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</li> <li id="toc-Systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Excretory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free-living_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-living_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Free-living species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-living_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Parasitic species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parasitic_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parasitic species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parasitic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Agriculture and horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_in_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Disease in humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Soil ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Survivability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematode</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondewurms" title="Rondewurms – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rondewurms" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadenw%C3%BCrmer" title="Fadenwürmer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fadenwürmer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D_%E1%89%B5%E1%88%8D" title="ድቡልቡል ትል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድቡልቡል ትል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديدان أسطوانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديدان أسطوانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ঘূৰণীয়া কৃমি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ঘূৰণীয়া কৃমি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yso_apu%27a" title="Yso apu'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yso apu'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumru_qurdlar" title="Yumru qurdlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yumru qurdlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="یومرو قۇردلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یومرو قۇردلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="সুতাকৃমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুতাকৃমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нематодалар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нематодалар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Круглыя чэрві – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Круглыя чэрві" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нэматоды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэматоды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Кръгли червеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръгли червеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Хилгааһан хорхой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хилгааһан хорхой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes" title="Nematodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nematodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulod_nga_lingin" title="Ulod nga lingin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulod nga lingin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%ADstice" title="Hlístice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlístice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyngyren_gron" title="Llyngyren gron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyngyren gron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundorme" title="Rundorme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rundorme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadenw%C3%BCrmer" title="Fadenwürmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fadenwürmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1yi%CA%BC_naat%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%ADts%CA%BC%C3%B3s%C3%AD" title="Táyiʼ naatʼiʼítsʼósí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táyiʼ naatʼiʼítsʼósí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmarussid" title="Ümarussid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ümarussid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Νηματώδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νηματώδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodoj" title="Nematodoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nematodoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کرم‌های لوله‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم‌های لوله‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nematode" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBnwjirms" title="Rûnwjirms – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rûnwjirms" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9imeat%C3%B3id" title="Néimeatóid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néimeatóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodos" title="Nematodos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nematodos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Нематодаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нематодаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%98%95%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="선형동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선형동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կլոր որդեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոր որդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="सूत्रकृमि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूत्रकृमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obli%C4%87i" title="Oblići – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oblići" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodo" title="Nematodo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nematodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A1%C3%B0ormar" title="Þráðormar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þráðormar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תולעים נימיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולעים נימיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ದುಂಡುಹುಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುಂಡುಹುಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნემატოდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნემატოდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="نِماَٹوڈا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نِماَٹوڈا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жұмыр құрттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмыр құрттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematod" title="Nematod – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nematod" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodi" title="Nematodi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nematodi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Жумуру курт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жумуру курт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes" title="Nematodes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nematodes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvaliosios_kirm%C4%97l%C4%97s" title="Apvaliosios kirmėlės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apvaliosios kirmėlės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ndjw%C3%B6rm" title="Róndjwörm – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Róndjwörm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodo" title="Nematodo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nematodo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematod" title="Nematod – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nematod" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A1lf%C3%A9rgek" title="Fonálférgek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonálférgek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Цевчести црви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цевчести црви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1" title="നിമറ്റോഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിമറ്റോഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديدان اسطوانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديدان اسطوانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacing_gelang" title="Cacing gelang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cacing gelang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondwormen" title="Rondwormen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rondwormen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E5%BD%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="線形動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="線形動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triadwirmer" title="Triadwirmer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Triadwirmer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundormer" title="Rundormer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rundormer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundormar" title="Rundormar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rundormar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raammoo_geengoo" title="Raammoo geengoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raammoo geengoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1" title="ਨੇਮਾਟੋਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਮਾਟੋਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemat%C3%B2d" title="Nematòd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nematòd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadenw%C3%B6rmer" title="Fadenwörmer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fadenwörmer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicienie" title="Nicienie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nematode" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27aytu_kuru" title="Q'aytu kuru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'aytu kuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нематоды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нематоды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Төгүрүк чиэрбэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төгүрүк чиэрбэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nematode" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimbat_Cilindrike" title="Krimbat Cilindrike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krimbat Cilindrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="නෙමටෝඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙමටෝඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nematode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%ADstovce" title="Hlístovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlístovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliste" title="Gliste – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gliste" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مشەخۆری نیماتۆدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مشەخۆری نیماتۆدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ваљкасти црви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваљкасти црви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valjkasti_crvi" title="Valjkasti crvi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valjkasti crvi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9matoda" title="Nématoda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nématoda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkulamadot" title="Sukkulamadot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukkulamadot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundmaskar" title="Rundmaskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rundmaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nematode" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="உருளைப்புழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருளைப்புழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1" title="నెమటోడ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెమటోడ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="นีมาโทดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีมาโทดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Нематодаҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нематодаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvarlak_solucanlar" title="Yuvarlak solucanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yuvarlak solucanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нематоди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нематоди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0nh_Giun_tr%C3%B2n" title="Ngành Giun tròn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành Giun tròn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nematoda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E8%99%AB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="线虫动物门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="线虫动物门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="רונדווערעם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רונדווערעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AB%E8%9F%B2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="綫蟲動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="綫蟲動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apval%C4%97%CC%84j%C4%97_k%C4%97rm%C4%97n%C4%81" title="Apvalė̄jė kėrmėnā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Apvalė̄jė kėrmėnā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early Devonian</a> – Recent<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:47.384615384615px; width:172.61538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:84.615384615385px; width:135.38461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:85.615384615385px; width:133.38461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Possible Cambrian occurrence<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/250px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/330px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i>,<br /> a model species of roundworm </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Nematoda" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nematoda</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Karl_Moriz_Diesing" title="Karl Moriz Diesing">Diesing</a>, 1861</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Classes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul> <p>(see <a href="#Systematics">text</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nematodes <small><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burmeister" title="Hermann Burmeister">Burmeister</a>, 1837</small></li> <li>Nematoidea <small><i>sensu stricto</i> Cobb, 1919</small></li> <li>Nemates <small>Cobb, 1919</small></li> <li>Nemata <small>Cobb, 1919 <i>emend.</i></small></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>nematodes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEM</span>-ə-tohdz</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEEM</span>-</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Νηματώδη</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Nematoda</i>), <b>roundworms</b> or <b>eelworms</b> constitute the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <b>Nematoda</b>. Species in the phylum inhabit a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, but many are <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic worms">Parasitic worms</a> (helminths) are the cause of <a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" title="Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">soil-transmitted helminthiases</a>. </p><p>They are classified along with <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">animals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, nematodes have a tubular <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a>, with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a>, but their sister phylum <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> has kept the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostome</a> Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nematode <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species are uncertain. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity suggested there are over 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the total number of <a href="/wiki/Neontology#Extant_taxa_versus_extinct_taxa" title="Neontology">extant</a> species are subject to even greater variation. A widely referenced 1993 article estimated there might be over a million species of nematode.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambshead-1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambshead-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent publication challenged this claim, estimating the figure to be at least 40,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-RAnderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAnderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the highest estimates (up to 100 million species) have since been deprecated, estimates supported by <a href="/wiki/Rarefaction_(ecology)" title="Rarefaction (ecology)">rarefaction curves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lambshead_Boucher_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambshead_Boucher-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qing_Bert_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qing_Bert-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the use of <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a><sup id="cite_ref-Floyd2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the increasing acknowledgment of widespread <a href="/wiki/Species_complex#cryptic_species" title="Species complex">cryptic species</a> among nematodes,<sup id="cite_ref-Derycke_et_al_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derycke_et_al-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have placed the figure closer to one million species.<sup id="cite_ref-Blaxter2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaxter2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nematodes have successfully adapted to nearly every <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>: from marine (salt) to fresh water, soils, from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest to the lowest of elevations. They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> counts, and are found in locations as diverse as mountains, deserts, and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>. They are found in every part of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Borgonie_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgonie_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even at great depths, 0.9–3.6 km (3,000–12,000 ft) below the surface of the Earth in gold mines in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Borgonie_2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgonie_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent 90% of all animals on the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18164201_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18164201-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 4.4 × 10<sup>20</sup> nematodes inhabit the Earth's topsoil, or approximately 60 billion for each human, with the highest densities observed in tundra and boreal forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their numerical dominance, often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80% of all individual animals on Earth, their diversity of lifecycles, and their presence at various trophic levels point to an important role in many ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-903874-22-9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-903874-22-9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play crucial roles in polar ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roughly 2,271 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> are placed in 256 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many parasitic forms include <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> in most plants and animals. A third of the genera occur as <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>; about 35 nematode species are <a href="/wiki/Human_parasite" title="Human parasite">human parasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>nematode</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Modern Latin</a> compound of <i>nema-</i> 'thread' (from Greek <i>nema</i>, genitive <i>nematos</i> 'thread', from the stem <i>nein</i> 'to spin'; cf. <i>needle</i>) + <i>-odes</i> 'like, of the nature of' (cf. <i>-oid</i>). The addition firstly of '-oid' and then to '-ode' renders 'threadlike'.<sup id="cite_ref-Name_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nematode_families" title="List of nematode families">List of nematode families</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eophasma jurasicum, a fossilized nematode"><img alt="Eophasma jurasicum, a fossilized nematode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG/180px-Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG/270px-Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG/360px-Eophasma_jurasicum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Eophasma" title="Eophasma">Eophasma jurasicum</a></i>, a fossilized nematode</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Caenorhabditis elegans"><img alt="Caenorhabditis elegans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png/180px-Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png/270px-Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png/360px-Celegans_wt_nhr80rnai.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hookworms.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhabditia"><img alt="Rhabditia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hookworms.JPG/250px-Hookworms.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hookworms.JPG/330px-Hookworms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hookworms.JPG/500px-Hookworms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditia" title="Rhabditia">Rhabditia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nippostrongylus brasiliensis"><img alt="Nippostrongylus brasiliensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/180px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/270px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/360px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis" title="Nippostrongylus brasiliensis">Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anisakids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unidentified Anisakidae (Ascaridina: Ascaridoidea)"><img alt="Unidentified Anisakidae (Ascaridina: Ascaridoidea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anisakids.jpg/250px-Anisakids.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anisakids.jpg/330px-Anisakids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anisakids.jpg/500px-Anisakids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unidentified <a href="/wiki/Anisakidae" title="Anisakidae">Anisakidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ascaridina" title="Ascaridina">Ascaridina</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascaridoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascaridoidea (page does not exist)">Ascaridoidea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Threadworm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxyuridae Pinworm"><img alt="Oxyuridae Pinworm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Threadworm.jpg/250px-Threadworm.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Threadworm.jpg/270px-Threadworm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Threadworm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oxyuridae" title="Oxyuridae">Oxyuridae</a> Pinworm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microfilaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiruridae Dirofilaria immitis"><img alt="Spiruridae Dirofilaria immitis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Microfilaria.jpg/250px-Microfilaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Microfilaria.jpg/330px-Microfilaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Microfilaria.jpg/500px-Microfilaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spiruridae" title="Spiruridae">Spiruridae</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steinernema feltiae"><img alt="Steinernema feltiae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg/250px-Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg/330px-Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg/500px-Nematode_Steinernema_feltiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema" title="Steinernema">Steinernema</a> feltiae</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm/180px--Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm.jpg" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm/Nematode_Steinernema_Feltiae_with_size_comparison_of_1_EURO_coin.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Steinernema feltiae</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png/250px-Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png/330px-Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png/500px-Tropical_Diseases_-_Fig_149.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described nematodes including the parasitic <i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i>, seen here under a person's skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described nematodes of a few genera including <i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">Ascaris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_(nematode)" title="Dracunculus (nematode)">Dracunculus</a></i>, then included in the <a href="/wiki/Vermes" title="Vermes">Vermes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2002_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the group Nematoda, informally called "nematodes", came from <a href="/wiki/Nematoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoidea">Nematoidea</a>, originally defined by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rudolphi" title="Karl Rudolphi">Karl Rudolphi</a> in 1808,<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_1957_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> νῆμα (<i>nêma, nêmatos</i>, 'thread') and -ειδἠς (<i>-eidēs</i>, 'species'). It was treated as <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Nematodes by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burmeister" title="Hermann Burmeister">Burmeister</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_1957_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its origin, the "Nematoidea" erroneously included Nematodes and <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a>, attributed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Ernst_von_Siebold" title="Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold">Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold</a> in 1843. Along with <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cestoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestoidea">Cestoidea</a>, it formed the obsolete group <a href="/wiki/Entozoa" title="Entozoa">Entozoa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-85199-202-1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-85199-202-1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created by Rudolphi in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were classed along with Acanthocephala in the obsolete <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Aschelminth" title="Aschelminth">Nemathelminthes</a> by Gegenbaur in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_1957_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1861, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Moriz_Diesing" title="Karl Moriz Diesing">Karl Moriz Diesing</a> treated the group as order Nematoda.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_1957_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> Nematoidea, including the family <a href="/wiki/Gordiidae" title="Gordiidae">Gordiidae</a> (horsehair worms), was promoted to the rank of phylum by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_1957_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first clear distinction between the nemas and gordiids was realized by <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Vejdovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="František Vejdovsky">František Vejdovsky</a> when he named the group containing the horsehair worms the order Nematomorpha in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleidorn_2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleidorn_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Grobben proposed the phylum Aschelminthes, and the nematodes were included as class Nematoda alongside the classes <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_1958_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_1958-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cobb" title="Nathan Cobb">Nathan Cobb</a> proposed that nematodes should be recognized alone as a phylum. He argued they should be called "nema" in English rather than "nematodes" and defined the taxon Nemates (later emended as Nemata, Latin plural of <i>nema</i>), listing Nematoidea <i>sensu restricto</i> as a synonym.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Potts elevated the class Nematoda to the level of phylum, leaving the name the same. Although Potts' and Cobb's classifications are equivalent, both names are used, and Nematode became a popular term in zoological science.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> relationships of the nematodes and their close relatives among the <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a> are unresolved. Traditionally, they were held to be a lineage of their own, but in the 1990s, they were proposed to form the group <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. The identity of the closest living relatives of the Nematoda has always been considered to be well resolved. Morphological and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a> agree with placing the roundworms as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to the parasitic <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a>; together, they make up the <a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a>. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a> (formerly Cephalorhyncha), the Nematoida form the clade <a href="/wiki/Cycloneuralia" title="Cycloneuralia">Cycloneuralia</a>, but much disagreement occurs both between and among the available morphological and molecular data. The Cycloneuralia or the Introverta—depending on the validity of the former—are often ranked as a <a href="/wiki/Superphylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphylum">superphylum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ToL_2002_Bilateria_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToL_2002_Bilateria-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematics">Systematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the lack of knowledge regarding many nematodes, their systematics is contentious. An early and influential classification was proposed by Chitwood and Chitwood<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood1933_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood1933-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—later revised by Chitwood<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood1937_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood1937-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—who divided the phylum into two classes—<a href="/wiki/Aphasmidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphasmidia">Aphasmidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Phasmidia</a>. These were later renamed <a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a> (gland bearers) and <a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a> (secretors), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood1958_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood1958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secernentea share several characteristics, including the presence of <a href="/wiki/Phasmid_(nematode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasmid (nematode)">phasmids</a>, a pair of sensory organs located in the lateral posterior region, and this was used as the basis for this division. This scheme was adhered to in many later classifications, though the Adenophorea were not in a uniform group. </p><p>Initial studies of incomplete <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequences</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested the existence of five <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Blaxter_1998_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaxter_1998-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaimida" title="Dorylaimida">Dorylaimida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplia" title="Enoplia">Enoplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirurina" title="Spirurina">Spirurina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylenchina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylenchina (page does not exist)">Tylenchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabditina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabditina">Rhabditina</a></li></ul> <p>The Secernentea seem to be a natural group of close relatives, while the Adenophorea appear to be a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> assemblage of roundworms that retain a good number of <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorph">ancestral traits</a>. The old <a href="/wiki/Enoplia" title="Enoplia">Enoplia</a> do not seem to be monophyletic, either, but do contain two distinct lineages. The old group <a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a> seems to be another paraphyletic assemblage, with the <a href="/wiki/Monhysterida" title="Monhysterida">Monhysterida</a> representing a very ancient minor group of nematodes. Among the Secernentea, the <a href="/wiki/Diplogasteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplogasteria">Diplogasteria</a> may need to be united with the <a href="/wiki/Rhabditia" title="Rhabditia">Rhabditia</a>, while the Tylenchia might be paraphyletic with the Rhabditia.<sup id="cite_ref-ToL:2002_Nematoda_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToL:2002_Nematoda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The understanding of roundworm systematics and <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> as of 2002 is summarised below: </p><p><b>Phylum Nematoda</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">Basal</a> order <a href="/wiki/Monhysterida" title="Monhysterida">Monhysterida</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Dorylaimida" title="Dorylaimida">Dorylaimida</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Diplogasteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplogasteria">Diplogasteria</a> (disputed)</li> <li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Rhabditia" title="Rhabditia">Rhabditia</a> (paraphyletic?)</li> <li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Spiruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylenchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylenchia (page does not exist)">Tylenchia</a> (disputed)</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a>" assemblage</li></ul> <p>Later work has suggested the presence of 12 clades.<sup id="cite_ref-Holterman2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holterman2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a study identified one <a href="/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels" title="Conserved signature indels">conserved signature indel</a> (CSI) found exclusively in members of the phylum Nematoda through comparative genetic analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CSI consists of a single amino acid insertion within a conserved region of a Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor protein NRFL-1 and is a molecular marker that distinguishes the phylum from other species.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA suggests that the following groupings are valid<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>subclass <a href="/wiki/Dorylaimia" title="Dorylaimia">Dorylaimia</a></li> <li>orders <a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichinellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichinellida">Trichinellida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mermithida" title="Mermithida">Mermithida</a></li> <li>suborder <a href="/wiki/Rhabditina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabditina">Rhabditina</a></li> <li>infraorders <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiruromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiruromorpha (page does not exist)">Spiruromorpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxyuridomorpha" title="Oxyuridomorpha">Oxyuridomorpha</a></li></ul> <p>In 2022 a new classification of the entire phylum Nematoda was presented by M. Hodda. It was based on current molecular, developmental and morphological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this classification, the classes and subclasses are: </p> <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Enoplia" title="Enoplia">Enoplia</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncholaimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncholaimia (page does not exist)">Oncholaimia</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triplonchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triplonchia (page does not exist)">Triplonchia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Dorylaimida" title="Dorylaimida">Dorylaimida</a> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Dorylaimia" title="Dorylaimia">Dorylaimia</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathyodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathyodontia (page does not exist)">Bathyodontia</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichocephalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichocephalia (page does not exist)">Trichocephalia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Chromadoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromadoria">Chromadoria</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plectia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plectia (page does not exist)">Plectia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nematode eggs from the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> Ascaridina, Spirurina, and Trichocephalida have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>-aged Tremembé Formation, which represented a <a href="/wiki/Paleolake" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolake">palaeolake</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> with a diverse <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> assemblage of birds, fish, and arthropods that lent itself to fostering high nematode diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nematodes have also been found in various <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätten</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moltrasio_Formation" title="Moltrasio Formation">Moltrasio Formation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhynie_chert" title="Rhynie chert">Rhynie chert</a>, where the earliest known fossils are known from. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_male.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/220px-C_elegans_male.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/330px-C_elegans_male.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/440px-C_elegans_male.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Internal anatomy of a male <i>C. elegans</i> nematode</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg/220px-Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg/330px-Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg/440px-Ascaris_female_200x_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6405" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of female <i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">Ascaris</a></i>. The large circles filled with small green circles are the uterus and eggs. The long narrow feature is the <a href="#Digestive_system">digestive tract</a>. The smaller red and orange circles are the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a>. The cluster of green and black blobs in the upper right and lower left are the nerve cords (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal</a>). Surrounding the internal organs are the frilly green longitudinal muscles, the dark hypodermis, and the green outer <a href="/wiki/Cuticle#Cuticle_of_invertebrates" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nematodes are very small, slender worms. Most are free-living, often less than 2.5 mm long and some only about 1 mm. Many nematodes are microscopic. Some soil nematodes can reach up to 7 mm in length, and some marine species can reach up to 5 cm. Some are parasitic and can reach lengths of 50 cm or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert7th_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert7th-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body is often ornamented with ridges, rings, bristles, or other distinctive structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Weischer_2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weischer_2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head is relatively distinct. Whereas the rest of the body is bilaterally symmetrical, the head is radially symmetrical, with sensory bristles and, in many cases, solid 'head-shields' radiating outwards around the mouth. The mouth has either three or six lips, which often bear a series of teeth on their inner edges. An adhesive 'caudal gland' is often found at the tip of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a> is either a <a href="/wiki/Syncytium" title="Syncytium">syncytium</a> or a single layer of cells, and is covered by a thick <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>. The cuticle is often of a complex structure and may have two or three distinct layers. Underneath the epidermis lies a layer of longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> cells. The relatively rigid cuticle works with the muscles to create a hydroskeleton, as nematodes lack circumferential muscles. Projections run from the inner surface of muscle cells towards the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cords</a>; this is a unique arrangement in the animal kingdom, in which nerve cells normally extend fibers into the muscles rather than <i>vice versa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oral cavity is lined with cuticles, which are often strengthened with structures, such as ridges, especially in carnivorous species, which may bear several teeth. The mouth often includes a sharp <a href="/wiki/Stylet_(zoology)" title="Stylet (zoology)">stylet</a>, which the animal can thrust into its prey. In some species, the stylet is hollow and can be used to suck liquids from plants or animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oral cavity opens into a muscular, sucking <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, also lined with cuticle. Digestive glands are found in this region of the gut, producing <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">enzymes</a> that start to break down the food. In stylet-bearing species, these may even be injected into the prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> is present, with the pharynx connecting directly to a muscleless <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> that forms the main length of the gut. This produces further enzymes and also absorbs nutrients through its single-cell-thick lining. The last portion of the intestine is lined by a cuticle, forming a <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, which expels waste through the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> just below and in front of the tip of the tail. The movement of food through the digestive system is the result of the body movements of the worm. The intestine has valves or <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincters</a> at either end to help control food movement through the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretory_system">Excretory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Excretory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous waste">Nitrogenous waste</a> is excreted in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> through the body wall, and is not associated with any specific organs. However, the structures for excreting salt to maintain <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a> are typically more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an excretory gland, also known as a <i>ventral cell</i>, or <i>renette cell</i> in all species of Adenophorea. In Secernentia there is an excretory canal system that may or may not use a gland cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert7th_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert7th-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muscle_arms" title="Muscle arms">Muscle arms</a></div> <p>At the anterior end of the animal a dense, circular <a href="/wiki/Circumesophageal_nerve_ring" title="Circumesophageal nerve ring">nerve ring</a> which serves as the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> surrounds the pharynx.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this ring six labial papillary nerve cords extend anteriorly, while six nerve cords; a large ventral, a smaller dorsal and two pairs of sublateral cords extend posteriorly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each nerve lies within a cord of connective tissue lying beneath the cuticle and between the muscle cells. The <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve</a> is the largest, and has a double structure forward of the <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretory</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pore" class="extiw" title="wikt:pore">pore</a>. The dorsal nerve is responsible for motor control, while the lateral nerves are sensory, and the ventral combines both functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nervous system is the only place in the body that contains <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a>; these are all nonmotile and with a sensory function.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body is covered in numerous sensory <a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papilla_(worms)" title="Papilla (worms)">papillae</a> that together provide a sense of touch. Behind the sensory bristles on the head lie two small pits, or '<a href="/wiki/Amphid" title="Amphid">amphids</a>'. These are well supplied with nerve cells and are probably <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreception</a> organs. A few aquatic nematodes possess what appear to be <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmented</a> eye-spots, but whether or not these are actually sensory in nature is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg/250px-Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg/330px-Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg/500px-Eucoleus_aerophilus_male_spicule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Extremity of a male nematode showing the <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(nematode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (nematode)">spicule</a>, used for copulation, bar=100 μm<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most nematode species are <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, with separate male and female individuals, though some, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i>, are <a href="/wiki/Androdioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Androdioecious">androdioecious</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a> and rare males. Both sexes possess one or two tubular <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>. In males, the sperm are produced at the end of the gonad and migrate along its length as they mature. The testis opens into a relatively wide <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicle</a> and then during intercourse into a glandular and muscular ejaculatory duct associated with the <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. In females, the ovaries each open into an <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> (in hermaphrodites, the eggs enter a <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</a> first) and then a glandular <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. The uteri both open into a common vulva/vagina, usually located in the middle of the morphologically ventral surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reproduction is usually sexual, though hermaphrodites are capable of self-fertilization. Males are usually smaller than females or hermaphrodites (often much smaller) and often have a characteristically bent or fan-shaped tail. During <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>, one or more <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinized</a> <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(nematode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (nematode)">spicules</a> move out of the cloaca and are inserted into the genital pore of the female. <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">Amoeboid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> crawl along the spicule into the female worm. Nematode sperm is thought to be the only <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cell">eukaryotic cell</a> without the globular protein <a href="/wiki/G-actin" class="mw-redirect" title="G-actin">G-actin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggs may be <a href="/wiki/Embryonated" title="Embryonated">embryonated</a> or unembryonated when passed by the female, meaning their fertilized eggs may not yet be developed. A few species are known to be <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a>. The eggs are protected by an outer shell, secreted by the uterus. In free-living roundworms, the eggs hatch into <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, which appear essentially identical to the adults, except for an underdeveloped reproductive system; in parasitic roundworms, the lifecycle is often much more complicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the eggshell is complicated and includes several layers; a detailed anatomical and terminological framework has been proposed for these layers in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond&Huffman2023_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond&Huffman2023-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nematodes as a whole possess a wide range of modes of reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1982_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1982-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nematodes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Heterorhabditis" title="Heterorhabditis">Heterorhabditis</a></i> spp., undergo a process called <a href="/wiki/Endotokia_matricida" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotokia matricida">endotokia matricida</a>: intrauterine birth causing maternal death.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnigk_Ehlers_1999_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnigk_Ehlers_1999-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nematodes are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a>, and keep their self-fertilized eggs inside the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> until they hatch. The juvenile nematodes then ingest the parent nematode. This process is significantly promoted in environments with a low food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnigk_Ehlers_1999_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnigk_Ehlers_1999-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nematode model species <i>C. elegans</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_briggsae" title="Caenorhabditis briggsae">C. briggsae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pristionchus_pacificus" title="Pristionchus pacificus">Pristionchus pacificus</a></i>, among other species, exhibit <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">androdioecy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Haag_et_al_2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haag_et_al_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is otherwise very rare among animals. The single <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a></i> (root-knot nematodes) exhibits a range of reproductive modes, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, facultative sexuality (in which most, but not all, generations reproduce asexually), and both <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mesorhabditis" title="Mesorhabditis">Mesorhabditis</a></i> exhibits an unusual form of parthenogenesis, in which sperm-producing males copulate with females, but the sperm do not fuse with the ovum. Contact with the sperm is essential for the ovum to begin dividing, but because no fusion of the cells occurs, the male contributes no genetic material to the offspring, which are essentially <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a> of the female.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1980_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1980-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aging">Aging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> is often used as a model organism for studying <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">aging</a> at the molecular level. For example, in <i>C. elegans</i> aging negatively impacts <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>, and mutants of <i>C. elegans</i> that are long-lived were shown to have increased DNA repair capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyun2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyun2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings suggest a genetically determined correlation between DNA repair capacity and lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyun2008_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyun2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In female <i>C. elegans</i>, <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> processes that control DNA repair and formation of <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover">chromosomal crossovers</a> during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> were shown to progressively deteriorate with age.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free-living_species">Free-living species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free-living species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different free-living species feed on materials as varied as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, small animals, fecal matter, dead organisms, and living tissues. Free-living marine nematodes are important and abundant members of the <a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">meiobenthos</a>. They play an important role in the decomposition process, aid in recycling of nutrients in marine environments, and are sensitive to changes in the environment caused by pollution. One roundworm of note, <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans"><i>C. elegans</i></a>, lives in the soil and has found much use as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>. <i>C. elegans</i> has had its entire genome sequenced,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the developmental fate of every cell determined, and every neuron mapped.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasitic_species">Parasitic species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parasitic species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png/250px-Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png/330px-Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png/500px-Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal">Fecal</a> parasitic (mostly) nematodes from stools of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nematodes that commonly parasitise humans include <a href="/wiki/Ascarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascarid">ascarids</a> (<i>Ascaris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Filaria" title="Filaria">filarias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)" title="Pinworm (parasite)">pinworms</a> (<i>Enterobius</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Whipworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipworm">whipworms</a> (<i>Trichuris trichiura</i>). The species <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i>, commonly known as the trichina worm, occurs in rats, pigs, bears, and humans, and is responsible for the disease <a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">trichinosis</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i> usually infests wild animals, but can be deadly to humans, as well. <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a></i> is known for causing heartworm disease by inhabiting the hearts, arteries, and lungs of dogs and some cats. <i><a href="/wiki/Haemonchus_contortus" title="Haemonchus contortus">Haemonchus contortus</a></i> is one of the most abundant infectious agents in sheep around the world, causing great economic damage to sheep. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode" title="Entomopathogenic nematode">entomopathogenic nematodes</a> parasitize insects and are mostly considered beneficial by humans, but some attack beneficial insects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One form of nematode is entirely dependent upon <a href="/wiki/Fig_wasp" title="Fig wasp">fig wasps</a>, which are the sole source of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a> fertilization. They prey upon the wasps, riding them from the ripe fig of the wasp's birth to the fig flower of its death, where they kill the wasp, and their offspring await the birth of the next generation of wasps as the fig ripens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg/250px-Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg/330px-Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg/500px-Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Colorized <a href="/wiki/Electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron micrograph">electron micrograph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_cyst_nematode" title="Soybean cyst nematode">soybean cyst nematode</a> (<i>Heterodera glycines</i>) and egg</figcaption></figure> <p>A parasitic <a href="/wiki/Tetradonematidae" title="Tetradonematidae">tetradonematid</a> nematode discovered in 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmeconema_neotropicum" title="Myrmeconema neotropicum">Myrmeconema neotropicum</a></i>, induces fruit mimicry in the tropical ant <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotes_atratus" title="Cephalotes atratus">Cephalotes atratus</a></i>. Infected ants develop bright red <a href="/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)" title="Gaster (insect anatomy)">gasters</a> (abdomens), tend to be more sluggish, and walk with their gasters in a conspicuous elevated position. These changes likely cause <a href="/wiki/Frugivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivorous">frugivorous</a> birds to confuse the infected ants for berries, and eat them. Parasite eggs passed in the bird's <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> are subsequently collected by foraging <i>C. atratus</i> and are fed to their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, thus completing the lifecycle of <i>M. neotropicum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18279076_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18279076-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, multiple varieties of nematodes have been found in the abdominal cavities of the primitively social sweat bee, <i><a href="/wiki/Lasioglossum_zephyrus" title="Lasioglossum zephyrus">Lasioglossum zephyrus</a></i>. Inside the female body, the nematode hinders ovarian development and renders the bee less active, thus less effective in pollen collection.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_horticulture">Agriculture and horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture and horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on its species, a nematode may be beneficial or detrimental to plant health. From agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> perspectives, the two categories of nematodes are the predatory ones, which kill garden pests; and the pest nematodes, which attack plants, or act as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> spreading <a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">plant viruses</a> between crop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predatory nematodes include <i><a href="/wiki/Phasmarhabditis_hermaphrodita" title="Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita">Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita</a></i> which is a lethal parasite of gastropods such as <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema" title="Steinernema">Steinernema</a></i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema_carpocapsae" title="Steinernema carpocapsae">Steinernema carpocapsae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema_riobrave" title="Steinernema riobrave">Steinernema riobrave</a></i> are generalist parasites of <a href="/wiki/Webworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Webworm">webworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutworm" title="Cutworm">cutworms</a>, armyworms, <a href="/wiki/Oncideres_cingulata" title="Oncideres cingulata">girdlers</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodboring_beetle" title="Woodboring beetle">wood-borers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">corn earworm moths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms are grown commercially as <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> agents which can be used as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>; their use is considered very safe.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant-parasitic nematodes include several groups causing severe crop losses, taking 10% of crops worldwide every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Smiley-et-al-2017_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiley-et-al-2017-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common genera are <i><a href="/wiki/Aphelenchoides" title="Aphelenchoides">Aphelenchoides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Foliar_nematode" title="Foliar nematode">foliar nematodes</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Ditylenchus" title="Ditylenchus">Ditylenchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Globodera" class="mw-redirect" title="Globodera">Globodera</a></i> (potato cyst nematodes), <i><a href="/wiki/Heterodera" title="Heterodera">Heterodera</a></i> (soybean cyst nematodes), <i><a href="/wiki/Longidorus" title="Longidorus">Longidorus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Root-knot_nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-knot nematodes">root-knot nematodes</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Nacobbus" title="Nacobbus">Nacobbus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus" title="Pratylenchus">Pratylenchus</a></i> (lesion nematodes), <i><a href="/wiki/Trichodorus" title="Trichodorus">Trichodorus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphinema" title="Xiphinema">Xiphinema</a></i> (dagger nematodes). Several phytoparasitic nematode species cause histological damages to roots, including the formation of visible galls (e.g. by root-knot nematodes), which are useful characters for their diagnostic in the field. Some nematode species transmit plant viruses through their feeding activity on roots. One of them is <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphinema_index" title="Xiphinema index">Xiphinema index</a></i>, vector of <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_fanleaf_virus" title="Grapevine fanleaf virus">grapevine fanleaf virus</a>, an important disease of grapes, another one is <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphinema_diversicaudatum" title="Xiphinema diversicaudatum">Xiphinema diversicaudatum</a></i>, vector of <a href="/wiki/Arabis_mosaic_virus" title="Arabis mosaic virus">arabis mosaic virus</a><i>.</i> Other nematodes attack bark and forest trees. The most important representative of this group is <i><a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_xylophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus xylophilus">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</a></i>, the pine wood nematode, present in Asia and America and recently discovered in Europe. This nematode is transmitted from tree to tree by sawyer beetles (<i><a href="/wiki/Monochamus" title="Monochamus">Monochamus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greenhouse growers use <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode" title="Entomopathogenic nematode">entomopathogenic nematodes</a> as beneficial agents to control <a href="/wiki/Fungus_gnat" title="Fungus gnat">fungus gnats</a>. The nematodes enter the larvae of the gnats by way of their anus, mouth, and <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a> (breathing pores) and then release <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> which kills the gnat larvae. Commonly used nematode species to control pests on greenhouse crops include <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema" title="Steinernema">Steinernema</a> feltiae</i> for fungus gnats and <a href="/wiki/Western_flower_thrips" title="Western flower thrips">western flower thrips</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema_carpocapsae" title="Steinernema carpocapsae">Steinernema carpocapsae</a></i> used to control shore flies, <i>Steinernema kraussei</i> for control of <a href="/wiki/Vine_weevil" title="Vine weevil">black vine weevils</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Heterorhabditis_bacteriophora" title="Heterorhabditis bacteriophora">Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</a></i> to control beetle larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rotations of plants with nematode-resistant species or varieties is one means of managing parasitic nematode infestations. For example, planting <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Tagetes marigolds</a> as a cover crop just prior to planting a nematode-susceptible plant, has been shown to suppress nematodes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is treatment with natural antagonists such as the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Gliocladium_roseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliocladium roseum">Gliocladium roseum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a>, a natural <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biocontrol</a>, elicits plant defense responses to destroy parasitic <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a> nematodes on roots of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> crops without harming beneficial nematodes in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-US-2008/072494_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-2008/072494-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Soil steaming</a> is an efficient method to kill nematodes before planting a crop, but indiscriminately eliminates both harmful and beneficial soil fauna. </p><p>The golden nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Globodera_rostochiensis" title="Globodera rostochiensis">Globodera rostochiensis</a></i> is a particularly harmful pest that has resulted in quarantines and crop failures worldwide. It can be controlled, however. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>, the scientific research body of the Australian government, found a 13- to 14-fold reduction of nematode population densities in plots having <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mustard">Chinese mustard</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">Brassica juncea</a></i> green manure or seed meal in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRO_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRO-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_in_humans">Disease in humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disease in humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/330px-Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/500px-Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/540px-Intestinal_nematode_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for intestinal nematode infections per 100,000 in 2002.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>   <  25</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 25–50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50–75</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 75–100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 100–120</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 120–140</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 140–160</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 160–180</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 180–200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 200–220</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 220–240</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000 ; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>   >  240</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> no data</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv/220px--Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv/Anthelmintic_effect_of_papain_on_Heligmosomoides_bakeri.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintic</a> effect of <a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">papain</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Heligmosomoides_bakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Heligmosomoides bakeri">Heligmosomoides bakeri</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of pathogenic intestinal nematodes cause diseases in humans, including <a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">ascariasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">trichuriasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hookworm_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookworm disease">hookworm disease</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> species parasitise fish, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> and when consumed by humans can cause <a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">anisakiasis</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gastric" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric">gastric</a> or gastroallergic disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Patiño_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patiño-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gastrointestinal nematode infections in humans are common, with approximately 50% of the global population being affected. Developing countries are most heavily impacted, in part due to lack of access to medical care.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a> starts in the intestines but larvae can migrate to muscle. <i><a href="/wiki/Filaria" title="Filaria">Filarial</a></i> nematodes cause <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariases</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> infection caused by roundworms passed from dogs, and sometimes cats. It can give rise to different types of <i>larva migrans</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">visceral larva migrans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocular_larva_migrans" title="Ocular larva migrans">ocular larva migrans</a>. </p><p>Studies have shown that parasitic nematodes infect <a href="/wiki/American_eel" title="American eel">American eels</a> causing damage to the eel's swim bladder,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dairy animals like cattle and buffalo,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all species of sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_ecosystems">Soil ecosystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Soil ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soil_ecology" title="Soil ecology">Soil ecology</a></div> <p>About 90% of nematodes reside in the top 15 cm (6") of soil. Nematodes do not decompose organic matter, but, instead, are parasitic and free-living organisms that feed on living material. Nematodes can effectively regulate bacterial population and community composition—they may eat up to 5,000 bacteria per minute. Also, nematodes can play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> by way of nitrogen mineralization.<sup id="cite_ref-brady_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brady-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But plant parasitic nematodes cause billions of dollars in annual crop damage worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One group of <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_fungus" title="Carnivorous fungus">carnivorous fungi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nematophagous_fungus" title="Nematophagous fungus">nematophagous fungi</a>, are predators of soil nematodes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can set enticements for the nematodes in the form of lassos or adhesive structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Pramer_1964_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pramer_1964-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_1985_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser_1985-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahrén_1998_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahrén_1998-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also release powerful toxins when in contact with nematodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2023_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2023-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivability">Survivability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Survivability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms#Revived_into_activity_after_stasis" title="List of longest-living organisms">List of longest-living organisms § Revived into activity after stasis</a></div> <p>The nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> an important <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>, was used as part of an ongoing research project conducted on the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> mission <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>, and survived the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster#Recovery_of_debris" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">re-entry breakup</a>. It is believed to be the first known species to survive a virtually unprotected atmospheric descent to Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antarctic nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Panagrolaimus" title="Panagrolaimus">Panagrolaimus</a> davidi</i> was able to withstand intracellular freezing depending on how well it had been fed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 an individual of <i><a href="/wiki/Panagrolaimus_kolymaensis" title="Panagrolaimus kolymaensis">Panagrolaimus kolymaensis</a></i> was revived after 46,000 years in Siberian permafrost.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a> – Controlling pests using other organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organic_gardening_and_farming_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organic gardening and farming topics">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a> – Overview of and topical guide to organic gardening and farming<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parasites_of_humans" title="List of parasites of humans">List of parasites of humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode.net" title="Nematode.net">Nematode.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">Soil food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_bagging" title="Worm bagging">Worm bagging</a> – Form of vivipary observed in nematodes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematode&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoinarKerpHass2008" class="citation journal cs1">Poinar, George; Kerp, Hans; Hass, Hagen (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nemy/10/1/article-p9_2.xml">"<i>Palaeonema phyticum</i> gen. n., sp. n. 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(1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/58037">"The orders and classes of nemas"</a>. <i>Contrib. Sci. Nematol</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">213–</span>216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contrib.+Sci.+Nematol.&rft.atitle=The+orders+and+classes+of+nemas.&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F58037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, E.O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430120018/https://nematode.unl.edu/nemata.htm">"Phylum Nemata"</a>. <i>nematode.unl.edu</i>. Plant and insect parasitic nematodes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nematode.unl.edu/nemata.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nematode.unl.edu&rft.atitle=Phylum+Nemata&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=E.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnematode.unl.edu%2Fnemata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToL_2002_Bilateria-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToL_2002_Bilateria_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Bilateria/2459/2002.01.01">"Bilateria"</a>. <i>Tree of Life (tolweb.org)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life+%28tolweb.org%29&rft.atitle=Bilateria&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FBilateria%2F2459%2F2002.01.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an up-to-date view (as of 2022), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.769565/full">Phylogenomic Analysis of the Phylum Nematoda: Conflicts and Congruences With Morphology, 18S rRNA, and Mitogenomes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitwood1933-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood1933_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitwoodChitwood1933" class="citation journal cs1">Chitwood, B.G.; Chitwood, M.B. (1933). "The characters of a protonematode". <i>Journal of Parasitology</i>. <b>20</b>: 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parasitology&rft.atitle=The+characters+of+a+protonematode&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=130&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Chitwood&rft.aufirst=B.G.&rft.au=Chitwood%2C+M.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitwood1937-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood1937_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitwood1937" class="citation book cs1">Chitwood, B.G. (1937). "A revised classification of the <i>Nematoda</i>". <i>Papers on Helminthology published in commemoration of the 30 year Jubileum of ... K.J. Skrjabin ..</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+American+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Paleoparasitological+study+of+avian+trace+fossils+from+the+Trememb%C3%A9+Formation+%28Oligocene+of+the+Taubat%C3%A9+Basin%29%2C+S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=104319&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2023.104319&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JSAES.12504319M&rft.aulast=Mac%C3%AAdo+do+Carmo&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Renato+Araujo&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Fabiano+Matos&rft.au=de+Souza+Lima%2C+Sueli&rft.au=Ismael+de+Ara%C3%BAjo-J%C3%BAnior%2C+Herm%C3%ADnio&rft.au=Pinheiro%2C+Ralph+Maturano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS089598112300130X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruppert7th-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert7th_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert7th_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertBarnesFox2019" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Barnes, Robert D.; Fox, Richard S. 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(27 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10374039">"A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with <i>C. elegans</i> dauer larva"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>19</b> (7): e1010798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010798">10.1371/journal.pgen.1010798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10374039">10374039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37498820">37498820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+novel+nematode+species+from+the+Siberian+permafrost+shares+adaptive+mechanisms+for+cryptobiotic+survival+with+C.+elegans+dauer+larva&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1010798&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10374039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37498820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010798&rft.aulast=Shatilovich&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft.au=Gade%2C+Vamshidhar+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10374039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANematode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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Nematoda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esn-online.org/">European Society of Nematologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914155908/http://www.nematodes.org/">http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914155908/http://www.nematodes.org/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027152335/http://intramar.ugent.be/nemys/start.asp?group=2">NeMys World free-living Marine Nematodes database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ucr.edu/%7Epdeley/lab/taxonomy.html">Nematode Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nematologists.org/">Society of Nematologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nematologists.org.au/">Australasian Association of Nematologists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226031051/http://nematologists.org.au/">Archived</a> 26 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/main/search_higher_nematodes.htm">Phylum Nematoda – nematodes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">UF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/">Featured Creatures Web site</a>—University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia436" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria1042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria485" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia240" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteriota">Cyanobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriota" title="Methanobacteriota">Methanobacteriota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanobdellati" title="Nanobdellati"><i>Candidatus</i> Micrarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanobdellati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Parvarchaeota" title="Parvarchaeota"><i>Candidatus</i> Parvarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Planomonada">Planomonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helminthiases" title="Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helminthiases" title="Template talk:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">Parasitic disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm/<br />platyhelminth</a><br />infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Fluke/trematode</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematode infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Blood fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni" title="Schistosoma mansoni">Schistosoma mansoni</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_japonicum" title="Schistosoma japonicum"><i>S. japonicum</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mekongi" title="Schistosoma mekongi"><i>S. mekongi</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium" title="Schistosoma haematobium"><i>S. haematobium</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_intercalatum" title="Schistosoma intercalatum"><i>S. intercalatum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichobilharzia_regenti" title="Trichobilharzia regenti">Trichobilharzia regenti</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch" title="Swimmer's itch">Swimmer's itch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">Liver fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis" title="Clonorchis sinensis">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonorchiasis" title="Clonorchiasis">Clonorchiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_dendriticum" title="Dicrocoelium dendriticum">Dicrocoelium dendriticum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_hospes" title="Dicrocoelium hospes"><i>D. hospes</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoeliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicrocoeliasis">Dicrocoeliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica" title="Fasciola hepatica">Fasciola hepatica</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Fasciola_gigantica" title="Fasciola gigantica"><i>F. gigantica</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini" title="Opisthorchis viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_felineus" title="Opisthorchis felineus"><i>O. felineus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchiasis" title="Opisthorchiasis">Opisthorchiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Lung fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_kellicotti" title="Paragonimus kellicotti"><i>P. kellicotti</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis" title="Fasciolopsis">Intestinal fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostoma" title="Echinostoma">Echinostoma</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinostomiasis">Echinostomiasis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis_buski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolopsis buski">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides_hominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiscoides hominis">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistomiasis" title="Amphistomiasis">Amphistomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophyes_heterophyes" title="Heterophyes heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophyiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophyiasis (page does not exist)">Heterophyiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm infection">Tapeworm infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclophyllidea" title="Cyclophyllidea">Cyclophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis"><i>E. multilocularis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_saginata" title="Taenia saginata">Taenia saginata</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_asiatica" title="Taenia asiatica"><i>T. asiatica</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium"><i>T. solium</i> (pork)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taeniasis" title="Taeniasis">Taeniasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">Cysticercosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana" title="Hymenolepis nana">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta" title="Hymenolepis diminuta"><i>H. diminuta</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepiasis" title="Hymenolepiasis">Hymenolepiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudophyllidea" title="Pseudophyllidea">Pseudophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium"><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei" title="Spirometra erinaceieuropaei">Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roundworm/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nematode_infection" title="Nematode infection">Nematode<br />infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Secernentea30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camallanida" title="Camallanida">Camallanida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirurida" title="Spirurida">Spirurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis"><i>Loa loa</i> filariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_repens" title="Dirofilaria repens">Dirofilaria repens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis"><i>D. immitis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori"><i>B. timori</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thelazioidea" title="Thelazioidea">Thelazioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_spinigerum" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_hispidum" title="Gnathostoma hispidum"><i>G. hispidum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelazia" title="Thelazia">Thelazia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelaziasis" title="Thelaziasis">Thelaziasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruroidea" title="Spiruroidea">Spiruroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongylonema" title="Gongylonema">Gongylonema</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida">Strongylida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm infection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliense" title="Ancylostoma braziliense"><i>A. braziliense</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomiasis" title="Ancylostomiasis">Ancylostomiasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongyliasis" title="Angiostrongyliasis">Angiostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylosis" title="Metastrongylosis">Metastrongylosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomum" title="Oesophagostomum">Oesophagostomum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagostomiasis">Oesophagostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylus" title="Trichostrongylus"><i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichostrongyliasis">Trichostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati"><i>T. cati</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">Visceral larva migrans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale">Dioctophyme renale</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parascaris_equorum" title="Parascaris equorum">Parascaris equorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_gingivalis" title="Halicephalobus gingivalis">Halicephalobus gingivalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyurida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyurida">Oxyurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius_vermicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius vermicularis">Enterobius vermicularis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobiasis">Enterobiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis / Whipworm</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_philippinensis" title="Capillaria philippinensis">Capillaria philippinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_capillariasis" title="Intestinal capillariasis">Intestinal capillariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_hepatica" title="Capillaria hepatica"><i>C. hepatica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Nematoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5185" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5185">Q5185</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Nematoda">Nematoda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Nematoda">Nematoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14944">14944</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=19">19</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2715">2715</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1NEMAP">1NEMAP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11682">11682</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/79c47bc3-8cdb-4e32-9b9a-55780a5f082c">79c47bc3-8cdb-4e32-9b9a-55780a5f082c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5967481">5967481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/54960">54960</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=177">177</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=59490">59490</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6231">6231</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/eb11dec3-b2ab-40d5-a0f7-4537a2ede17c">eb11dec3-b2ab-40d5-a0f7-4537a2ede17c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=395057">395057</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=6998">6998</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/nematoda/">nematoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=799">799</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1481" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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