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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reading music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_pre-twentieth_century_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_pre-twentieth_century_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Role in pre-twentieth century works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_pre-twentieth_century_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Twentieth century and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_pop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_pop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Contemporary pop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_pop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_violists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_violists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable violists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_violists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_violas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_violas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electric violas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_violas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viola</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altviool" title="Altviool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Altviool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsche" title="Bratsche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bratsche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealtfiolene" title="Ealtfiolene – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ealtfiolene" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="كمان متوسط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمان متوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt" title="Alt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Альт (струнны інструмент) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альт (струнны інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Альт (струнны інструмэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альт (струнны інструмэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виола – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Альт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Альт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiola" title="Fiola – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fiola" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsch" title="Bratsch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bratsch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsche" title="Bratsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bratsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioola" title="Vioola – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vioola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Βιόλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιόλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldviolono" title="Aldviolono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldviolono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ویولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_(instrument_%C3%A0_cordes)" title="Alto (instrument à cordes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alto (instrument à cordes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altfioele" title="Altfioele – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Altfioele" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B3la" title="Vióla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vióla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailt" title="Ailt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%98%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="비올라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비올라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BF_(%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Ալտ (լարային նվագարան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալտ (լարային նվագարան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassviolin" title="Bassviolin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bassviolin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B3la" title="Víóla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víóla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(strumento_musicale)" title="Viola (strumento musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viola (strumento musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ויולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2" title="ವಿಯೋಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಯೋಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alts_(m%C5%ABzikas_instruments)" title="Alts (mūzikas instruments) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alts (mūzikas instruments)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altas_(styginis_instrumentas)" title="Altas (styginis instrumentas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Altas (styginis instrumentas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(str%C3%BCm%C3%A8nt)" title="Viola (strümènt) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Viola (strümènt)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1csa" title="Brácsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brácsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виола – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виола" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3" title="വയോള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വയോള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڤيولا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيولا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Biola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Эрдүү хийл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдүү хийл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဗီယိုလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီယိုလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altviool" title="Altviool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Altviool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9" title="ヴィオラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィオラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsj" title="Bratsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bratsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsj" title="Bratsj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bratsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violon_alto" title="Violon alto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Violon alto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt" title="Alt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C3%B3wka" title="Altówka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Altówka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C4%83" title="Violă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Violă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyula" title="Wiyula – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiyula" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Альт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(hudobn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1stroj)" title="Viola (hudobný nástroj) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viola (hudobný nástroj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڤیۆلا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیۆلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виола – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alttoviulu" title="Alttoviulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alttoviulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyola" title="Biyola – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyola" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வியோலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியோலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="วิโอลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิโอลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3)" title="Алт (сози мусиқии торӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алт (сози мусиқии торӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyola" title="Viyola – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viyola" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Альт (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альт (музичний інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="中提琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中提琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="וויאלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויאלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="中提琴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中提琴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="中提琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中提琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For Viola, the genus of plants including violets and pansies, see <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Viola (plant)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Viola_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Viola (disambiguation)">Viola (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar instruments, see <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viola" title="Special:EditPage/Viola">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Viola%22">"Viola"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Viola%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Viola%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Viola%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Viola%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Viola%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Viola</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola shown from the front and the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bratsche.jpg/159px-Bratsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bratsche.jpg/238px-Bratsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bratsche.jpg/318px-Bratsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">French: <i lang="fr">alto</i>; German: <i lang="de">Bratsche</i>; Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Viola d'arco</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">321.322–71<br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded by a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">c. 13th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Range_viola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Range_viola.png/135px-Range_viola.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Range_viola.png/203px-Range_viola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Range_viola.png/270px-Range_viola.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></b> (violin, cello, double bass)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Cello_Suite_No._5_-_1._Prelude.ogg" title="File:Bach - Cello Suite No. 5 - 1. Prelude.ogg">Cello Suite 5, BWV 1011 – 1. Prelude</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="370" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Cello_Suite_No._5_-_1._Prelude.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Bach_-_Cello_Suite_No._5_-_1._Prelude.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Bach_-_Cello_Suite_No._5_-_1._Prelude.ogg/Bach_-_Cello_Suite_No._5_-_1._Prelude.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Prelude of Bach's <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)#Suite_No._5_in_C_minor,_BWV_1011" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">Fifth Cello Suite</a>, performed on a viola by Elias Goldstein</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>viola</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">vee-<span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-lə</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvjɔːla,<span class="wrap"> </span>viˈɔːla]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>, and is usually <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bowed</a> when played. Violas are slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, and have a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> voice of the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>, between the violin (which is tuned a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a> higher) and the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> (which is tuned an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> lower).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strings from low to high are typically tuned to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">C<sub>3</sub>, G<sub>3</sub>, D<sub>4</sub>, and A<sub>4</sub></a>. </p><p>In the past, the viola varied in size and style, as did its names. The word <i>viola</i> originates from the Italian language. The Italians often used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio" title="Viola da braccio">viola da braccio</a></i>, meaning, literally, 'of the arm'. "Brazzo" was another Italian word for the viola, which the Germans adopted as <i>Bratsche</i>. The French had their own names: <i>cinquiesme</i> was a small viola, <i>haute contre</i> was a large viola, and <i>taile</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>. Today, the French use the term <i>alto</i>, a reference to its range. </p><p>The viola was popular in the heyday of five-part <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, up until the eighteenth century, taking three lines of the harmony and occasionally playing the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> line. Music for the viola differs from most other instruments in that it primarily uses the <a href="/wiki/Alto_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto clef">alto clef</a>. When viola music has substantial sections in a higher register, it switches to the <a href="/wiki/Treble_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Treble clef">treble clef</a> to make it easier to read. </p><p>The viola often plays the "inner voices" in <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a> and symphonic writing, and it is more likely than the first violin to play <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> parts. The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral or chamber music. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Shostakovich)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Shostakovich)">13th Quartet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, and a symphony with a main viola line: <i><a href="/wiki/Harold_en_Italie" title="Harold en Italie">Harold en Italie</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>. In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tertis" title="Lionel Tertis">Lionel Tertis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Primrose" title="William Primrose">William Primrose</a>. English composers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss" title="Arthur Bliss">Arthur Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_York_Bowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin York Bowen">Edwin York Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dale" title="Benjamin Dale">Benjamin Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bridge" title="Frank Bridge">Frank Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Clarke_(composer)" title="Rebecca Clarke (composer)">Rebecca Clarke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> all wrote substantial <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a> and concert works. Many of these pieces were commissioned by, or written for, Tertis. <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Serly" title="Tibor Serly">Tibor Serly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> have written well-known viola concertos. The concerti by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stamitz" title="Carl Stamitz">Carl Stamitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, and Walton are considered major works of the <a href="/wiki/Viola_repertoire" title="Viola repertoire">viola repertoire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a>, who was a violist, wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Schwanendreher" title="Der Schwanendreher">Der Schwanendreher</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Violin construction and mechanics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Viola_Bridge.jpg/220px-Viola_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Viola_Bridge.jpg/330px-Viola_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Viola_Bridge.jpg/440px-Viola_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Viola close up of bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size viola's body is between 25 and 100 mm (1 and 4 in) longer than the body of a full-size violin (i.e., between 38 and 46 cm [15–18 in]), with an average length of 41 cm (16 in). Small violas typically made for children typically start at 30 cm (12 in), which is equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Violin#Sizes" title="Violin">half-size violin</a>. For a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a standard full size. The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm (20 in) long to match the acoustics of a violin, however it can only be played vertically like a Cello, hence the name <a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries, viola makers have experimented with the size and shape of the viola, often adjusting proportions or shape to make a lighter instrument with shorter string lengths, but with a large enough <a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound box</a> to retain the viola sound. Prior to the eighteenth century, violas had no uniform size. Large violas (tenors) were designed to play the lower register viola lines or second viola in five part harmony depending on instrumentation. A smaller viola, nearer the size of the violin, was called an <i>alto viola</i>. It was more suited to higher register writing, as in the viola 1 parts, as their sound was usually richer in the upper register. Its size was not as conducive to a full tone in the lower register. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg/220px-Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg/330px-Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg/440px-Oak_Leaf_viola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Oak Leaf viola, Eric Benning, <a href="/wiki/Benning_Violins" title="Benning Violins">Benning Violins</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several experiments have intended to increase the size of the viola to improve its sound and harmony. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ritter" title="Hermann Ritter">Hermann Ritter</a>'s <i>viola alta</i>, which measured about 48 cm (19 in), was intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s operas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tertis" title="Lionel Tertis">Tertis</a> model viola, which has wider bouts and deeper ribs to promote a better tone, is another slightly "nonstandard" shape that allows the player to use a larger instrument. Many experiments with the acoustics of a viola, particularly increasing the size of the body, have resulted in a much deeper tone, making it resemble the tone of a cello. Since many composers wrote for a traditional-sized viola, particularly in orchestral music, changes in the tone of a viola can have unintended consequences upon the balance in ensembles. </p><p>One of the most notable makers of violas of the twentieth century was Englishman <a href="/wiki/A._E._Smith_(violin_maker)" title="A. E. Smith (violin maker)">A. E. Smith</a>, whose violas are sought after and highly valued. Many of his violas remain in Australia, his country of residence, where during some decades the violists of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Sydney Symphony Orchestra">Sydney Symphony Orchestra</a> had a dozen of them in their section. </p><p>More recent (and more radically shaped) innovations have addressed the ergonomic problems associated with playing the viola by making it shorter and lighter, while finding ways to keep the traditional sound. These include the Otto Erdesz "cutaway" viola, which has one shoulder cut out to make shifting easier;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Oak Leaf" viola, which has two extra bouts; <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>-shaped violas such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Curtin" title="Joseph Curtin">Joseph Curtin</a>'s "Evia" model, which also uses a moveable neck and maple-veneered <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre">carbon fibre</a> back, to reduce weight:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violas played in the same manner as cellos (see <a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">vertical viola</a>); and the eye-catching <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">"Dalí</a>-esque" shapes of both Bernard Sabatier's violas in fractional sizes—which appear to have melted—and David Rivinus' <i>Pellegrina</i> model violas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other experiments that deal with the "ergonomics vs. sound" problem have appeared. The American composer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a> fitted a viola with a cello neck to allow the use of his 43-tone scale, called the "adapted viola". Luthiers have also created five-stringed violas,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allow a greater playing range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method_of_playing">Method of playing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Method of playing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Violin technique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playing_viola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Playing_viola.jpg/250px-Playing_viola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Playing_viola.jpg/330px-Playing_viola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Playing_viola.jpg/500px-Playing_viola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Playing a 43 cm (17 in) viola in 3rd position.</figcaption></figure> <p>A person who plays the viola is called a <i>violist</i> or a <i>viola player</i>. The technique required for playing a viola has certain differences compared with that of a violin, partly because of its larger size: the notes are spread out further along the fingerboard and often require different fingerings. The viola's less responsive strings and the heavier bow warrant a somewhat different bowing technique, and a violist has to lean more intensely on the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viola is held in the same manner as the violin; however, due to its larger size, some adjustments must be made to accommodate. The viola, just like the violin, is placed on top of the left shoulder between the shoulder and the left side of the face (chin). Because of the viola's size, violists with short arms tend to use smaller-sized instruments for easier playing. The most immediately noticeable adjustments that a player accustomed to playing the violin has to make are to use wider-spaced fingerings. It is common for some players to use a wider and more intense <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> in the left hand, facilitated by employing the fleshier pad of the finger rather than the tip, and to hold the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> and right arm further away from the player's body. A violist must bring the left elbow further forward or around, so as to reach the lowest string, which allows the fingers to press firmly and so create a clearer tone. Different positions are often used, including half position. </p><p>The viola is strung with thicker gauge strings than the violin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with its larger size and lower pitch range, results in a deeper and mellower tone. However, the thicker strings also mean that the viola responds to changes in bowing more slowly. Practically speaking, if a violist and violinist are playing together, the violist must begin moving the bow a fraction of a second sooner than the violinist. The thicker strings also mean that more weight must be applied with the bow to make them vibrate. </p><p>The viola's <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> has a wider band of horsehair than a violin's bow, which is particularly noticeable near the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)#The_modern_Western_bow" title="Bow (music)">frog</a> (or <i>heel</i> in the UK). Viola bows, at 70–74 g (2.5–2.6 oz), are heavier than violin bows (58–61 g [2.0–2.2 oz]). The profile of the rectangular outside corner of a viola bow frog generally is more rounded than on violin bows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning">Tuning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tuning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_peg_strings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Viola_peg_strings.jpg/100px-Viola_peg_strings.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Viola_peg_strings.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="90" /></a><figcaption>"Normal" stringing shown here; some players reverse the G and C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_positionB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/First_positionB.png/120px-First_positionB.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/First_positionB.png/250px-First_positionB.png 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>First position viola fingerings</figcaption></figure> <p>The viola's four strings are normally tuned in fifths: the lowest string is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">C</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> below <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>), with G, D, and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that they have three strings in common—G, D, and A—and is one octave above the cello. </p><p>Each string of a viola is wrapped around a <a href="/wiki/Tuning_peg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuning peg">peg</a> near the scroll and is tuned by turning the peg. Tightening the string raises the pitch; loosening the string lowers the pitch. The A string is normally tuned first, to the pitch of the ensemble: generally 400–442 Hz. The other strings are then tuned to it in intervals of fifths, usually by bowing two strings simultaneously. Most violas also have <i>adjusters</i>—<i><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments#Screw-and-lever_tuners" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">fine tuners</a></i>, particularly on the A string that make finer changes. These adjust the tension of the string via rotating a small knob above the <a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">tailpiece</a>. Such tuning is generally easier to learn than using the pegs, and adjusters are usually recommended for younger players and put on smaller violas, though pegs and adjusters are usually used together. Some violists reverse the stringing of the C and G pegs, so that the thicker C string does not turn so severe an angle over the <a href="/wiki/Nut_(instrumental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (instrumental)">nut</a>, although this is uncommon. </p><p>Small, temporary tuning adjustments can also be made by stretching a string with the hand. A string may be tuned down by pulling it above the fingerboard, or tuned up by pressing the part of the string in the pegbox. These techniques may be useful in performance, reducing the ill effects of an out-of-tune string until an opportunity to tune properly. </p><p>The tuning C–G–D–A is used for the great majority of all viola music.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other tunings are occasionally employed, both in <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>, where the technique is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">scordatura</a></i>, and in some <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> styles. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_Concertante_for_Violin,_Viola_and_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra">Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, wrote the viola part in D major, and specified that the violist raises the strings in pitch by a semitone. He probably intended to give the viola a brighter tone so the rest of the ensemble would not overpower it. Tertis, in his transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Elgar)" title="Cello Concerto (Elgar)">Elgar cello concerto</a>, wrote the slow movement with the C string tuned down to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, enabling the viola to play one passage an octave lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_research">Organizations and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organizations and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A renewal of interest in the viola by performers and composers in the twentieth century led to increased research devoted to the instrument. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Borisovsky" title="Vadim Borisovsky">Vadim Borisovsky</a> made an early attempt at an organization, in 1927, with the Violists' World Union. But it was not until 1968, with the creation of the Viola-Forschungsgesellschaft, now the <a href="/wiki/International_Viola_Society" title="International Viola Society">International Viola Society</a> (IVS), that a lasting organization took hold. The IVS now consists of twelve chapters around the world, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/American_Viola_Society" title="American Viola Society">American Viola Society</a> (AVS), which publishes the <i>Journal of the American Viola Society</i>. In addition to the journal, the AVS sponsors the David Dalton Research Competition and the <a href="/wiki/Primrose_International_Viola_Competition" title="Primrose International Viola Competition">Primrose International Viola Competition</a>. </p><p>The 1960s also saw the beginning of several research publications devoted to the viola, beginning with Franz Zeyringer's, <i>Literatur für Viola</i>, which has undergone several versions, the most recent being in 1985. In 1980, Maurice Riley produced the first attempt at a comprehensive history of the viola, in his <i>History of the Viola</i>, which was followed with the second volume in 1991. The IVS published the multi-language Viola Yearbook from 1979 to 1994, during which several other national chapters of the IVS published respective newsletters. The Primrose International Viola Archive at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> houses the greatest amount of material related to the viola, including scores, recordings, instruments, and archival materials from some of the world's greatest violists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Viola_repertoire" title="Viola repertoire">Viola repertoire</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Telemann_-_Viola_Concerto_Gmaj_-_2._Allegro.ogg" title="File:Telemann - Viola Concerto Gmaj - 2. Allegro.ogg">Viola Concerto – 2. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="176" data-mwtitle="Telemann_-_Viola_Concerto_Gmaj_-_2._Allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Telemann_-_Viola_Concerto_Gmaj_-_2._Allegro.ogg/Telemann_-_Viola_Concerto_Gmaj_-_2._Allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Telemann_-_Viola_Concerto_Gmaj_-_2._Allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Composed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Elias Goldstein (viola)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Schubert_-_Arpeggione_Sonata_-_3._Allegretto_(viola).ogg" title="File:Schubert - Arpeggione Sonata - 3. Allegretto (viola).ogg">Arpeggione Sonata – 3. Allegretto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="454" data-mwtitle="Schubert_-_Arpeggione_Sonata_-_3._Allegretto_(viola).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Schubert_-_Arpeggione_Sonata_-_3._Allegretto_%28viola%29.ogg/Schubert_-_Arpeggione_Sonata_-_3._Allegretto_%28viola%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Schubert_-_Arpeggione_Sonata_-_3._Allegretto_%28viola%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">From Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Arpeggione_Sonata" title="Arpeggione Sonata">Arpeggione Sonata</a>, performed by Elias Goldstein (viola) with the Advent Chamber Orchestra</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_-_Humoresque_Op._101_No._7.ogg" title="File:Dvořák - Humoresque Op. 101 No. 7.ogg">Humoresque in G, Op. 101, No. 7</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="188" data-mwtitle="Dvořák_-_Humoresque_Op._101_No._7.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_-_Humoresque_Op._101_No._7.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_-_Humoresque_Op._101_No._7.ogg/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_-_Humoresque_Op._101_No._7.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">From Dvořák's <a href="/wiki/Humoresques_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Humoresques (Dvořák)">Humoresques</a>, arranged for viola and piano by Elias Goldstein, performed by Elias Goldstein (viola) and Monica Pavel (piano)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola-walshimprov.ogg" title="File:Viola-walshimprov.ogg">Improvisation for four violas</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Viola-walshimprov.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Viola-walshimprov.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Viola-walshimprov.ogg/Viola-walshimprov.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Short four-part improvisation demonstrating the range and part of the tone quality of the viola</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_music">Reading music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reading music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music that is written for the viola primarily uses the <a href="/wiki/Alto_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto clef">alto clef</a>, which is otherwise rarely used. Viola music employs the treble clef when there are substantial sections of music written in a higher register. The alto clef is defined by the placement of C<sub>4</sub> on the middle line of the staff.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the viola is tuned exactly one octave above the cello, music that is notated for the cello can be easily transcribed for alto clef without any changes in key. For example, there are numerous editions of <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">Bach's Cello Suites</a> transcribed for viola.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viola also has the advantage of smaller scale-length, which means that the stretches needed by cellists to play the piece are easier to achieve on the viola. However, occasional changes must be made due to differences in the ways that the two instruments are played, as well as their differences in range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_pre-twentieth_century_works">Role in pre-twentieth century works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in pre-twentieth century works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early orchestral music, the viola part was usually limited to filling in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonies</a>, with very little <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic</a> material assigned to it. When the viola was given a melodic part, it was often duplicated (or was in unison with) the melody played by other strings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concerti grossi, <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a>, were unusual in their use of viola. The third concerto grosso, scored for three violins, three violas, three cellos, and basso continuo, requires virtuosity from the violists. Indeed, Viola I has a solo in the last movement which is commonly found in orchestral auditions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth concerto grosso, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_concertos#Concerto_No._6_in_B-flat_major,_BWV_1051" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg concertos">Brandenburg Concerto No. 6</a>, which was scored for 2 violas "concertino", cello, 2 <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">violas da gamba</a>, and continuo, had the two violas playing the primary melodic role.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also used this unusual ensemble in his cantata, <a href="/wiki/Gleichwie_der_Regen_und_Schnee_vom_Himmel_f%C3%A4llt,_BWV_18" title="Gleichwie der Regen und Schnee vom Himmel fällt, BWV 18">Gleichwie der Regen und Schnee vom Himmel fällt, BWV 18</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mein_Herze_schwimmt_im_Blut,_BWV_199" title="Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199">Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199</a>, the chorale is accompanied by an obbligato viola. </p><p>There are a few <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Music_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Music Era">Classical</a> concerti, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> (one <a href="/wiki/Viola_Concerto_in_G_major_(Telemann)" title="Viola Concerto in G major (Telemann)">for solo viola</a>, being one of the earliest viola concertos known, and one <a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Violas_(Telemann)" title="Concerto for Two Violas (Telemann)">for two violas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Rolla" title="Alessandro Rolla">Alessandro Rolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Hoffmeister" title="Franz Anton Hoffmeister">Franz Anton Hoffmeister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stamitz" title="Carl Stamitz">Carl Stamitz</a>. </p><p>The viola plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>. Mozart used the viola in more creative ways when he wrote his six <a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">string quintets</a>. The viola quintets use two violas, which frees them (especially the first viola) for solo passages and increases the variety of writing that is possible for the ensemble. Mozart also wrote for the viola in his <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_Concertante_for_Violin,_Viola_and_Orchestra_(Mozart)" title="Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra (Mozart)">Sinfonia Concertante</a>, a set of two duets for violin and viola, and the <a href="/wiki/Kegelstatt_Trio" title="Kegelstatt Trio">Kegelstatt Trio</a> for viola, clarinet, and piano. The young <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> wrote a little-known <a href="/wiki/Viola_Sonata_(Mendelssohn)" title="Viola Sonata (Mendelssohn)">Viola Sonata in C minor</a> (without opus number, but dating from 1824). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenbilder" title="Märchenbilder">Märchenbilder</a></i> for viola and piano. He also wrote a set of four pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenerz%C3%A4hlungen" title="Märchenerzählungen">Märchenerzählungen</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a> wrote a romance for viola and orchestra, his Op. 85, which explores the emotive capabilities of the viola's timbre. In addition, his Eight pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano, Op. 83, features the viola in a very prominent, solo aspect throughout. His <a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Clarinet,_Viola,_and_Orchestra" title="Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra">Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra</a>, Op. 88 has been quite prominent in the repertoire and has been recorded by prominent violists throughout the 20th century. </p><p>From his earliest works, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> wrote music that prominently featured the viola. Among his first published pieces of chamber music, the sextets for strings Op. 18 and Op. 36 contain what amounts to solo parts for both violas. Late in life, he wrote two greatly admired <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Sonatas_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Sonatas (Brahms)">sonatas</a> for clarinet and piano, his Op. 120 (1894): he later transcribed these works for the viola (the solo part in his <a href="/wiki/Horn_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Horn Trio (Brahms)">Horn Trio</a> is also available in a transcription for viola). Brahms also wrote "<a href="/wiki/Two_Songs_for_Voice,_Viola_and_Piano" title="Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano">Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano</a>", Op. 91, "Gestillte Sehnsucht" ("Satisfied Longing") and "Geistliches Wiegenlied" ("Spiritual Lullaby") as presents for the famous violinist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Amalie_Joachim" title="Amalie Joachim">Amalie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a> played the viola and apparently said that it was his favorite instrument: his chamber music is rich in important parts for the viola. Two <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> composers, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a>, included significant viola parts, originally written for <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>, in their quartets "<a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Smetana)">From My Life</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Intimate_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimate Letters">Intimate Letters</a>" respectively: the quartets begin with an impassioned statement by the viola. This is similar to Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven all occasionally played the viola part in chamber music. </p><p>The viola occasionally has a major role in orchestral music, a prominent example being <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>' tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i> for solo cello and viola and orchestra. Other examples are the "Ysobel" variation of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Enigma_Variations" title="Enigma Variations">Enigma Variations</a></i> and the solo in his work, <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_South_(Alassio)" title="In the South (Alassio)">In the South (Alassio)</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pas_de_deux" title="Pas de deux">pas de deux</a></i> scene from act 2 of <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adolphe Adam</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Giselle" title="Giselle">Giselle</a></i> and the "La Paix" movement of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Léo Delibes</a>'s ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia" title="Coppélia">Coppélia</a></i>, which features a lengthy viola solo. </p><p>Gabriel Fauré's <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Faur%C3%A9)" title="Requiem (Fauré)">Requiem</a> was originally scored (in 1888) with divided viola sections, lacking the usual violin sections, having only a solo violin for the <i>Sanctus</i>. It was later scored for orchestra with violin sections, and published in 1901. Recordings of the older scoring with violas are available.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the viola repertoire is quite large, the amount written by well-known pre-20th-century composers is relatively small. There are many transcriptions of works for other instruments for the viola and the large number of 20th-century compositions is very diverse. See "The Viola Project" at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, where Professor of Viola <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Levitz" title="Jodi Levitz">Jodi Levitz</a> has paired a composer with each of her students, resulting in a recital of brand-new works played for the very first time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century_and_beyond">Twentieth century and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Twentieth century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viola" title="Special:EditPage/Viola">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Tertis. Englishmen <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss" title="Arthur Bliss">Arthur Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_York_Bowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin York Bowen">Edwin York Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dale" title="Benjamin Dale">Benjamin Dale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> all wrote chamber and concert works for Tertis. <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> wrote well-known viola concertos. Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for the viola; being himself a violist, he often performed his own works. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_flute,_viola_and_harp_(Debussy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata for flute, viola and harp (Debussy)">Sonata for flute, viola and harp</a> has inspired a significant number of other composers to write for this combination. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a> composed his virtuosic <i>Viola Variations</i> in 2008 for Lois Martin. <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> also wrote several works for viola including his <i>Elegy</i> (1943) for viola and piano; it was subsequently transcribed for clarinet. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bloch" title="Ernest Bloch">Ernest Bloch</a>, a Swiss-born American composer best known for his compositions inspired by Jewish music, wrote two famous works for viola, the <i>Suite 1919</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Suite_H%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Suite Hébraïque">Suite Hébraïque</a></i> for solo viola and orchestra. <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Helferich_Clarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca Helferich Clarke">Rebecca Clarke</a> was a 20th-century composer and violist who also wrote extensively for the viola. Lionel Tertis records that Elgar (whose cello concerto Tertis transcribed for viola, with the slow movement in scordatura), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a> (who wrote an <i>Elegy</i>, Op. 44, for viola and piano), and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> all promised concertos for viola, yet all three died before doing any substantial work on them. </p><p>In the latter part of the 20th century a substantial repertoire was produced for the viola; many composers including <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revol_Bunin" title="Revol Bunin">Revol Bunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>, have written <a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">viola concertos</a>. The American composer <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a> wrote a series of works entitled <i>The Viola in My Life</i>, which feature <a href="/wiki/Concertante" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertante">concertante</a> viola parts. In <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">spectral music</a>, the viola has been sought after because of its lower overtone partials that are more easily heard than on the violin. Spectral composers like <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Grisey" title="Gérard Grisey">Gérard Grisey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Horațiu Rădulescu">Horațiu Rădulescu</a> have written solo works for viola. Neo-Romantic, post-Modern composers have also written significant works for viola including <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a> Viola Concerto Op. 56 and Sonata Op. 87, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Seabourne" title="Peter Seabourne">Peter Seabourne</a> a large five-movement work with piano, <i>Pietà</i>, <a href="/wiki/Airat_Ichmouratov" title="Airat Ichmouratov">Airat Ichmouratov</a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Concerto_No.1_(Ichmouratov)" title="Viola Concerto No.1 (Ichmouratov)">Viola Concerto No. 1</a>, Op. 7<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Romances_for_Viola,_Strings,_and_Harp" title="Three Romances for Viola, Strings, and Harp">Three Romances for Viola, Strings, and Harp</a>, Op. 22.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_pop_music">Contemporary pop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viola is sometimes used in contemporary popular music, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a> used the viola,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do some modern groups such as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Dragons" title="Imagine Dragons">Imagine Dragons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> folk duo <a href="/wiki/John_%26_Mary" title="John & Mary">John & Mary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Sea_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sea Power">British Sea Power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Airborne Toxic Event, <a href="/wiki/Marillion" title="Marillion">Marillion</a>, and others often with instruments in a chamber setting. <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> music has also seen its share of violists, from those used in string sections in the early 1900s to a handful of quartets and soloists emerging from the 1960s onward. It is quite unusual though, to use individual bowed string instruments in contemporary popular music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_violists">Notable violists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable violists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_violists" title="List of violists">List of violists</a></div> <p>There are few well-known viola virtuoso soloists, perhaps because little virtuoso viola music was written before the twentieth century. Pre-twentieth century viola players of note include Stamitz, Rolla, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rolla" title="Antonio Rolla">Antonio Rolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_Urhan" title="Chrétien Urhan">Chrétien Urhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Ney" title="Casimir Ney">Casimir Ney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_van_Waefelghem" title="Louis van Waefelghem">Louis van Waefelghem</a>, and Ritter. Important viola pioneers from the twentieth century were Tertis, <a href="/wiki/William_Primrose" title="William Primrose">William Primrose</a>, Hindemith, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Laforge" title="Théophile Laforge">Théophile Laforge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Aronowitz" title="Cecil Aronowitz">Cecil Aronowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Vieux" title="Maurice Vieux">Maurice Vieux</a>, Borisovsky, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Fuchs" title="Lillian Fuchs">Lillian Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dino_Asciolla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dino Asciolla">Dino Asciolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Riddle" title="Frederick Riddle">Frederick Riddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Trampler" title="Walter Trampler">Walter Trampler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wallfisch" title="Ernst Wallfisch">Ernst Wallfisch</a>, Csaba Erdélyi, the only violist to ever win the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Flesch_International_Violin_Competition" title="Carl Flesch International Violin Competition">Carl Flesch International Violin Competition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Vardi" title="Emanuel Vardi">Emanuel Vardi</a>, the first violist to record the <a href="/wiki/24_Caprices_for_Solo_Violin_(Paganini)" title="24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini)">24 Caprices by Paganini</a> on viola. Many noted violinists have publicly performed and recorded on the viola as well, among them <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Zukerman" title="Pinchas Zukerman">Pinchas Zukerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Vengerov" title="Maxim Vengerov">Maxim Vengerov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Rachlin" title="Julian Rachlin">Julian Rachlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ehnes" title="James Ehnes">James Ehnes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kennedy" title="Nigel Kennedy">Nigel Kennedy</a>. </p><p>Among the great composers, several preferred the viola to the violin when they were playing in ensembles, the most noted being <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, Bach<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mozart. Other composers also chose to play the viola in ensembles, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, Mendelssohn, Dvořák, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>. Among those noted both as violists and as composers are <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Clarke_(composer)" title="Rebecca Clarke (composer)">Rebecca Clarke</a> and Hindemith. Contemporary composers and violists <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Bunch" title="Kenji Bunch">Kenji Bunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Slapin" title="Scott Slapin">Scott Slapin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Zhurbin" title="Lev Zhurbin">Lev Zhurbin</a> have written a number of works for viola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_violas">Electric violas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electric violas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amplification of a viola with a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> (and speaker), and adjusting the tone with a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizer</a> can make up for the comparatively weaker output of a violin-family instrument string tuned to notes below G3. There are two types of instruments used for electric viola: regular acoustic violas fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> pickup and specialized electric violas, which have little or no body.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditional acoustic violas are typically only available in historically used earth tones (e.g., brown, reddish-brown, blonde), electric violas may be traditional colors or they may use bright colors, such as red, blue or green. Some electric violas are made of materials other than wood. </p><p>Most electric instruments with lower strings are violin-sized, as they use the amp and speaker to create a big sound, so they do not need a large soundbox. Indeed, some electric violas have little or no soundbox, and thus rely entirely on amplification. Fewer electric violas are available than electric violins. It can be hard for violists who prefer a physical size or familiar touch references of a viola-sized instrument, when they must use an electric viola that uses a smaller violin-sized body. Cale, formerly of The Velvet Underground, is one of the more notable users of such an electric viola and he has used them both for melodies in his solo work and for <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a> in his work with The Velvet Underground (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Venus_in_Furs_(song)" title="Venus in Furs (song)">Venus in Furs</a>"). Other notable players of the electric viola are <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Richardson_(musician)" title="Geoffrey Richardson (musician)">Geoffrey Richardson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(band)" title="Caravan (band)">Caravan</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ramsey.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instruments may be built with an internal <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a>, or may put out an <a href="/wiki/Buffer_amplifier" title="Buffer amplifier">unbuffered</a> <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signal</a>. While such signals may be fed directly to an amplifier or <a href="/wiki/Mixing_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixing board">mixing board</a>, they often benefit from an external preamp/<a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalizer</a> on the end of a short cable, before being fed to the <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">sound system</a>. In rock and other loud styles, the electric viola player may use <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amati#Violas" title="Amati">Amati violas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrod%27s_pad" title="Garrod's pad">Garrod's pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tertis_International_Viola_Competition" title="Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition">Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Vieux_International_Viola_Competition" title="Maurice Vieux International Viola Competition">Maurice Vieux International Viola Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_jokes" title="Viola jokes">Viola jokes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/viola">"viola"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fviola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until the end of the 17th century, there was the <a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">tenor violin</a>, tuned a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a> below the viola.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060546/https://oakvillesuzuki.org/osa/content/violin-viola">"Violin and Viola"</a>. Oakville Suzuki Association. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oakvillesuzuki.org/osa/content/violin-viola">the original</a> on 2013-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violin+and+Viola&rft.pub=Oakville+Suzuki+Association&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foakvillesuzuki.org%2Fosa%2Fcontent%2Fviolin-viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvfa.org/8tet.html">"The Violin Octet"</a>. The New Violin Family Association. 2004–2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Violin+Octet&rft.pub=The+New+Violin+Family+Association&rft.date=2004%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvfa.org%2F8tet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurice" class="citation journal cs1">Maurice, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823210842/http://www.americanviolasociety.org/JAVS%20Online/Summer%202003/Balling/Balling.htm">"Michael Balling: Pioneer German Solo Violist with a New Zealand Interlude"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Viola_Society" title="American Viola Society">American Viola Society</a></i> (Summer 2003). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanviolasociety.org/JAVS%20Online/Summer%202003/Balling/Balling.htm">the original</a> on 2006-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wbur.org&rft.atitle=Meet+The+Father-Daughter+Duo+In+The+Boston+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F30%2Ffather-daughter-boston-symphony-orchestra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2014" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Holly (2014-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUyLBQAAQBAJ&q=Abi+Fry+Viola&pg=PA141"><i>Music and Sound in Documentary Film</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91604-8"><bdi>978-1-317-91604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Sound+in+Documentary+Film&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91604-8&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUyLBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAbi%2BFry%2BViola%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForkel1802" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Forkel, Johann Nikolaus</a> (1802). Claudia Maria Knispel (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach:_His_Life,_Art,_and_Work" title="Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work"><i>Über Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Henschel Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+Johann+Sebastian+Bachs+Leben%2C+Kunst+und+Kunstwerke&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Henschel+Verlag&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Forkel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsonstring.com/violas-facts/electric-viola.htm">"Electric Viola: Amplifying Violas in Modern Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_String_Instrument" title="Johnson String Instrument">Johnson String Instrument</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Johnson+String+Instrument&rft.atitle=Electric+Viola%3A+Amplifying+Violas+in+Modern+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsonstring.com%2Fviolas-facts%2Felectric-viola.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2016" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Mike (2016-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loudersound.com/features/caravan-s-geoffrey-richardson-on-sobriety-and-going-solo">"Caravan's Geoffrey Richardson on sobriety and going solo"</a>. <i>Louder</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louder&rft.atitle=Caravan%27s+Geoffrey+Richardson+on+sobriety+and+going+solo&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loudersound.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcaravan-s-geoffrey-richardson-on-sobriety-and-going-solo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIwasaki2020" class="citation web cs1">Iwasaki, Scott (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parkrecord.com/entertainment/mary-ramsey-celebrates-25-years-as-a-10000-maniac/">"Mary Ramsey celebrates 25 years as a 10,000 Maniac"</a>. <i>ParkRecord.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ParkRecord.com&rft.atitle=Mary+Ramsey+celebrates+25+years+as+a+10%2C000+Maniac&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Iwasaki&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkrecord.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmary-ramsey-celebrates-25-years-as-a-10000-maniac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapman, Eric. "<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Curtin" title="Joseph Curtin">Joseph Curtin</a> and the Evia". <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Viola_Society" title="American Viola Society">American Viola Society</a></i>, vol. 20, no. 1, Spring 2004, pp. 41–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sheila M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhVQAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Violin and Viola: History, Structure, Techniques</i></a>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04864-2-853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-04864-2-853-6"><bdi>978-04864-2-853-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Violin+and+Viola%3A+History%2C+Structure%2C+Techniques&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-04864-2-853-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sheila+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhVQAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viola_(music)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Viola (music)">Viola (music)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.lib.byu.edu/piva/">Primrose International Viola Archive</a> library website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalviolasociety.org">International Viola Society</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715001955/http://josephcurtinstudios.com/gallery/va_j4/top.htm">"Evia" 1999 prototype</a>, Joseph Curtin's experimental viola model</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://violacentral.com/history-of-the-viola/">History of the Viola</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viola-in-music.com">Viola in music</a> – The role of viola in music. Information, description of works, videos, free sheet music, MIDI files, RSS update</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923095342/http://theremin.music.uiowa.edu/MIS.viola.html">Anechoic Recordings of Viola Tones</a> – University of Iowa Electronic Music Studios</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkviola.com/">Dr. Lindsay Aitkenhead's folk viola research page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719151952/http://www.folkviola.com/">Archived</a> 2009-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sonata" title="Viola sonata">Viola sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_sonata" title="Cello sonata">Cello sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">Lirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_(musical_instrument)" title="Quinton (musical instrument)">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_making_and_maintenance" title="Violin making and maintenance">Violin lutherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_musical_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Violin musical styles">Violin musical styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_octet" title="Violin octet">Violin octet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>83 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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