla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Metazoa <span style="font-size:85%;">Haeckel 1874</span><sup id="cite_ref-Phylonyms_Metazoa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylonyms_Metazoa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Choanoblastaea <span style="font-size:85%;">Nielsen 2008</span><sup id="cite_ref-Choanoblastaea_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choanoblastaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gastrobionta <span style="font-size:85%;">Rothm. 1948</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rothmaler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zooaea <span style="font-size:85%;">Barkley 1939</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rothmaler_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Euanimalia <span style="font-size:85%;">Barkley 1939</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rothmaler_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Animals</b> are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">biological kingdom</a> <b>Animalia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). With few exceptions, animals <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">consume organic material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">breathe oxygen</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Myocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocyte">myocytes</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">able to move</a>, can <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a>, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>. Animals form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, meaning that they arose from a single <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a>. Over 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a>, of which around 1.05 million are <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, over 85,000 are <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, and around 65,000 are <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex <a href="/wiki/Ecologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologies">ecologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">interactions</a> with each other and their environments, forming intricate <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. The scientific study of animals is known as <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and the study of animal behaviour is known as <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>. </p><p>The animal kingdom is divided into five <a href="/wiki/Infrakingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrakingdom">infrakingdoms</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superphyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphyla">superphyla</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>. Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> whose members have a <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>, and the vast majority of bilaterians belong to two large <a href="/wiki/Superphyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphyla">superphyla</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>, which includes organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>, the latter of which contains the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. The much smaller <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> phylum <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> have an uncertain position within Bilateria. </p><p>Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period and diversified in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">Avalon explosion</a>. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a>-like organism <i><a href="/wiki/Otavia" title="Otavia">Otavia</a></i> has been dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> period at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a>, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine species</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, which began around 539 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a> (Mya), and most <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician radiation">Ordovician radiation</a> 485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single <a href="#Phylogeny">common ancestor</a> that lived about 650 Mya during the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period. </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> divided animals <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">into those with blood and those without</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> created the first hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a> for animals in 1758 with his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>, which <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular <b>Metazoa</b> (now <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with Animalia) and the <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a>, which are effective at demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> relationships between <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> make <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">use of</a> many other animal species for <a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">food</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">eggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>), for <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">materials</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>), as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Domesticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticate">domesticated</a> animal, have been used <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">in hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">in security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">in warfare</a>, as have <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">birds of prey</a>; while other <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunt">hunted</a> for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> element of <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>, having appeared in <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>animal</i> comes from the Latin noun <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animal#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:animal">animal</a></i> of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animalis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:animalis">animalis</a></i> 'having breath or soul'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.<sup id="cite_ref-americanheritage_animal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanheritage_animal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colloquial usage, the term <i>animal</i> is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>metazoa</i> is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (<i>meta</i>) 'after' (in biology, the prefix <i>meta-</i> stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (<i>zōia</i>) 'animals', plural of ζῷον <i>zōion</i> 'animal'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blastulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/220px-Blastulation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/330px-Blastulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/440px-Blastulation.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> (1) develop into a hollow ball or <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a> (2).</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avila1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avila1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike plants and <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">produce their own nutrients</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AnimalCells_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnimalCells-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> animals are <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-palaeos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaeos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windows_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feeding on organic material and digesting it internally.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With very few exceptions, animals <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">respire aerobically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxygen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxygen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All animals are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a><sup id="cite_ref-Concepts_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concepts-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, but some animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, later become <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(motility)" title="Sessility (motility)">sessile</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a> is a stage in <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryonic development</a> that is unique to animals, allowing <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cells to be differentiated</a> into specialised tissues and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> <p>All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and elastic <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(sponge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (sponge)">spicules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal cells uniquely possess the <a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">cell junctions</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junctions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">desmosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoans</a>—animal bodies are differentiated into <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, which enable locomotion, and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve tissue">nerve tissues</a>, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive</a> chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction#Animals" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction § Animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction#Examples_in_animals" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odonata_copulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/220px-Odonata_copulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/330px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/440px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> is nearly universal in animals, such as these <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produce <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>; the smaller, motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> and the larger, non-motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fuse to form <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which develop via <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invaginates</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrula">gastrula</a> with a digestive chamber and two separate <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a>, an external <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> and an internal <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, a third germ layer, the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>, also develops between them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repeated instances of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">mating with a close relative</a> during sexual reproduction generally leads to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a> traits.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19834483_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3324702_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3324702-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">avoiding close inbreeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pusey_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pusey-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some animals are capable of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(reproduction)" title="Fragmentation (reproduction)">fragmentation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)"><i>Hydra</i></a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidarians</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, where fertile eggs are produced without <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultramarine_Flycatcher_(Ficedula_superciliaris)_Naggar,_Himachal_Pradesh,_2013_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">Predators</a>, such as this <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_flycatcher" title="Ultramarine flycatcher">ultramarine flycatcher</a> (<i>Ficedula superciliaris</i>), feed on other animals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeding_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding behaviour">how they consume organic material</a>. Such groupings include <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> (further divided into subcategories such as <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovivore">ovivores</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> (subcategorized into <a href="/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">graminivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Algivore">algivores</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungivore" title="Fungivore">fungivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Interactions</a> between animals of each <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> form complex <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> within that <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Consumer-resource_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer-resource systems">consumer–resource interaction</a> where the predator feeds on another organism, its <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who often evolves <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">anti-predator adaptations</a> to avoid being fed upon. <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">Selective pressures</a> imposed on one another lead to an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a> between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/<a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all multicellular predators are animals.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonCB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonCB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">consumers</a> use multiple methods; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a>, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other animals may have very specific <a href="/wiki/Feeding_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding behaviour">feeding behaviours</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtles</a> which mainly <a href="/wiki/Spongivore" title="Spongivore">eat sponges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceSpongi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceSpongi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a> mussels and shrimps</figcaption></figure> <p>Most animals rely on <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological energy">bioenergy</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplanktons</a> (collectively called <a href="/wiki/Producer_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Producer (biology)">producers</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Herbivores, as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)#Levels_of_the_food_chain" title="Consumer (food chain)">primary consumers</a>, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal metabolism">basal metabolism</a> and fuel other biological processes such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> animals living close to <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> on the dark <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">sea floor</a> consume organic matter produced through <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizing">oxidizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plants</a>, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Cambrian">Late Cambrian</a> or Early <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rota-Stabelli2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rota-Stabelli2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned fish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i> started to move on to land in the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, about 375 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals occupy virtually all of earth's <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> and microhabitats, with <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunas</a> adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Margulis_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals are however not particularly <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">heat tolerant</a>; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bas-land_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas-land-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Largest_organisms" title="Largest organisms">Largest organisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms" title="Smallest organisms">Smallest organisms</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> (<i>Balaenoptera musculus</i>) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest extant terrestrial animal is the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">sauropod dinosaurs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i>, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and <i>Supersaurus</i> which may have reached 39 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzettaetal2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzettaetal2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several animals are microscopic; some <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obligate_parasite" title="Obligate parasite">obligate parasites</a> within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the smallest species (<i>Myxobolus shekel</i>) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long."><img alt="The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/213px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/320px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/427px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fdl17-9-grey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Myxozoans such as Myxobolus cerebralis are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 μm across."><img alt="Myxozoans such as Myxobolus cerebralis are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 μm across." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/149px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/223px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/297px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i> are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> across.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla">Numbers and habitats of major phyla</h3></div> <p>The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marine),<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and free-living or parasitic ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Felder2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using patterns within the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mora2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Example </th> <th>Described species </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">Land</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Marine_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine animals">Sea</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water#Aquatic_organisms" title="Fresh water">Freshwater</a> </th> <th>Free-living </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">Parasitic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="wasp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/100px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/150px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/200px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="984" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1257000">1,257,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 1,000,000<br />(<a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Stork2018_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes >40,000<br />(<a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malac-<br />ostraca</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 94,000<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes >45,000<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="snail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/100px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/150px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/200px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="85000">85,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />107,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes >5,600<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="green spotted frog facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/100px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/150px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/200px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="70000">>70,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 23,000<sup id="cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 13,000<sup id="cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 18,000<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />9,000<sup id="cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes 40<br />(<a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/100px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/150px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/200px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="736" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="29500">29,500<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 1,300<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>3,000–6,500<sup id="cite_ref-Pandian_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandian-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Yes >40,000<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>4,000–25,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pandian_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandian-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/100px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/150px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/200px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="25000">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes (soil)<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 4,000<sup id="cite_ref-Felder2009_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<br />11,000<sup id="cite_ref-Felder2009_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 14,000<sup id="cite_ref-Felder2009_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerr0328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/100px-Nerr0328.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/150px-Nerr0328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/200px-Nerr0328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">17,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes (soil)<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 1,750<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes 400<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Table coral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/100px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/150px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/200px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="16000">16,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes (few)<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes >1,350<br />(<a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/100px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/150px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/200px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="831" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="10800">10,800<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>200–300<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starfish,_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/100px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/150px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/200px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="7500">7,500<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes 7,500<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro,_Mozambique_(6654415783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/100px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/150px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/200px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="6000">6,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 60–80<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/100px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/150px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/200px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="2000">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes >400<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Balian2008_70-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9merte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/100px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/150px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/200px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="905" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1350">1,350<sup id="cite_ref-Chernyshev_2021_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernyshev_2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hookabe_2022_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hookabe_2022-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_(50594282802).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/100px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/150px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/200px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1335">1,335<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Hickman_Diversity_2018_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickman_Diversity_2018-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(moist plants) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Total number of described extant species as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: 1,525,728<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2013_69-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_origin">Evolutionary origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urmetazoan" title="Urmetazoan">Urmetazoan</a></div> <p>Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period. <a href="/wiki/24-Isopropylcholestane" title="24-Isopropylcholestane">24-Isopropylcholestane</a> (24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and <a href="/wiki/Pelagophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagophycidae">pelagophyte</a> algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> origin, while analyses of sponges recover a <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first body fossils of animals appear in the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a>, represented by forms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spriggina" title="Spriggina">Spriggina</a></i>. It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the discovery of the animal lipid <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> in fossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i> establishes their nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimorski2019_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimorski2019-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many animal phyla first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess shale">Burgess shale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extant phyla in these rocks include <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophorans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a>, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatory</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a></i>. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Ontario_Museum_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Ontario_Museum-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That view is supported by the discovery of <i><a href="/wiki/Auroralumina_attenboroughii" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii">Auroralumina attenboroughii</a></i>, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood Forest</a>, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, catching small prey with its <a href="/wiki/Nematocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocyst">nematocysts</a> as modern cnidarians do.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Trezona_Formation" title="Trezona Formation">Trezona Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roseMaloof_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a> such as tracks and burrows found in the <a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of <a href="/wiki/Triploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploblastic">triploblastic</a> worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1998_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist <i><a href="/wiki/Gromia_sphaerica" title="Gromia sphaerica">Gromia sphaerica</a></i>, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Matz2008_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matz2008-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC200811_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC200811-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the layered mats of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> called <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolites</a> decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002OriginsOfPredation_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002OriginsOfPredation-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher_20072_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher_20072-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.[95]"><img alt="Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/213px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/320px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/427px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia costata</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a> (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)[103]"><img alt="Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/139px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/209px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/279px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Auroralumina_attenboroughii" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii">Auroralumina attenboroughii</a></i>, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale."><img alt="Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/220px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/330px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/440px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalocaris canadensis">Anomalocaris canadensis</a></i> is one of the many animal species that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess shale">Burgess shale</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animals" title="Lists of animals">Lists of animals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3></div> <p>Animals are <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">choanoflagellates</a>, with which they form the <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2015_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dates on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (<em>mya</em>) the lineages split.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros-Rocher_Pérez-Posada_Leger_Ruiz-Trillo_2021_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-Rocher_Pérez-Posada_Leger_Ruiz-Trillo_2021-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a> (inc. fungi) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asco1013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/90px-Asco1013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/120px-Asco1013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/50px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/75px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/100px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1458" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/50px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/75px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/100px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/60px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/90px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/120px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellatea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/60px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/90px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/120px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1979" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Animalia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychaeta_(no)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/60px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/90px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/120px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">760 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">950 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1100 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1300 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_phylogeny">Internal phylogeny</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="basal"></span> </p><p>The most basal animals, the <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, have body plans that lack <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">bilateral symmetry</a>. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora,<sup id="cite_ref-Kapli_2020_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2020-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which lack <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">hox genes</a>, which are important for <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology#Gene_toolkit" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">body plan development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giribet_2016_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giribet_2016-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hox genes are found in the Placozoa,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dellaporta2004_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dellaporta2004-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnidaria,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bilateria.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2001_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2001-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KraemerEis2016_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KraemerEis2016-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,331 groups of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single <a href="#Phylogeny">common ancestor</a> that lived <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">650 million years ago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF-beta">TGF-beta</a> signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> including <a href="/wiki/Homeodomain" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain">homeodomain</a> proteins involved in the <a href="/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">control of development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer2018_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer2018-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paps2018_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paps2018-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giribet and Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).<sup id="cite_ref-Giribet-2020_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giribet-2020-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Animalia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Callyspongiatransparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/50px-Callyspongiatransparent.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/75px-Callyspongiatransparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/100px-Callyspongiatransparent.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/60px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/90px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/120px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="822" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_(no_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/60px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/90px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/120px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jellyfish,_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_(7201323966).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/70px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/105px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/140px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proporus_sp._(no_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/55px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/83px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/110px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="812" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Echinaster_serpentarius_(USNM_E28192)_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/50px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/75px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/100px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1819" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/60px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/90px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/120px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/60px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/90px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/120px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/90px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/120px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><a href="/wiki/Blastopore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastopore">blastopore</a> mouth</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">symm.</a> embryo</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">hox genes</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade <a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a> for the Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade <a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a>, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapli_2021_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2021-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>, a clade which contains <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a>, has been proposed as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A competing hypothesis is the <a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a> clade, which would consist of <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-bilateria">Non-bilateria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/170px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/255px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/340px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).</figcaption></figure> <p>Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> (sea sponges), <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, and corals), and <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> (comb jellies). </p><p>Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a <a href="/wiki/Sister_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister clade">sister clade</a> to all other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz-2023_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-2023-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla;<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comb jellies and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Diploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblastic">diploblastic</a>, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz-2023_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-2023-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateria">Bilateria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilaterian_body_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/300px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/450px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/600px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Idealised <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a> body plan.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the <a href="/wiki/Cephalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalisation">basis of the head</a>. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic motion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, which have a bilaterally symmetric <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>. The Bilateria are <a href="/wiki/Triploblasty" title="Triploblasty">triploblastic</a>, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">form distinct organs</a>. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.<sup id="cite_ref-Minelli2009_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brusca2016_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring <a href="/wiki/Cephalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalisation">cephalisation</a>, the development of a head with <a href="/wiki/Sense_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organ">sense organs</a> and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body;<sup id="cite_ref-Brusca2016_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these enable soft-bodied animals with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_skeleton" title="Hydrostatic skeleton">hydrostatic skeleton</a> to move by <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quillin_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quillin-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> which swim with <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">parasitic worms</a> have extremely simplified body structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Minelli2009_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brusca2016_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the <a href="/wiki/Protostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomes">protostomes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomes">deuterostomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telford_2008_pp._457–459_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford_2008_pp._457–459-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a>, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade <a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philippe2011_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippe2011-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perseke2007_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perseke2007-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cannon_2016_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannon_2016-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a> than to other bilaterians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapli_2021_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2021-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protostomes_and_deuterostomes">Protostomes and deuterostomes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Embryological_origins_of_the_mouth_and_anus" title="Embryological origins of the mouth and anus">Embryological origins of the mouth and anus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protovsdeuterostomes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/220px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/330px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/440px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a> it becomes the anus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cleavage</a> during cell division, while many protostomes (the <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a>) undergo spiral cleavage.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the <a href="/wiki/Archenteron" title="Archenteron">embryonic gut</a> develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hejnol2009_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hejnol2009-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most protostomes have <a href="/wiki/Schizocoely" title="Schizocoely">schizocoelous development</a>, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by <a href="/wiki/Enterocoely" title="Enterocoely">enterocoelic pouching</a>, through invagination of the endoderm.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chordates are dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> (animals with <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">backbones</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consist of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deuterostomes also include the <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a> (acorn worms).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anax_Imperator_2(loz).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/170px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/255px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/340px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">Ecdysis</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> has emerged from its dry <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> and is expanding its wings. Like other <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a>, its body is <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">divided into segments</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">trait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>, growth by moulting.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the largest animal phylum, the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">repeating segments</a>, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a>, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic and occur in nearly every environment where there is water;<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some are important parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller phyla related to them are the <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> or horsehair worms, and the <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a>. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spiralia">Spiralia</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/330px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/495px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/660px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spiral_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral cleavage">Spiral cleavage</a> in a sea snail embryo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankland_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankland-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>, and smaller groups of phyla such as the <a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">gastrotrichs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>. All of these are grouped as the <a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a>, which has a sister group, the <a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Struck2014_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struck2014-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lophotrochozoa includes the <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">nemerteans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">entoprocts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Struck2014_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struck2014-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugworm">lugworms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Giribet2000_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giribet2000-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">History of zoology through 1859</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">History of zoology since 1859</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/170px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/255px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/340px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> led the creation of a modern classification of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2011_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">classical era</a>, Aristotle <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">divided animals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then <a href="/wiki/Scala_naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala naturae">arranged on a scale</a> from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> classification in his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of <a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a>. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a>, who called the Vermes <i>une espèce de chaos</i> (a chaotic mess)<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_Zoologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophie Zoologique">Philosophie Zoologique</a></i>, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely <a href="/wiki/Cirripede" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirripede">cirripedes</a>, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">radiates</a>, polyps, and <a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">infusorians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2011_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1817 <i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> used <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> to group the animals into four <i>embranchements</i> ("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and <a href="/wiki/Zoophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophytes">zoophytes (radiata)</a> (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division into four was followed by the embryologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> in 1828, the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> in 1857, and the comparative anatomist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine2004_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valentine2004_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_uses">Practical uses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">Human uses of animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/170px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/255px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/340px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Sides of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domesticated</a> livestock species in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOFish_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOFish-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine fish of many species are <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">caught commercially</a> for food. A smaller number of species are <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed commercially</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOFish_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOFish-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans and their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggleton_2020_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggleton_2020-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> – principally <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silkworms</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> molluscs are hunted or farmed for food, fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal fibres such as wool and silk are used to make textiles, while animal <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinews</a> have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyestuffs including <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munro214_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro214-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been made from the bodies of insects. <a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">Working animals</a> including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Pond2004_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pond2004-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals such as the fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> serve a major role in science as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">experimental models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUstatistics2013_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUstatistics2013-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals have been used to create <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> since their discovery in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some medicines such as the cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Trabectedin" title="Trabectedin">trabectedin</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> or other molecules of animal origin.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebbuz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/220px-Hebbuz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/330px-Hebbuz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/440px-Hebbuz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">gun dog</a> retrieving a duck during a hunt</figcaption></figure> <p>People have used <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dogs</a> to help chase down and retrieve animals,<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a> to catch birds and mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while tethered <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">used to catch fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King2013_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2013-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">Poison dart frogs</a> have been used to poison the tips of <a href="/wiki/Blowdart" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowdart">blowpipe darts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amphibiaweb1_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amphibiaweb1-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and birds including <a href="/wiki/Domestic_canary" title="Domestic canary">canaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">individuals with rights</a> of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">for sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_uses">Symbolic uses</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the zodiac">signs of the Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiacs</a> are based on animals.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tester1987_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tester1987-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China and Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> has been seen as the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of a person's <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hearn_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearn-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/220px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/330px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/440px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>Artistic vision: <i><a href="/wiki/Still_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still Life">Still Life</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Coosemans" title="Alexander Coosemans">Alexander Coosemans</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Animals have been the <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">subjects of art</a> from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">cave paintings at Lascaux</a>. Major animal paintings include <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s 1515 <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">The Rhinoceros</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>'s <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1762</span> horse portrait <i><a href="/wiki/Whistlejacket" title="Whistlejacket">Whistlejacket</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Insects</a>, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in <a href="/wiki/Big_bug_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bug movie">giant bug movies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GregersdotterHöglund2016_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregersdotterHöglund2016-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WarrenThomas2009_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarrenThomas2009-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crouse2008_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouse2008-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals including <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">insects</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hearn_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearn-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mammals<sup id="cite_ref-TFL_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFL-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature in mythology and religion. The <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab beetle</a> was sacred in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Hinduism" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">cow is sacred in Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other mammals, <a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">deer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TFL_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFL-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">horses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">lions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bat#Cultural_significance" title="Bat">bats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReadGonzalez_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReadGonzalez-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bears</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">wolves</a><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the subjects of myths and worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a>, observed on 4 October</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></i> does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-20200226_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20200226-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The application of <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a> to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (<a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not including <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a href="/wiki/File:Annelid_redone_w_white_background.svg" title="File:Annelid redone w white background.svg">File:Annelid redone w white background.svg</a> for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts of Animals</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French prefix <i>une espèce de</i> is pejorative.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phylonyms_Metazoa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phylonyms_Metazoa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_QueirozCantinoGauthier2020" class="citation book cs1">de Queiroz, Kevin; 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Halanych], converted clade name". <i>Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 1352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429446276">10.1201/9780429446276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429446276" title="Special:BookSources/9780429446276"><bdi>9780429446276</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242704712">242704712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metazoa+E.+Haeckel+1874+%5BJ.+R.+Garey+and+K.+M.+Halanych%5D%2C+converted+clade+name&rft.btitle=Phylonyms%3A+A+Companion+to+the+PhyloCode&rft.pages=1352&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242704712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780429446276&rft.isbn=9780429446276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choanoblastaea-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choanoblastaea_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nielsen, Claus (2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nonhuman+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnonhuman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metazoan">"Metazoan"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706115538/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metazoan">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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It's changing the definition of what an animal can be"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110180353/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/26/world/first-animal-doesnt-breathe-oxygen-scn-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Scientists+discovered+the+first+animal+that+doesn%27t+need+oxygen+to+live.+It%27s+changing+the+definition+of+what+an+animal+can+be&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Scottie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F02%2F26%2Fworld%2Ffirst-animal-doesnt-breathe-oxygen-scn-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxygen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxygen_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMentelMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859860">"Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>8</b>: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32">10.1186/1741-7007-8-32</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859860">2859860</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20370917">20370917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+animals+from+an+ancient%2C+anoxic+ecological+niche&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20370917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32&rft.aulast=Mentel&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.au=Martin%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaupe" class="citation web cs1">Saupe, S. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">"Concepts of Biology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121084100/https://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Biology&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femployees.csbsju.edu%2FSSAUPE%2Fbiol116%2FZoology%2Fdigestion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). <i>Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology</i> (2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-3920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-3920-8"><bdi>978-0-7641-3920-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+EZ-101+Study+Keys+Series%3A+Biology&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-3920-8&rft.aulast=Minkoff&rft.aufirst=Eli+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Garland_Science" title="Garland Science">Garland Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223074013/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Walter%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangwal2007" class="citation book cs1">Sangwal, Keshra (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/additivescrystal00sang"><i>Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/additivescrystal00sang/page/n228">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06153-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06153-4"><bdi>978-0-470-06153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additives+and+crystallization+processes%3A+from+fundamentals+to+applications&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06153-4&rft.aulast=Sangwal&rft.aufirst=Keshra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadditivescrystal00sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1991" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Wayne M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofcell00beck_0"><i>The world of the cell</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cummings" title="Benjamin Cummings">Benjamin Cummings</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0870-9"><bdi>978-0-8053-0870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+the+cell&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0870-9&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Wayne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofcell00beck_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagloire2004" class="citation book cs1">Magloire, Kim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crackingapbiolog00magl/page/45"><i>Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crackingapbiolog00magl/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76393-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76393-9"><bdi>978-0-375-76393-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+the+AP+Biology+Exam%2C+2004%E2%80%932005+Edition&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=The+Princeton+Review&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76393-9&rft.aulast=Magloire&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrackingapbiolog00magl%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Cecie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXNFwB-O-WUC&pg=PA362"><i>Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 362, 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38150-1"><bdi>978-0-495-38150-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications+without+Physiology&rft.pages=362%2C+365&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38150-1&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Cecie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXNFwB-O-WUC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerLehmann1983" class="citation book cs1">Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Fossil Invertebrates</i></a>. Translated by J. 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Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_f1r2/page/315">315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227020-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227020-8"><bdi>978-0-12-227020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+reproduction%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227020-8&rft.aulast=Knobil&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse_f1r2%2Fpage%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Jill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1/page/371"><i>Master the GED 2011</i></a>. Peterson's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1/page/371">371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7689-2885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7689-2885-3"><bdi>978-0-7689-2885-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+the+GED+2011&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Peterson%27s&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7689-2885-3&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1%2Fpage%2F371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Matthew B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Animal+biodiversity%3A+An+update+of+classification+and+diversity+in+2013.+In%3A+Zhang%2C+Z.-Q.+%28Ed.%29+Animal+Biodiversity%3A+An+Outline+of+Higher-level+Classification+and+Survey+of+Taxonomic+Richness+%28Addenda+2013%29&rft.volume=3703&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.3&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhi-Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FZootaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.3%2F4273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balian2008-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balian2008_70-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalianLévêqueSegersMartens2008" class="citation book cs1">Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw4H6DBHnAgC&pg=PA628"><i>Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment</i></a>. Springer. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8259-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-8259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freshwater+Animal+Diversity+Assessment&rft.pages=628&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8259-7&rft.aulast=Balian&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft.au=L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque%2C+C.&rft.au=Segers%2C+H.&rft.au=Martens%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw4H6DBHnAgC%26pg%3DPA628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogenboom2016_71-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogenboom" class="citation web cs1">Hogenboom, Melissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150325-all-animal-life-in-35-photos">"There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird"</a>. BBC Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810141811/https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150325-all-animal-life-in-35-photos">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971185">"Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>371</b> (1702): 20150333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333">10.1098/rstb.2015.0333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971185">4971185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27481785">27481785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Counting+animal+species+with+DNA+barcodes%3A+Canadian+insects&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1702&rft.pages=20150333&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27481785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.N.&rft.au=Ratnasingham%2C+Sujeevan&rft.au=Zakharov%2C+Evgeny+V.&rft.au=Telfer%2C+Angela+C.&rft.au=Levesque-Beaudin%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Milton%2C+Megan+A.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Jannetta%2C+Paul&rft.au=deWaard%2C+Jeremy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stork2018-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stork2018_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStork2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348">"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 31–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348">10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938083">28938083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23755007">23755007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+of+Insects+and+Other+Terrestrial+Arthropods+Are+There+on+Earth%3F&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-45&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23755007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28938083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=Nigel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-ento-020117-043348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span> Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoore2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Poore, Hugh F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Crustacea: Malacostraca</i>. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5"><bdi>978-0-643-06901-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca&rft.series=Zoological+catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06901-5&rft.aulast=Poore&rft.aufirst=Hugh+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww6RzBz42-4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol1969-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1969" class="citation journal cs1">Nicol, David (June 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412618">"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"</a>. <i>Systematic Zoology</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 251–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412618">10.2307/2412618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2412618">2412618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Living+Species+of+Molluscs&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-254&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2412618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2412618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2412618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUetz" class="citation journal cs1">Uetz, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352462027">"A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases"</a>. <i>Herpetological Review</i>. <b>52</b>: 246–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221154655/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352462027_A_Quarter_Century_of_Reptile_and_Amphibian_Databases">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Review&rft.atitle=A+Quarter+Century+of+Reptile+and+Amphibian+Databases&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=246-255&rft.aulast=Uetz&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352462027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaka-KudlaWilsonWilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.; <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, Edward O.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources</i></a>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-52075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-52075-1"><bdi>978-0-309-52075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+II%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Our+Biological+Resources&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-309-52075-1&rft.aulast=Reaka-Kudla&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+L.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Don+E.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-X5OAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonBurton2017" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0o4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281"><i>Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878555-2"><bdi>978-0-19-878555-2</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a> ... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies, <a href="/wiki/Vandelliinae" title="Vandelliinae">Vandelliinae</a>; 4 genera, 9spp. and <a href="/wiki/Stegophilinae" title="Stegophilinae">Stegophilinae</a>; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Fish+Biology%3A+Diversity%2C+Structure+and+Function&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878555-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Burton%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0o4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluys1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies". <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>8</b> (12): 1663–1681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008994925673">10.1023/A:1008994925673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38784755">38784755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Global+diversity+of+land+planarians+%28Platyhelminthes%2C+Tricladida%2C+Terricola%29%3A+a+new+indicator-taxon+in+biodiversity+and+conservation+studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1663-1681&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008994925673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38784755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sluys&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandian-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandian2020" class="citation book cs1">Pandian, T. J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6rMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14"><i>Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05490-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05490-3"><bdi>978-1-000-05490-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproduction+and+Development+in+Platyhelminthes&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-05490-3&rft.aulast=Pandian&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6rMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorandKrasnovLittlewood2015" class="citation book cs1">Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2t2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>Parasite Diversity and Diversification</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03765-6"><bdi>978-1-107-03765-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasite+Diversity+and+Diversification&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03765-6&rft.aulast=Morand&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Krasnov%2C+Boris+R.&rft.au=Littlewood%2C+D.+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2t2BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaneto" class="citation web cs1">Fontaneto, Diego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukmarinesac.org.uk/PDF/rotifers.pdf">"Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21545">"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>94</b> (15): 8001–8005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.8001V">1997PNAS...94.8001V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.15.8001">10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21545">21545</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9223303">9223303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Cleavage+patterns+and+the+topology+of+the+metazoan+tree+of+life&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8001-8005&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9223303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.15.8001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.8001V&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersWaltersMoldowan2005" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005). <i>The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history</i>. Vol. 2. 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(2009). "The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore – open questions about questionable openings". In Telford, M.J.; Littlewood, D.J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230766195"><i>Animal Evolution – Genomes, Fossils, and Trees</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957030-0"><bdi>978-0-19-957030-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028190247/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230766195">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635159950127385">"Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology"</a>. <i>Syst Biol</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 539–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635159950127385">10.1080/10635159950127385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12116426">12116426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syst+Biol&rft.atitle=Triploblastic+relationships+with+emphasis+on+the+acoelomates+and+the+position+of+Gnathostomulida%2C+Cycliophora%2C+Plathelminthes%2C+and+Chaetognatha%3A+a+combined+approach+of+18S+rDNA+sequences+and+morphology&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-562&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635159950127385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12116426&rft.aulast=Giribet&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Distel%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Polz%2C+M.&rft.au=Sterrer%2C+W.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+W.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635159950127385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimMoonGelderKim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Chang Bae; Moon, Seung Yeo; Gelder, Stuart R.; Kim, Won (September 1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods Evidenced from Molecules and Morphology". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Molecular_Evolution" title="Journal of Molecular Evolution">Journal of Molecular Evolution</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): 207–215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMolE..43..207K">1996JMolE..43..207K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006079">10.1007/PL00006079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8703086">8703086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Relationships+of+Annelids%2C+Molluscs%2C+and+Arthropods+Evidenced+from+Molecules+and+Morphology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-215&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8703086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00006079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMolE..43..207K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chang+Bae&rft.au=Moon%2C+Seung+Yeo&rft.au=Gelder%2C+Stuart+R.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould2011-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould2011_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould2011_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wApMpVmi-5gC&pg=PA130"><i>The Lying Stones of Marrakech</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 130–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06167-5"><bdi>978-0-674-06167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lying+Stones+of+Marrakech&rft.pages=130-134&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06167-5&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwApMpVmi-5gC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroi2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marie_Leroi" title="Armand Marie Leroi">Leroi, Armand Marie</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle's Lagoon"><i>The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 111–119, 270–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3622-4"><bdi>978-1-4088-3622-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lagoon%3A+How+Aristotle+Invented+Science&rft.pages=111-119%2C+270-271&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4&rft.aulast=Leroi&rft.aufirst=Armand+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn1758-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542"><i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> [<i>The System of Nature through the Three Kingdoms of Nature</i>] (in Latin) (<a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th</a> ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010032456/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae+%3Asecundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Holmiae+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionnaire.reverso.net/francais-anglais/esp%C3%A8ce%20de%20cr%C3%A9tin">"Espèce de"</a>. Reverso Dictionnnaire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728151210/https://dictionnaire.reverso.net/francais-anglais/esp%C3%A8ce%20de%20cr%C3%A9tin">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esp%C3%A8ce+de&rft.pub=Reverso+Dictionnnaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionnaire.reverso.net%2Ffrancais-anglais%2Fesp%25C3%25A8ce%2520de%2520cr%25C3%25A9tin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Wit1994" class="citation book cs1">De Wit, Hendrik C. D. (1994). <i>Histoire du Développement de la Biologie, Volume III</i>. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. pp. 94–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88074-264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88074-264-5"><bdi>978-2-88074-264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+D%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+Biologie%2C+Volume+III&rft.pages=94-96&rft.pub=Presses+Polytechniques+et+Universitaires+Romandes&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-88074-264-5&rft.aulast=De+Wit&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentine2004-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine2004_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine2004_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, James W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA8"><i>On the Origin of Phyla</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84548-7"><bdi>978-0-226-84548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Phyla&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84548-7&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMBkmHm5fe4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel, Ernst</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropogenieod05haecgoog"><i>Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen</i></a> [<i>Anthropogeny or the Development story of Humans</i>] (in German). W. Engelmann. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenie+oder+Entwickelungsgeschichte+des+menschen&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=W.+Engelmann&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropogenieod05haecgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animallifeprotos02mich_714"><i>Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Gale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animallifeprotos02mich_714/page/n21">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5777-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-5777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5777-2&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimallifeprotos02mich_714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOFish-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOFish_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOFish_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/fishery/">"Fisheries and Aquaculture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519173740/https://www.fao.org/fishery">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisheries+and+Aquaculture&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts">"Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics. Counting chickens"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 27 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715181213/https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Graphic+detail+Charts%2C+maps+and+infographics.+Counting+chickens&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fdailychart%2F2011%2F07%2Fglobal-livestock-counts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfman2007" class="citation book cs1">Helfman, Gene S. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishconservation00helf"><i>Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources</i></a></span>. 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National Institute of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604214644/https://publications.nigms.nih.gov/medbydesign/chapter3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1"><bdi>978-0-486-21901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwaidan%3A+Stories+and+Studies+of+Strange+Things&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21901-1&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jaucourt2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Jaucourt, Louis (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">"Butterfly"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042437/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+and+d%27Alembert&rft.atitle=Butterfly&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=De+Jaucourt&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Ddid%3Bcc%3Ddid%3Brgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bidno%3Ddid2222.0001.694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003), <i>Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia</i>, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (27 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art">"The top 10 animal portraits in art"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518105922/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+top+10+animal+portraits+in+art&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2014%2Fjun%2F27%2Ftop-10-animal-portraits-in-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, Jennifer (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0044.xml">"Animals in Film and Media"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199791286-0044">10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614200642/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0044.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49639-3"><bdi>978-1-137-49639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Horror+Cinema%3A+Genre%2C+History+and+Criticism&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49639-3&rft.aulast=Gregersdotter&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft.au=H%C3%B6glund%2C+Johan&rft.au=H%C3%A5ll%C3%A9n%2C+Nicklas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV-hCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarrenThomas2009-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WarrenThomas2009_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenThomas2009" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Bill; Thomas, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>Keep Watching the Skies!: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, The 21st Century Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2505-8"><bdi>978-1-4766-2505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keep+Watching+the+Skies%21%3A+American+Science+Fiction+Movies+of+the+Fifties%2C+The+21st+Century+Edition&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2505-8&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7kUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouse2008-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouse2008_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouse2008" class="citation book cs1">Crouse, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5alnowvF3sC&pg=PT200"><i>Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen</i></a>. 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"Beginning of Religion". <i>Numen</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 417–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852700511612">10.1163/156852700511612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53595088">53595088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Beginning+of+Religion&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-452&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852700511612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53595088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wunn&rft.aufirst=Ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone1987" class="citation book cs1">McCone, Kim R. (1987). "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen". In Meid, W. (ed.). <i>Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz</i>. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hund%2C+Wolf%2C+und+Krieger+bei+den+Indogermanen&rft.btitle=Studien+zum+indogermanischen+Wortschatz&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=101-154&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=McCone&rft.aufirst=Kim+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Animals">Animals</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Internal_phylogeny">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eukaryote_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eukaryota" title="Template talk:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eukaryote_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amorphea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-21px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amoebozoa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">Eumycetozoa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variosea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variosea">Variosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archamoebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archamoebea">Archamoebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutosea" title="Cutosea">Cutosea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadidae" title="Apusomonadidae">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holomycota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" title="Cristidiscoidea">Rotosphaerida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunicaraptor" title="Tunicaraptor">Tunicaraptor</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bicellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicellum">Bicellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-34px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centroplasthelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Centroplasthelida">Centroplasthelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">    <a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>    </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colponemida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemida">Colponemida</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80); vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrompodellid" title="Chrompodellid">Chrompodellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Platysulcus" title="Platysulcus">Platysulcus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicosoecea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicosoecea">Bicosoecida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidozoa" title="Placidozoa">Placidozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developea" class="mw-redirect" title="Developea">Developea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsoniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsoniales">Pirsoniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphochytriomycetes" title="Hyphochytriomycetes">Hyphochytriomycetes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">Oomycetes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinophryida" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinophryida">Actinophryida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/CAM_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM clade">CAM</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Pancryptista" title="Pancryptista">Pancryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microheliella" title="Microheliella">Microheliella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palpitomonas" title="Palpitomonas">Palpitomonas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodelphidia">Rhodelphidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viridiplantae(Plants_sensu_lato)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Plant#Alternative_concepts" title="Plant">Plants <i>sensu lato</i></a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Streptophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybus" title="Chlorokybus">Chlorokybus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesostigma" title="Mesostigma">Mesostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-23px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavates</a>*</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakobida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobida">Jakobida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamonas" title="Tsukubamonas">Tsukubamonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterolobosea" title="Heterolobosea">Heterolobosea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barthelona" title="Barthelona">Barthelona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeramoebae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeramoebae (page does not exist)">Anaeramoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornicata">Fornicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadidae" title="Malawimonadidae">Malawimonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imasidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Imasidae">Imasidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-31px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gunflint_chert" title="Gunflint chert">Gunflint microbiota</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Chitinozoan" title="Chitinozoan">Chitinozoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteora_sporadica" title="Meteora sporadica">Meteora sporadica</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hemimastigophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spironematellidae" title="Spironematellidae">Spironematellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramastigidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramastigidae">Paramastigidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadidae (page does not exist)">Ancyromonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planomonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planomonadidae (page does not exist)">Planomonadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collodictyonidae" title="Collodictyonidae">Collodictyonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantamonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantamonadida">Mantamonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigifilida" title="Rigifilida">Rigifilida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹traditional <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> excluded from <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a></li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li><b>bold</b> denotes groups with over 1,000 species</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Animalia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q729">Q729</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Animalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Animalia">Animalia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Animalia/">Animalia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Animalia">Animalia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/N">N</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1">1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ANIMK">1ANIMK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:1">1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/dada6f44-b7b5-4c0a-9f32-980f54b02c36">dada6f44-b7b5-4c0a-9f32-980f54b02c36</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1">1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1">1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202423">202423</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Lygaeoidea Species File (new): <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lygaeoidea.speciesfile.org/otus/936783/overview">936783</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MilliBase" title="MilliBase">MilliBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2">2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0">f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=325038">325038</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2">2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231">0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637132">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hayvan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=1257938275">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=1257938275</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animals" 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