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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_Romantic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_Romantic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Transition to Romantic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_Romantic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romantic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_orchestras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_orchestras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>19th-century orchestras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_orchestras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_wind_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_wind_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>19th-century wind bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_wind_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>19th-century pedagogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>19th-century construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_wind_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_wind_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>20th-century wind bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_wind_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Use in jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>20th-century construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve_attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Valve attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valve_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Valve types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tubing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tubing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Tubing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tubing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tuning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Slides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mouthpiece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouthpiece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mouthpiece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouthpiece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Plastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Germany and Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slide_trombones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slide_trombones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slide trombones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slide_trombones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contrabass_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrabass_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Contrabass trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrabass_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bass_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Bass trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenor_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenor_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Tenor trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenor_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alto_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alto_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Alto trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alto_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soprano_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soprano_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Soprano trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soprano_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sopranino_and_piccolo_trombones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sopranino_and_piccolo_trombones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Sopranino and piccolo trombones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sopranino_and_piccolo_trombones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trombones_with_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trombones_with_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trombones with valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trombones_with_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valve_trombone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_trombone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Valve trombone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_trombone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cimbasso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cimbasso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Cimbasso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cimbasso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superbone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superbone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Superbone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superbone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flugabone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flugabone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Flugabone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flugabone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sackbut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sackbut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Sackbut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sackbut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buccin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buccin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Buccin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buccin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tromboon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tromboon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Tromboon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tromboon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_slide_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_slide_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Basic slide positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_slide_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partials_and_intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partials_and_intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Partials and intonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partials_and_intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedal_tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedal_tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pedal tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedal_tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glissando" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glissando"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Glissando</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glissando-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Trills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Didactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slide_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slide_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Slide positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slide_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trombone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromboon" title="Tromboon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tromboon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaune" title="Posaune – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Posaune" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C4%8Belb%C4%ABeme" title="Myċelbīeme – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Myċelbīeme" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="مترددة (آلة موسيقية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مترددة (آلة موسيقية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B3n" title="Trombón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trombón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трамбон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трамбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трамбон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трамбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon_stirellek" title="Trombon stirellek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trombon stirellek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B3" title="Trombó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trombó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozoun" title="Pozoun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozoun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B4n" title="Trombôn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trombôn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basun" title="Basun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaune" title="Posaune – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Posaune" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromboon" title="Tromboon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tromboon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Τρομπόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρομπόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B3n" title="Trombón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trombón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombono" title="Trombono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trombono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronboi" title="Tronboi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tronboi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="ترومبون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترومبون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone_(instrument)" title="Trombone (instrument) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trombone (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromboane" title="Tromboane – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tromboane" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B3n" title="Trombón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trombón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromb%C3%B3n" title="Trombón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trombón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%AC%EB%B3%B8" title="트롬본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트롬본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տրոմբոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրոմբոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombono" title="Trombono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trombono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טרומבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרומבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9gb%C9%A9t%C9%A9na%CA%8B" title="Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტრომბონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრომბონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_ductilis" title="Tuba ductilis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tuba ductilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombons" title="Trombons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trombons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombonn" title="Trombonn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Trombonn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombonas" title="Trombonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trombonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsona" title="Harsona – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harsona" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B4mb%C3%B4nina" title="Trômbônina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trômbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ട്രോംബോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രോംബോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="ترمبون (اله موسيقيه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترمبون (اله موسيقيه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ထရွမ်းဗုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထရွမ်းဗုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoeftrompet" title="Skoeftrompet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Skoeftrompet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="トロンボーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロンボーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzon" title="Puzon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Puzon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpun" title="Trumpun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Trumpun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaune" title="Posaune – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Posaune" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozauna" title="Pozauna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pozauna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozavna" title="Pozavna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pozavna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasuuna" title="Pasuuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pasuuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99" title="ทรอมโบน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรอมโบน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᏅᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏤᎷᎩᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏅᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏤᎷᎩᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trombon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тромбон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тромбон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trombone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%B7" title="长号 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trombone" title="Special:EditPage/Trombone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Trombone</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Tenor_trombone_YSL-891Z_(re-crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Yamaha_Tenor_trombone_YSL-891Z_%28re-crop%29.jpg/250px-Yamaha_Tenor_trombone_YSL-891Z_%28re-crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Yamaha_Tenor_trombone_YSL-891Z_%28re-crop%29.jpg/500px-Yamaha_Tenor_trombone_YSL-891Z_%28re-crop%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A tenor trombone</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">423.22<br />(Sliding <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a> sounded by lip vibration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Originated mid 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a> in English until the early 18th century.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/0/2/02xp1ifadknokwkxdg196zsuj6sw1l4/02xp1ifa.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/0/2/02xp1ifadknokwkxdg196zsuj6sw1l4/02xp1ifa.png" width="461" height="98" alt="
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 {
 \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
 \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn

 e,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "pedals"
 \glissando
 bes,,1

 e,1
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 \tweak font-size #-2 d''1 ^ \finger \markup \text "poss."

 \clef bass
 \ottava #-1
 \tweak font-size #-2 c,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "F poss."
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 \ottava #0

 \tweak font-size #-2 b,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "E*"

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 " /></div><br />Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an <a href="/wiki/F_attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="F attachment">F attachment</a>; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see <a href="#Types">§ Types</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">Bass Trumpet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf">Musicians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_trombonists" title="List of classical trombonists">List of classical trombonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">List of jazz trombonists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">Bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">Cor anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huqin" title="Huqin">Huqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Plucked</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">Lithophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template talk:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>trombone</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Posaune</i>, Italian, French: <i>trombone</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass family</a>. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's lips vibrate inside a mouthpiece, causing the <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">air column inside the instrument to vibrate</a>. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">valves</a> used by other brass instruments. The <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a> is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superbone" title="Superbone">superbone</a> has valves and a slide. </p><p>The word "trombone" derives from Italian <i>tromba</i> (trumpet) and <i>-one</i> (a suffix meaning "large"), so the name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like the <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, in contrast to the more conical brass instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a>. The most frequently encountered trombones are the <a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor trombone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">bass trombone</a>. These are treated as <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">non-transposing instruments</a>, reading at concert pitch in bass clef, with higher notes sometimes being notated in tenor clef. They are pitched in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, an octave below the B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> trumpet and an octave above the B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> bass <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>. The once common E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">alto trombone</a> became less common as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is regaining popularity for its lighter sonority. In British brass-band music the tenor trombone is treated as a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>, written in treble clef, and the alto trombone is written at concert pitch, usually in alto clef. </p><p>A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Trombone" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian (language)">Italian</a> word <i>tromba</i> (trumpet) plus the suffix <i>-one</i> (large), meaning "large trumpet". </p><p>During the Renaissance, the equivalent English term was "<a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a>". The word first appears in court records in 1495 as "<i>shakbusshe</i>". "<i>Shakbusshe</i>" is similar to "<i>sacabuche</i>", attested in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> as early as 1478. The French equivalent "<i>saqueboute</i>" appears in 1466.<sup id="cite_ref-Michault_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michault-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German "<i>Posaune</i>" long predates the invention of the slide and could refer to a natural trumpet as late as the early fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion201022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion201022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A,_Monk_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png/250px-MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png/330px-MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png/500px-MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance era tenor sackbut (replica by Frank Tomes, London)</figcaption></figure> <p>The sackbut appeared in the 15th century and was used extensively across Europe, declining in most places by the mid to late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert, and in liturgical settings. Its principal role was as the <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">contratenor</a> part in a dance band.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert200659_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert200659-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used, along with <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawms</a>, in bands sponsored by towns and courts. Trumpeters and trombonists were employed in German city-states to stand watch <a href="/wiki/Tower_music" title="Tower music">in the city towers</a> and herald the arrival of important people to the city, an activity that signified wealth and strength in 16th-century German cities. These heralding trombonists were often viewed separately from the more skilled trombonists who played in groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Alta_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta capella">alta capella</a> wind ensembles and the first orchestral ensembles, which performed in religious settings such as <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17th-century trombone had slightly smaller dimensions than a modern trombone, with a bell that was more conical and less flared. Modern <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">period performers</a> use the term "sackbut" to distinguish this earlier version of the trombone from the modern instrument. </p><p>Composers who wrote for trombone during this period include <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a>. The trombone doubled voice parts in sacred works, but there are also solo pieces written for trombone in the early 17th century. </p><p>When the sackbut returned to common use in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that the instrument became known by its Italian name, "trombone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion1988p._3:_"Many_modern_musicians_prefer_to_use_the_word_'sackbut'_when_referring_to_the_Baroque_trombone._All_other_instruments_in_constant_use_since_the_Baroque_have_changed_more...In_response_to_the_number_of_times_people_including_musicians,_have_asked_if_the_sackbut_is_something_like_a_trombone,_I_have_stopped_using_this_misleading_word."_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion1988p._3:_"Many_modern_musicians_prefer_to_use_the_word_'sackbut'_when_referring_to_the_Baroque_trombone._All_other_instruments_in_constant_use_since_the_Baroque_have_changed_more...In_response_to_the_number_of_times_people_including_musicians,_have_asked_if_the_sackbut_is_something_like_a_trombone,_I_have_stopped_using_this_misleading_word."-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name remained constant in Italy (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/trombone" class="extiw" title="it:trombone"><i>trombone</i></a>) and in Germany (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaune" class="extiw" title="de:Posaune"><i>Posaune</i></a>). </p><p>During the later Baroque period, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> used trombones on a few occasions. Bach called for a <i>tromba di tirarsi</i>, which may have been a form of the closely related <a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">slide trumpet</a>, to double the <a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a> in some liturgical <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also employed a choir of four trombones to double the chorus in three of his cantatas (<a href="/wiki/Ach_Gott,_vom_Himmel_sieh_darein,_BWV_2" title="Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2">BWV 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ich_hatte_viel_Bek%C3%BCmmernis,_BWV_21" title="Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis, BWV 21">BWV 21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aus_tiefer_Not_schrei_ich_zu_dir,_BWV_38" title="Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38">BWV 38</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used three trombones and a cornett in the cantata <a href="/wiki/Es_ist_nichts_Gesundes_an_meinem_Leibe,_BWV_25" title="Es ist nichts Gesundes an meinem Leibe, BWV 25">BWV 25</a>. Handel used it in <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_(oratorio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson (oratorio)">Samson</a></i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt_(oratorio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel in Egypt (oratorio)">Israel in Egypt</a></i>, and in the <i>Death March</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)" title="Saul (Handel)">Saul</a></i>. All were examples of an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> style popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional "Stadtpfeiffer" or <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">alta cappella</a> musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of the relative scarcity of trombones, their solo parts were generally interchangeable with other instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The construction of the trombone did not change very much between the Baroque and Classical period, but the bell became slightly more flared. <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> was the first major composer to use the trombone in an opera overture, in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)" title="Alceste (Gluck)">Alceste</a> </i>(1767). He also used it in the operas <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride" title="Iphigénie en Tauride">Iphigénie en Tauride</a> </i>(1779), and <i><a href="/wiki/Echo_et_Narcisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo et Narcisse">Echo et Narcisse</a></i>. </p><p>Early Classical composers occasionally included concertante movements with alto trombone as a solo instrument in <a href="/wiki/Divertimento" title="Divertimento">divertimenti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenades</a>; these movements are often extracted from the multi-movement works and performed as standalone alto trombone concerti. Examples include the Serenade in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (1755) by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Divertimento in D major (1764)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</a>. The earliest known independent trombone concerto is probably the Concerto for Alto Trombone and Strings in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (1769)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Albrechtsberger" title="Johann Georg Albrechtsberger">Johann Georg Albrechtsberger</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> used the trombone in operas (notably in scenes featuring the Commendatore in <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>) and in sacred music. The prominent solo part in the <i>Tuba Mirum</i> section of his <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem</a> became a staple audition piece for the instrument. Aside from solo parts, Mozart's orchestration usually features a trio of alto, tenor and bass trombones, doubling the respective voices in the choir. The earliest known symphony featuring a trombone section is Symphony in C minor by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zimmermann" title="Anton Zimmermann">Anton Zimmermann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date is uncertain but it is most probably from the peak of the composer's activity in the 1770s. The earliest confident date for introducing the trombone to the symphony is therefore Zimmermann's death in 1781. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_Romantic_period">Transition to Romantic period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition to Romantic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symphony in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (1807) by Swedish composer <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Nicolas_Eggert" title="Joachim Nicolas Eggert">Joachim Nicolas Eggert</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features an independent trombone part. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> is sometimes mistakenly credited with the trombone's introduction into the orchestra, having used it shortly afterwards in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 5 in C minor</a> (1808), <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6 in F major ("Pastoral")</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9 ("Choral")</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_period">Romantic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romantic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_orchestras">19th-century orchestras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th-century orchestras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trombones were included in operas, symphonies, and other compositions by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Franz Berwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gioacchino Rossini">Gioacchino Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, and others. </p><p>The trombone trio was combined with one or two <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornetts</a> during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The replacement of cornetts with oboes and clarinets did not change the trombone's role as a support to the alto, tenor, and bass voices of the chorus (usually in ecclesiastical settings), whose moving harmonic lines were more difficult to pick out than the melodic soprano line. The introduction of trombones into the orchestra allied them more closely with trumpets, and soon a tenor trombone replaced the alto. The Germans and Austrians kept alto trombone somewhat longer than the French, who preferred a section of three tenor trombones until after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. In other countries, the trio of two tenor trombones and one bass became standard by about the mid-19th century. </p><p>Trombonists were employed less by court orchestras and cathedrals, who had been providing the instruments. Military musicians were provided with instruments, and instruments like the long F or E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> bass trombone remained in military use until around the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Orchestral musicians adopted the tenor trombone, as it could generally play any of the three trombone parts in orchestral scores.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Valve trombones in the mid-19th century did little to alter the make-up of the orchestral trombone section. While its use declined in German and French orchestras, the valve trombone remained popular in some countries, including Italy and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, almost to the exclusion of the slide instrument. Composers such as Giuseppe Verdi, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> scored for a valve trombone section. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Mahler_-_Trombone_Solo_from_3rd_Symphony,_1st_movement.ogg" title="File:Gustav Mahler - Trombone Solo from 3rd Symphony, 1st movement.ogg">Trombone solo</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="552" data-mwtitle="Gustav_Mahler_-_Trombone_Solo_from_3rd_Symphony,_1st_movement.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gustav_Mahler_-_Trombone_Solo_from_3rd_Symphony%2C_1st_movement.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Gustav_Mahler_-_Trombone_Solo_from_3rd_Symphony%2C_1st_movement.ogg/Gustav_Mahler_-_Trombone_Solo_from_3rd_Symphony%2C_1st_movement.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">from <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Mahler's 3rd Symphony</a>, 1st movement (composed 1893–1896)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">ophicleide</a> or the tuba was added to the orchestra during the 19th century, bass trombone parts were scored in a higher register than previously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> The bass trombone regained some independence in the early 20th century. Experiments with the trombone section included Richard Wagner's addition of a <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass trombone</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' addition of a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenors and one bass. The majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and one tuba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_wind_bands">19th-century wind bands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th-century wind bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wind bands began during the French Revolution of 1791 and have always included trombones. They became more established in the 19th century and included circus bands, military bands, brass bands (primarily in the UK), and town bands (primarily in the US). Some of these, especially military bands in Europe, used rear-facing trombones with the bell pointing behind the player's left shoulder. These bands played a limited repertoire that consisted mainly of orchestral transcriptions, arrangements of popular and patriotic tunes, and feature pieces for soloists (usually cornetists, singers, and violinists). A notable work for wind band is Berlioz's 1840 <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale">Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale</a></i>, which uses a trombone solo for the entire second movement. Toward the end of the 19th century, trombone virtuosi began appearing as soloists in American wind bands. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pryor" title="Arthur Pryor">Arthur Pryor</a>, who played with the <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> band and formed his own band, was one of the most famous of these trombonists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_pedagogy">19th-century pedagogy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th-century pedagogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Romantic era, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> became a center of trombone pedagogy, and the instrument was taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">Musikhochschule</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatory">Paris Conservatory</a> and its yearly exhibition also contributed to trombone education. At the Leipzig academy, Mendelssohn's bass trombonist, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Traugott_Queisser" title="Karl Traugott Queisser">Karl Traugott Queisser</a>, was the first in a long line of distinguished professors of the trombone. Several composers wrote works for Queisser, including Mendelssohn's concertmaster <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a>, Ernst Sachse, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Belcke" title="Friedrich August Belcke">Friedrich August Belcke</a>. David wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Trombone_Concertino_(David)" title="Trombone Concertino (David)">Concertino for Trombone and Orchestra</a></i> in 1837, and Sachse's solo works remain popular in Germany. Queisser championed and popularized <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sattler" title="Christian Friedrich Sattler">Christian Friedrich Sattler</a>'s tenor-bass trombone during the 1840s, leading to its widespread use in orchestras throughout Germany and Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_construction">19th-century construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th-century construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sattler had a great influence on trombone design, introducing a significantly larger bore (the most important innovation since the Renaissance), <i>Schlangenverzierungen</i> (snake decorations), the bell garland, and the wide bell flare. These features were widely copied during the 19th century and are still found on German made trombones. </p><p>The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of <a href="/wiki/F_attachment_tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="F attachment tenor trombone">a valve</a> that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone appeared around the 1850s shortly after the invention of valves, and was in common use in Italy and Austria in the second half of the century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fillmore,_Henry_-_Miss_Trombone_(1911).ogg" title="File:Fillmore, Henry - Miss Trombone (1911).ogg">"Miss Trombone"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="141" data-mwtitle="Fillmore,_Henry_-_Miss_Trombone_(1911).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Fillmore%2C_Henry_-_Miss_Trombone_%281911%29.ogg/Fillmore%2C_Henry_-_Miss_Trombone_%281911%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Fillmore%2C_Henry_-_Miss_Trombone_%281911%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">1908 ragtime by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fillmore" title="Henry Fillmore">Henry Fillmore</a>; played by The Indestructible Military Band</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone,_Toledo,_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_(page_1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Newsboy_Military_Band_Member_with_Trombone%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_6b52b39cf72038f9058254142eef1e79_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>Newsboy Military Band Member with Trombone, Toledo, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>With the rise of recorded music and music schools, orchestral trombone sections around the world began to have a more consistent idea of a standard trombone sound. In the 1940s, British orchestras abandoned the use of small bore tenors and G basses in favor of the American/German choice of large bore tenors and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> basses. French orchestras did the same in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th-century_wind_bands">20th-century wind bands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th-century wind bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the 20th century the popularity of touring and community concert bands in the United States decreased. At the same time, the development of music education in the public school system made high-school and university concert bands and marching bands ubiquitous. A typical concert band trombone section consists of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, but using multiple players per part is common practice, especially in public-school settings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_jazz">Use in jazz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use in jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">List of jazz trombonists</a></div> <p>In the 1900s the trombone and the tuba played bass lines and outlined chords to support improvisation by the higher-pitched instruments. It began to be used as a solo instrument during the swing era of the mid-1920s. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Teagarden" title="Jack Teagarden">Jack Teagarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._J._Johnson" title="J. J. Johnson">J. J. Johnson</a> were early trombone soloists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernotas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernotas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilken_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilken-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th-century_construction">20th-century construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th-century construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trombone's construction changed in the 20th century. Different materials were used, mouthpiece, bore, and bell dimensions increased, and different mutes and valves were developed. Despite the overall trend towards larger bore instruments, many European trombone makers prefer a slightly smaller bore than their American counterparts. </p><p>One of the most significant changes was the development of the F-attachment trigger. Through the mid-20th century there was no need for orchestral trombonists to use instruments with the F attachment trigger. As contemporary composers such as Mahler began to write lower passages for the trombone, the trigger became necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trombone can be found in symphony orchestras, concert bands, <a href="/wiki/Big_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bands">big bands</a>, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in <a href="/wiki/Brass_quintet" title="Brass quintet">brass quintets</a>, quartets, and trios, and also in trombone groups ranging from trios to choirs. A trombone choir can vary in size from five to twenty or more members. Trombones are also common in swing, jazz, merengue, salsa, R&B, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, and New Orleans brass bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; caption: stuff; margin-right: 0; float: right"> <caption><big>Basic trombone anatomy</big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Trombone-2.svg/120px-Trombone-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Trombone-2.svg/250px-Trombone-2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </td> <td> <ol><li>tuning slide</li> <li>counterweight</li> <li>mouthpiece</li> <li>slide lock ring</li> <li>bell</li> <li>knob/bumper</li> <li>water key/spit valve</li> <li>main slide</li> <li>second slide brace/stay</li> <li>first slide brace/stay</li> <li>bell lock nut</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube with two U-shaped bends and a flared bell at the end. The tubing is approximately cylindrical but contains a complex series of tapers which affect the instrument's intonation. As with other <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing wave</a> in the instrument. </p><p>The detachable cup-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">mouthpiece</a> is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a> and closely related to that of the <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">venturi</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance, greatly affecting the tone of the instrument. The slide section consists of a <a href="/wiki/Leadpipe" title="Leadpipe">leadpipe</a>, inner and outer slide tubes, and bracing, or "stays". The soldered stays on modern instruments replaced the loose stays found on <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbuts</a> (medieval precursors to trombones).<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer1984_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer1984-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most distinctive feature of the trombone is the slide that lengthens the tubing and lowers the pitch (cf. <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, sleeves (called "stockings") were developed to decrease friction that would impede the slide's motion. These were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes to slightly increase their diameter. The ends of inner slides on modern instruments are manufactured with a slightly larger diameter to achieve the same end. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. The slide section is connected to the bell section by the neckpipe and a U-bend called the bell or back bow. The joint connecting the slide and bell sections has a threaded collar to secure the connection. Prior to the early 20th century this connection was made with friction joints alone. </p><p>Trombones have a short tuning slide in the U-shaped bend between the neckpipe and the bell, a feature designed by the French maker François Riedlocker in the early 19th century. It was incorporated into French and British designs, and later to German and American models, although German trombones were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. Many types of trombone also include one or more <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary valves">rotary valves</a> connected to additional tubing which lengthens the instrument. This extends the low range of the instrument and creates the option of using alternate slide positions for many notes. </p><p>Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing that are of unchanging diameter (the slide section must be cylindrical in order to function). Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450 inches (11.4 mm) (small bore) to 0.547 inches (13.9 mm) (large or <i>orchestral</i> bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. The bore expands through the bow to the bell, which is typically between <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7 and <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (18 and 22 cm). A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bells">Bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> mixtures. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 in (18–23 cm) in diameter, with most being between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> and <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (19–22 cm). The smallest sizes are found on jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common on orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (27 cm) or more, with most being between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> and 10 in (24 and 25 cm). The bell may be made from two separate brass sheets or from one single piece of metal, hammered on a mandrel to shape it. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valve_attachments">Valve attachments<span class="anchor" id="F-attachment"></span><span class="anchor" id="F_attachment"></span><span class="anchor" id="F_attachment_valve"></span><span class="anchor" id="F_valve_attachment"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Valve attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For trombones with three or more valves instead of a slide, see <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/250px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/375px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/500px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern trombones often have a valve attachment, an extra loop of tubing attached to the bell section and engaged by a <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">valve</a> operated by the left hand by means of a <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument#Trigger_or_throw" title="Brass instrument">lever or trigger</a>. The valve attachment aids in increasing the lower range of the instrument, while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. A valve can also make <a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">trills</a> easier. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TriggerTrombone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TriggerTrombone.jpg/300px-TriggerTrombone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TriggerTrombone.jpg/450px-TriggerTrombone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TriggerTrombone.jpg/600px-TriggerTrombone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Tenor trombone with a traditional wrap F attachment</figcaption></figure> <p>The valve attachment was originally developed by German instrument maker <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sattler" title="Christian Friedrich Sattler">Christian Friedrich Sattler</a> in the late 1830s for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tenorbaßposaune</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">tenor-bass trombone</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> tenor trombone built with the wider bore and larger bell of a bass trombone that Sattler had earlier invented in 1821. Sattler's valve attachment added about 3 feet (0.9 m) of tubing to lower the fundamental pitch from B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> to F, controlled by a rotary valve, and is essentially unchanged in modern instruments. </p><p>Valve attachments are most commonly found on tenor and bass trombones, but they can appear on sizes from soprano to contrabass. </p> <dl><dt>Soprano</dt> <dd>In the early 2010s Torbjörn Hultmark of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a> commissioned the first soprano trombone in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> with an F valve, built by Thein Brass.<sup id="cite_ref-janesalmon-blog-2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janesalmon-blog-2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Alto</dt> <dd>Although rare on the E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> alto trombone, a valve attachment usually lowers the instrument a perfect fourth into B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, providing the first five or six positions from the tenor trombone slide. Some alto models have what is called a <i>trill valve</i>, providing a small loop of tubing that lowers the instrument by only a minor or major second, into D or D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeo202110"alto_trombone"_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeo202110"alto_trombone"-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Tenor</dt> <dd>Tenor trombones, especially the larger bore symphonic models, commonly have a valve attachment which lowers the instrument from B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> to F.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>It provides access to the otherwise missing notes between the <a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">pedal</a> B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>1</sub> in first position, and the second partial E<sub>2</sub> in seventh, as well as providing alternate slide positions for other notes in long (sixth and seventh) positions. Because the attachment tubing increases the length of the overall instrument by one-third, the distances between slide positions must also be one-third longer when the valve is engaged, resulting in only six positions available on the F slide, to low C<sub>2</sub>. Thus, the F attachment cannot provide the low B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span><sub>1</sub>, but it usually has a sufficiently long tuning slide to lower it into E as required, which will provide B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span><sub>1</sub> in a very long position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeo202155"F-attachment"_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeo202155"F-attachment"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Tenor trombones without a valve are sometimes known as <i>straight</i> trombones.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bass</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone#Construction" title="Bass trombone">Bass trombone § Construction</a></div></dd> <dd>The modern bass trombone usually has two valve attachments to provide all of the notes that are absent on an instrument with no valves (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span><sub>1</sub> – E<sub>2</sub>). This allows the player to produce a complete <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic range</a> upwards from the pedal register.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The first valve is an F attachment the same as that found on a tenor trombone and extends the range down to C<sub>2</sub>. The second valve, engaged together with the first, lowers the instrument to D (or less commonly, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) and provides the low B<sub>1</sub>. The second valve can be <i>dependent</i>, where it serves to lower the F attachment to D and has no effect alone. More commonly the second valve is <i>independent</i>, where it can be engaged separately to lower the instrument to G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, or to D when both are engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeo202173"independent_valves"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeo202173"independent_valves"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Single-valve B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> bass trombones with an F attachment are still made but are now less common than two-valve bass trombones. They are essentially very large bore tenor trombones, and likewise cannot provide the low B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span><sub>1</sub> without lowering the valve to E with a long tuning slide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion201061_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion201061-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contrabass</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone#Construction" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass trombone § Construction</a></div></dd> <dd>Contrabass trombones in F typically have two independent valves, tuned either to C and D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> combining to A, or in European models tuned to D and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> combining to A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. Contrabass trombones in low B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> usually have only one valve in F, although Miraphone make a model in C with two independent valves in G and A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, which combine to E.<sup id="cite_ref-contra-manufacturers-Bb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contra-manufacturers-Bb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valve_types">Valve types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Valve types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">Axial flow valve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagmann_valve" title="Hagmann valve">Hagmann valve</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trombone with rotary valve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/128px-Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/192px-Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/256px-Rotary_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trombone with axial flow valve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/126px-Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/189px-Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/252px-Axial_flow_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1902" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trombone with Hagmann valve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/126px-Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/189px-Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg/252px-Hagmann_valve_on_tenor_trombone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Trombone valve attachments. Standard rotary valve, <i>left</i>; Thayer <a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">axial flow valve</a>, <i>center</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hagmann_valve" title="Hagmann valve">Hagmann valve</a>, <i>right</i>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The most common type of valve seen for valve attachments is the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary valve</a>, appearing on most band instruments, as well as most student and intermediate model trombones. Many improvements of the rotary valve, as well as entirely new and radically different valve designs, have been invented since the mid 20th century to give the trombone a more open, free sound than the tight bends in conventional rotary valve designs would allow. Many of these new valve designs have been widely adopted by players, especially in symphony orchestras. The Thayer <a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">axial flow valve</a> is offered on professional models from most trombone manufacturers, and the <a href="/wiki/Hagmann_valve" title="Hagmann valve">Hagmann valve</a> particularly from European manufacturers. </p><p>Some trombones have three <a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">piston</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary</a> valves instead of a slide; see <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tubing">Tubing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tubing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg/250px-Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg/330px-Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg/500px-Yamaha_Trombone_comparison_of_open_and_traditional_wrap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>F attachment tubing: open wrap, <i>left</i>; traditional wrap, <i>right</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/F_attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="F attachment">F attachment</a> tubing usually has a larger bore through the attachment than through the rest of the instrument. A typical slide bore for an orchestral tenor trombone is 0.547 in (13.9 mm) while the bore in the attachment is 0.562 in (14.3 mm). The attachment tubing also incorporates a tuning slide to tune the valve separately from the rest of the instrument, usually long enough to lower the pitch by a semitone when fully extended (from F to E on tenor and bass trombones, to reach the missing low B<sub>1</sub>). </p><p>Valve attachment tubing is often coiled tightly to keep within the bell section (<i>closed wrap </i> or <i>traditional wrap</i>). A less coiled configuration, called <i>open wrap</i>, is found on some 19th and early 20th century instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1980s, American instrument manufacturers began producing open wrap instruments after Californian instrument technician Larry Minick introduced open wraps around the same time that the <a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">Thayer valve</a> began to emerge among orchestral players.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open wrap F attachment tubing is shaped in a single loop free of tight bends, resulting in a freer response and more "open" sound through the valve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeo202134"closed_wrap"_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeo202134"closed_wrap"-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In marching bands and other situations where the trombone may be more prone to damage, the confined traditional wrap is more common, since open wrap tubing protrudes behind the bell section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuning">Tuning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tuning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg/220px-Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg/330px-Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg/440px-Conn_70H_bass_trombone_in-slide_tuning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>In-slide tuning on a Conn 70H bass trombone</figcaption></figure> <p>Some trombones are tuned using a mechanism in the slide section instead of a tuning slide in the bell section. Having the tuning slide in the bell section (the more typical setup) requires two sections of cylindrical tubing in an otherwise conical part of the instrument, which affects the tone quality. Placing the tuning mechanism in the cylindrical slide section allows the bell section to remain conical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slides">Slides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are 0.500, 0.508, 0.525 and 0.547 in (12.7, 12.9, 13.3 and 13.9 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562 in (14.3 mm) for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a <i>dual-bore</i> configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a stepwise conical effect. The most common dual-bore combinations are 0.481–0.491 in (12.2–12.5 mm), 0.500–0.508 in (12.7–12.9 mm), 0.508–0.525 in (12.9–13.3 mm), 0.525–0.547 in (13.3–13.9 mm), 0.547–0.562 in (13.9–14.3 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562–0.578 in (14.3–14.7 mm) for bass trombones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouthpiece">Mouthpiece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mouthpiece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg/220px-Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg/330px-Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg/440px-Schilke_51C4_Trombone_Mouthpiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>A tenor trombone mouthpiece</figcaption></figure> <p>The mouthpiece is a separate part of the trombone and can be interchanged between similarly sized trombones from different manufacturers. Available mouthpieces for trombone (as with all brass instruments) vary in material composition, length, diameter, rim shape, cup depth, throat entrance, venturi aperture, venturi profile, outside design and other factors. Variations in mouthpiece construction affect the individual player's ability to make a lip seal and produce a reliable tone, the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> of that tone, its <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a>, the instrument's <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a> tendencies, the player's subjective level of comfort, and the instrument's playability in a given pitch range. </p><p>Mouthpiece selection is a highly personal decision. Thus, a symphonic trombonist might prefer a mouthpiece with a deeper cup and sharper inner rim shape in order to produce a rich symphonic tone quality, while a <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> trombonist might choose a shallower cup for brighter tone and easier production of higher notes. Further, for certain compositions, these choices between two such performers could easily be reversed. Some mouthpiece makers now offer mouthpieces that feature removable rims, cups, and shanks allowing players to further customize and adjust their mouthpieces to their preference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic">Plastic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Plastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7761_pBone_plastic_trombone_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4263" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Trombone "pBone" made from ABS plastic</figcaption></figure> <p>Instruments made mostly from plastic, including the pBone and the Tromba plastic trombone, emerged in the 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass.<sup id="cite_ref-pBone_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pBone-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour but the sound plastic instruments produce is different from that of brass. While originally seen as a gimmick, these plastic models have found increasing popularity of the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players not wishing to invest so much money in a trombone right away. Manufacturers now produce large-bore models with triggers as well as smaller alto models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_and_Austria">Germany and Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Germany and Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg/220px-Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg/330px-Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg/440px-Kruspe-Tenor-02.02.2023-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Kruspe Virtuosa tenor trombone bell with <i>Kranz</i> (wreath)</figcaption></figure> <p>German trombones have been built in a wide variety of bore and bell sizes. The traditional German <i>Konzertposaune</i> can differ substantially from American designs in many aspects. The mouthpiece is typically rather small and is placed into a slide section with a very long leadpipe of at least 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm). The whole instrument is typically made of gold brass. They are constructed using very thin metal (especially in the bell section), and many have a metal ring called a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kranz</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wreath</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) on the rim of the bell. Their sound is very even across dynamic levels but it can be difficult to play at louder volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While their bore sizes were considered large in the 19th century, German trombones have altered very little over the last 150 years and are now typically somewhat smaller than their American counterparts. Bell sizes remain very large in all sizes of German trombone and a bass trombone bell may exceed 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter. </p><p>Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were first seen in the mid 19th century, originally on the tenor B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> trombone. Before 1850, bass trombone parts were mostly played on a slightly longer F-bass trombone (a fourth lower). The first valve was simply a fourth-valve, or in German "Quart-Ventil", built onto a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> tenor trombone, to allow playing in low F. This valve was first built without a return spring, and was only intended to set the instrument in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> or F for extended passages.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-20th century, modern instruments use a trigger to engage the valve while playing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg/250px-Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg/330px-Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg/500px-Thein-SpainKruspe-Tenor-29.04.2023-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Tuning slide of a trombone with a traditional <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schlangenverzierungen</i></span> snake ornament, by Thein Brass</figcaption></figure> <p>As with other traditional German and Austrian brass instruments, rotary valves are used to the exclusion of almost all other types of valve, even in valve trombones. Other features often found on German trombones include long <a href="/wiki/Water_key" title="Water key">water keys</a> as well as <i>Schlangenverzierungen</i> (snake decorations) on the slide and bell U-bows to help protect the tubing from damage. </p><p>Since around 1925, when jazz music became popular, Germany has been selling "American trombones" as well. Most trombones made and/or played in Germany today, especially by amateurs, are built in the American fashion, as those are much more widely available, and thus far cheaper. However, some higher-end manufacturers such as Thein make modern iterations of the classic German <i>Konzertposaune</i>, as well as American-style trombones with German features like the <i>Kranz</i> and snake decorations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the mid–20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore sizes of around 0.450 in (11.4 mm), small bells of not more than 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a>. French tenor trombones were built in both C and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, altos in D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, sopranos in F, piccolos in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, basses in G and E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, and contrabasses in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most frequently encountered types of trombone today are the <a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">bass</a>, though as with many other instrument families such as the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, the trombone has been built in sizes from <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolo trombone">piccolo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass</a>. Although trombones are usually constructed with a slide to change the pitch, <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombones</a> instead use the set of three valves common on other brass instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slide_trombones">Slide trombones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Slide trombones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg/440px-Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg/660px-Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg/880px-Trombone_family_composite_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Trombones (<i>top</i> to <i>bottom</i>): <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolo trombone">piccolo</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">soprano</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">alto</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">bass</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> with F and G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> valves, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass</a> in F with D and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> valves. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contrabass_trombone">Contrabass trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contrabass trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass trombone</a></div> <p>The contrabass trombone is the lowest trombone, first appearing in BB<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> an octave below the tenor with a double slide. This design was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> in the 1870s for his <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> opera cycle. Since the late 20th century however, it has largely been supplanted by a less cumbersome single-slide bass-contrabass instrument pitched in 12' F. With two valve attachments to provide the same full range as its predecessor, this design is effectively a modern bass trombone built down a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a>. Although the contrabass has only appeared occasionally in orchestral repertoire and is not a permanent member of the modern orchestra, it has enjoyed a revival in the 21st century, particularly in film and video game soundtracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bass_trombone">Bass trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bass trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass trombone</a></div> <p>Although early instruments were pitched in G, F or E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> below the tenor trombone, the modern bass trombone is pitched in the same B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> as the tenor but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece. These features facilitate playing in the lower register of the instrument. Modern bass trombones have valves that allow a fully chromatic range down to the pedal register (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>1</sub>). In Britain, the bass trombone in G was used in orchestras from the mid-19th century and survived into the 1950s, particularly in <a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">British brass bands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenor_trombone">Tenor trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tenor trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tenor trombone has a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</a> of B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and is usually treated as a <a href="/wiki/Nontransposing_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontransposing instrument">non-transposing instrument</a> (see below). Tenor trombones with C as their fundamental note were almost equally popular in the mid-19th century in Britain and France. As the trombone in its simplest form has neither crooks, valves nor keys to lower the pitch by a specific interval, trombonists use seven chromatic <i>slide positions</i>. Each position progressively increases the length of the air column, thus lowering the pitch. </p><p>Extending the slide from one position to the next lowers the pitch by one <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a>. Thus, each note in the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</a> can be lowered by an <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a> of up to a <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a>. The lowest note of the standard instrument is therefore an E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span> – a tritone below B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. Most experienced trombonists can play lower "<a href="/wiki/Falset_(music)" title="Falset (music)">falset</a>" notes and much lower pedal notes (first partials or fundamentals, which have a peculiar metallic rumbling sound). Slide positions are subject to adjustment, compensating for imperfections in the tuning of different harmonics. The fifth partial is rather flat on most trombones and usually requires a minute shortening of the slide position to compensate; other small adjustments are also normally required throughout the range. Trombonists make frequent use of alternate positions to minimize slide movement in rapid passages; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>3</sub></a> may be played in first or fifth position. Alternate positions are also needed to allow a player to produce a <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a> to or from a higher note on the same partial. </p><p>While the lowest note of the tenor trombone's range (excluding fundamentals or pedal notes) is E<sub>2</sub>, the trombone's upper range is theoretically open-ended. The practical top of the range is sometimes considered to be F<sub>5</sub>, or more conservatively D<sub>5</sub>. The range of the C tenor trombone is F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>2</sub> to G<sub>5</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alto_trombone">Alto trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Alto trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">Alto trombone</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">alto trombone</a> is smaller than the tenor trombone and almost always pitched in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> a fourth higher than the tenor, although examples pitched in F are occasionally found. Modern instruments are sometimes fitted with a valve to lower the pitch, either by a semitone to D (known as a "trill" valve), or by a fourth into B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. The alto trombone was commonly used in the 16th to the 18th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a> to strengthen the alto voice, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a>. Early 19th century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumann">Schumann</a> began writing for alto trombone in their <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, but the subsequent use and popularity of tenor trombones in the orchestra largely eclipsed their use until a modern revival that began in the late 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soprano_trombone">Soprano trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Soprano trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">Soprano trombone</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">soprano trombone</a> is usually pitched in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> an octave above the tenor, and has seldom been used since its first known appearance in 1677 outside of trombone choirs in <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_music" title="Moravian Church music">Moravian Church music</a>. Built with mouthpiece, bore and bell dimensions similar to the B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, it tends to be played by trumpet players. During the 20th century some soprano trombones—dubbed <i>slide cornets</i>—were made as novelties or for use by jazz players including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>. A small number of contemporary proponents of the instrument include jazz artists <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Gordon" title="Wycliffe Gordon">Wycliffe Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Scott_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Scott (musician)">Christian Scott</a>, and classical trumpeter Torbjörn Hultmark, who advocates for its use as an instrument for young children to learn music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sopranino_and_piccolo_trombones">Sopranino and piccolo trombones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sopranino and piccolo trombones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone#Sopranino_and_piccolo_trombones" title="Soprano trombone">Soprano trombone § Sopranino and piccolo trombones</a></div> <p>The sopranino and piccolo trombones appeared in the 1950s as novelty instruments, and are even smaller and higher than the soprano. They are pitched in high E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> respectively, one octave above the alto and soprano trombones. Owing to being essentially a slide variant of the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">piccolo trumpet</a>, they are played primarily by trumpet players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trombones_with_valves">Trombones with valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Trombones with valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valve_trombone">Valve trombone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Valve trombone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png/220px-Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png/330px-Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png/440px-Yamaha_YSL-354_V_valve_trombone.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Valve (tenor) trombone in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">Valve trombone</a></div> <p>In the 19th century as soon as <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">brass instrument valves</a> were invented, trombones with valves instead of slides were adopted widely in orchestras, and remain popular in some parts of Europe and in <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cimbasso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_(white_crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png/170px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png/255px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png/340px-WANZ_Instrument_2024-09_IMG_7815_%28white_crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>A modern cimbasso in F</figcaption></figure> <p>The cimbasso covers the same range as a <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass trombone</a>. The term <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cimbasso</i></span> first appeared in early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> scores, and originally referred to an <a href="/wiki/Upright_serpent" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright serpent">upright serpent</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">ophicleide</a>. The modern cimbasso first appeared as the <i>trombone basso Verdi</i> in the 1880s and has three to six <a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">piston</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary valves</a> and a predominantly cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a>. They are most often pitched in 12' F, although models are available in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and occasionally 16' C and 18' B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. The cimbasso is most commonly used in performances of late <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> Italian operas by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>, but has also experienced a 21st-century revival in film, television and video game soundtracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superbone">Superbone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Superbone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superbone" title="Superbone">Superbone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_(white).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png/250px-MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png/330px-MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png/500px-MIMEd_3596._Holton_TR-395_Superbone_%28white%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Holton TR-395 Superbone</figcaption></figure> <p>A hybrid, "duplex" or "double" trombone is a design of trombone that has both a slide and a set of three valves for altering the pitch. It has been reinvented several times since first appearing in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Auguste_Besson" title="Gustave Auguste Besson">Besson</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Conn" title="Charles G. Conn">Conn</a>. Jazz trombonist and machinist <a href="/wiki/Brad_Gowans" title="Brad Gowans">Brad Gowans</a> invented his "<a href="/wiki/Valide_trombone" title="Valide trombone">valide trombone</a>" in the 1940s with a short four-position slide. In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson" title="Maynard Ferguson">Maynard Ferguson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holton_(Leblanc)" title="Holton (Leblanc)">Holton</a> produced the "Superbone", very similar to the earlier Conn. In 2013 Schagerl in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/James_Morrison_(jazz_musician)" title="James Morrison (jazz musician)">James Morrison</a> announced a larger bore variant with rotary valves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flugabone">Flugabone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Flugabone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg/170px-F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg/255px-F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg/340px-F.E._Olds_Flugabone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Flugabone in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> by Olds</figcaption></figure> <p>The "flugabone" (or sometimes "flugelbone"), portmanteau of "<a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a>" and "trombone", also known as the "marching trombone", is a <a href="/wiki/Marching_brass" title="Marching brass">marching brass</a> instrument, essentially a <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a> wrapped into a compact flugelhorn shape.<sup id="cite_ref-flugabone-mfrs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flugabone-mfrs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retains the <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">cylindrical bore</a> of the trombone, rather than the conical bore of either the <a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugle</a>, and thus is similar in playing characteristics to a <a href="/wiki/Valve_trombone" title="Valve trombone">valve trombone</a>. A similar marching trombone is the "<a href="/wiki/Trombonium" title="Trombonium">trombonium</a>" first produced by <a href="/wiki/King_Musical_Instruments" title="King Musical Instruments">King Musical Instruments</a>, wrapped and held vertically like a <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sackbut">Sackbut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sackbut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacabutxs,_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/220px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/330px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/440px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Alto, tenor and bass sackbuts, <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a></div> <p>The term "sackbut" refers to the early forms of the trombone commonly used during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> eras, with a characteristically smaller, more cylindrically proportioned <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a>, and a less-flared <a href="/wiki/Bell_(wind_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (wind instrument)">bell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buccin">Buccin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Buccin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg/220px-Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg/330px-Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg/440px-Detall_de_bucc%C3%A9n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Bell of a buccin, Museu de la Música de Barcelona</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></div> <p>A distinctive form of tenor trombone was popularized in France in the early 19th century. Called the <a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">buccin</a>, it featured a tenor trombone slide and a bell that ended in a zoomorphic (serpent or dragon) head. It sounds like a cross between a trombone and a <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a>, with a very wide dynamic range but a limited and variable range of pitch. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> wrote for the buccin in his <i><a href="/wiki/Messe_solennelle_(Berlioz)" title="Messe solennelle (Berlioz)">Messe solennelle</a></i> of 1824. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tromboon">Tromboon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Tromboon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "trombone" and "bassoon", the "tromboon" was created by musical parodist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schickele" title="Peter Schickele">Peter Schickele</a> by replacing a trombone's <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">mouthpiece</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bocal" title="Bocal">bocal</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>. It appears in several humorous works of Schickele's fictional composer, <a href="/wiki/P._D._Q._Bach" title="P. D. Q. Bach">P. D. Q. Bach</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_slide_positions">Basic slide positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Basic slide positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg/250px-Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg/375px-Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg/500px-Wirth_trombone_slide_position_chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Slide position chart (new system); most trombones are tenor trombones, like the valveless one in the middle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern system has seven chromatic <a href="/wiki/Position_(music)#Trombone_position" title="Position (music)">slide positions</a> on a tenor trombone in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. It was first described by Andre Braun circa 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811 Joseph Fröhlich wrote on the differences between the modern system and an old system where four diatonic slide positions were used and the trombone was usually keyed to A.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion198893_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion198893-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compare between the two styles the chart below may be helpful (take note for example, in the old system contemporary 1st-position was considered "drawn past" then current 1st).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion198893_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion198893-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern system, each successive position outward (approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches [8 cm]) will produce a note which is one <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a> lower when played in the same <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)#partial" title="Harmonic series (music)">partial</a>. Tightening and loosening the lips will allow the player to "bend" the note up or down by a semitone without changing position, so a slightly out-of-position slide may be compensated for by ear. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">New system </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Old system </th> <td>–</td> <td>1</td> <td>–</td> <td>2</td> <td>–</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partials_and_intonation">Partials and intonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Partials and intonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png/250px-Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png/375px-Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png/500px-Trombone_first_position_harmonic_series.png 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Trombone first position harmonic series, "where additional overtones may be used to stretch the upper range a bit higher."<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png/250px-Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png/375px-Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png/500px-Trombone_seventh_position_harmonic_series.png 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Trombone seventh position harmonic series.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to different <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)#partial" title="Harmonic series (music)">partial</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</a>. In the first position (also called closed position) on a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>2</sub> (one octave higher than the pedal B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>1</sub>), F<sub>3</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a> higher than the previous partial), B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>3</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a> higher), D<sub>4</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">major third</a> higher), and F<sub>4</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor third</a> higher). </p><p>F<sub>4</sub> marks the sixth partial, or the fifth overtone. Notes on the next partial, for example A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>4</sub> (a minor third higher) in first position, tend to be out of tune in regards to the twelve-tone <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> scale. A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>4</sub> in particular, which is at the seventh partial (sixth overtone) is nearly always 31 cents, or about one third of a semitone, flat of the minor seventh. On the slide trombone, such deviations from <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a> are corrected for by slightly adjusting the slide or by using an alternate position.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although much of Western music has adopted the even-tempered scale, it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play these notes in position, where they will have <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_seventh" title="Harmonic seventh">harmonic seventh</a> as well for A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>4</sub>). </p><p>The next higher partials—B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>4</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Major_second" title="Major second">major second</a> higher), C<sub>5</sub> (a major second higher), D<sub>5</sub> (a major second higher)—do not require much adjustment for even-tempered intonation, but E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>5</sub> (a <a href="/wiki/Minor_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor second">minor second</a> higher) is almost exactly a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tone</a> higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament. E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>5</sub> and F<sub>5</sub> (a major second higher) at the next partial are very high notes; a very skilled player with a highly developed <a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">facial musculature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> can go even higher to G<sub>5</sub>, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>5</sub>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>5</sub> and beyond. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/250px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/375px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/500px-Trombone_F_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The higher in the harmonic series any two successive notes are, the closer they tend to be (as evidenced by the progressively smaller intervals noted above). A byproduct of this is the relatively few motions needed to move between notes in the higher ranges of the trombone. In the lower range, significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes in alternate positions. As an example, F<sub>4</sub> (at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> trombone. The note E<sub>1</sub> (or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9-foot (2.7 m) B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> tenor trombone, requiring a full 7 feet 4 inches (2.24 m) of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>1</sub> (the fundamental in first position) and E<sub>2</sub> (the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce "<a href="/wiki/Falset_(music)" title="Falset (music)">falset</a>" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance. The addition of an F attachment allows for intermediate notes to be played with more clarity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedal_tones">Pedal tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Pedal tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/250px-Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/375px-Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png/500px-Trombone_slide_position_pedal_tones.png 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Trombone slide position "pedal tones".<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">pedal tone</a> is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music, while notes below that are called for only rarely as they "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> or G being the bottom limit for most tenor trombonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trombone's tubing is largely cylindrical, which inhibits the production of the fundamental as a pedal tone pitch. Instead, trombonists use the higher harmonics of the instrument to produce pedal tones, giving them a bright and hollow tone quality.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporary orchestral writing, movie or video game scoring, trombone ensemble and solo works will call for notes as low as a pedal C, B, or even double pedal B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> on the bass trombone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glissando">Glissando</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Glissando"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a>, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow or sound production. Every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestration_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestration-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p><p>The trombone glissando can create remarkable effects, and it is used in jazz and popular music, as in the famous song "<a href="/wiki/The_Stripper" title="The Stripper">The Stripper</a>" by David Rose and his orchestra. </p><p>'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those that cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert200640_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert200640-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trills">Trills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Trills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trills</a>, though generally simple with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone. Trills tend to be easiest and most effective higher in the harmonic series because the distance between notes is much smaller and slide movement is minimal. For example, a trill on B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>3</sub>/C<sub>4</sub> is virtually impossible as the slide must move two positions (either 1st-to-3rd or 5th-to-3rd), however at an octave higher (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>4</sub>/C<sub>5</sub>) the notes can both be achieved in 1st position as a lip trill. Thus, the most convincing trills tend to be above the first octave and a half of the tenor's <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert200643_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert200643-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trills are most commonly found in early Baroque and Classical music for the trombone as a means of ornamentation, however, some more modern pieces will call for trills as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most other brass instruments in an orchestral setting, the trombone is not usually considered a <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>. Prior to the invention of valve systems, most brass instruments were limited to playing one overtone series at a time; altering the pitch of the instrument required manually replacing a section of tubing (called a "<a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">crook</a>") or picking up an instrument of different length. Their parts were transposed according to which crook or length-of-instrument they used at any given time, so that a particular note on the staff always corresponded to a particular partial on the instrument. Trombones, on the other hand, have used slides since their inception. As such, they have always been fully chromatic, so no such tradition took hold, and trombone parts have always been notated at concert pitch (with one exception, discussed below). Also, it was quite common for trombones to double choir parts; reading in concert pitch meant there was no need for dedicated trombone parts. Note that while the fundamental sounding pitch (slide fully retracted) has remained quite consistent, the conceptual pitch of trombones has changed since their origin (<i>e.g.</i> Baroque A tenor = modern B-flat tenor).<sup id="cite_ref-Palm_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palm-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trombone parts are typically notated in <a href="/wiki/Bass_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass clef">bass clef</a>, though sometimes also written in <a href="/wiki/Tenor_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor clef">tenor clef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alto_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto clef">alto clef</a>. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts, with the second trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts in band music are nearly exclusively notated in bass clef. The rare exceptions are in contemporary works intended for high-level wind bands. </p><p>An accomplished performer today is expected to be proficient in reading parts notated in bass clef, tenor clef, alto clef, and (more rarely) treble clef in C, with the British brass-band performer expected to handle treble clef in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutes">Mutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Mutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombone_Plunger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_Plunger.jpg/250px-Trombone_Plunger.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_Plunger.jpg/330px-Trombone_Plunger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trombone_Plunger.jpg/500px-Trombone_Plunger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>A plunger in use</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Mute_(music)" title="Mute (music)">mutes</a> can be used with the trombone to alter its <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_(music)" title="Wah-wah (music)">wah-wah</a> effect. Mutes used in this way include the "hat" (a metal mute shaped like a bowler hat) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or <a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">toilet plunger</a>). The "wah-wah" sound of a trombone with a harmon mute is featured as the voices of adults in the <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> cartoons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Didactics">Didactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Didactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several makers have begun to market compact B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short attachment that puts the instrument in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> has its valve <i>open</i> when the trigger is <i>not</i> depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design ("Preacher model") was marketed by <a href="/wiki/C.G._Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Conn">C.G. Conn</a> in the 1920s, also under the <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> label. Currently, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers Günter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trombones in slide and valve configuration have been made by a vast array of musical instrument manufacturers. For the brass bands of the late 19th and early 20th century, prominent American manufacturers included Graves and Sons, E. G. Wright and Company, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Musical_Instrument_Company" title="Boston Musical Instrument Company">Boston Musical Instrument Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._A._Couturier" title="E. A. Couturier">E. A. Couturier</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Musical_Instruments" title="King Musical Instruments">H. N. White Company/King Musical Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_York" title="James Warren York">J. W. York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C.G._Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Conn">C.G. Conn</a>. In the 21st century, leading mainstream manufacturers of trombones include <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bach_Corporation" title="Vincent Bach Corporation">Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.G._Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Conn">Conn</a>, Courtois, Edwards, <a href="/wiki/Getzen" title="Getzen">Getzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Band_Instruments" title="Jupiter Band Instruments">Jupiter</a>, King, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rath_Trombones" title="Michael Rath Trombones">Rath</a>, Schilke, S.E. Shires, Thein, Wessex, Willson and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aequale" class="mw-redirect" title="Aequale">Aequale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shout_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout band">Shout band</a> – Style of Gospel music<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone_repertoire" title="Trombone repertoire">Trombone repertoire</a> – Set of available musical works for trombone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Michault-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michault_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichault" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michault, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70431s/f17.item"><i>Le doctrinal du temps présent , compilé par maistre Pierre Michault, secrétaire du très puissant duc de Bourgoingne</i></a> (in French). p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span> – via Gallica, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+doctrinal+du+temps+pr%C3%A9sent+%2C+compil%C3%A9+par+maistre+Pierre+Michault%2C+secr%C3%A9taire+du+tr%C3%A8s+puissant+duc+de+Bourgoingne&rft.pages=16&rft.aulast=Michault&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k70431s%2Ff17.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion201022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion201022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuion2010">Guion 2010</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert200659-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert200659_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert2006">Herbert 2006</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Helen (2011). "Defining the City 'Trumpeter': German Civic Identity and the Employment of Brass Instruments, c. 1500". <i>Journal of the Royal Musical Association</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562714">10.1080/02690403.2011.562714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144303968">144303968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=Defining+the+City+%27Trumpeter%27%3A+German+Civic+Identity+and+the+Employment+of+Brass+Instruments%2C+c.+1500&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144303968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuion1988p._3:_"Many_modern_musicians_prefer_to_use_the_word_'sackbut'_when_referring_to_the_Baroque_trombone._All_other_instruments_in_constant_use_since_the_Baroque_have_changed_more...In_response_to_the_number_of_times_people_including_musicians,_have_asked_if_the_sackbut_is_something_like_a_trombone,_I_have_stopped_using_this_misleading_word."-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuion1988p._3:_"Many_modern_musicians_prefer_to_use_the_word_'sackbut'_when_referring_to_the_Baroque_trombone._All_other_instruments_in_constant_use_since_the_Baroque_have_changed_more...In_response_to_the_number_of_times_people_including_musicians,_have_asked_if_the_sackbut_is_something_like_a_trombone,_I_have_stopped_using_this_misleading_word."_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuion1988">Guion 1988</a>, p. 3: "Many modern musicians prefer to use the word 'sackbut' when referring to the Baroque trombone. All other instruments in constant use since the Baroque have changed more...In response to the number of times people including musicians, have asked if the sackbut is something like a trombone, I have stopped using this misleading word.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Lewis, Horace Monroe (May 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2799"><i>The Problem of the </i>Tromba Da Tirarsi<i> in the Works of J. S. Bach</i></a> (PhD dissertation). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicalics.com/fr/compositeur/Joachim-Nikolas-Eggert">the original</a> on 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicalics&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Joachim+Nikolas+Eggert&rft.aulast=Kallai&rft.aufirst=Avishai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicalics.com%2Ffr%2Fcompositeur%2FJoachim-Nikolas-Eggert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernotas-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernotas_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernotas2015" class="citation web cs1">Bernotas, Bob (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutjazz.com/trombone-by-bob-bernotas">"Trombone"</a>. <i>All About Jazz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Jazz&rft.atitle=Trombone&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.aulast=Bernotas&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Ftrombone-by-bob-bernotas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilken-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilken_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilken" class="citation web cs1">Wilken, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trombone.org/articles/view.php?id=89">"The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part One"</a>. <i>trombone.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jay+Friedman&rft.atitle=The+German+Trombone%2C+by+Jay+Friedman&rft.date=2003-11-08&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jayfriedman.net%2Farticles%2Fthe-german-trombone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2004_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellGreatedMyers2004" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00dona"><i>Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00dona/page/201">201</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816504-0"><bdi>978-0-19-816504-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-412-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=4343"><i>Baroque Solo and Homogeneous Ensemble Trombone Repertoire: A Lecture Recital Supporting and Demonstrating Performance at a Pitch Standard Derived from Primary Sources and Extant Instruments</i></a> (DMA thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Baroque+Solo+and+Homogeneous+Ensemble+Trombone+Repertoire%3A+A+Lecture+Recital+Supporting+and+Demonstrating+Performance+at+a+Pitch+Standard+Derived+from+Primary+Sources+and+Extant+Instruments&rft.degree=DMA&rft.inst=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Greensboro&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Palm&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcg%2Flisting.aspx%3Fid%3D4343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090428193549/https://www.yamaha.com/yamahavgn/CDA/ContentDetail/ModelSeriesDetail.html?CNTID=2265&CTID=242600">Yamaha Catalog YSL-350C</a> with ascending Bb/C rotor. Wayback.archive-it.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdey1998" class="citation book cs1">Adey, Christopher (1998). <i>Orchestral Performance</i>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17724-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-17724-7"><bdi>0-571-17724-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchestral+Performance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-571-17724-7&rft.aulast=Adey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaines1980" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Anthony (1980). <i>Brass Instruments: Their History and Development</i>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11571-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11571-3"><bdi>0-571-11571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brass+Instruments%3A+Their+History+and+Development&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-571-11571-3&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBate1978" class="citation book cs1">Bate, Philip (1978). <i>The Trumpet and Trombone</i>. London: Ernest Benn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-510-36413-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-510-36413-6"><bdi>0-510-36413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trumpet+and+Trombone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-510-36413-6&rft.aulast=Bate&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlatter1997" class="citation book cs1">Blatter, Alfred (1997). <i>Instrumentation and Orchestration</i>. Belmont: Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-25187-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-25187-0"><bdi>0-534-25187-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instrumentation+and+Orchestration&rft.place=Belmont&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-534-25187-0&rft.aulast=Blatter&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlüme,_Friedrich1962" class="citation book cs1">Blüme, Friedrich, ed. (1962). <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Musik_in_Geschichte_und_Gegenwart" title="Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart">Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart</a></i>. Kassel: Bärenreiter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Musik+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.place=Kassel&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carter, Stewart (2011). <i>The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents.</i> Bucina: The Historic Brass Society Series. Hillsdale, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-206-4">978-1-57647-206-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDel_Mar1983" class="citation book cs1">Del Mar, Norman (1983). <i>Anatomy of the Orchestra</i>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05062-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05062-2"><bdi>0-520-05062-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Orchestra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-520-05062-2&rft.aulast=Del+Mar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory1973" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Robin (1973). <i>The Trombone: The Instrument and its Music</i>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-08816-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-08816-3"><bdi>0-571-08816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trombone%3A+The+Instrument+and+its+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-571-08816-3&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuion1988" class="citation book cs1">Guion, David (1988). <i>The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697–1811</i>. Gordon and Breach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88124-211-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-88124-211-1"><bdi>2-88124-211-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trombone%3A+Its+History+and+Music%2C+1697%E2%80%931811&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-88124-211-1&rft.aulast=Guion&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuion2010" class="citation book cs1">Guion, David M. (2010). <i>A History of the Trombone</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874459" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874459"><bdi>9780810874459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Trombone&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810874459&rft.aulast=Guion&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert,_TrevorWallace,_John1997" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00herb"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56522-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56522-7"><bdi>0-521-56522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Brass+Instruments&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-56522-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2006" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Trevor (2006). <i>The Trombone</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300235-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300235-75-3"><bdi>978-0-300235-75-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trombone&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300235-75-3&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKunitz1959" class="citation book cs1">Kunitz, Hans (1959). <i>Die Instrumentation: Teil 8 Posaune</i>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7330-0009-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7330-0009-9"><bdi>3-7330-0009-9</bdi></a>. This source is now considered unreliable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Instrumentation%3A+Teil+8+Posaune&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=3-7330-0009-9&rft.aulast=Kunitz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavignac,_Albert1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lavignac" title="Albert Lavignac">Lavignac, Albert</a>, ed. (1927). <i>Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire</i>. Paris: Delagrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+de+la+musique+et+Dictionnaire+du+Conservatoire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Delagrave&rft.date=1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaxted1970" class="citation book cs1">Maxted, George (1970). <i>Talking about the Trombone</i>. London: John Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-212-98360-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-212-98360-1"><bdi>0-212-98360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+about+the+Trombone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Baker&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-212-98360-1&rft.aulast=Maxted&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1979" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (1979). <i>The World of Baroque & Classical Musical Instruments</i>. New York: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-089-7"><bdi>0-87951-089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Baroque+%26+Classical+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87951-089-7&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1976" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmedievalr0000mont"><i>The World of Medieval & Renaissance Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-045-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-045-5"><bdi>0-87951-045-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87951-045-5&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofmedievalr0000mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1981" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (1981). <i>The World of Romantic & Modern Musical Instruments</i>. London: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7994-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-7994-1"><bdi>0-7153-7994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Romantic+%26+Modern+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7153-7994-1&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a>, eds. (2001). "Trombone". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trombone&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span>‎</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWick1984" class="citation book cs1">Wick, Denis (1984). <i>Trombone Technique</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-322378-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-322378-3"><bdi>0-19-322378-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trombone+Technique&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-322378-3&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeo2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Yeo" title="Douglas Yeo">Yeo, Douglas</a> (2021). <i>An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player</i>. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Illustrator: Lennie Peterson. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-538-15966-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-538-15966-8"><bdi>978-1-538-15966-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020757">2021020757</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249799159">1249799159</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34132790M">34132790M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111040546" class="extiw" title="d:Q111040546">Q111040546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+for+the+Modern+Trombone%2C+Tuba%2C+and+Euphonium+Player&rft.place=Lanham&rft.series=Dictionaries+for+the+Modern+Musician&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249799159&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021020757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL34132790M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-538-15966-8&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trombones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trombones">Trombones</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trombone"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trombone">"Trombone" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trombone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrombone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trombone.net/">International Trombone Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trombone.org/">Online Trombone Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtrombonesociety.org/">British Trombone Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/">Trombone History Timeline</a> by Will Kimball, Professor of Trombone at Brigham Young University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/brassacoustics.html">Acoustics of Brass Instruments</a> from Music Acoustics at the University of New South Wales</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813021118/http://royalschoolsources.com/brass/trombone/trombone.html">Sources for the Prescribed Sheet Music for the ABRSM practical exams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510142822/http://www.twofrequencies.com/scott/instruction/atrombone.pdf">Two Frequencies Trombone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1321215">NPR story about trombone bands</a> (2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mimo-international.com/MIMO/search.aspx?SC=DEFAULT&QUERY_LABEL=Trombones#/Search/%28query%3A%28FacetFilter%3A%27%7B%22_36%22%3A%22LEXICON_00004360%22%7D%27%2CForceSearch%3A%21t%2CPage%3A0%2CPageRange%3A3%2CQueryString%3A%27%2A%3A%2A%27%2CResultSize%3A15%2CScenarioCode%3ADEFAULT%2CScenarioDisplayMode%3Adisplay-mosaic%2CSearchLabel%3ATrombones%2CSearchTerms%3A%27%27%2CSortField%3AAuthor_sort%2CSortOrder%3A0%2CTemplateParams%3A%28Scenario%3A%27%27%2CScope%3A%27%27%2CSize%3A%21n%2CSource%3A%27%27%2CSupport%3A%27%27%29%29%29">Overview of trombones on the MIMO (Musical Instrument Museums Online) portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trombone" class="extiw" title="mwod:trombone">Merriam Webster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slide_positions">Slide positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombone&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Slide positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christian E. Waage (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeodoug.com/resources/faq/faq_images/slide_chart_03.jpg">"Slide Position Chart"</a>, <i>YeoDoug.com</i></li> <li>Antonio J. García. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garciamusic.com/educator/articles/alt.positions.html">"Choosing Alternate Positions for Bebop Lines"</a>, <i>GarciaMusic.com</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brass_instruments111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brass_instruments" title="Template:Brass instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brass_instruments" title="Template talk:Brass instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brass_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brass instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brass_instruments111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet" title="Contrabass trumpet">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_trumpet" title="Pocket trumpet">Pocket trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet" title="Fanfare trumpet">Fanfare trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(trumpet)" title="Firebird (trumpet)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumpet" title="Flumpet">Flumpet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_cornet" title="Soprano cornet">Soprano cornet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">Horn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">Bugle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_horn" title="German horn">German horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_horn" title="Vienna horn">Vienna horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trombone</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbone" title="Superbone">Superbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saxhorn" title="Saxhorn">Saxhorn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Alto/Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscorn" title="Fiscorn">Fiscorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhlohorn" title="Kuhlohorn">Kuhlohorn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_tuba" title="Subcontrabass tuba">Subcontrabass tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_bell_euphonium" title="Double bell euphonium">Double bell euphonium</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornettino" title="Cornettino">Cornettino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_cornett" title="Mute cornett">Mute cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_cornett" title="Tenor cornett">Tenor cornett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">Cornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dord_(instrument)" title="Dord (instrument)">Dord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_horn" title="Post horn">Post horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">Natural trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">Baroque trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccina" title="Buccina">Buccina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Slide trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicon_(instrument)" title="Helicon (instrument)">Helicon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_helicon" title="Soprano helicon">Soprano helicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudrophone" title="Sudrophone">Sudrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxtuba" title="Saxtuba">Saxtuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxotromba" title="Saxotromba">Saxotromba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka_(instrument)" title="Bazooka (instrument)">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzophone" title="Jazzophone">Jazzophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Alphorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabal_(instrument)" title="Nabal (instrument)">Nabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyele" title="Nyele">Nyele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_horn" title="Tibetan horn">Tibetan horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazza" title="Wazza">Wazza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marching_brass" title="Marching brass"> Marching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn#Marching_baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Marching baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium#Marching" title="Euphonium">Marching euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombonium" title="Trombonium">Trombonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousaphone" title="Sousaphone">Sousaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_bugle" title="Contrabass bugle">Contrabass bugle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts/technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">Valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">Piston valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">Rotary valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_(music)#Brass" title="Mute (music)">Mutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-stopping" title="Hand-stopping">Hand-stopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">Mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falset_(music)" title="Falset (music)">Falset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_oil" title="Valve oil">Valve oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadpipe" title="Leadpipe">Leadpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_key" title="Water key">Water key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">Axial flow valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Harmonic series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">British brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_quintet" title="Brass quintet">Brass quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(classic)" title="Drum and bugle corps (classic)">Drum and bugle corps (classic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)" title="Drum and bugle corps (modern)">Drum and bugle corps (modern)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trumpeters" title="List of trumpeters">(all) Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Jazz trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horn_players" title="List of horn players">Horn players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_trombonists" title="List of classical trombonists">Classical trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Jazz trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium_players" title="List of euphonium players">Euphonium players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tubists" title="List of tubists">Tubists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_of_brass_instruments" title="Pitch of brass instruments">Pitch of brass instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium,_baritone_horn_and_tenor_horn_manufacturers" title="List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers">List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Instrument_intonation328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instrument_tunings" title="Template:Instrument tunings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instrument_tunings" title="Template talk:Instrument tunings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instrument_tunings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instrument tunings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Instrument_intonation328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Instrument <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">Just intonation</a> in any key</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_instrument#Bowing" title="String instrument">Fretless string instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">Pedal steel guitar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">Human voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamic intonation adjustment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_instrument#Bowing" title="String instrument">Fretted string instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Just intonation in one key</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">Bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromba_marina" title="Tromba marina">Tromba marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-string_instrument" title="Long-string instrument">Long-string instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">Harmonica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retunable to a just key</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Flageolet tones</a> (harmonics) or<br />natural <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">overtone series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_b%E1%BA%A7u" title="Đàn bầu">Đàn bầu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical just-intoned string<br />part relation with additional <a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">Monochord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Reed" title="Bradford Reed">Pencilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodswinger" title="Moodswinger">Moodswinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046865-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85137992">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573325">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="trombon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph840184&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550995605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/f6100277-c7b8-4c8d-aa26-d8cd014b6761">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trombone&oldid=1281737687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trombone&oldid=1281737687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:B-flat_instruments" title="Category:B-flat instruments">B-flat instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bass_(sound)" title="Category:Bass (sound)">Bass 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>78 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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