CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sitar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0584288a-4114-4c10-af49-1a5bb2770425","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sitar","wgTitle":"Sitar","wgCurRevisionId":1280055340,"wgRevisionId":1280055340,"wgArticleId":74195,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from April 2022","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Sitars","Indian musical instruments","Indian inventions","Lute family instruments"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sitar","wgRelevantArticleId":74195,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q229205","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1845"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg/960px-Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1230"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="984"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sitar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sitar rootpage-Sitar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sitar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sitar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sitar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sitar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning_of_sitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning_of_sitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tuning of sitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning_of_sitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Playing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_music_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_music_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>World music influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_music_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sitar_gharanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitar_gharanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sitar gharanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitar_gharanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سيتار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সেতার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেতার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сітар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сітар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%A1r" title="Sitár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sitár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Σιτάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιτάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaro" title="Sitaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sitaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سی‌تار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌تار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siot%C3%A1r" title="Siotár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siotár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سيتار – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سيتار" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="સિતાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિતાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4" title="시타르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시타르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սիտար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիտար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सितार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सितार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="סיטאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיטאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಿತಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿತಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიტარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიტარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaras" title="Sitaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sitaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szit%C3%A1r" title="Szitár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szitár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सितार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सितार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സിത്താർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിത്താർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सतार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सतार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سيتار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيتار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सितार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सितार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シタール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シタール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitor" title="Sitor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sitor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਿਤਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਤਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ситар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ситар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="සිතාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිතාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ستار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ستار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar_(glasbilo)" title="Sitar (glasbilo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sitar (glasbilo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ситар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ситар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சித்தார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சித்தார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సితార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సితార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สิตาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิตาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sitar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ситара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ситара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ستار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%90%B4" title="锡塔琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锡塔琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%90%B4" title="锡塔琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡塔琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q229205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sitar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sitar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sitar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sitar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sitar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&oldid=1280055340" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sitar&id=1280055340&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSitar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSitar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sitar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sitars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q229205" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian plucked stringed instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the South Asian musical instrument. For the Persian classical instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a>. For the Indonesian zither, see <a href="/wiki/Siter" title="Siter">Siter</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sitar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sitar (disambiguation)">Sitar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sitar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar,_late_19th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg/250px-Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg/330px-Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necked_bowl_lutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Necked bowl lutes">Necked bowl lutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">String instruments</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">321.321<br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">18th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra veena">Chitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursingar" title="Sursingar">Sursingar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitarla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitarla">Sitarla</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Sitar_clipping.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sitar_clipping.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Sitar_clipping.ogg/Sitar_clipping.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>sitar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sitāra</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Plucked_stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Plucked stringed instrument">plucked stringed instrument</a>, originating from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>. The instrument was invented in the 18th century, and arrived at its present form in 19th-century India. Khusrau Khan, an 18th-century figure of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> has been identified by modern scholarship as the inventor of the sitar. According to most historians, he developed the sitar from the <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a>, an Iranian instrument of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Used widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, the sitar became popularly known in the wider world through the works of <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Temple_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temple-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic culture</a> during the mid-to-late 1960s set a trend for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitar in popular music">sitar in Western popular music</a>, with the instrument appearing on tracks by bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>sitar</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sehtar</i></span>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">three-stringed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a>, Persians chose to name their lutes around the word <i>tar</i>, meaning string, combined with a word for the number of strings. Du + tar is the 2-stringed <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutār</a>, se + tar is the 3-stringed setār, čartar (4 strings), pančtār (5 strings).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg/250px-Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg/330px-Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Painting_of_a_woman_with_a_sitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">19th-century sitar with 4 strings</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar_MET_MIDP89.4.190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="19th-century sitar with 6 strings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sitar_MET_MIDP89.4.190.jpg/120px-Sitar_MET_MIDP89.4.190.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sitar_MET_MIDP89.4.190.jpg/250px-Sitar_MET_MIDP89.4.190.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">19th-century sitar. This instrument does not have sympathetic strings.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>It was theorized that the sitar was invented, or rather developed by <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1253–1325), a famous <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> inventor, poet and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">Khyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a>, during the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calcutta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calcutta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the tradition of Amir Khusrow is considered discredited by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever instruments he might have played, no record exists from this period using the name "sitar".<sup id="cite_ref-calcutta_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calcutta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ambiguous statement made in a 19th century work by Captain N. Augustus Willard may have resulted in the incorrect association of the renowned poet Amir Khusrau with a later individual, potentially named Khusrau Khan, who lived during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mention of Sitar dates back to 1739 AD. The "<i>Muraqqa-i-Dehli</i>", written by Dargah Quli Khan during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_Rangila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shah Rangila">Muhammad Shah Rangila</a>, gives the earliest reference to the sitar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral and textual evidence analysed by historians indicate that an eighteenth-century figure of the Mughal court, named Khusrau Khan originated the sitar from the small persian three-stringed <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Mughal Empire, the instrument began to take on its modern shape. The neck got wider. The bowl, which had been made of glued lathes of wood was now made of gourd, with metal frets and a bone <a href="/wiki/Nut_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (instrument)">nut</a> on the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masid Khan added two more strings to the sitar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern seven string sitar was created by <a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sympathetic strings on sitar were first added by <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Imdad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustad Imdad Khan">Ustad Imdad Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest compositional style specifically for the sitar emerged in the mid-eighteenth century, attributed to Firoz Khan, who was either the son or nephew of Khusrau Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another, discredited hypothesis is that the sitar is derived from locally developed Indian instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a>, prior to the arrival of Islam. Proponents of this hypothesis claim that Indian temple sculptures from the 9th and 10th centuries feature sitar-like instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to author Samidha Vedabala, a researcher and professor of music at Sikkim University, none of the instruments depicted in these sculptures precisely resemble the sitar, and neither the word "sitar" nor any local equivalent appears in any texts referring to these instruments. So its authenticity is in the absolute dark.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Allyn Miner, the evidence for this hypothesis is too weak for any conclusion and these hypotheses represent a prominent yet obsolete late 19th-century idea: that many of India’s modern cultural innovations are actually products of pre-Muslim Sanskritic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Alastair Dick, the "modern view that ... invading Muslims simply changed into Persian the name of an existing Hindu instrument ... has no historical or musical foundation".<sup id="cite_ref-grove_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have contested the veena origin hypotheses of the sitar by pointing out that proponents of these hypotheses select the number of strings as the primary criterion in coming to their conclusions. Additionally, they attempt to trace the sitar back to a known Indian musical instrument with a Sanskrit name, while acknowledging that there is no evidence for the existence of long-necked lutes in the Indian subcontinent prior to the era of Muslim expansion into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_description">Physical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar_parts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sitar_parts.jpg/170px-Sitar_parts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sitar_parts.jpg/255px-Sitar_parts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sitar_parts.jpg/340px-Sitar_parts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a sitar</figcaption></figure> <p>A sitar can have 18, 19, 20, or 21 strings; 6 or 7 of these run over curved, raised <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a> and are played strings; the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_strings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic strings">sympathetic strings</a> (<i>tarb</i>, also known as <i>taarif</i> or <i>tarafdaar</i>), running underneath the frets and resonating in sympathy with the played strings. These strings are generally used to set the mood of a <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a> at the very beginning of a presentation. The frets, which are known as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pardā</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">thaat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are movable, allowing fine tuning. The played strings run to tuning pegs on or near the head of the instrument, while the sympathetic strings, which have a variety of different lengths, pass through small holes in the fretboard to engage with the smaller tuning pegs that run down the instrument's neck. </p><p>The instrument has two <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridges</a>: the large bridge (<i>badaa goraa</i>) for the playing and drone strings and the small bridge (<i>chota goraa</i>) for the sympathetic strings. Its timbre results from the way the strings interact with the wide, rounded bridge. As a string vibrates, its length changes slightly as one edge moves along the rounded bridge, promoting the creation of <a href="/wiki/Overtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtones">overtones</a> and giving the sound its distinctive tone.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maintenance of this specific tone by shaping the bridge is called <i><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">jawari</a></i>. Many musicians rely on instrument makers to adjust this. </p><p>Materials used in construction include <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak wood</a> or <i>tun</i> wood (<i><a href="/wiki/Cedrela_toona" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedrela toona">Cedrela toona</a></i>), which is a variation of mahogany, for the neck and faceplate (<i>tabli</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash gourds</a> for the resonating chambers. The instrument's bridges are made of deer horn, ebony, or very occasionally from camel bone. Synthetic material is now common as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_styles">Construction styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sitar" title="Special:EditPage/Sitar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two popular modern styles of sitar: the fully decorated "instrumental style" (sometimes called the "Ravi Shankar style") and the "gayaki" style (sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Khan" title="Vilayat Khan">Vilayat Khan</a>" style). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar_mogara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sitar_mogara.jpg/250px-Sitar_mogara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sitar_mogara.jpg/330px-Sitar_mogara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sitar_mogara.jpg/500px-Sitar_mogara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption> Close-up of the pen work on a "Ravi Shankar style" sitar</figcaption></figure> <p>The instrumental style sitar is most often made of seasoned <a href="/wiki/Toona" title="Toona">toon wood</a>, but sometimes made of <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a>. It is often fitted with a second resonator, a small tumba (pumpkin or pumpkin-like wood replica) on the neck. This style is usually fully decorated, with floral or grape carvings and <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> inlays with colored (often brown or red) and black floral or arabesque patterns. It typically has 13 sympathetic strings. It is said that the best Teak sitars are made from <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> that has been seasoned for generations. The sources of very old <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">seasoned wood</a> are guarded trade secrets. Therefore, instrument builders look for old <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> that was used in old colonial-style <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> as whole trunk <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> for their special sitar constructions. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar_taraf_pegs_layout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sitar_taraf_pegs_layout.jpg/250px-Sitar_taraf_pegs_layout.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sitar_taraf_pegs_layout.jpg/500px-Sitar_taraf_pegs_layout.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Preferences of taraf string and peg positioning and their total number</figcaption></figure> <p>There are various additional sub-styles and cross mixes of styles in sitars, according to customer preferences. Most importantly, there are some differences in preferences for the positioning of sympathetic (<i>taraf</i>) string pegs (see photo). </p><p>Amongst all sitar styles, there are student styles, beginner models, semi-pro styles, pro-models, master models, and so on. Prices are often determined by the manufacturer's name and not by looks alone or materials used. Some sitars by certain manufacturers fetch very high collectible prices. Most notable are older <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rikhi_Ram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rikhi Ram (page does not exist)">Rikhi Ram</a> (Delhi) and older <a href="/wiki/Hiren_Roy" title="Hiren Roy">Hiren Roy</a> (Kolkata) sitars, depending upon which master built the instrument. <a href="/wiki/Nikhil_Banerjee" title="Nikhil Banerjee">Nikhil Banerjee</a> had a small extra bridge fixed at the top of the Sitar fingerboard for sustenance of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning_of_sitar">Tuning of sitar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tuning of sitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sitar" title="Special:EditPage/Sitar">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tuning depends on the sitarist's school or style, tradition and each artist's personal preference. The main playing string is almost invariably tuned a perfect fourth <i>above</i> the tonic, the second string being tuned to the tonic. The tonic in the Indian solfège system is referred to as <i>ṣaḍja</i>, <i>ṣaḍaj</i>, or the shortened form <i>sa</i>, or <i>khaṛaj</i>, a dialectal variant of <i>ṣaḍaj</i>, not as <i>vād</i>, and the perfect fifth to which one or more of the drones strings are tuned is referred to as <i>pañcam</i>, not <i>samvād</i>. </p><p>The player should re-tune for each <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a>. Strings are tuned by <a href="/wiki/Tuning_peg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuning peg">tuning pegs</a>, and the main playing strings can be fine-tuned by sliding a bead threaded on each string just below the bridge. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitar_jawari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitar_jawari.jpg/250px-Sitar_jawari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitar_jawari.jpg/330px-Sitar_jawari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitar_jawari.jpg/500px-Sitar_jawari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption> A black <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> wood <i>Jawari</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In one or more of the more common tunings (used by Ravi Shankar, among others, called "Kharaj Pancham" sitar) the playable strings are strung in this fashion: </p> <ul><li><i>Chikari</i> strings: Sa (high), Sa (middle), and Pa.</li> <li><i>Kharaj</i> (bass) strings: Sa (low) and Pa (low).</li> <li><i>Jod</i> and <i>baaj</i> strings, Sa and Ma.</li></ul> <p>There is a lot of stylistic variance within these tunings, and like most Indian stringed instruments, there is no default tuning. Mostly, tunings vary by schools of teaching (<a href="/wiki/Gharana" title="Gharana">gharana</a>) and the piece that is meant to be played. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playing">Playing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Playing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrument is balanced between the player's left foot and right knee. The hands move freely without having to carry any of the instrument's weight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this true? No images seem to show this. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The player plucks the string using a metallic pick or <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Mezrab_(plectrum)" title="Mezrab (plectrum)">mizraab</a>. The thumb stays anchored on the top of the fretboard just above the main gourd. Generally, only the index and middle fingers are used for fingering although a few players occasionally use the third. A specialized technique called "<a href="/wiki/Meend" title="Meend">meend</a>" involves pulling the main melody string down over the bottom portion of the sitar's curved frets, with which the sitarist can achieve a seven-<a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a> range of <a href="/wiki/Microtonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal">microtonal</a> notes (however, because of the sitar's movable frets, sometimes a fret may be set to a microtone already, and no bending would be required). This was developed by <a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Khan" title="Vilayat Khan">Vilayat Khan</a> into a technique that imitated the <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melisma</a> of the vocal style, a technique known as <i>gayaki ang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, sitar could played with a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a>. Its sound is similar to <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a>, but raspier. </p><p>Adept players bring in charisma through the use of special techniques like Kan, Krintan, <a href="/wiki/Murki" title="Murki">Murki</a>, Zamzama, etc. They also use special Mizrab Bol-s, as in Misrabani.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_music_influence">World music influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World music influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg/250px-Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg/330px-Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg/500px-Dia5275_Ravi_Shankar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, along with his tabla player, <a href="/wiki/Alla_Rakha" title="Alla Rakha">Alla Rakha</a>, began a further introduction of Indian classical music to Western culture. </p><p>The sitar saw use in Western popular music when, guided by <a href="/wiki/David_Crosby" title="David Crosby">David Crosby</a>'s championing of Shankar,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallo/Billboard_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallo/Billboard-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> played it on <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' songs "<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(This_Bird_Has_Flown)" title="Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)">Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Love_You_To" title="Love You To">Love You To</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Within_You_Without_You" title="Within You Without You">Within You Without You</a>", recorded between 1965 and 1967. The Beatles' association with the instrument helped popularise Indian classical music among Western youth,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly once Harrison began receiving tutelage from Shankar and the latter's protégé <a href="/wiki/Shambhu_Das" title="Shambhu Das">Shambhu Das</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> used a sitar on "<a href="/wiki/Paint_It_Black" title="Paint It Black">Paint It Black</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another English guitarist, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Mason" title="Dave Mason">Dave Mason</a>, played it on <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a>'s 1967 hits "<a href="/wiki/Paper_Sun" title="Paper Sun">Paper Sun</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Hole_in_My_Shoe" title="Hole in My Shoe">Hole in My Shoe</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other examples marked a trend of <a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitar in popular music">featuring the instrument in pop songs</a>, which Shankar later described as "the great sitar explosion".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking to <i><a href="/wiki/KRLA_Beat" title="KRLA Beat">KRLA Beat</a></i> in July 1967, he said: "Many people, especially young people, have started listening to sitar since George Harrison, one of the Beatles, became my disciple ... It is now the 'in' thing."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star%27s_Electric_Sitar_RD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Star%27s_Electric_Sitar_RD.jpg/250px-Star%27s_Electric_Sitar_RD.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Star%27s_Electric_Sitar_RD.jpg/500px-Star%27s_Electric_Sitar_RD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Star's electric sitar guitar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> talked about his love of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a>, saying: "I went to India after I came back from a tour with <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a> in the late sixties just so I could hear the music firsthand. Let's put it this way: I had a sitar before George Harrison got his. I wouldn't say I played it as well as he did, though..."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Krieger" class="mw-redirect" title="Robbie Krieger">Robbie Krieger</a>'s guitar part on <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a>' 1967 track "<a href="/wiki/The_End_(The_Doors_song)" title="The End (The Doors song)">The End</a>" was heavily influenced by Indian ragas and features melodic and rhythmic qualities that suggest a sitar or <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pop performances actually involve the <a href="/wiki/Electric_sitar" title="Electric sitar">electric sitar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a solid-body, guitar-like instrument and quite different from the traditional acoustic Indian instrument. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a>' 1965 single "<a href="/wiki/See_My_Friends" title="See My Friends">See My Friends</a>" featured a "low-tuned drone guitar" that was widely mistaken to be a sitar.<sup id="cite_ref-Temple_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temple-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosby's band, <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>, had similarly incorporated elements of Indian music,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallo/Billboard_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallo/Billboard-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using "only Western instrumentation", on their songs "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Miles_High" title="Eight Miles High">Eight Miles High</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Why_(The_Byrds_song)" title="Why (The Byrds song)">Why</a>" in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a> bands often used new recording techniques and effects and drew on non-Western sources such as the ragas and drones of Indian music. <a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Prunes" title="The Electric Prunes">The Electric Prunes</a> appeared in early ads for the <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox</a> <a href="/wiki/Wah_wah_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wah wah pedal">Wah wah pedal</a>, which touted the effect's ability to make an electric guitar sound like a sitar.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan's</a> personnel on his 1966 album <i><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Superman_(album)" title="Sunshine Superman (album)">Sunshine Superman</a></i> included <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Phillips" title="Shawn Phillips">Shawn Phillips</a> on sitar. Phillips also played sitar on one song on Donovan's next album <i><a href="/wiki/Mellow_Yellow_(album)" title="Mellow Yellow (album)">Mellow Yellow</a></i>, produced in 1967. </p><p>Starting in the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/In-flight_music" class="mw-redirect" title="In-flight music">in-flight music</a> featured the sitar to evoke feelings of nostalgia for the homeland among the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">Pakistani diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Howe" title="Steve Howe">Steve Howe</a> of the British progressive rock band <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> played a Danelectro sitar guitar on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Close_to_the_Edge" title="Close to the Edge">Close to the Edge</a></i> as well as the song "To Be Over" from their 1974 album "<a href="/wiki/Relayer" title="Relayer">Relayer</a>". Deepak Khazanchi played sitar and <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a> on the song "<a href="/wiki/It_Can_Happen" title="It Can Happen">It Can Happen</a>", from Yes' 1983 album <i><a href="/wiki/90125" title="90125">90125</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Young" title="Paul Young">Paul Young</a>’s 1985 #1 Hit cover of <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a>’s song <a href="/wiki/Everytime_You_Go_Away" title="Everytime You Go Away">Everytime You Go Away</a> included an electric sitar played by <a href="/wiki/John_Turnbull_(musician)" title="John Turnbull (musician)">John Turnbull</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sitar_gharanas">Sitar gharanas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sitar gharanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gharana is a system of social organisation in the Indian subcontinent, linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship. Notable gharana include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imdadkhani_gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Imdadkhani gharana">Imdadkhani gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_gharana" title="Maihar gharana">Maihar gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_gharana" title="Bishnupur gharana">Bishnupur gharana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sitar_players" title="Category:Sitar players">Category:Sitar players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitar in popular music">Sitar in popular music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVedabala2021" class="citation book cs1">Vedabala, Samidha (2021-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwzEAAAQBAJ&dq=sitar+Khusrau+khan&pg=PA11"><i>Sitar Music: The Dynamics of Structure and its playing Techniques</i></a>. Wizard Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4"><bdi>978-93-91013-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Structure+and+its+playing+Techniques&rft.pub=Wizard+Publisher&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.isbn=978-93-91013-13-4&rft.aulast=Vedabala&rft.aufirst=Samidha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhwzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsitar%2BKhusrau%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Allyn (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&dq=sitar+Khusrau+khan&pg=PA21"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1493-6&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26dq%3Dsitar%2BKhusrau%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&dq=sitar+Khusrau+khan&pg=PA30"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC%26dq%3Dsitar%2BKhusrau%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLsQbFeUec0">The Sitar: Origin, Culture, and More: Featuring Dr. Usman Chohan.</a> <i>The Intelligentsia.</i> Interviews: Episode 4. 11 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temple-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulien_Temple2011" class="citation web cs1">Julien Temple (2011-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b012ht1t/Dave_Davies_Kinkdom_Come/">"BBC Four – Dave Davies: Kinkdom Come"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Four+%E2%80%93+Dave+Davies%3A+Kinkdom+Come&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.au=Julien+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb012ht1t%2FDave_Davies_Kinkdom_Come%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1996" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Mark (May 28, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/1996/05/29/sitar-jam-from-the-beatles-to-eddie-vedder-rock-and-roll-has-long-sought-the-spice-of-indian-music/62d6245b-86fd-42d1-adba-aa6c9d003b2a/">"Sitar Jam! From The Beatles to Eddie Vedder, Rock and Roll Has Long Sought The Spice of Indian Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sitar+Jam%21+From+The+Beatles+to+Eddie+Vedder%2C+Rock+and+Roll+Has+Long+Sought+The+Spice+of+Indian+Music.&rft.date=1996-05-28&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2F1996%2F05%2F29%2Fsitar-jam-from-the-beatles-to-eddie-vedder-rock-and-roll-has-long-sought-the-spice-of-indian-music%2F62d6245b-86fd-42d1-adba-aa6c9d003b2a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlArnoldStonePorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Nettl, B.; Arnold, A.; Stone, R.M.; Porter, J.; Rice, T.; Olsen, D.A.; Miller, T.E.; Koskoff, E.; Kaeppler, A.L.; Sheehy, D.E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Garland Ency. World Music v.5 add to holding 304235. Garland Pub. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.series=Garland+Ency.+World+Music+v.5+add+to+holding+304235&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+A.&rft.au=Stone%2C+R.M.&rft.au=Porter%2C+J.&rft.au=Rice%2C+T.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+T.E.&rft.au=Koskoff%2C+E.&rft.au=Kaeppler%2C+A.L.&rft.au=Sheehy%2C+D.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurt_Sachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Curt Sachs (1940). <i>The History of Musical Instrumts</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instrumts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Curt+Sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Dick1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alastair Dick (1984). "Setār". In Stanley Sadie (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. London: MacMillan Press Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">392–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943818-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-943818-05-2"><bdi>0-943818-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Set%C4%81r&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press+Limited&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-943818-05-2&rft.au=Alastair+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2002" class="citation cs2">Kapoor, Subodh (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__uUoaurFisC&pg=PA2988"><i>The Indian Encyclopaedia</i></a>, Cosmo Publications, p. 2988, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177552676" title="Special:BookSources/9788177552676"><bdi>9788177552676</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Encyclopaedia&rft.pages=2988&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788177552676&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__uUoaurFisC%26pg%3DPA2988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calcutta-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calcutta_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calcutta_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sadler_Hamilton1994" class="citation book cs1">James Sadler Hamilton (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JP5Wzqq7I80C"><i>Sitar Music in Calcutta: An Ethnomusicological Study</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120812109" title="Special:BookSources/9788120812109"><bdi>9788120812109</bdi></a>. <q>Due to the absence of any mention of the sitar in the writings of Amir Khusrau (1285-1351) or in those of his contemporaries it is unlikely that any musical instrument with this name existed at that time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music+in+Calcutta%3A+An+Ethnomusicological+Study&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788120812109&rft.au=James+Sadler+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJP5Wzqq7I80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllyn_Miner2004" class="citation book cs1">Allyn Miner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&dq=Tritantri+vina&pg=PA17"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814936" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814936"><bdi>9788120814936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788120814936&rft.au=Allyn+Miner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26dq%3DTritantri%2Bvina%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllyn_Miner2004" class="citation book cs1">Allyn Miner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&dq=Tritantri+vina&pg=PA17"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814936" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814936"><bdi>9788120814936</bdi></a>. <q>Popular books on music nearly all recount this story. Admit Khusrau's role in the creation of the sitar in India has gradually been discredited by historians, but social motivations and the tenacity of the tradition cause the idea to persist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788120814936&rft.au=Allyn+Miner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26dq%3DTritantri%2Bvina%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiner1997" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Allyn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine"><i>Sitar and sarod in the 18th and 19th centuries</i></a>. The Archive of Contemporary Music. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1299-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+centuries&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1299-4&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitarsarodin18th00mine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasliwal2001" class="citation book cs1">Kasliwal, Suneera (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ&q=sitar+1739+earliest+reference"><i>Classical Musical Instruments</i></a>. Rupa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0"><bdi>978-81-291-0425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Musical+Instruments&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0425-0&rft.aulast=Kasliwal&rft.aufirst=Suneera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVsUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsitar%2B1739%2Bearliest%2Breference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Allyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&dq=khusrau+khan+sitar&pg=PA21"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1493-6&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26dq%3Dkhusrau%2Bkhan%2Bsitar%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVedabala2021" class="citation book cs1">Vedabala, Samidha (2021-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwzEAAAQBAJ&dq=khusrau+khan+sitar&pg=PA11"><i>Sitar Music: The Dynamics of Structure and its playing Techniques</i></a>. Wizard Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4"><bdi>978-93-91013-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Structure+and+its+playing+Techniques&rft.pub=Wizard+Publisher&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.isbn=978-93-91013-13-4&rft.aulast=Vedabala&rft.aufirst=Samidha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhwzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkhusrau%2Bkhan%2Bsitar%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaudhurī2000" class="citation book cs1">Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQWLa--IHjIC&q=%22who+throughly+renovated+the%22&pg=PA64"><i>The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Hindustani+Classical+Music&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1708-1&rft.aulast=Caudhur%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Vimalak%C4%81nta+R%C3%B4ya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQWLa--IHjIC%26q%3D%2522who%2Bthroughly%2Brenovated%2Bthe%2522%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&q=%22stringed+model+was+created+by%22&pg=PA30"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC%26q%3D%2522stringed%2Bmodel%2Bwas%2Bcreated%2Bby%2522%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVedabala2021" class="citation book cs1">Vedabala, Samidha (2021-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwzEAAAQBAJ&q=sympathetic+string+imdad+khan&pg=PA78"><i>Sitar Music: The Dynamics of Structure and its playing Techniques</i></a>. Wizard Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4"><bdi>978-93-91013-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Structure+and+its+playing+Techniques&rft.pub=Wizard+Publisher&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.isbn=978-93-91013-13-4&rft.aulast=Vedabala&rft.aufirst=Samidha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhwzEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsympathetic%2Bstring%2Bimdad%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaja2021" class="citation book cs1">Raja, Deepak S. (2021-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUg6EAAAQBAJ&dq=khusrau+khan+amir+Khusraw+sitar&pg=PT58"><i>Hindustani Music Today</i></a>. DK Printworld (P) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-1126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-1126-5"><bdi>978-81-246-1126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani+Music+Today&rft.pub=DK+Printworld+%28P%29+Ltd&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.isbn=978-81-246-1126-5&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Deepak+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUg6EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkhusrau%2Bkhan%2Bamir%2BKhusraw%2Bsitar%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Allyn (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&dq=sitar+representing+19th+century+ideas+that&pg=PA18"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1493-6&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26dq%3Dsitar%2Brepresenting%2B19th%2Bcentury%2Bideas%2Bthat%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVedabala2021" class="citation book cs1">Vedabala, Samidha (2021-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwzEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22So+its+authenticity+is+in+the+absolute+dark%22&pg=PA9"><i>Sitar Music: The Dynamics of Structure and its playing Techniques</i></a>. Wizard Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91013-13-4"><bdi>978-93-91013-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Structure+and+its+playing+Techniques&rft.pub=Wizard+Publisher&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.isbn=978-93-91013-13-4&rft.aulast=Vedabala&rft.aufirst=Samidha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhwzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522So%2Bits%2Bauthenticity%2Bis%2Bin%2Bthe%2Babsolute%2Bdark%2522%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Allyn (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&q=Too+weak+conclusion"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1493-6&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nPHTCS8vfUC%26q%3DToo%2Bweak%2Bconclusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1994" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James Sadler (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JP5Wzqq7I80C&dq=The+information+above%2C+confirms+the+statement+made+earlier%2C+that+there+is+no+evidence+for+the+existence+of+long-necked+lutes+in+the+Indian+sub-continent+prior+to+the+era+of+Muslim+expansion&pg=PA51"><i>Sitar Music in Calcutta: An Ethnomusicological Study</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1210-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+Music+in+Calcutta%3A+An+Ethnomusicological+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1210-9&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James+Sadler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJP5Wzqq7I80C%26dq%3DThe%2Binformation%2Babove%252C%2Bconfirms%2Bthe%2Bstatement%2Bmade%2Bearlier%252C%2Bthat%2Bthere%2Bis%2Bno%2Bevidence%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bexistence%2Bof%2Blong-necked%2Blutes%2Bin%2Bthe%2BIndian%2Bsub-continent%2Bprior%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bera%2Bof%2BMuslim%2Bexpansion%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaṅgīt_Mahābhāratī2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4974?rskey=LEF1wZ&result=4974">"Thāṭ (Instrumental)"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199797721" title="Special:BookSources/9780199797721"><bdi>9780199797721</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Th%C4%81%E1%B9%AD+%28Instrumental%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Music+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199797721&rft.au=Sa%E1%B9%85g%C4%ABt+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rat%C4%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195650983.001.0001%2Facref-9780195650983-e-4974%3Frskey%3DLEF1wZ%26result%3D4974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeKappraffMorshedi1982" class="citation journal cs1">Burridge, Robert; Kappraff, Jay; Morshedi, Christine (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2101114">"The Sitar String, a Vibrating String with a One-Sided Inelastic Constraint"</a>. <i>SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics</i>. <b>42</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>1251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1137%2F0142086">10.1137/0142086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2101114">2101114</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIAM+Journal+on+Applied+Mathematics&rft.atitle=The+Sitar+String%2C+a+Vibrating+String+with+a+One-Sided+Inelastic+Constraint&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E1251&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1137%2F0142086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2101114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kappraff%2C+Jay&rft.au=Morshedi%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2101114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raga.com/interviews/207int1.html">"Nikhil Banerjee Interview New York November 9, 1985"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikhil+Banerjee+Interview+New+York+November+9%2C+1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raga.com%2Finterviews%2F207int1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/vilayat-khan-549666.html">"Vilayat Khan"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2011-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Vilayat+Khan&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fvilayat-khan-549666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragini Trivedi, <i>Sitar Compositions in Ome Swarlipi</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-70596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-70596-2">978-0-557-70596-2</a>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallo/Billboard-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallo/Billboard_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallo/Billboard_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallo2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Gallo, Phil (12 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1481439/ravi-shankars-impact-on-pop-music-an-appreciation">"Ravi Shankar's Impact on Pop Music: An Appreciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">billboard.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=billboard.com&rft.atitle=Ravi+Shankar%27s+Impact+on+Pop+Music%3A+An+Appreciation&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1481439%2Fravi-shankars-impact-on-pop-music-an-appreciation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i>. New York, NY: Continuum. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>173, 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"><bdi>0-8264-2819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173%2C+180&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-2819-3&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)</i> (2000). London: Rough Guides/Penguin. p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett1999" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Walter (1999). <i>The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512941-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512941-5"><bdi>0-19-512941-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+as+Musicians%3A+Revolver+Through+the+Anthology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512941-5&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/06/21/sitar-rolling-stones">"The first No. 1 hit to feature a sitar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KNOW-FM" title="KNOW-FM">MPR News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+No.+1+hit+to+feature+a+sitar&rft.pub=MPR+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2Fsitar-rolling-stones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i>. New York, NY: Continuum. pp. <span class="nowrap">174–</span>175, 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"><bdi>0-8264-2819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E175%2C+180&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-2819-3&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShankar2007" class="citation book cs1">Shankar, Ravi (2007). <i>My Music, My Life</i>. San Rafael, CA: Mandala Publishing. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60109-005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60109-005-8"><bdi>978-1-60109-005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Music%2C+My+Life&rft.place=San+Rafael%2C+CA&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Mandala+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60109-005-8&rft.aulast=Shankar&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i>. New York, NY: Continuum. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"><bdi>0-8264-2819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-2819-3&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKRLA_staff1967" class="citation news cs1">KRLA staff (29 July 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krlabeat.sakionline.net/issue/29july67.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'My Music Not For Addicts' – Shankar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/KRLA_Beat" title="KRLA Beat">KRLA Beat</a></i>. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KRLA+Beat&rft.atitle=%27My+Music+Not+For+Addicts%27+%E2%80%93+Shankar&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1967-07-29&rft.au=KRLA+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrlabeat.sakionline.net%2Fissue%2F29july67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolinski2012" class="citation book cs1">Tolinski, Brad (2012). <i>Light and Shade: Conversations with Jimmy Page</i>. New York, NY: Broadway Books. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-98575-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-98575-0"><bdi>978-0-307-98575-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Shade%3A+Conversations+with+Jimmy+Page&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-98575-0&rft.aulast=Tolinski&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i>. New York, NY: Continuum. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"><bdi>0-8264-2819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-2819-3&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHypWax" class="citation news cs1">HypWax. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hipwax.com/music/oddpop/sitar.html">"Odd Pop: Pop Sitar"</a>. Hyp Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Odd+Pop%3A+Pop+Sitar&rft.au=HypWax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hipwax.com%2Fmusic%2Foddpop%2Fsitar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i>. New York, NY: Continuum. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"><bdi>0-8264-2819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-2819-3&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKqSg-A2eRk">"The Electric Prunes – Vox Wah Wah Commercial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Prunes+%E2%80%93+Vox+Wah+Wah+Commercial&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJKqSg-A2eRk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuma_Yusuf" class="citation news cs1">Huma Yusuf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/26/opinions/pakistan-airlines-crash-opinion-intl-hnk/index.html">"Pakistan's flagship carrier needs a radical overhaul. The Karachi crash is the latest reminder"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+flagship+carrier+needs+a+radical+overhaul.+The+Karachi+crash+is+the+latest+reminder&rft.au=Huma+Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F05%2F26%2Fopinions%2Fpakistan-airlines-crash-opinion-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/magazine/916624/singing-on-a-jet-plane-a-brief-history-of-pakistan-international-airlines-in-flight-music">"Singing on a jet plane: A brief history of Pakistan International Airlines' in-flight music"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singing+on+a+jet+plane%3A+A+brief+history+of+Pakistan+International+Airlines%27+in-flight+music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Fmagazine%2F916624%2Fsinging-on-a-jet-plane-a-brief-history-of-pakistan-international-airlines-in-flight-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDjZ7XNbljU"><i>Behind The Vinyl: "Everytime You Go Away" with Paul Young</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+The+Vinyl%3A+%22Everytime+You+Go+Away%22+with+Paul+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqDjZ7XNbljU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sitars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sitars">Sitars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_musical_instruments314" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_musical_instruments314" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a> (sushir)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#In_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal" title="Kuzhal">Kuzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">Plucked stringed</a> (tat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_(musical_instrument)" title="Pena (musical instrument)">Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni Rebab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic tanpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed stringed</a> (vitat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranous percussion</a> (avanaddh)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandalahari" title="Anandalahari">Anandalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">Duggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholki">Dholki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Edakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">Khamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhawaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">Jori (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-membranous percussion (ghan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartal" title="Khartal">Khartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical/possibly extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">Pinaka vina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lute162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lute" title="Template:Lute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lute" title="Template talk:Lute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lute162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Goje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">Citole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar" title="English guitar">English guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Guitarra latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Guitarra morisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd">Laúd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_makers" title="Category:Lute makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists_by_nationality" title="Category:Lutenists by nationality">Players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata614" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229205#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4181587-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01160054">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/9290b2c1-97c3-4355-a26f-c6dba89cf8ff">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitar&oldid=1280055340">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitar&oldid=1280055340</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sitars" title="Category:Sitars">Sitars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Category:Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_inventions" title="Category:Indian inventions">Indian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_family_instruments" title="Category:Lute family instruments">Lute family instruments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2022">Articles needing additional references from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 March 2025, at 05:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitar</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>62 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-f6hh9","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.810","walltime":"0.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4061,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":141982,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6287,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":189145,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 833.374 1 -total"," 38.21% 318.403 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.61% 205.080 28 Template:Cite_book"," 13.07% 108.959 2 Template:IAST"," 13.07% 108.933 1 Template:IAST3"," 12.96% 107.964 2 Template:Transliteration"," 11.07% 92.273 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.85% 82.111 1 Template:Indian_musical_instruments"," 6.64% 55.331 1 Template:Transl"," 5.72% 47.678 1 Template:Redirect_category_shell"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.549","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25764362,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7c65b4f954-98q68","timestamp":"20250405212925","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sitar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sitar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q229205","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q229205","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-21T03:00:29Z","dateModified":"2025-03-12T05:56:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/39\/Sitar%2C_late_19th_Century.jpg","headline":"plucked stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music"}</script> </body> </html>