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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parks and protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_plant_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_plant_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Traditional plant foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_plant_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecozones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecozones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ecozones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecozones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indigenous societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_trade_and_colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_trade_and_colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fur trade and colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_trade_and_colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858–1866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858–1866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858–1866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_gold_rushes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_gold_rushes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Later gold rushes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_gold_rushes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_growth_and_development_(1860s_to_1910s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_growth_and_development_(1860s_to_1910s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rapid growth and development (1860s to 1910s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_growth_and_development_(1860s_to_1910s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cultural origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_minorities_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_minorities_and_Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_minorities_and_Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Official symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Roads and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Public transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_life_and_athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_life_and_athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Outdoor life and athletics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outdoor_life_and_athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outdoor life and athletics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_life_and_athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-K-12_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K-12_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>K-12 education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K-12_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>International students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Columbia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Columbi%C3%AB" title="Brits-Columbië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brits-Columbië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B2%E1%88%BD_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ብሪቲሽ ኮለምቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሪቲሽ ኮለምቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryttisc_Columbia" title="Bryttisc Columbia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bryttisc Columbia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كولومبيا البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبيا البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90_%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Columbia Británica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columbia Británica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश कोलम्बिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ब्रिटिश कोलम्बिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_Vyreta%C3%B1agua" title="Kolumbia Vyretañagua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kolumbia Vyretañagua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_Kolumbiyas%C4%B1" title="Britaniya Kolumbiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniya Kolumbiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتیش کولومبیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بریتیش کولومبیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্রিটিশ কলাম্বিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ কলাম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Британ Колумбияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Британ Колумбияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Брытанская Калумбія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанская Калумбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Брытанская Калумбія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брытанская Калумбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश कोलंबिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रिटिश कोलंबिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британска Колумбия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британска Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_Kolumbija" title="Britanska Kolumbija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Britanska Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Британиин Колумби – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Британиин Колумби" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_Brit%C3%A0nica" title="Colúmbia Britànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colúmbia Britànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_Kolumbie" title="Britská Kolumbie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská Kolumbie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culumbia_Britannica" title="Culumbia Britannica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Culumbia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_Columbia" title="Briti Columbia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti Columbia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βρετανική Κολομβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανική Κολομβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Columbia Británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbia Británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_Kolumbio" title="Brita Kolumbio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita Kolumbio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britainiarra" title="Columbia Britainiarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia Britainiarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتیش کلمبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریتیش کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie-Britannique" title="Colombie-Britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colombie-Britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk-Kolumbia" title="Britsk-Kolumbia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Britsk-Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Cholombey_Ghoaldagh" title="Yn Cholombey Ghoaldagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Cholombey Ghoaldagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Bhreatannach" title="Columbia Bhreatannach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Columbia Bhreatannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Columbia Británica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columbia Británica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="브리티시컬럼비아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리티시컬럼비아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բրիտանական Կոլումբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական Կոլումբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश कोलम्बिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश कोलम्बिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_Kolumbija" title="Britanska Kolumbija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanska Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britannic" title="Columbia Britannic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columbia Britannic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colombia" title="British Colombia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="British Colombia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Британийы Колумби – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Британийы Колумби" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska-K%C3%B3lumb%C3%ADa" title="Breska-Kólumbía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska-Kólumbía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britannica" title="Columbia Britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קולומביה הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್‌‌ ಕೊಲಂಬಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್‌‌ ಕೊಲಂಬಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრიტანეთის კოლუმბია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანეთის კოლუმბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британдық Колумбия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британдық Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombi_Bredennek" title="Kolombi Bredennek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kolombi Bredennek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Kolumbia" title="British Kolumbia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="British Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya_Br%C3%AEtan%C3%AE" title="Kolumbiya Brîtanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kolumbiya Brîtanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia_Britanika" title="Kolombia Britanika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kolombia Britanika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britannica" title="Columbia Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columbia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_Kolumbija" title="Britu Kolumbija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_Kolumbija" title="Britų Kolumbija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mbia_Britannega" title="Cómbia Britannega – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cómbia Britannega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Columbia" title="Brits-Columbia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brits-Columbia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britanega" title="Columbia Britanega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Columbia Britanega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Columbia" title="Brit Columbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Columbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Британска Колумбија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британска Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് കൊളംബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് കൊളംബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbja_Brittanika" title="Kolumbja Brittanika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kolumbja Brittanika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश कोलंबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश कोलंबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრიტანეთიშ კოლუმბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრიტანეთიშ კოლუმბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بريتيش كولومبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بريتيش كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتیش کلمبیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بریتیش کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Британийн Колумби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Британийн Колумби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဗြိတိသျှ ကိုလံဘီယာ ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗြိတိသျှ ကိုလံဘီယာ ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Columbia" title="Brits-Columbia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits-Columbia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="ブリティッシュコロンビア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリティッシュコロンビア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Columbia" title="Britisk Columbia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britisk Columbia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Columbia" title="Britisk Columbia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Britisk Columbia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia_Britanica" title="Colómbia Britanica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colómbia Britanica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_Kolumbiyasi" title="Britaniya Kolumbiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Britaniya Kolumbiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="برٹش کولمبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برٹش کولمبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="برېتانوي کولمبيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتانوي کولمبيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brit%C3%A0nica" title="Columbia Britànica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Columbia Britànica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_Brytyjska" title="Kolumbia Brytyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumbia Brytyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_Brit%C3%A2nica" title="Colúmbia Britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colúmbia Britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britanic%C4%83" title="Columbia Britanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbia Britanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_pruwinsya" title="British Columbia pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="British Columbia pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская Колумбия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B9mbia_Brit%C3%A0nnica" title="Colùmbia Britànnica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Colùmbia Britànnica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetish_Columbie" title="Breetish Columbie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetish Columbie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_Britanike" title="Kolumbia Britanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolumbia Britanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%B4_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="برٽش ڪولمبيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برٽش ڪولمبيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_Kolumbia" title="Britská Kolumbia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britská Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_Kolumbija" title="Britanska Kolumbija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Britanska Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjsko_Kol%C5%AFmbijo" title="Brytyjsko Kolůmbijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brytyjsko Kolůmbijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B4_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتش کۆلۆمبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بریتش کۆلۆمبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Британска Колумбија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_Kolumbija" title="Britanska Kolumbija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britanska Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_Kolumbia" title="Brittiläinen Kolumbia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரித்தானிய கொலம்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய கொலம்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Британия Колумбиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Британия Колумбиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐบริติชโคลัมเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบริติชโคลัมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Kolumbiyas%C4%B1" title="Britanya Kolumbiyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Kolumbiyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Британська Колумбія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська Колумбія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="برٹش کولمبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برٹش کولمبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britani_Kolumbiye" title="Britani Kolumbiye – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Britani Kolumbiye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C5%82onbia_Brit%C3%A0nica" title="Cołonbia Britànica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cołonbia Britànica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_Columbia" title="Briti Columbia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Briti Columbia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="不列顛哥倫比亞省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="不列顛哥倫比亞省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Columbia" title="Brits-Columbia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brits-Columbia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="British Columbia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="不列颠哥伦比亚省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不列颠哥伦比亚省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="בריטישע קאלומביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריטישע קאלומביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E8%A9%A9%E7%9C%81" title="卑詩省 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卑詩省" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiyaya_Britanya" title="Kolombiyaya Britanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kolombiyaya Britanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%97tu_Kolumb%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Brėtu Kolumbėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brėtu Kolumbėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="不列颠哥伦比亚省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不列颠哥伦比亚省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Columbia&params=54_N_125_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-BC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°N</span> <span class="longitude">125°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54°N 125°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54; -125</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">British Columbia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Colombie-Britannique</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Province</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of British Columbia"><img alt="Flag of British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/125px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/188px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/250px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbia" title="Flag of British Columbia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia"><img alt="Coat of arms of British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg/76px-Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg/114px-Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg/152px-Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Splendor sine occasu</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'splendour without diminishment')</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BC</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></b></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Provinces and Territories"><img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg/300px-British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg/450px-British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg/600px-British_Columbia_in_Canada_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Columbia&params=54_N_125_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-BC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°N</span> <span class="longitude">125°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54°N 125°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54; -125</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before confederation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Colony_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Colony of British Columbia">United Colony of British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 20, 1871 (7th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span class="nowrap">Lieutenant governor</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Austin" title="Janet Austin">Janet Austin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Eby" title="David Eby">David Eby</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42 of 338 (12.4%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_senators" title="List of British Columbia senators">6 of 105</a> (5.7%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">944,735 km<sup>2</sup> (364,764 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">925,186 km<sup>2</sup> (357,216 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">19,548.9 km<sup>2</sup> (7,547.9 sq mi)  2.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">5th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">9.5% of Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,879<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(Q3 2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,698,430<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5.41/km<sup>2</sup> (14.0/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">British Columbian<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">4th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total (2015)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>249.981 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-GDP2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$53,267</span> (8th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • HDI (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.944<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most of province<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">UTC−08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (Pacific DST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Southeastern</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (Mountain DST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Eastern</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (Mountain [no DST])</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_abbreviations_for_provinces_and_territories" title="Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories">Canadian postal abbr.</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">BC</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_V_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of V postal codes of Canada">V</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CA" title="ISO 3166-2:CA">CA-BC</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific dogwood">Pacific dogwood</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">Western red cedar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_jay" title="Steller's jay">Steller's jay</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Rankings include all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British Columbia</b> (commonly abbreviated as <b>BC</b>) is the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province of Canada</a>. Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, forests, lakes, mountains, inland deserts and grassy plains.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia borders the province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> to the east; the territories of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> to the north; the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to the northwest. With an estimated population of over 5.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million as of 2024, it is Canada's <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">third-most populous province</a>. The capital of British Columbia is <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, while the province's largest city is <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. Vancouver and its suburbs together make up <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> recording 2.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia is Canada's third-largest province in terms of total area, after Quebec and Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">first known</a> human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least 10,000 years ago. Such groups include the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> peoples, among many others. One of the earliest British settlements in the area was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a>, established in 1843, which gave rise to the city of Victoria, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)</a> was subsequently founded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Clement_Moody" title="Richard Clement Moody">Richard Clement Moody</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Clement_Moody_Obituary,_ICE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Clement_Moody_Obituary,_ICE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers,_Columbia_Detachment" title="Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment">Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment</a>, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a>. Moody selected the site for and founded the mainland colony's capital <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_1887_215_in_New_Westminster_District_Directory_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_1887_215_in_New_Westminster_District_Directory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DFB_Richard_Clement_Moody_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFB_Richard_Clement_Moody-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were incorporated in 1866, subsequent to which Victoria became the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">united colony's</a> capital. In 1871, British Columbia entered <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> as the sixth province of Canada, in enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Terms_of_Union" title="British Columbia Terms of Union">British Columbia Terms of Union</a></i>. </p><p>British Columbia is a diverse and cosmopolitan province, drawing on a plethora of cultural influences from its <a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous population</a>. Though the province's ethnic majority originates from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, many British Columbians also trace their ancestors to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2016CensusBCEthnicOrigin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusBCEthnicOrigin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous Canadians</a> constitute about 6 percent of the province's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-indigenouspopulation2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indigenouspopulation2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in the region, though the majority of the population is non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the common language of the province, although <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> also have a large presence in the Metro Vancouver region. The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a> community is an officially recognized linguistic minority, and around one percent of British Columbians claim <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French as their mother tongue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2016CensusBCLanguage_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusBCLanguage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia is home to at least 34 distinct <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major sectors of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_British_Columbia" title="Economy of British Columbia">British Columbia's economy</a> include <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>. Its main exports include <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp and paper">pulp and paper</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia exhibits <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">high property values</a> and is a significant centre for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime trade">maritime trade</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver" title="Port of Vancouver">Port of Vancouver</a> is the largest port in Canada and the most diversified port in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although less than 5 percent of the province's territory is <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, significant agriculture exists in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a> due to the warmer climate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia is home to 45% of all publicly listed companies in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province's name was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)</a>, i.e., "the Mainland", became a British colony in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>, the British name for the territory drained by the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, in southeastern British Columbia, which was the namesake of the pre-<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Department">Columbia Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. Queen Victoria chose <i>British</i> Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from the United States' ("American Columbia" or "Southern Columbia"), which became the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> on August 8, 1848, as a result of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the <i>Columbia</i> in the name <i>British Columbia</i> is derived from the name of the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a></i>, an American ship which lent its name to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> and later the wider region;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Columbia</i> in the name <i>Columbia Rediviva</i> came from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">the name <i>Columbia</i> for the New World or parts thereof</a>, a reference to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. </p><p>The governments of Canada and British Columbia recognize <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Colombie-Britannique</i></span> as the French name for the province.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_British_Columbia" title="Geography of British Columbia">Geography of British Columbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BC_Elevation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BC_Elevation.svg/330px-BC_Elevation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BC_Elevation.svg/495px-BC_Elevation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BC_Elevation.svg/660px-BC_Elevation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>British Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> is epitomized by the variety and intensity of its physical relief, which has defined patterns of <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> and industry since colonization.</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbia is bordered to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and the American state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, to the north by <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, to the east by the province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and to the south by the American states of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">southern border of British Columbia</a> was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, although its history is tied with lands as far south as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. British Columbia's land area is 944,735 square kilometres (364,800 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia's rugged coastline</a> stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres (17,000 mi), and includes deep, mountainous fjords and about 6,000 islands, most of which are uninhabited. It is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia's highest mountain is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fairweather" title="Mount Fairweather">Mount Fairweather</a>; the highest mountain entirely within the province is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Waddington" title="Mount Waddington">Mount Waddington</a>. </p><p>British Columbia's capital is <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, located at the southeastern tip of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>. Only a narrow strip of Vancouver Island, from <a href="/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia" title="Campbell River, British Columbia">Campbell River</a> to Victoria, is significantly populated. Much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a>. </p><p>The province's most populous city is Vancouver, which is at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Strait">Georgia Strait</a>, in the mainland's southwest corner (an area often called the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>). By land area, <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a> is the largest city. <a href="/wiki/Vanderhoof,_British_Columbia" title="Vanderhoof, British Columbia">Vanderhoof</a> is near the geographic centre of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bcmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outline map of British Columbia with significant cities and towns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bcmap.png/220px-Bcmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bcmap.png/330px-Bcmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Bcmap.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Outline map of British Columbia with significant cities and towns</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inside_Passage" title="Inside Passage">Inside Passage</a>'s many <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">inlets</a> provide some of British Columbia's renowned and spectacular scenery, which forms the backdrop and context for a growing outdoor adventure and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> industry. 75 percent of the province is mountainous (more than 1,000 m [3,300 ft] <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>); 60 percent is forested; and only about 5 percent is arable. </p><p>The province's mainland away from the coastal regions is somewhat moderated by the Pacific Ocean. Terrain ranges from dry inland forests and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> valleys, to the range and canyon districts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Central and Southern Interior</a>, to boreal forest and subarctic prairie in the Northern Interior. High mountain regions both north and south have <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine zone">subalpine flora</a><sup id="cite_ref-Subalpine_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subalpine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine climate">subalpine climate</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine_region)" title="Okanagan Valley (wine region)">Okanagan wine area</a>, extending from <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia" title="Vernon, British Columbia">Vernon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Osoyoos" title="Osoyoos">Osoyoos</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oroville%E2%80%93Osoyoos_Border_Crossing" title="Oroville–Osoyoos Border Crossing">Oroville–Osoyoos Border Crossing</a>, is one of several wine and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>-producing regions in Canada. Other wine regions in British Columbia include the <a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Valley" title="Cowichan Valley">Cowichan Valley</a> on Vancouver Island and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a>. </p><p>The Southern Interior cities of <a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penticton" title="Penticton">Penticton</a> have some of the warmest and longest summer climates in Canada (while higher elevations are cold and snowy), although their temperatures are often exceeded north of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a>, close to the confluence of the Fraser and <a href="/wiki/Thompson_River" title="Thompson River">Thompson</a> rivers, where the terrain is rugged and covered with desert-type flora. Semi-desert grassland is found in large areas of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plateau" title="Interior Plateau">Interior Plateau</a>, with land uses ranging from ranching at lower altitudes to forestry at higher ones. </p><p>The northern, mostly mountainous, two-thirds of the province is largely unpopulated and undeveloped, except for the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Rockies</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</a> contains BC's portion of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>, centred at the city of <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Creek,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawson Creek, British Columbia">Dawson Creek</a>. </p><p>British Columbia is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia bioregion</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">American states</a> of Alaska, Idaho, (western) Montana, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, Washington, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">(northern) California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-British_Columbia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> in British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strait_of_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strait_of_Georgia.jpg/220px-Strait_of_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strait_of_Georgia.jpg/330px-Strait_of_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strait_of_Georgia.jpg/440px-Strait_of_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the many mountain ranges and rugged coastline, British Columbia's climate varies dramatically across the province. </p><p>Coastal southern British Columbia has a mild and rainy climate influenced by the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Current" title="North Pacific Current">North Pacific Current</a>. Most of the region is classified as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>, though pockets of <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean">warm-summer Mediterranean climate</a> also exist in the far-southern parts of the coast. Precipitation averages above 1,000 mm (39 in) in almost all of the coastal region, and <a href="/wiki/Hucuktlis_Lake" title="Hucuktlis Lake">Hucuktlis Lake</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> receives an average of 6,903 mm (271.8 in) of rain annually. </p><p>Due to the blocking presence of successive mountain ranges, the climate of some of the interior valleys of the province (such as the Thompson, parts of the Fraser Canyon, the southern Cariboo and parts of the Okanagan) is <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> with certain locations receiving less than 250 millimetres (10 in) in annual precipitation. The annual mean temperature in the most populated areas of the province is up to 12 °C (54 °F), the mildest anywhere in Canada. </p><p>The valleys of the Southern Interior have short winters with only brief bouts of cold or infrequent heavy snow, while those in the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo" title="Cariboo">Cariboo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior#Central_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Central Interior</a>, are colder because of increased altitude and latitude, but without the intensity or duration experienced at similar latitudes elsewhere in Canada. Outside of the driest valleys, the Southern and Central Interior generally have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> with widely variable precipitation. For example, the average daily low in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a> (roughly in the middle of the province) in January is −12 °C (10 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small towns in the southern interior with high elevation such as <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_British_Columbia" title="Princeton, British Columbia">Princeton</a> are typically colder and snowier than cities in the valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy snowfall occurs in all elevated mountainous terrain providing bases for skiers in both south and central British Columbia. Annual snowfall on highway mountain passes in the southern interior rivals some of the snowiest cities in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and freezing rain and fog are sometimes present on such roads as well.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can result in hazardous driving conditions, as people are usually travelling between warmer areas such as Vancouver or <a href="/wiki/Kamloops,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamloops, British Columbia">Kamloops</a>, and may be unaware that the conditions may be slippery and cold.<sup id="cite_ref-Coq_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coq-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento,_B.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg/220px-Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg/330px-Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg/440px-Shuswap_Lake_from_Sorrento%2C_B.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Shuswap Lake as seen from Sorrento</figcaption></figure> <p>Winters are generally severe in the Northern Interior which is generally in the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> zone, but even there, milder air can penetrate far inland. The coldest temperature in British Columbia was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Smith_River,_British_Columbia" title="Smith River, British Columbia">Smith River</a>, where it dropped to −58.9 °C (−74.0 °F) on January 31, 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-KCH-WD2-2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCH-WD2-2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the coldest readings recorded anywhere in North America. <a href="/wiki/Atlin,_British_Columbia" title="Atlin, British Columbia">Atlin</a> in the province's far northwest, along with the adjoining Southern Lakes region of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, get midwinter thaws caused by the <a href="/wiki/Chinook_(wind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook (wind)">Chinook</a> effect, which is also common (and much warmer) in more southerly parts of the Interior. </p><p>During winter on the coast, <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>, sometimes relentless heavy rain, dominates because of consistent barrages of cyclonic low-pressure systems from the North Pacific. Average snowfall on the coast during a normal winter is between 25 and 50 centimetres (10 and 20 in), but on occasion (and not every winter) heavy snowfalls with more than 20 centimetres (8 in) and well below freezing temperatures arrive when modified arctic air reaches coastal areas, typically for short periods, and can take temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F), even at sea level. Arctic outflow winds can occasionally result in wind chill temperatures at or even below −17.8 °C (0.0 °F).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While winters are very wet, coastal areas are generally milder and dry during summer under the influence of stable anti-cyclonic high pressure. </p><p>Southern Interior valleys are hot in summer; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Osoyoos" title="Osoyoos">Osoyoos</a>, the July maximum temperature averages 31.7 °C (89.1 °F), making it the hottest month of any location in Canada; this hot weather sometimes spreads towards the coast or to the far north of the province. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the lower elevations of valleys in the Interior during mid-summer, with the record high of 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) being held in <a href="/wiki/Lytton,_British_Columbia" title="Lytton, British Columbia">Lytton</a> on June 29, 2021, during <a href="/wiki/2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave" title="2021 Western North America heat wave">a record-breaking heat wave that year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/220px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/330px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/440px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a> region has a climate suitable for vineyards.</figcaption></figure> <p>The extended summer dryness often creates conditions that spark forest fires, from dry-lightning or man-made causes. Many areas of the province are often covered by a blanket of heavy cloud and low fog during the winter months, in contrast to abundant summer sunshine. Annual sunshine hours vary from 2200 near Cranbrook and Victoria to less than 1300 in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast#North_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">North Coast</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a>. </p><p>The exception to British Columbia's wet and cloudy winters is during the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> phase. During El Niño events, the jet stream is much farther south across North America, making the province's winters milder and drier than normal. Winters are much wetter and cooler during the opposite phase, <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%; font-size:95%;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in British Columbia<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Climate_Normals_or_Averages_1981–2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Climate_Normals_or_Averages_1981–2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Municipality </th> <th colspan="2">January </th> <th colspan="2">April </th> <th colspan="2">July </th> <th colspan="2">October </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number">Max </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Min </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Max </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Min </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Max </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Min </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Max </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Min </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert</a> </td> <td>5.6 °C (42.1 °F) </td> <td>−0.8 °C (30.6 °F) </td> <td>10.2 °C (50.4 °F) </td> <td>2.5 °C (36.5 °F) </td> <td>16.2 °C (61.2 °F) </td> <td>10.5 °C (50.9 °F) </td> <td>11.1 °C (52.0 °F) </td> <td>4.9 °C (40.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tofino" title="Tofino">Tofino</a> </td> <td>8.3 °C (46.9 °F) </td> <td>2.3 °C (36.1 °F) </td> <td>11.9 °C (53.4 °F) </td> <td>4.0 °C (39.2 °F) </td> <td>18.9 °C (66.0 °F) </td> <td>10.5 °C (50.9 °F) </td> <td>13.6 °C (56.5 °F) </td> <td>6.3 °C (43.3 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a> </td> <td>6.9 °C (44.4 °F) </td> <td>0.1 °C (32.2 °F) </td> <td>14.1 °C (57.4 °F) </td> <td>3.9 °C (39.0 °F) </td> <td>23.9 °C (75.0 °F) </td> <td>12.3 °C (54.1 °F) </td> <td>14.6 °C (58.3 °F) </td> <td>5.2 °C (41.4 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> </td> <td>7.6 °C (45.7 °F) </td> <td>1.5 °C (34.7 °F) </td> <td>13.6 °C (56.5 °F) </td> <td>4.3 °C (39.7 °F) </td> <td>22.4 °C (72.3 °F) </td> <td>11.3 °C (52.3 °F) </td> <td>14.2 °C (57.6 °F) </td> <td>5.7 °C (42.3 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> </td> <td>6.9 °C (44.4 °F) </td> <td>1.4 °C (34.5 °F) </td> <td>13.2 °C (55.8 °F) </td> <td>5.6 °C (42.1 °F) </td> <td>22.2 °C (72.0 °F) </td> <td>13.7 °C (56.7 °F) </td> <td>13.5 °C (56.3 °F) </td> <td>7.0 °C (44.6 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a> </td> <td>6.1 °C (43.0 °F) </td> <td>0.4 °C (32.7 °F) </td> <td>15.8 °C (60.4 °F) </td> <td>5.2 °C (41.4 °F) </td> <td>25.0 °C (77.0 °F) </td> <td>12.5 °C (54.5 °F) </td> <td>15.3 °C (59.5 °F) </td> <td>6.4 °C (43.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penticton" title="Penticton">Penticton</a> </td> <td>1.8 °C (35.2 °F) </td> <td>−3.0 °C (26.6 °F) </td> <td>15.7 °C (60.3 °F) </td> <td>2.5 °C (36.5 °F) </td> <td>28.7 °C (83.7 °F) </td> <td>13.3 °C (55.9 °F) </td> <td>14.3 °C (57.7 °F) </td> <td>3.2 °C (37.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a> </td> <td>0.4 °C (32.7 °F) </td> <td>−5.9 °C (21.4 °F) </td> <td>16.6 °C (61.9 °F) </td> <td>3.2 °C (37.8 °F) </td> <td>28.9 °C (84.0 °F) </td> <td>14.2 °C (57.6 °F) </td> <td>13.7 °C (56.7 °F) </td> <td>3.3 °C (37.9 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osoyoos" title="Osoyoos">Osoyoos</a> </td> <td>2.0 °C (35.6 °F) </td> <td>−3.8 °C (25.2 °F) </td> <td>18.1 °C (64.6 °F) </td> <td>3.6 °C (38.5 °F) </td> <td>31.5 °C (88.7 °F) </td> <td>14.3 °C (57.7 °F) </td> <td>16.4 °C (61.5 °F) </td> <td>3.5 °C (38.3 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_British_Columbia" title="Princeton, British Columbia">Princeton</a> </td> <td>−1.4 °C (29.5 °F) </td> <td>−8.6 °C (16.5 °F) </td> <td>14.4 °C (57.9 °F) </td> <td>−0.3 °C (31.5 °F) </td> <td>26.3 °C (79.3 °F) </td> <td>9.5 °C (49.1 °F) </td> <td>13.2 °C (55.8 °F) </td> <td>0.3 °C (32.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cranbrook,_British_Columbia" title="Cranbrook, British Columbia">Cranbrook</a> </td> <td>−1.9 °C (28.6 °F) </td> <td>−10.2 °C (13.6 °F) </td> <td>12.9 °C (55.2 °F) </td> <td>0.3 °C (32.5 °F) </td> <td>26.2 °C (79.2 °F) </td> <td>11.2 °C (52.2 °F) </td> <td>11.7 °C (53.1 °F) </td> <td>−0.3 °C (31.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a> </td> <td>−4.0 °C (24.8 °F) </td> <td>−11.7 °C (10.9 °F) </td> <td>11.2 °C (52.2 °F) </td> <td>−1.1 °C (30.0 °F) </td> <td>22.4 °C (72.3 °F) </td> <td>9.1 °C (48.4 °F) </td> <td>9.4 °C (48.9 °F) </td> <td>−0.5 °C (31.1 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_British_Columbia" title="Fort Nelson, British Columbia">Fort Nelson</a> </td> <td>−16.1 °C (3.0 °F) </td> <td>−24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) </td> <td>9.6 °C (49.3 °F) </td> <td>−3.6 °C (25.5 °F) </td> <td>23.2 °C (73.8 °F) </td> <td>10.9 °C (51.6 °F) </td> <td>5.2 °C (41.4 °F) </td> <td>−4.2 °C (24.4 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_protected_areas">Parks and protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parks and protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_British_Columbia" title="List of protected areas of British Columbia">List of protected areas of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Provincial_Parks" title="List of British Columbia Provincial Parks">List of British Columbia Provincial Parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Snow_covered_mountains_in_Mount_Robson_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Robson" title="Mount Robson">Mount Robson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg/220px-Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg/330px-Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg/440px-Lake_O%27Hara_Yoho_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odaray_Mountain" title="Odaray Mountain">Odaray Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_O%27Hara" title="Lake O'Hara">Lake O'Hara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are 14 designations of parks and protected areas in the province that reflect the different administration and creation of these areas in a modern context. There are 141 ecological reserves, 35 provincial marine parks, 7 provincial heritage sites, 6 <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and 3 national park reserves. 12.5 percent of the province's area (114,000 km<sup>2</sup> or 44,000 sq mi) is considered protected under one of the 14 different designations that includes over 800 distinct areas. </p><p>British Columbia contains seven of <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">Canada's national parks</a> and National Park Reserves: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands National Park Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pacific Rim National Park Reserve">Pacific Rim National Park Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a></li></ul> <p>British Columbia contains a large number of <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">provincial parks</a>, run by BC Parks under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment. British Columbia's provincial parks system is the second largest parks system in Canada, the largest being Canada's National Parks system. </p><p>Another tier of parks in British Columbia are <a href="/wiki/Regional_park" title="Regional park">regional parks</a>, which are maintained and run by <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of regional districts of British Columbia">the province's regional districts</a>. The Ministry of Forests operates forest recreation sites. </p><p>In addition to these areas, over 47,000 square kilometres (18,000 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Land_Reserve" title="Agricultural Land Reserve">Agricultural Land Reserve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG/220px-Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG/330px-Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG/440px-Awesome_Takakkaw_Falls_IMG_4771.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the province is undeveloped, so populations of many mammalian species that have become rare in much of the United States still flourish in British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watching animals of various sorts, including a very wide range of birds, has long been popular. Bears (<a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black</a>—including the <a href="/wiki/Kermode_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermode bear">Kermode bear</a> or spirit bear) live here, as do <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">big-horn sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">mustelids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">fishers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_duck" title="Harlequin duck">harlequin ducks</a>, and many other sorts of ducks. Smaller birds (<a href="/wiki/American_robin" title="American robin">robins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grosbeak" title="Grosbeak">grosbeaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">chickadees</a>, and so on) also abound.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murrelets are known from Frederick Island, a small island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many healthy populations of fish are present, including <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmonids</a> such as several species of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">char</a>. Besides salmon and trout, sport-fishers in BC also catch <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>. On the coast, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">harbour seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">river otters</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacean</a> species native to the coast include the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey whale">grey whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Dall's porpoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided dolphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._(7958950226).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg/220px-Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg/330px-Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg/440px-Along_the_High_note_trail_atop_Whistler_Mtn._%287958950226%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheakamus_Lake" title="Cheakamus Lake">Cheakamus Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Provincial_Park" title="Garibaldi Provincial Park">Garibaldi Provincial Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg/220px-Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg/330px-Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg/440px-Dorsal_fin_of_a_Humpback_whale_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5290" data-file-height="3527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sooke" title="Sooke">Sooke</a> coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Some endangered species in British Columbia are: <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_marmot" title="Vancouver Island marmot">Vancouver Island marmot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_owl" title="Spotted owl">spotted owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_white_pelican" title="American white pelican">American white pelican</a>, and badgers. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Endangered species in British Columbia<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Type of organism </th> <th scope="col">Red-listed species in BC </th> <th scope="col">Total number of species in BC </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Freshwater fish </td> <td>24 </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Amphibians </td> <td>5 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Reptiles </td> <td>6 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Birds </td> <td>34 </td> <td>465 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Terrestrial mammals </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">(Requires new data)</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">(Requires new data)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Marine mammals </td> <td>3 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Plants </td> <td>257 </td> <td>2333 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Butterflies </td> <td>19 </td> <td>187 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Dragonflies </td> <td>9 </td> <td>87 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forests">Forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White spruce or <a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">Engelmann spruce</a> and their hybrids occur in 12 of the 14 <a href="/wiki/Biogeoclimatic_zones_of_British_Columbia" title="Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia">biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coates_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coates-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common types of trees present in BC's forests include <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">western redcedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callitropsis_nootkatensis" title="Callitropsis nootkatensis">yellow-cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_scopulorum" title="Juniperus scopulorum">Rocky Mountain juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_contorta" title="Pinus contorta">lodgepole pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa" title="Pinus ponderosa">ponderosa or yellow pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_albicaulis" title="Pinus albicaulis">whitebark pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_flexilis" title="Pinus flexilis">limber pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_white_pine" title="Western white pine">western white pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larix_occidentalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix occidentalis">western larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larix_lyallii" title="Larix lyallii">alpine larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">Engelmann spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">Sitka spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_grandis" title="Abies grandis">grand fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_amabilis" title="Abies amabilis">Amabilis fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_lasiocarpa" title="Abies lasiocarpa">subalpine fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">western hemlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">mountain hemlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii">Douglas-fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">western yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornus_nuttallii" title="Cornus nuttallii">Pacific dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum" title="Acer macrophyllum">bigleaf maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_glabrum" title="Acer glabrum">Douglas maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_circinatum" title="Acer circinatum">vine maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_menziesii" title="Arbutus menziesii">arbutus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_douglasii" title="Crataegus douglasii">black hawthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_purshiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus purshiana">cascara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_garryana" title="Quercus garryana">Garry oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malus_fusca" title="Malus fusca">Pacific crab apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_virginiana" title="Prunus virginiana">choke cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_pensylvanica" title="Prunus pensylvanica">pin cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_emarginata" title="Prunus emarginata">bitter cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnus_rubra" title="Alnus rubra">red alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnus_tenuifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnus tenuifolia">mountain alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">paper birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_occidentalis" title="Betula occidentalis">water birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa" title="Populus trichocarpa">black cottonwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_balsamifera" title="Populus balsamifera">balsam poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">trembling aspen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_plant_foods">Traditional plant foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional plant foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_medicinal_plants_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild and medicinal plants of British Columbia">Wild and medicinal plants of British Columbia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="First Nations in British Columbia">First Nations peoples of British Columbia</a> used plants for food, and to produce material goods like fuel and building products. Plant foods included berries, and roots like <a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">camas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecozones">Ecozones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecozones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> subdivides British Columbia into six <a href="/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada" title="Ecozones of Canada">ecozones</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Marine_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Pacific Marine Ecozone (CEC)">Pacific Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Maritime_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Pacific Maritime Ecozone (CEC)">Pacific Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_Cordillera" title="Boreal Cordillera">Boreal Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_Cordillera" title="Montane Cordillera">Montane Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga_Plains_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Taiga Plains Ecozone (CEC)">Taiga Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_Plains_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Boreal Plains Ecozone (CEC)">Boreal Plains Ecozones</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">History of British Columbia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_societies">Indigenous societies<span class="anchor" id="First_Nations_(Aboriginal)_history"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indigenous societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Aboriginal_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples">The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namgis_(Native_American)._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg/220px-Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg/330px-Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg/440px-Namgis_%28Native_American%29._Thunderbird_Transformation_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCNamgis" title="ʼNamgis">ʼNamgis</a> <i>Thunderbird Transformation Mask</i>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The area now known as British Columbia is home to First Nations groups that have a deep history with a significant number of indigenous languages. There are more than 200 First Nations in BC. Prior to contact (with non-Aboriginal people), human history is known from oral histories, archaeological investigations, and from early records from explorers encountering societies early in the period. </p><p>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Paleoindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoindians">Paleoindians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> took place between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Muckle2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muckle2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a> families were the main social structure from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-BastianMitchell2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BastianMitchell2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomadic population lived in non-permanent structures foraging for nuts, berries and edible roots while hunting and trapping larger and small game for food and furs.<sup id="cite_ref-BastianMitchell2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BastianMitchell2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 5,000 years ago individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally. Coast Salish peoples had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience. Forest gardens on Canada's northwest coast included crabapple, hazelnut, cranberry, wild plum, and wild cherry species.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization with a more <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BastianMitchell2004_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BastianMitchell2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indigenous populations evolved over the next 5,000 years across a large area into many groups with shared traditions and customs. </p><p>To the northwest of the province are the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Athapaskan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapaskan languages">Athapaskan-speaking peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a>, who live on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. The Na-Dene language group is believed to be linked to the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> of Siberia:<sup id="cite_ref-BENGTSON_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BENGTSON-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-BENGTSON_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BENGTSON-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Interior of British Columbia</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan language</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Secwepemc" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemc">Shuswap (Secwepemc)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan people">Okanagan</a> and Athabaskan language groups, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Dakelh" title="Dakelh">Dakelh</a> (Carrier) and the <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin people">Tsilhqotʼin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia coast shelter large, distinctive populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuu-chah-nulth people">Nuu-chah-nulth</a>, sustained by the region's abundant salmon and shellfish.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These peoples developed <a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">complex cultures</a> dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Western_red_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Western red cedar">western red cedar</a> that included wooden houses, seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> items and <a href="/wiki/Totem_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem poles">totem poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact with Europeans brought a series of devastating epidemics of diseases the people had no immunity to.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population dramatically collapsed, culminating in the 1862 smallpox outbreak in Victoria that spread throughout the coast. European settlement did not bode well for the remaining native population of British Columbia. Colonial officials deemed colonists could make better use of the land than the First Nations people, and thus the land should be owned by the colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmartin2009_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmartin2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 120">: 120 </span></sup> To ensure colonists would be able to settle properly and make use of the land, First Nations were forcibly relocated onto <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserves</a>, which were often too small to support their way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmartin2009_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmartin2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 120–121">: 120–121 </span></sup> By the 1930s, British Columbia had over 1500 reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmartin2009_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmartin2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_trade_and_colonial_era">Fur trade and colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fur trade and colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></div> <p>Lands now known as British Columbia were added to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> during the 19th century. Colonies originally begun with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (Vancouver Island, the mainland) were amalgamated, then entered Confederation as British Columbia in 1871 as part of the Dominion of Canada. </p><p>During the 1770s, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> killed at least 30 percent of the Pacific Northwest <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This devastating epidemic was the first in a series; the <a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</a> killed about half to two-thirds of the native population of what became British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lange_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg/220px-Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg/330px-Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg/440px-Spanish_fort_San_Miguel_at_Nootka_in_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a> at Nootka in 1793</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg/130px-Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg/195px-Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg/260px-Kwakiutl_house_pole_InvMH975-123-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw">Kwakwaka'wakw</a> <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">house pole</a>, second half of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of Europeans began around the mid-18th century, as <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> entered the area to harvest <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a>. While it is thought <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> may have explored the British Columbian coast in 1579, it was <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan Pérez</a> who completed the first documented voyage, which took place in 1774. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a> explored the coast in 1775. In doing so, Pérez and Quadra reasserted the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> claim for the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a>, first made by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> in 1513. </p><p>The explorations of <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in 1778 and <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> in 1792 and 1793 established British jurisdiction over the coastal area north and west of the Columbia River. In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Mackenzie">Sir Alexander Mackenzie</a> was the first European to journey across North America overland to the Pacific Ocean, inscribing a stone marking his accomplishment on the shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Dean_Channel" title="Dean Channel">Dean Channel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Coola, British Columbia">Bella Coola</a>. His expedition theoretically established British sovereignty inland, and a succession of other fur company explorers charted the maze of rivers and mountain ranges between the Canadian Prairies and the Pacific. Mackenzie and other explorers—notably <a href="/wiki/John_Finlay_(fur_trader)" title="John Finlay (fur trader)">John Finlay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)" title="Simon Fraser (explorer)">Simon Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Black" title="Samuel Black">Samuel Black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a>—were primarily concerned with extending the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>, rather than political considerations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1794, by the third of a series of agreements known as the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> conceded its claims of exclusivity in the Pacific. This opened the way for formal claims and colonization by other powers, including Britain, but because of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, there was little British action on its claims in the region until later. </p><p>The establishment of <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), effectively established a permanent British presence in the region. The Columbia District was broadly defined as being south of 54°40 north latitude, (the southern limit of <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a>), north of Mexican-controlled California, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. It was, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Anglo-American Convention of 1818</a>, under the "joint occupancy and use" of citizens of the United States and subjects of Britain (which is to say, the fur companies).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This co-occupancy was ended with the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> of 1846. </p><p>The major supply route was the <a href="/wiki/York_Factory_Express" title="York Factory Express">York Factory Express</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a>. Some of the early outposts grew into settlements, communities, and cities. Among the places in British Columbia that began as fur trading posts are <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John</a> (established 1794); <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Hope" title="Hudson's Hope">Hudson's Hope</a> (1805); <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_British_Columbia" title="Fort Nelson, British Columbia">Fort Nelson</a> (1805); <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._James" title="Fort St. James">Fort St. James</a> (1806); <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a> (1807); Kamloops (1812); <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a> (1827); <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a> (1843); <a href="/wiki/Yale,_British_Columbia" title="Yale, British Columbia">Yale</a> (1848); and Nanaimo (1853). Fur company posts that became cities in what is now the United States include <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a>), formerly the "capital" of Hudson's Bay operations in the Columbia District, <a href="/wiki/Colville,_Washington" title="Colville, Washington">Colville, Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington" title="Walla Walla, Washington">Walla Walla, Washington</a> (old <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nez_Perc%C3%A9s" title="Fort Nez Percés">Fort Nez Percés</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Fort_Rupert,_Beaver_Harbour,_Vancouver%27s_Island,_July_23rd_1851_(Canada).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe%2C_Fort_Rupert%2C_Beaver_Harbour%2C_Vancouver%27s_Island%2C_July_23rd_1851_%28Canada%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rupert" title="Fort Rupert">Fort Rupert</a>, Vancouver Island, 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>With the amalgamation of the two fur trading companies in 1821, modern-day British Columbia existed in three fur trading departments. The bulk of the central and northern interior was organized into the <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a> district, administered from Fort St. James. The interior south of the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_River" title="Thompson River">Thompson River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> and north of the Columbia was organized into the Columbia District, administered from Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River. The northeast corner of the province east of the Rockies, known as the Peace River Block, was attached to the much larger <a href="/wiki/District_of_Athabasca" title="District of Athabasca">Athabasca District</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chipewyan" title="Fort Chipewyan">Fort Chipewyan</a>, in present-day Alberta. </p><p>Until 1849, these districts were a wholly unorganized area of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> under the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> jurisdiction of HBC administrators; however, unlike <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> to the north and east, the territory was not a concession to the company. Rather, it was simply granted a monopoly to trade with the First Nations inhabitants. All that was changed with the westward extension of American exploration and the concomitant overlapping claims of territorial sovereignty, especially in the southern <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_drainage_basin" title="Columbia River drainage basin">Columbia Basin</a> (within present day Washington and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>). In 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> divided the territory along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a>, with the area south of this boundary (excluding Vancouver Island and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a>) transferred to sole American sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> was created in 1849, with Victoria designated as the capital. New Caledonia, as the whole of the mainland rather than just its north-central Interior came to be called, continued to be an unorganized territory of British North America, "administered" by individual HBC trading post managers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858–1866)"><span id="Colony_of_British_Columbia_.281858.E2.80.931866.29"></span>Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)">Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Clement_Moody" title="Richard Clement Moody">Richard Clement Moody</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas (governor)</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> in 1858, an influx of Americans into New Caledonia prompted the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">colonial office</a> to designate the mainland as the Colony of British Columbia. When news of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> reached London, Richard Clement Moody was hand-picked by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton">Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton</a>, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west"<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_J._Hauka_2003,_p.146_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_J._Hauka_2003,_p.146-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman200771_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman200771-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force": he sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world"<sup id="cite_ref-scott1983_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> and he decided to send Moody, whom the government considered to be the "English gentleman and British Officer"<sup id="cite_ref-scott1983_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> to lead the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers,_Columbia_Detachment" title="Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment">Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment</a>. </p><p>Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers,_Columbia_Detachment" title="Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment">Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Clement_Moody_Obituary,_ICE_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Clement_Moody_Obituary,_ICE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sworn in as the first <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">lieutenant governor of British Columbia</a> and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia. On the advice of Lytton, Moody hired <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnaby" title="Robert Burnaby">Robert Burnaby</a> as his personal secretary. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuyp,_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas,_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Cuyp%2C_Aelbert_-_Cattle_near_the_Maas%2C_with_Dordrecht_in_the_distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4933" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption><i>Cattle near the Maas</i> by Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Aelbert_Cuyp" title="Aelbert Cuyp">Aelbert Cuyp</a>. Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Cuyp.</figcaption></figure> <p>In British Columbia, Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the crown and of the robe".<sup id="cite_ref-scott1983_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Subsequent to the enactment of the <i>Pre-emption Act</i> of 1860, Moody settled the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>. He selected the site and founded the new capital, <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>. He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port.<sup id="cite_ref-scott1983_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The entrance to the Frazer is very striking—Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet <a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">fr</a> the Background of Superb Mountains-- Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... My imagination converted the silent marshes into <a href="/wiki/Cuyp" title="Cuyp">Cuyp</a>-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman20077_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman20077-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria,_British_Columbia,_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg/220px-Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg/330px-Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg/440px-Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Victoria, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Lord Lytton "forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town" and the efforts of Moody's engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds, which, together with the continuous opposition of <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">Governor James Douglas</a>, whom Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Frederick_Elliot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Frederick Elliot (page does not exist)">Thomas Frederick Elliot</a> (1808 – 1880) described as 'like any other fraud',<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'made it impossible for [Moody's] design to be fulfilled'.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heraldicscienceheraldique.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldicscienceheraldique.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scott1983_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network, including what would become <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_(Vancouver)" title="Kingsway (Vancouver)">Kingsway</a>, connecting New Westminster to <a href="/wiki/False_Creek" title="False Creek">False Creek</a>, the North Road between <a href="/wiki/Port_Moody" title="Port Moody">Port Moody</a> and New Westminster, and the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Road" title="Cariboo Road">Cariboo Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Park" title="Stanley Park">Stanley Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-royalengineers.ca_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royalengineers.ca-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named <a href="/wiki/Burnaby_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaby Lake">Burnaby Lake</a> after his private secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnaby" title="Robert Burnaby">Robert Burnaby</a> and named Port Coquitlam's 400-foot "Mary Hill" after his wife. As part of the surveying effort, several tracts were designated "government reserves", which included <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Park" title="Stanley Park">Stanley Park</a> as a military reserve (a strategic location in case of an American invasion). The <i>Pre-emption Act</i> did not specify conditions for distributing the land, so large parcels were snapped up by speculators, including 1,518 hectares (3,750 acres) by Moody himself. For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for <a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a>. Moody designed the first <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia">coat of arms of British Columbia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Port_Moody" title="Port Moody">Port Moody</a> is named after him. It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US. </p><p>By 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a>, attracting an additional 5000 miners, was underway, and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road (commonly known now as the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Wagon_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariboo Wagon Road">Cariboo Wagon Road</a>) up the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a> to the prospecting region around <a href="/wiki/Barkerville" title="Barkerville">Barkerville</a>. By the time of this gold rush, the character of the colony was changing, as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region, establishing businesses, opening <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a>, and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishing</a> and agriculture. With this increased stability, objections to the colony's absentee governor and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> began to be vocalized, led by the influential editor of the <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a> <i>British Columbian</i> and future <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robson_(politician)" title="John Robson (politician)">John Robson</a>. A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864. Finally, the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_gold_rushes">Later gold rushes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later gold rushes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of gold rushes in various parts of the province followed, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> in 1862, forcing the colonial administration into deeper debt as it struggled to meet the extensive infrastructure needs of far-flung boom communities like <a href="/wiki/Barkerville,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkerville, British Columbia">Barkerville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillooet" title="Lillooet">Lillooet</a>, which sprang up overnight. The Vancouver Island colony was facing financial crises of its own, and pressure to merge the two eventually <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)">succeeded in 1866</a>, when the colony of British Columbia was amalgamated with the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)</a>, which was, in turn, succeeded by the present day province of British Columbia following the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> of 1871. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_growth_and_development_(1860s_to_1910s)"><span id="Rapid_growth_and_development_.281860s_to_1910s.29"></span>Rapid growth and development (1860s to 1910s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rapid growth and development (1860s to 1910s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">Amor De Cosmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">Canada in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/220px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/330px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/440px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Lord Strathcona</a> drives the <a href="/wiki/Last_Spike_(Canadian_Pacific_Railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)">Last Spike</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Craigellachie,_British_Columbia" title="Craigellachie, British Columbia">Craigellachie</a>, November 7, 1885. Completion of the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> was a condition of British Columbia's entry into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craigellachie_(Gedenkstein).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg/220px-Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg/330px-Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg/440px-Craigellachie_%28Gedenkstein%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the "last spike" in Craigellachie</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederation League led the chorus pressing for the colony to join Canada, which had been created out of three British North American colonies in 1867 (the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>). With the agreement by the Canadian government to extend the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> to British Columbia and assume the colony's debt, British Columbia became the sixth province to join <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> on July 20, 1871. The Treaty of Washington sent the <a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a> San Juan Islands Border dispute to arbitration in 1871 and in 1903, the province's territory shrank again after the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a> settled the vague boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Panhandle">Alaska Panhandle</a>. </p><p>Population in British Columbia continued to expand as the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishing</a> sectors were developed. Mining activity was notable throughout the Mainland, that a common epithet it, even after provincehood, was "the Gold Colony".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture attracted settlers to the fertile Fraser Valley. Cattle ranchers and later fruit growers came to the drier grasslands of the Thompson Rivers, the Cariboo, the <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_Country" title="Chilcotin Country">Chilcotin</a>, and the Okanagan. Forestry drew workers to the temperate rainforests of the coast, which was also the locus of a growing fishery. </p><p>The completion of the railway in 1885 contributed to the economy, facilitating the transportation of the region's considerable resources to the east. The milltown of Granville, also known as <a href="/wiki/Gastown" title="Gastown">Gastown</a> was selected as the terminus. This prompted the incorporation of the city of Vancouver in 1886. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver" title="Port of Vancouver">Port of Vancouver</a> spurred rapid growth, and in less than fifty years the city surpassed <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, as the largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>. The early decades of the province were ones in which issues of land use—specifically, its settlement and development—were paramount. This included expropriation from First Nations people of their land, control over its resources, as well as the ability to trade in some resources, such as fishing. </p><p>Establishing a <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labour force</a> to develop the province was problematic, and British Columbia was a destination of immigration from Europe, China, Japan and India. The influx of a non-<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> population stimulated resentment from the dominant ethnic groups, resulting in agitation and an attempt to restrict the ability of <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian people</a> to immigrate to British Columbia through the imposition of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax" title="Chinese head tax">Chinese head tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resentment culminated in mob attacks against Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Vancouver in 1887 and 1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/180px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/270px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/360px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wait_for_Me,_Daddy" title="Wait for Me, Daddy">Wait for Me, Daddy</a></i>, a photo taken by <a href="/wiki/Claude_P._Dettloff" title="Claude P. Dettloff">Claude P. Dettloff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_British_Columbia_Regiment_(Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own)_(RCAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) (RCAC)">British Columbia Regiment</a> marching in <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>, October 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In World War I, the province responded strongly to the call to assist the British Empire against its German foes in French and Belgian battlefields. About 55,570 of the province's 400,000 residents, the highest per-capita rate in Canada, responded to the military's need. About 6,225 men from the province died in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, a second transcontinental rail line, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Pacific Railway">Grand Trunk Pacific</a>, was completed. This opened up the North Coast and <a href="/wiki/Bulkley_Valley" title="Bulkley Valley">Bulkley Valley</a> region to new economic opportunities. What had previously been an almost exclusively fur-trading and subsistence economy soon became an area for forestry, farming, and mining. This sector attracted workers from Asia and Europe, leading to a diverse but conflict-ridden society. The early 20th century saw significant interaction between immigrants, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, and economic forces. There was a rise in the labour movement, marked by strikes and conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier" title="Battle of Ballantyne Pier">1935 docker's strike at Ballantyne Pier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek" title="On-to-Ottawa Trek">On-to-Ottawa Trek</a>. These events underscored tensions between workers and big business, often mediated by the Communist Party. Racial and ethnic relations were strained, with legislation reflecting the era's racial prejudices, notably against Asian immigrants and First Nations. The early and mid-20th century was marred by incidents like the <a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru incident</a>, highlighting anti-Asian sentiment. </p><p>The interwar period and World War II introduced significant changes, including <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> and its eventual repeal, and the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">internment of Japanese Canadians</a>. The post-war era saw coalition governments and a booming economy, spearheaded by infrastructure projects and industrial expansion. The <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">Social Credit Party</a>, under <a href="/wiki/W.A.C._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="W.A.C. Bennett">W.A.C. Bennett</a>, dominated BC politics, initiating major projects and laying the groundwork for future economic growth. The 1970s and 1980s brought economic challenges and political shifts, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> world's fair and the end of Social Credit dominance. This period also saw significant social movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solidarity" title="Operation Solidarity">Operation Solidarity</a>. There was a transition to New Democratic Party governance in the 1990s, focusing on environmental conservation and economic struggles. In its second term especially, the NDP government faced political scandals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fast_ferry_scandal" title="Fast ferry scandal">fast ferry scandal</a>, that ultimately contributed to its downfall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg/220px-Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg/330px-Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg/440px-Vancouver_2010_Public_Caldron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The cauldron of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> in Vancouver</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2001_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2001 British Columbia general election">2001 provincial election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Gordon Campbell</a>'s Liberals defeated the NDP, gaining 77 out of 79 total seats in the provincial legislature. Campbell instituted reforms and removed some of the NDP's policies, along with selling off the previous government's "fast ferries", lowering income taxes, and instituting the controversial long-term lease of <a href="/wiki/BC_Rail" title="BC Rail">BC Rail</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>. Campbell led his party to victory in the <a href="/wiki/2005_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2005 British Columbia general election">2005 provincial election</a> against a substantially strengthened NDP opposition and won a third term in the <a href="/wiki/2009_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2009 British Columbia general election">2009 provincial election</a>. </p><p>The province won a bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> in Vancouver and Whistler. In 2003, Vancouver's residents had voted in a referendum accepting the responsibilities of the host city should it win its bid. 64 percent of residents voted in favour of hosting.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Olympic joy faded, Campbell's popularity fell. His management style, implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">Harmonized Sales Tax</a> (HST) despite election promises not to introduce it, and cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Legislature_raids" title="British Columbia Legislature raids">BC Rail corruption trial</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (April 2024)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:British_Columbia#Cancellation_of_the_BC_Rail_corruption_trial" title="Talk:British Columbia">discuss</a></i>]</sup> led to low approval ratings and loss of caucus support: he resigned in November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2011, former deputy premier <a href="/wiki/Christy_Clark" title="Christy Clark">Christy Clark</a> became leader of the Liberals. Early Clark government actions included raising the minimum wage, creating a new statutory holiday in February called "Family Day", and pushing the development of BC's <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> industry. In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2013_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2013 British Columbia general election">2013 election</a>, the Liberals lagged behind the NDP by a double-digit gap in the polls but were able to achieve a surprise victory, winning a majority and making Clark the first woman to lead a party to victory in BC.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her government went on to balance the budget, implement changes to liquor laws and continue with the question of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Northern_Gateway_Pipelines" title="Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines">Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2017_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2017 British Columbia general election">the 2017 election</a>, the NDP formed a minority government with the support of the Green Party through a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> agreement. In July 2017, NDP leader John Horgan was sworn in as a premier. Clark resigned and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilkinson" title="Andrew Wilkinson">Andrew Wilkinson</a> became leader of the BC Liberals. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2020 British Columbia general election">2020 British Columbia general election</a>, the NDP won 57 seats and formed a majority government. Wilkinson resigned as the leader of the BC Liberals. </p><p>British Columbia has been significantly affected by demographic changes within Canada and around the world. Vancouver was a major destination for many immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> who left the former UK colony prior to <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">its handover</a> to China. Trends of urbanization mean the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a> area now includes 51 percent of the province's population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Victoria, British Columbia">Greater Victoria</a> with 8 percent. These two metropolitan regions have dominated the demographics of BC. </p><p>By 2018, housing prices in Vancouver were the second-least affordable in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many experts point to evidence of money-laundering from China as a contributing factor. The high price of residential real estate has led to the implementation of an empty homes tax, a housing speculation and vacancy tax, and a foreign buyers' tax on housing.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net number of people coming to BC from other provinces in 2016 was almost four times larger than in 2012 and BC was the largest net recipient of <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_migration_in_Canada" title="Interprovincial migration in Canada">interprovincial migrants in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, British Columbia experienced a net population loss of 8,624; a substantial percentage of which were people who moved to <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2021, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had had <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia">a major effect on the province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 2,000 deaths and 250,000 confirmed cases. However, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> reduced the spread, with 78 percent of people in BC over the age of five having been fully vaccinated. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">unmarked gravesites of hundreds of Indigenous children</a> were discovered at three former <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Indian residential schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School" title="Kamloops Indian Residential School">Kamloops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_Indian_Residential_School" title="Kootenay Indian Residential School">St. Eugene's Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuper_Island_Indian_Residential_School" title="Kuper Island Indian Residential School">Kuper Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_British_Columbia" title="Demographics of British Columbia">Demographics of British Columbia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada#British_Columbia" title="List of cities in Canada">List of cities in Canada § British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of communities in British Columbia">List of communities in British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">List of municipalities in British Columbia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BC_Population_Density_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BC_Population_Density_2021.svg/330px-BC_Population_Density_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BC_Population_Density_2021.svg/495px-BC_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BC_Population_Density_2021.svg/660px-BC_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Population density map of British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <p>Statistics Canada's <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a> recorded a population of 5,000,879 — making British Columbia Canada's third-most populous province after <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2021ByProvincesAndTerritories_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021ByProvincesAndTerritories-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities">Cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of cities in British Columbia">List of cities in British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_British_Columbia" title="List of metropolitan areas in British Columbia">List of metropolitan areas in British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">List of municipalities in British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of regional districts of British Columbia">List of regional districts of British Columbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/220px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/330px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/440px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>The Vancouver skyline</figcaption></figure> <p>Half of all British Columbians live in the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a>, which includes Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coquitlam" title="Coquitlam">Coquitlam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" title="Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)">Langley (district municipality)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver (district municipality)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia" title="Maple Ridge, British Columbia">Maple Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Coquitlam" title="Port Coquitlam">Port Coquitlam</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Vancouver" title="West Vancouver">West Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Moody" title="Port Moody">Port Moody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(city)" title="Langley, British Columbia (city)">Langley (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Meadows" title="Pitt Meadows">Pitt Meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowen_Island" title="Bowen Island">Bowen Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anmore" title="Anmore">Anmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lions_Bay,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions Bay, British Columbia">Lions Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belcarra" title="Belcarra">Belcarra</a>, with adjacent unincorporated areas (including the <a href="/wiki/University_Endowment_Lands" title="University Endowment Lands">University Endowment Lands</a>) represented in the regional district as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_district_electoral_areas_in_British_Columbia" title="List of regional district electoral areas in British Columbia">electoral area</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver_Electoral_Area_A,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A, British Columbia">Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A</a>. The metropolitan area has <a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_governments_in_British_Columbia" title="List of First Nations governments in British Columbia">seventeen Indian reserves</a>, but they are outside of the regional district's jurisdiction and are not represented in its government. </p><p>The second largest concentration of British Columbia population is at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, which is made up of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbia" title="Saanich, British Columbia">Saanich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esquimalt,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquimalt, British Columbia">Esquimalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbia" title="Oak Bay, British Columbia">Oak Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/View_Royal,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="View Royal, British Columbia">View Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlands,_British_Columbia" title="Highlands, British Columbia">Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colwood,_British_Columbia" title="Colwood, British Columbia">Colwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langford,_British_Columbia" title="Langford, British Columbia">Langford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Saanich,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Saanich, British Columbia">Central Saanich</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saanichton,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saanichton, British Columbia">Saanichton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Saanich,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Saanich, British Columbia">North Saanich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia" title="Sidney, British Columbia">Sidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metchosin,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metchosin, British Columbia">Metchosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sooke,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooke, British Columbia">Sooke</a>, which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Regional_District" title="Capital Regional District">Capital Regional District</a>. The metropolitan area also includes several <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> (the governments of which are not part of the regional district). Almost half of the Vancouver Island population is in Greater Victoria. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:20px;"> <caption>Ten largest metropolitan areas by population<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Metropolitan area </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-census2021BySubdivisions_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021BySubdivisions-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,642,825 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,463,431 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,313,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Victoria</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">397,237 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">367,770 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">344,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">222,162 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">194,882 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">179,839 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">195,726 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">180,518 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">170,191 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">115,459 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">104,936 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">98,021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">114,142 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">103,811 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">98,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">113,767 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">101,512 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">92,308 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">89,490 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">86,622 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">84,232 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vernon" title="Greater Vernon">Vernon</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">67,086 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">61,334 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">58,584 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbia" title="Courtenay, British Columbia">Courtenay</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">63,282 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">54,157 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">55,213 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 30%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:20px;"> <caption>Ten largest municipalities by population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Municipality </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-census2021BySubdivisions_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021BySubdivisions-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> </td> <td>662,248 </td> <td>631,486 </td> <td>603,502 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a> </td> <td>568,322 </td> <td>517,887 </td> <td>468,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a> </td> <td>249,125 </td> <td>232,755 </td> <td>223,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a> </td> <td>209,937 </td> <td>198,309 </td> <td>190,473 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a> </td> <td>153,524 </td> <td>141,397 </td> <td>133,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coquitlam" title="Coquitlam">Coquitlam</a> </td> <td>148,625 </td> <td>139,284 </td> <td>126,456 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a> </td> <td>144,576 </td> <td>127,380 </td> <td>117,312 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" title="Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)">Langley</a> </td> <td>132,603 </td> <td>117,285 </td> <td>104,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbia" title="Saanich, British Columbia">Saanich</a> </td> <td>117,735 </td> <td>114,148 </td> <td>109,752 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a> </td> <td>108,455 </td> <td>102,238 </td> <td>99,863 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_origins">Cultural origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British Columbia is the most diverse province in Canada; as of 2021, the province had the highest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minorities</a> in the country. The five largest <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">pan-ethnic</a> groups in the province are <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europeans</a> (60 percent), <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asians</a> (14 percent), <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asians</a> (10 percent), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Canadians">Indigenous</a> (6 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asians</a> (5 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-2021A00051209034_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021A00051209034-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top ethnic origins in BC (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2016CensusBCEthnicOrigin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusBCEthnicOrigin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Ethnic origin </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> </td> <td>1,203,540 </td> <td>26.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a> </td> <td>866,530 </td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <td>860,775 </td> <td>18.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> </td> <td>675,135 </td> <td>14.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">German</a> </td> <td>603,265 </td> <td>13.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>540,155 </td> <td>11.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> </td> <td>388,815 </td> <td>8.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Canadians" title="Indian Canadians">Indian</a> </td> <td>309,315 </td> <td>6.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td>229,205 </td> <td>5.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Canadian">Indigenous Canadian</a> </td> <td>220,245 </td> <td>4.83% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_minorities_and_Indigenous_peoples">Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_British_Columbia#Visible_minorities_and_Indigenous_peoples" title="Demographics of British Columbia">Demographics of British Columbia § Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>In 2021, 34.4 percent of the population consisted of <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">visible minorities</a> and 5.9 percent of the population was <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a>, mostly of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> descent. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census)<sup id="cite_ref-2021A00051209034_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021A00051209034-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Population group</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Canadian">European</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-euro_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>2,936,245</b></td> <td><b>59.7%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">Visible minority</a> group<br /></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a></td> <td>473,965</td> <td>9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a></td> <td>550,590</td> <td>11.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a></td> <td>61,760</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Canadian">Filipino</a></td> <td>174,280</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a></td> <td>28,010</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a></td> <td>65,970</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asian</a></td> <td>71,785</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asian</a></td> <td>69,270</td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Canadian">Korean</a></td> <td>72,815</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></td> <td>44,120</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr></td> <td>18,080</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiple visible minorities</a></td> <td>58,840</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Total visible minority population</b></td> <td><b>1,689,490</b></td> <td><b>34.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> group<br /></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations (North American Indian)</a></td> <td>180,085</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a></td> <td>97,860</td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuk (Inuit)</a></td> <td>1,720</td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple Indigenous responses</td> <td>5,980</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indigenous responses <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr></td> <td>4,560</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Total Indigenous population</b></td> <td><b>290,210</b></td> <td><b>5.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><b>Total population</b></i></td> <td><i><b>4,915,945</b></i></td> <td><i><b>100.0%</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in British Columbia included:<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (2,559,250 persons or 52.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (1,684,870 persons or 34.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (290,870 persons or 5.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (125,915 persons or 2.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (83,860 persons or 1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (81,320 persons or 1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (26,850 persons or 0.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> (11,570 persons or 0.2%)</li> <li>Other (51,440 persons or 1.0%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg/220px-Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg/330px-Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg/440px-Vancouver_Welcome_Sign_0139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A Vancouver <a href="/wiki/Welcome_sign" title="Welcome sign">welcome sign</a> in both English and French</figcaption></figure> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (4,753,280 or 96.69%), French (327,350 or 6.66%), Punjabi (315,000 or 6.41%), Mandarin (312,625 or 6.36%), Cantonese (246,045 or 5.01%), Spanish (143,900 or 2.93%), Hindi (134,950 or 2.75%), Tagalog (133,780 or 2.72%), German (84,325 or 1.72%), and Korean (69,935 or 1.42%).<sup id="cite_ref-language2021_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language2021-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. </p><p>Of the 4,648,055 population counted by the 2016 census, 4,598,415 people completed the section about language. Of these, 4,494,995 gave singular responses to the question regarding their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. The languages most commonly reported were the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Most common reported mother tongue in BC (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-2016CensusBCLanguage_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusBCLanguage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>3,170,110 </td> <td>70.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>198,805 </td> <td>4.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a> </td> <td>193,530 </td> <td>4.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a> </td> <td>186,325 </td> <td>4.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a> </td> <td>78,770 </td> <td>1.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>66,885 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>55,325 </td> <td>1.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td>52,160 </td> <td>1.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td>47,010 </td> <td>1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>43,470 </td> <td>0.97% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While these languages all reflect the last centuries of colonialism and recent immigration, British Columbia is home to 34 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_languages" title="Pacific Northwest languages">Indigenous languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are spoken by about 6000 people in total,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 4000 people fluent in their Indigenous languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_British_Columbia" title="Economy of British Columbia">Economy of British Columbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver,_British_Columbia,_Canada_Masson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg/220px-Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg/330px-Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg/440px-Canada_Place_with_Downtown_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_Masson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canada_Place" title="Canada Place">Canada Place</a> in Downtown Vancouver</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg/220px-Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg/330px-Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg/440px-Telus_Garden_Entrance_201807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Telus_Garden" title="Telus Garden">Telus Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>BC's economy is diverse, with service-producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the terminus of two transcontinental railways, and the site of 27 major marine cargo and passenger terminals. Though less than 5 percent of its vast 944,735 square kilometres (364,764 sq mi) land is <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>, the province is agriculturally rich (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a> valleys), because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys. Its climate encourages <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor recreation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, though its economic mainstay has long been <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">resource extraction</a>, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the province's largest city, serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies. It also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. While the coast of British Columbia and some valleys in the south-central part of the province have mild weather, the majority of its land mass experiences a cold-winter-temperate climate similar to the rest of Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Interior_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior of British Columbia">Northern Interior</a> region has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, with nighttime January temperatures averaging above the freezing point.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Columbia has a history of being a resource dominated economy, centred on the forestry industry but also with fluctuating importance in mining. Employment in the resource sector has fallen steadily as a percentage of employment, and new jobs are mostly in the construction and retail/service sectors. It now has the highest percentage of service industry jobs in the west, constituting 72 percent of industry (compared to 60 percent Western Canadian average).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest section of this employment is in finance, insurance, real estate and corporate management; however, many areas outside of metropolitan areas are still heavily reliant on resource extraction. With its film industry known as <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a>, the Vancouver region is the third-largest feature film production location in North America, after <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic history of British Columbia is replete with tales of <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">dramatic upswings and downswings</a>, and this <a href="/wiki/Boom_and_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom and bust">boom and bust</a> pattern has influenced the politics, culture and business climate of the province. Economic activity related to mining in particular has widely fluctuated with changes in commodity prices over time, with documented costs to community health.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, British Columbia had the third-largest GDP in Canada, with a GDP of $309 billion and a GDP per capita of $60,090.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> is edging up to 15.0 percent in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2019–20, and it is expected to reach 16.1 percent by 2021–22.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia's economy experienced strong growth in recent years with a total growth rate of 9.6% from 2017 to 2021, a growth rate that was second in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_British_Columbia" title="Politics of British Columbia">Politics of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_British_Columbia" title="Government of British Columbia">Government of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of regional districts of British Columbia">List of regional districts of British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">Monarchy in British Columbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg/660px-British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg/990px-British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg/1320px-British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings_-_Pano_-_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>The British Columbia Parliament Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png/170px-Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png/255px-Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png/340px-Janet_Austin_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms' <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> of the current <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia" title="Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia">lieutenant governor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia" title="Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia">lieutenant governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Austin" title="Janet Austin">Janet Austin</a>, is the Crown's representative in the province. During the absence of the lieutenant governor, the Governor in Council (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">federal Cabinet</a>) may appoint an administrator to execute the duties of the office. This is usually the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Court_of_Appeal" title="British Columbia Court of Appeal">chief justice of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia is divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">regional districts</a></i> as a means to better enable municipalities and rural areas to work together at a regional level. </p><p>British Columbia has an 87-member elected Legislative Assembly, elected by the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a>, though from 2003 to 2009 there was significant debate about switching to a <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system called <a href="/wiki/BC-STV" title="BC-STV">BC-STV</a>. The government of the day appoints ministers for various portfolios, what are officially part of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Executive Council of British Columbia">Executive Council</a>, of whom the premier is chair. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Eby_-_2022_(52507022370)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png/150px-David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png/225px-David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png/300px-David_Eby_-_2022_%2852507022370%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="3531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Eby" title="David Eby">David Eby</a> is <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">premier</a>, BC's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The province is currently governed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party">British Columbia New Democratic Party</a> (BC NDP) under Premier <a href="/wiki/David_Eby" title="David Eby">David Eby</a>. The 2017 provincial election saw the Liberal Party take 43 seats, the NDP take 41, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Green Party">British Columbia Green Party</a> take 3. No party met the minimum of 44 seats for a majority, therefore leading to the first minority government since 1953. Following the election, the Greens entered into negotiations with both the Liberals and NDP, eventually announcing they would support an NDP minority government. Previously, the right-of-centre <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Liberal Party">British Columbia Liberal Party</a> governed the province for 16 years between 2001 and 2017, and won the largest landslide election in British Columbia history in 2001, with 77 of 79 seats. The legislature became more evenly divided between the Liberals and NDP following the 2005 (46 Liberal seats of 79) and 2009 (49 Liberal seats of 85) provincial elections. The NDP and its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF) have been the main opposition force to right-wing parties since the 1930s and have governed with majority governments in 1972–1975, 1991–2001 and since 2020 (with a minority government from 2017 to 2020). The Green Party plays a larger role in the politics of British Columbia than Green parties do in most other jurisdictions in Canada. After a breakthrough election in 2001 (12.39 percent), the party's vote share declined (2005 – 9.17 percent, 2009 – 8.09 percent, 2013 – 8.13 percent) before increasing again to a record high of 16.84 percent at the 2017 election. </p><p>The British Columbia Liberal Party is not related to the federal Liberal Party and does not share the same ideology. Instead, the BC Liberal party is a rather diverse coalition, made up of the remnants of the Social Credit Party, many <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">federal Liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">federal Conservatives</a>, and those who would otherwise support right-of-centre or free enterprise parties. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Falcon" title="Kevin Falcon">Kevin Falcon</a> was elected leader of the BC Liberals, promising to rename the party in an effort to distance themselves from their federal counterparts. In 2023, the party rebranded as <a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">BC United</a>. Historically, there have commonly been <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">third parties</a> present in the legislature (including the Liberals themselves from 1952 to 1975); the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Green Party of British Columbia">BC Green Party</a> is the current third party in British Columbia, with three seats in the legislature. </p><p>Prior to the rise of the Liberal Party, British Columbia's main political party was the BC Social Credit Party, which governed the province for 20 years. While sharing some ideology with the subsequent Liberal government, they were more right-wing, although they undertook nationalization of various important monopolies, notably BC Hydro and BC Ferries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg/220px-BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg/330px-BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg/440px-BC-Legislative-Assembly-Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The meeting chamber of the Legislative Assembly</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbia is known for having politically active labour <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> who have traditionally supported the NDP or its predecessor, the CCF. </p><p>British Columbia's political history is typified by scandal and a cast of colourful characters, beginning with various colonial-era land scandals and abuses of power by early officials (such as those that led to <a href="/wiki/McGowan%27s_War" title="McGowan's War">McGowan's War</a> in 1858–59). Notable scandals in Social Credit years included the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bonner_(politician)" title="Robert Bonner (politician)">Robert Bonner</a> Affair and the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Gardens" title="Fantasy Gardens">Fantasy Gardens</a> scandal which forced Premier Bill Vander Zalm to resign and ended the Social Credit era. NDP scandals included Bingogate, which brought down NDP Premier Mike Harcourt, and the alleged scandal named Casinogate which drove NDP Premier Glen Clark to resign. A variety of scandals plagued the 2001–2017 Liberal government, including Premier Gordon Campbell's arrest for drunk driving in Maui and the resignation of various cabinet ministers because of conflict-of-interest allegations. A <a href="/wiki/BC_Legislature_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Legislature Raids">raid on the Parliament Buildings</a> on December 28, 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Victoria, including the Premier's Office, resulted in charges only for ministerial aides, although key cabinet members from the time resigned. Campbell eventually resigned in late 2010 due to opposition to his government's plan to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">Harmonized Sales Tax</a> (HST) and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Christy_Clark" title="Christy Clark">Christy Clark</a> as premier in the 2011 BC Liberal leadership election. </p><p>British Columbia is underrepresented in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, leading Premier Christy Clark to refuse to cooperate with the federal government's reforms for senate appointments to be made based on the recommendations of an advisory board that would use non-partisan criteria. Hours after that plan was unveiled in Ottawa on December 3, 2015, Clark issued a statement that it did "not address what's been wrong with the Senate since the beginning".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imbalance in representation in that House is apparent when considering population size. The six senators from BC constitute only one for every 775,000 people vs. one for every 75,000 in Prince Edward Island, which has four senators. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have much smaller populations than BC, yet each has ten senators according to a Global News summary.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldrey_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldrey-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correcting this imbalance would require a constitutional amendment, but that is unlikely to be supported by the Atlantic provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldrey_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldrey-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_symbols">Official symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Official symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogwood_Blooms_(3629970675).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg/220px-Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg/330px-Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg/440px-Dogwood_Blooms_%283629970675%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1613" /></a><figcaption>The flower of the Pacific dogwood is often associated with British Columbia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The government of British Columbia has designated several <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia" title="Symbols of British Columbia">official symbols</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Act_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Act-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Flag: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbia" title="Flag of British Columbia">Flag of British Columbia</a></li> <li>Coat of arms: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia">Coat of arms of British Columbia</a></li> <li>Floral emblem: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific dogwood">Pacific dogwood</a></li> <li>Mineral emblem: <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li>Tree emblem: <a href="/wiki/Western_red_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Western red cedar">Western red cedar</a></li> <li>Bird emblem: <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_jay" title="Steller's jay">Steller's jay</a></li> <li>Mammal emblem: <a href="/wiki/Kermode_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermode bear">"Spirit" or Kermode bear</a></li> <li>Fish emblem: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a></li> <li>Tartan emblem: <a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada#British_Columbia" title="Regional tartans of Canada">British Columbia Tartan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transportation played a huge role in British Columbia's history. The Rocky Mountains and the ranges west of them constituted a significant obstacle to overland travel until the completion of the transcontinental railway in 1885. The Peace River Canyon through the Rocky Mountains was the route the earliest explorers and fur traders used. Fur trade routes were only marginally used for access to British Columbia through the mountains. Travel from the rest of Canada before 1885 meant the difficulty of overland travel via the United States, around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> or overseas from Asia. Nearly all travel and freight to and from the region occurred via the Pacific Ocean, primarily through the ports of Victoria and New Westminster. </p><p>Until the 1930s, rail was the only means of overland travel to and from the rest of Canada; travellers using motor vehicles needed to journey through the United States. With the construction of the Inter-Provincial Highway in 1932 (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Crowsnest_Highway" title="Crowsnest Highway">Crowsnest Pass Highway</a>), and later the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>, road transportation evolved into the preferred mode of overland travel to and from the rest of the country. </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_British_Columbia" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in British Columbia">electric vehicles sold in British Columbia</a> (as a percentage of total vehicle sales) was the highest of any Canadian province or U.S. state.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_highways">Roads and highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Roads and highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_provincial_highways" title="List of British Columbia provincial highways">List of British Columbia provincial highways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg/220px-Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg/330px-Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg/440px-Alex_Fraser_Bridge_from_below.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="3208" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alex_Fraser_Bridge" title="Alex Fraser Bridge">Alex Fraser Bridge</a> on <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_91" title="British Columbia Highway 91">Highway 91</a> between Richmond and Delta</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its size and rugged, varying topography, British Columbia requires thousands of kilometres of provincial highways to connect its communities. British Columbia's roads systems were notoriously poorly maintained and dangerous until a concentrated program of improvement was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s. There are now <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">freeways</a> in Greater Victoria, the Lower Mainland, and Central Interior of the province. Much of the rest of the province, where traffic volumes are generally low, is accessible by well-maintained generally high-mobility two-lane <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial highways</a> with additional passing lanes in mountainous areas and usually only a few stop-controlled intersections outside the main urban areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_1,_Burnaby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg/220px-Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg/330px-Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg/440px-Highway_1%2C_Burnaby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>British Columbia Highway 1 near Brentwood, Burnaby</figcaption></figure> <p>A couple of busy intercity corridors outside Greater Vancouver feature more heavily signalized limited-mobility arterial highways that are mostly four-lane and often divided by portable median <a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">traffic barriers</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_1" title="British Columbia Highway 1">Highway 1</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> and Highway 97 through the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley">Okanagan Valley</a> are medium- to high-volume roadways with variable posted speeds that range from 50 km/h (31 mph) to maximums just slightly lower than the principal <a href="/wiki/Grade-separated" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade-separated">grade-separated</a> highways. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> operate in place of <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchanges</a> on both arterials as long-term cost-cutting measures. Signalization along both these highways is heaviest through urban areas and along inter-urban sections where traffic volumes are similar to and sometimes higher than the freeways, but where funding is not available for upgrades to interchanges or construction of high-mobility alternative routes or bypasses. The building and maintenance of provincial highways is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (British Columbia)">British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_highways_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC_highways-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only five major routes to the rest of Canada. From south to north they are: <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_provincial_highway_3" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia provincial highway 3">BC Highway 3</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass" title="Crowsnest Pass">Crowsnest Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Pass" title="Vermilion Pass">Vermilion Pass</a> (Highway 93 in both <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_93" title="British Columbia Highway 93">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_93" title="Alberta Highway 93">Alberta</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass" title="Kicking Horse Pass">Kicking Horse Pass</a>, the latter being used by the Trans-Canada Highway entering Alberta through <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway" title="Yellowhead Highway">Yellowhead Highway</a> (16) through <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_2" title="British Columbia Highway 2">Highway 2</a> through <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Creek" title="Dawson Creek">Dawson Creek</a>. There are also several highway crossings to the adjoining American states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The longest highway is Highway 97, running 2,081 kilometres (1,293 mi) from the British Columbia-Washington border at <a href="/wiki/Osoyoos,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Osoyoos, British Columbia">Osoyoos</a> north to <a href="/wiki/Watson_Lake,_Yukon" title="Watson Lake, Yukon">Watson Lake, Yukon</a> and which includes the British Columbia portion of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alaska Highway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg/220px-Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg/330px-Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg/440px-Mark_III_SkyTrain_near_Nanaimo_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> is the rail rapid transit system that serves Metro Vancouver.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg/220px-Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg/330px-Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg/440px-Flyer_trolleybuses_on_the_Granville_Mall_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trolley_buses_in_Vancouver" title="Trolley buses in Vancouver">Trolley buses in Vancouver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1979, surface <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a> in the Vancouver and Victoria metropolitan areas was administered by BC Hydro, the provincially owned electricity utility. Subsequently, the province established <a href="/wiki/BC_Transit" title="BC Transit">BC Transit</a> to oversee and operate all municipal transportation systems. In 1998, the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority, now <a href="/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)" title="TransLink (British Columbia)">TransLink</a>, a separate authority for routes within the Greater Vancouver Regional District, was established. Some smaller island communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriola_Island" title="Gabriola Island">Gabriola Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, formerly, <a href="/wiki/Pender_Island" title="Pender Island">Pender Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operate routes independent of BC Transit or TransLink. BC Transit has recently expanded to provide intercity routes,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the Northern region of British Columbia. Other intercity routes were introduced connecting southern communities in preparation of the cancellation of <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Canada" title="Greyhound Canada">Greyhound Canada</a>'s pullout from Western Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though options for intercity bus travel are still extremely limited. </p><p>Public transit in British Columbia consists mainly of diesel buses, although Vancouver is also serviced by a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Trolley_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley bus">trolley buses</a>. Several experimental buses are being tested such as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid</a> buses that have both gasoline and electric engines. Additionally, there are CNG-fuelled buses being tested and used in Nanaimo and Kamloops systems.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia also tested a fleet of Hydrogen-fuelled buses for the Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympics in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TransLink operates <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a>, an automated <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system serving the cities of Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Surrey, Richmond, Coquitlam, and Port Moody. In 2009, the Canada Line SkyTrain was completed, linking Vancouver International Airport and the city of Richmond to downtown Vancouver bringing the total to three operating metro lines. </p><p>A new extension to Coquitlam and <a href="/wiki/Port_Moody" title="Port Moody">Port Moody</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Extension" title="Evergreen Extension">Evergreen Extension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Line" title="Millennium Line">Millennium Line</a>) was completed in December 2016. Construction of an extension of the Millennium Line westwards through Vancouver to Arbutus Street began in February 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with future plans to extend the line farther west from <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_station" title="Arbutus station">Arbutus station</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fare gates have been added to all existing stations, though in the past, SkyTrain used a proof of payment honour system. In the capital city of Victoria, BC Transit and the provincial government's infrastructure ministry are working together to create a bus rapid transit from the Westshore communities to downtown Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, there is a bus rapid transit GPS trial underway to see how bus rapid transit affects smaller cities, rather than larger ones, like Victoria and Vancouver.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">British Columbia passenger rail</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><i><a href="/wiki/White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="White Pass & Yukon Route">White Pass & Yukon Route</a></i></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><i>to <a href="/wiki/Carcross,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcross, Yukon">Carcross, Yukon</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nCONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_nCONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_nCONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_nCONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_nCONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BSicon_nCONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_nCONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KINTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BSicon_KINTa.svg/20px-BSicon_KINTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BSicon_KINTa.svg/30px-BSicon_KINTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BSicon_KINTa.svg/40px-BSicon_KINTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_station" title="Prince Rupert station">Prince Rupert</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Marine_Highway" title="Alaska Marine Highway"><img alt="Alaska Marine Highway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/15px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/23px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/30px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/BC_Ferries" title="BC Ferries"><img alt="BC Ferries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/15px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/23px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/30px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bennett,_British_Columbia" title="Bennett, British Columbia">Bennett</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/20px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/30px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/40px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Cannery_station" title="Cassiar Cannery station">Cassiar Cannery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fraser,_British_Columbia" title="Fraser, British Columbia">Fraser</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/20px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/30px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/40px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Kwinitsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/White_Pass" title="White Pass">White Pass</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/20px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/30px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BSicon_nHST.svg/40px-BSicon_nHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Terrace_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace station">Terrace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><i><a href="/wiki/White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="White Pass & Yukon Route">White Pass & Yukon Route</a></i></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><i>to <a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway, Alaska</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nCONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Usk,_British_Columbia" title="Usk, British Columbia">Usk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pacific,_British_Columbia" title="Pacific, British Columbia">Pacific</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Dorreen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cedarvale,_British_Columbia#Railway" title="Cedarvale, British Columbia">Cedarvale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kitwanga#Railway" title="Kitwanga">Kitwanga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">New Hazelton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smithers_station" title="Smithers station">Smithers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Telkwa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Houston_station_(British_Columbia)" title="Houston station (British Columbia)">Houston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Burns Lake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Endako</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Fort Fraser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vanderhoof_station" title="Vanderhoof station">Vanderhoof</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_station" title="Prince George station">Prince George</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic"><i>Overnight stop</i></td></tr></tbody></table>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_Transit_System" title="Prince George Transit System"><img alt="Prince George Transit System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bus-logo.svg/14px-Bus-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bus-logo.svg/21px-Bus-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bus-logo.svg/28px-Bus-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Willow River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Aleza Lake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Upper Fraser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">McGregor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Sinclair Mills</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Hutton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Longworth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Penny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bend,_British_Columbia#Bend_station" title="Bend, British Columbia">Bend</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Dome Creek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Loos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Goat River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">McBride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dunster_station_(British_Columbia)" title="Dunster station (British Columbia)">Dunster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Harvey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZl+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTfq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BSicon_CONTfq.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Via Rail</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jasper_station" title="Jasper station">Jasper</a> &</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian" title="The Canadian"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">Canadian</span></a> to <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Toronto</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Valemount_station" title="Valemount station">Valemount</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lillooet#Railway" title="Lillooet">Lillooet</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFa saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFa_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Blue_River_station" title="Blue River station">Blue River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shalalth#Railway_shuttle" title="Shalalth">Shalalth</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_HST_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_HST_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_HST_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_HST_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_HST_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_HST_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_station" title="Clearwater station">Clearwater</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Seton_Portage#Access" title="Seton Portage">Seton Portage</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KHSTe saffron; tKHSTa saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_tKHSTa_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KHSTe saffron; tKHSTa saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_KHSTe_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_North_station" title="Kamloops North station">Kamloops North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy,_British_Columbia#Facilities" title="D'Arcy, British Columbia">D'Arcy</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic">limited service</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tKSTRe saffron; lHST saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="tKSTRe saffron; lHST saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_tKSTRe_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcroft station">Ashcroft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRW+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRWlr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KRW+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Bend_station" title="North Bend station">North Bend</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bar_station" title="Boston Bar station">Boston Bar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Katz_station" title="Katz station">Katz</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hope_station_(British_Columbia)" title="Hope station (British Columbia)">Hope</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_station_(British_Columbia)" title="Agassiz station (British Columbia)">Agassiz</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BSicon_HSTg.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack_station" title="Chilliwack station">Chilliwack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_STRg.svg/20px-BSicon_STRg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_STRg.svg/30px-BSicon_STRg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_STRg.svg/40px-BSicon_STRg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_HSTf.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_station" title="Abbotsford station">Abbotsford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="xABZgl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BSicon_xABZgl.svg/20px-BSicon_xABZgl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BSicon_xABZgl.svg/30px-BSicon_xABZgl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BSicon_xABZgl.svg/40px-BSicon_xABZgl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HSTgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSicon_HSTgq.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSicon_HSTgq.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSicon_HSTgq.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZg+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Harbour_station" title="Mission Harbour station">Mission Harbour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Central_Fraser_Valley_Transit_System" title="Central Fraser Valley Transit System"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BC-transit-wayfinder.svg/20px-BC-transit-wayfinder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BC-transit-wayfinder.svg/30px-BC-transit-wayfinder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BC-transit-wayfinder.svg/40px-BC-transit-wayfinder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="67" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mission_City_station" title="Mission City station">Mission City</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTR; KBHFa violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFa_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTR; KBHFa violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Haney_station" title="Port Haney station">Port Haney</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maple_Meadows_station" title="Maple Meadows station">Maple Meadows</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Meadows_station" title="Pitt Meadows station">Pitt Meadows</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Coquitlam_station" title="Port Coquitlam station">Port Coquitlam</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_HST_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_HST_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Line" title="Millennium Line"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/16px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/24px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/32px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Coquitlam_Central_station" title="Coquitlam Central station">Coquitlam Central</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="INT violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Line" title="Millennium Line"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/16px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/24px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Translinkmillennium.svg/32px-Translinkmillennium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moody_Centre_station" title="Moody Centre station">Moody Centre</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="INT violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_INT_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_INT_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_station_(Vancouver)" title="Waterfront station (Vancouver)">Waterfront</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KINTe violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_KINTe_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KINTaq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_KINTaq.svg/20px-BSicon_KINTaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_KINTaq.svg/30px-BSicon_KINTaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_KINTaq.svg/40px-BSicon_KINTaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR+r denim; STRr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/20px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/30px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/40px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR+r denim; STRr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Br_denim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Central_Station" title="Pacific Central Station">Pacific Central Station</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Expo_Line_(SkyTrain)" title="Expo Line (SkyTrain)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/16px-Translinkexpo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/24px-Translinkexpo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/32px-Translinkexpo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Line" title="Canada Line"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Translinkcanada.svg/16px-Translinkcanada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Translinkcanada.svg/24px-Translinkcanada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Translinkcanada.svg/32px-Translinkcanada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/SeaBus" title="SeaBus"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Translinkseabus.svg/16px-Translinkseabus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Translinkseabus.svg/24px-Translinkseabus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Translinkseabus.svg/32px-Translinkseabus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/HeliJet" title="HeliJet"><img alt="HeliJet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aiga_heliport.svg/16px-Aiga_heliport.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aiga_heliport.svg/24px-Aiga_heliport.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aiga_heliport.svg/32px-Aiga_heliport.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="303" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Harbour_Flight_Centre" title="Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre"><img alt="Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Airplane_GA_Black.svg/16px-Airplane_GA_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Airplane_GA_Black.svg/24px-Airplane_GA_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Airplane_GA_Black.svg/32px-Airplane_GA_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR denim"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BSicon_STR_denim.svg/20px-BSicon_STR_denim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BSicon_STR_denim.svg/30px-BSicon_STR_denim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BSicon_STR_denim.svg/40px-BSicon_STR_denim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver" title="List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/16px-Translinkbuses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/24px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Translinkbuses.svg/32px-Translinkbuses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Expo_Line_(SkyTrain)" title="Expo Line (SkyTrain)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/16px-Translinkexpo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/24px-Translinkexpo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Translinkexpo.svg/32px-Translinkexpo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines"><img alt="Greyhound Lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greyhound_no_dog.svg/18px-Greyhound_no_dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greyhound_no_dog.svg/27px-Greyhound_no_dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greyhound_no_dog.svg/36px-Greyhound_no_dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades"><img alt="Amtrak Cascades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg/20px-BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg/30px-BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg/40px-BSicon_LOGO_Amtrak2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTf denim"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf_denim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/King_Street_Station" title="King Street Station">Seattle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eugene%E2%80%93Springfield_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene–Springfield station">Eugene</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border-top: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border-bottom: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);padding:3px 5px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:#252525;background:#EEEEEE"><div style="margin:0;font-size:113.63636363636%">Operator</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq denim"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_STRq_denim.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq_denim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_STRq_denim.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq_denim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BSicon_STRq_denim.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq_denim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq violet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_STRq_violet.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_STRq_violet.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_STRq_violet.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Express" title="West Coast Express">West Coast Express</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kaoham_Shuttle" title="Kaoham Shuttle">Kaoham Shuttle</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq saffron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq_saffron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="nSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_nSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_nSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_nSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/White_Pass_and_Yukon_Route" title="White Pass and Yukon Route">White Pass & Yukon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">(<a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">narrow gauge</a>)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"> </td></tr></tbody></table>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This diagram: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Columbia_rail_network" title="Template:British Columbia rail network"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Columbia_rail_network" title="Template talk:British Columbia rail network"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Columbia_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Columbia rail network"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg/170px-Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg/255px-Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg/340px-Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>CPR train traversing the <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Creek_Bridge" title="Stoney Creek Bridge">Stoney Creek Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rail development expanded greatly in the decades after the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> was completed, in 1885, and was the chief mode of long-distance surface transportation until the expansion and improvement of the provincial highways system began in the 1950s. Two major routes through the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Pass" title="Yellowhead Pass">Yellowhead Pass</a> competed with the Canadian Pacific Railway – the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Pacific Railway">Grand Trunk Pacific Railway</a>, terminating at Prince Rupert, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a>, terminating at Vancouver. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Electric_Railway" title="British Columbia Electric Railway">British Columbia Electric Railway</a> provided rail services in Victoria and Vancouver between the nineteenth century and mid twentieth century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BC_Rail" title="BC Rail">Pacific Great Eastern</a> line supplemented this service, providing a north–south route between interior resource communities and the coast. The Pacific Great Eastern (later known as British Columbia Railway and now owned by Canadian National Railway) connects Fort St James, Fort Nelson, and <a href="/wiki/Tumbler_Ridge,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia">Tumbler Ridge</a> with <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver</a>. The E&N Railway, rebranded as the <a href="/wiki/Island_Rail_Corridor" title="Island Rail Corridor">Island Rail Corridor</a>, formerly served the commercial and passenger train markets of Vancouver Island. Service along the route is now minimal. Vancouver Island was also host to the <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Railway" title="Englewood Railway">last logging railway in North America</a> until its closure in 2017. </p><p>Current passenger services in British Columbia are limited. <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> operates 10 long-distance trains per week on two lines.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local services are limited to two regions, with <a href="/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)" title="TransLink (British Columbia)">TransLink</a> providing rapid transit and commuter services in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Seton_Lake_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Seton Lake Indian Band">Seton Lake Indian Band</a> South of <a href="/wiki/Lillooet" title="Lillooet">Lillooet</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kaoham_Shuttle" title="Kaoham Shuttle">Kaoham Shuttle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> runs international passenger service between Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and intermediate points.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage railways</a> operate within the province, including the <a href="/wiki/White_Pass_and_Yukon_Route" title="White Pass and Yukon Route">White Pass and Yukon Route</a> that runs between <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> via British Columbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg/220px-Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg/330px-Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg/440px-Spirit_of_Vancouver_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i>Spirit of Vancouver Island</i> S-class ferry</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/BC_Ferries" title="BC Ferries">BC Ferries</a> was established as a provincial crown corporation in 1960 to provide passenger and vehicle ferry service between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland as a cheaper and more reliable alternative to the service operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway and other private operators. It now operates 25 routes among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_British_Columbia" title="List of islands of British Columbia">islands of British Columbia</a>, as well as between the islands and the mainland. Ferry service to Washington is offered by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Ferries" title="Washington State Ferries">Washington State Ferries</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia" title="Sidney, British Columbia">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anacortes,_Washington" title="Anacortes, Washington">Anacortes</a>) and <a href="/wiki/MV_Coho" title="MV Coho">Black Ball Transport</a> (between Victoria and <a href="/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington" title="Port Angeles, Washington">Port Angeles, Washington</a>). Ferry service over inland lakes and rivers is provided by the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Ministry_of_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure">Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure</a>. Various other coastal ferries are operated privately. </p><p>Commercial ocean transport is of vital importance. Major ports are at Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Bank" title="Roberts Bank">Roberts Bank</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsawwassen, British Columbia">Tsawwassen</a>), Prince Rupert, and Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vancouver, Victoria, and Prince Rupert are also major ports of call for <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>. In 2007, a large maritime <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">container port</a> was opened in Prince Rupert with an inland sorting port in Prince George. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_British_Columbia" title="List of airports in British Columbia">List of airports in British Columbia</a></div> <p>There are over 200 airports throughout British Columbia, the major ones being the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver International Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_International_Airport" title="Victoria International Airport">Victoria International Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kelowna_International_Airport" title="Kelowna International Airport">Kelowna International Airport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_International_Airport" title="Abbotsford International Airport">Abbotsford International Airport</a>, the first three of which each served over 1,000,000 passengers in 2005. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Vancouver International Airport is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada" title="List of the busiest airports in Canada">2nd busiest airport</a> in the country and the second biggest International Gateway on the west coast (after Los Angeles) with an estimated 26.4 million travellers passing through in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_British_Columbia" title="List of museums in British Columbia">List of museums in British Columbia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Northwest Coast art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg/150px-Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg/225px-Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg/300px-Emily_Carr_-_Indian_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Church_(painting)" title="The Indian Church (painting)"><i>Church at Yuquot Village</i></a> by Emily Carr (1929)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, and what would become British Columbia, was by First Nations such as the Coast Salish, Haida, Heiltsuk, and Tsimshian, among others. Such Indigenous work comes particularly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Woodcarving" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcarving">woodcarving</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Totem_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem poles">totem poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformation_mask" title="Transformation mask">transformation masks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoes">canoes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">textile arts</a> like <a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Button_blankets" class="mw-redirect" title="Button blankets">button blankets</a>. Traditional Indigenous art of the Pacific Northwest is typically distinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Formline_art" title="Formline art">formline style</a>, which is defined as "continuous, flowing, curvilinear lines that turn, swell and diminish in a prescribed manner. They are used for figure outlines, internal design elements and in abstract compositions."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western styles and forms</a> were introduced to the region through the establishment of British North American settlements in the late 18th century. Notable English-Canadian artists of 19th and early 20th century British Columbia include architect <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rattenbury" title="Francis Rattenbury">Francis Rattenbury</a>, designer <a href="/wiki/James_Blomfield" title="James Blomfield">James Blomfield</a>, and painter <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a>. </p><p>Vancouver's <a href="/wiki/Art_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Art scene">art scene</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">lyrical abstraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist art">surrealist</a> landscape painting in the mid-20th century through such artists as <a href="/wiki/B._C._Binning" title="B. C. Binning">B. C. Binning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Shadbolt" title="Jack Shadbolt">Jack Shadbolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Smith" title="Gordon A. Smith">Gordon A. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takao_Tanabe" title="Takao Tanabe">Takao Tanabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Jarvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Jarvis">Don Jarvis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Onley" title="Toni Onley">Toni Onley</a>. In the following decades, the city would undergo more artistic diversification with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">communication art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_School" title="Vancouver School">Vancouver School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">conceptual photography</a> encompasses a cohort of Vancouver-based artists who gained notoriety in the 1980s. This school is generally considered to include artists <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall" title="Jeff Wall">Jeff Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wallace_(artist)" title="Ian Wallace (artist)">Ian Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Lum" title="Ken Lum">Ken Lum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Arden" title="Roy Arden">Roy Arden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Douglas" title="Stan Douglas">Stan Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Graham" title="Rodney Graham">Rodney Graham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vancouver maintains roughly 350 works of outdoor public art.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable works include <i><a href="/wiki/A-maze-ing_Laughter" title="A-maze-ing Laughter">A-maze-ing Laughter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Orca" title="Digital Orca">Digital Orca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_in_a_Wetsuit" title="Girl in a Wetsuit">Girl in a Wetsuit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Victory" title="Angel of Victory">Angel of Victory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(sculpture)" title="The Birds (sculpture)">The Birds</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brockton_Point" title="Brockton Point">Brockton Point</a> totem poles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg/220px-VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg/330px-VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg/440px-VSO_Group_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra at the Orpheum concert hall (2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbia is home to the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Opera" title="Vancouver Opera">Vancouver Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_Opera_of_Vancouver" title="City Opera of Vancouver">City Opera of Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet_BC" title="Ballet BC">Ballet BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">contemporary dance</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Holy_Body_Tattoo" title="Holy Body Tattoo">Holy Body Tattoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidd_Pivot" title="Kidd Pivot">Kidd Pivot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Mascall" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Mascall">Mascall Dance Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butoh" title="Butoh">butoh</a> dance troupe <a href="/wiki/Kokoro_Dance" title="Kokoro Dance">Kokoro Dance</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also the home province for a plethora of independent <a href="/wiki/Theatre_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre companies">theatre companies</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Club_Theatre_Company" title="Arts Club Theatre Company">Arts Club Theatre Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespearean">Shakespearean</a> <a href="/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach" title="Bard on the Beach">Bard on the Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Under_the_Stars_(Vancouver)" title="Theatre Under the Stars (Vancouver)">Theatre Under the Stars</a>. Performing arts venues include the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Theatre" title="Queen Elizabeth Theatre">Queen Elizabeth Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_(Vancouver)" title="Orpheum (Vancouver)">Orpheum Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Theatre_(Victoria,_British_Columbia)" title="Royal Theatre (Victoria, British Columbia)">Royal Theatre</a>, among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vancouver" title="Music of Vancouver">Music of Vancouver</a></div> <p>British Columbia is the third largest music-producing province in Canada and the local music industry generates an estimated yearly revenue of $265<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province is home to the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Vancouver Symphony Orchestra">Vancouver Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Okanagan Symphony Orchestra">Okanagan Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Metropolitan_Orchestra" title="Vancouver Metropolitan Orchestra">Vancouver Metropolitan Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Youth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Vancouver Youth Symphony Orchestra">Vancouver Youth Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Delta_Youth_Orchestra" title="Richmond Delta Youth Orchestra">Richmond Delta Youth Orchestra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Symphony" title="Victoria Symphony">Victoria Symphony</a>. Some important <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> acts include bands such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_West" title="Spirit of the West">Spirit of the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_a_Deadman" title="Theory of a Deadman">Theory of a Deadman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trooper_(band)" title="Trooper (band)">Trooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gob_(band)" title="Gob (band)">Gob</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Pornographers" title="The New Pornographers">The New Pornographers</a>, and solo artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Adams" title="Bryan Adams">Bryan Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carly_Rae_Jepsen" title="Carly Rae Jepsen">Carly Rae Jepsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_DeMarco" title="Mac DeMarco">Mac DeMarco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bublé">Michael Bublé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Furtado" title="Nelly Furtado">Nelly Furtado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Krall" title="Diana Krall">Diana Krall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Music festivals">Music festivals</a> in BC have included the <a href="/wiki/Squamish_Valley_Music_Festival" title="Squamish Valley Music Festival">Squamish Valley Music Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Music Festival">Shambhala Music Festival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Music_Festival" title="Pemberton Music Festival">Pemberton Music Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Pacific Northwest">Cuisine of the Pacific Northwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_cuisine" title="Rocky Mountain cuisine">Rocky Mountain cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BC_Roll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BC_Roll.jpg/220px-BC_Roll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BC_Roll.jpg/330px-BC_Roll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BC_Roll.jpg/440px-BC_Roll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The B.C. Roll is a kind of sushi containing barbecued salmon and cucumber</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbian cuisine is commonly associated with healthy living, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion</a>, fresh local ingredients, and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be divided into two broadly-defined traditions: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">cuisine associated with the west coast</a>, which incorporates a variety of <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> elements, and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_cuisine" title="Rocky Mountain cuisine">cuisine associated with the interior of the province</a>, which embraces local <a href="/wiki/Game_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Game meat">game meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm-to-table" title="Farm-to-table">farm-to-table</a> produce, and methods of <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">curing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Seafood is an important staple of the province's local food culture due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, as well as the region's numerous rivers and lakes. BC is known for several unique dishes and is a producer of fruit, wine,<sup id="cite_ref-Frommers_r561_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frommers_r561-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-/_2022_o454_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-/_2022_o454-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seafoods of British Columbia include <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> (<a href="/wiki/BC_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="BC roll">BC roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamite_roll" title="Dynamite roll">dynamite roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">dungeness crab</a> (boiled, <a href="/wiki/Tacos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacos">tacos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pandalus_platyceros" title="Pandalus platyceros">spot prawns</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">pacific salmon</a> (smoked, candied, <a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">teriyaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">chowder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwich</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baked" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked">baked</a>, lemon ginger), as well as <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacies</a> like <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">white sturgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">geoduck</a><sup id="cite_ref-Must_Try_British_Columbia_Recipes_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Must_Try_British_Columbia_Recipes-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taste_Atlas_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taste_Atlas-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg/220px-Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg/330px-Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg/440px-Nanaimo_bar_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Nanaimo bars originate from the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a> and consist of a crumb and nut base, <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a> middle, and <a href="/wiki/Ganache" title="Ganache">ganache</a> top layer</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbia is also home to numerous unique non-seafood culinary staples. Some dishes include <a href="/wiki/Doukhobour" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobour">Doukhobour</a> <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Spring_Island" title="Salt Spring Island">Salt Spring Island</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb (food)">lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japadog" title="Japadog">Japadog</a> <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">Butter chicken</a> <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>. Some unique pastries include apple cranberry <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_buns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamon buns">cinnamon buns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_bars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanaimo bars">Nanaimo bars</a>, and Victoria creams.<sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Foods_of_British_Columbia-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Must_Try_British_Columbia_Recipes_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Must_Try_British_Columbia_Recipes-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-British_Columbia_Food_and_Drink_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Columbia_Food_and_Drink-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia also produces several distinct local cheeses, such as kabritt, Castle Blue, and Comox Brie.<sup id="cite_ref-Taste_Atlas_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taste_Atlas-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/London_fog_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="London fog (beverage)">London Fog</a> tea <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">latte</a> was invented in Vancouver and remains a popular beverage among coffee shops in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada; it is referred to as a "Vancouver Fog" in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a> produces many unique fruits originating from the region, including <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosia apple">Ambrosia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spartan_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartan apple">Spartan</a> apples, <a href="/wiki/Stella_cherry" title="Stella cherry">Stella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeena_cherry" title="Skeena cherry">Skeena</a> cherries, and <a href="/wiki/Coronation_(grape)" title="Coronation (grape)">Corontation</a> grapes. Other fruits grown in the province include <a href="/wiki/Peaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaches">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pears" class="mw-redirect" title="Pears">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plums" class="mw-redirect" title="Plums">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricots" class="mw-redirect" title="Apricots">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">cranberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loganberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Loganberries">loganberries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Columbia_Food_and_Drink_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Columbia_Food_and_Drink-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Columbia is renowned for its wine production. The primary wine-producing regions include the Okanagan, the <a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Similkameen Valley">Similkameen Valley</a>, Vancouver Island, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a>. As of November 2014, there are 280 licensed grape wineries and 929 vineyards.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outdoor_life_and_athletics">Outdoor life and athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Outdoor life and athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg/220px-Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg/330px-Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg/440px-Whistler_ice_sailor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ice sailing in <a href="/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail,_Victoria,_British_Columbia,_Canada_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg/220px-Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg/330px-Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg/440px-Holland_Point_Shoreline_Trail%2C_Victoria%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5463" data-file-height="3642" /></a><figcaption>Shoreline Trail in Victoria</figcaption></figure> <p>Given its varied mountainous terrain and its coasts, lakes, rivers, and forests, British Columbia has long been enjoyed for pursuits like hiking and camping, <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a> and mountaineering, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>. </p><p>Water sports, both motorized and non-motorized, are enjoyed in many places. <a href="/wiki/Sea_kayak" title="Sea kayak">Sea kayaking</a> opportunities abound on the British Columbia coast with its <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_rafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater rafting">Whitewater rafting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaking</a> are popular on many inland rivers. <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">sailboarding</a> are widely enjoyed. </p><p>In winter, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">telemark skiing</a> are much enjoyed, and in recent decades high-quality <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">downhill</a> <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> has been developed in the Coast Mountain range and the Rockies, as well as in the southern areas of the Shuswap Highlands and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a> has mushroomed in popularity since the early 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> downhill events were held in <a href="/wiki/Whistler_Blackcomb" title="Whistler Blackcomb">Whistler Blackcomb</a> area of the province, while the indoor events were conducted in the Vancouver area. </p><p>In Vancouver and Victoria (as well as some other cities), opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">joggers</a> and bicyclists have been developed. Cross-country bike touring has been popular since the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_gearing" title="Bicycle gearing">ten-speed</a> bike became available many years ago. Since the advent of the more robust <a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">mountain bike</a>, trails in more rugged and wild places have been developed for them. A 2016 poll on global biking website Pinkbike rated BC as the top destination mountain bikers would like to ride.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the province's retired rail beds have been converted and maintained for hiking, biking, and cross-country skiing. <a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a> is also a popular activity because of the hilly geography of the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Horseback riding</a> is enjoyed by many British Columbians. Opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">trail riding</a>, often into especially scenic areas, have been established for tourists in numerous areas of the province. </p><p>British Columbia also has strong participation levels in many other sports, including <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disc_golf" title="Disc golf">disc golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Canada" title="Ultimate Canada">Ultimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>. British Columbia has produced many outstanding athletes, especially in aquatic and <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a>. </p><p>Consistent with both increased tourism and increased participation in diverse recreations by British Columbians has been the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">lodges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalet" title="Chalet">chalets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">bed and breakfasts</a>, motels, hotels, fishing camps, and park-camping facilities in recent decades. </p><p>In certain areas, there are businesses, non-profit societies, or municipal governments dedicated to promoting <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> in their region. A number of British Columbia farmers offer visitors to combine tourism with farm work, for example, through the <a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a> Canada program.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of sport teams in British Columbia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Team</th> <th>City</th> <th>League </th> <th>Stadium/arena </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_Canucks" title="Abbotsford Canucks">Abbotsford Canucks</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_Centre" title="Abbotsford Centre">Abbotsford Centre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Lions" title="BC Lions">BC Lions</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Place" title="BC Place">BC Place</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Thunder" title="BC Thunder">BC Thunder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Ringette_League" title="National Ringette League">National Ringette League</a> </td> <td>Richmond Ice Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Blazers" title="Kamloops Blazers">Kamloops Blazers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Hockey League">Canadian Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandman_Centre" title="Sandman Centre">Sandman Centre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelowna_Rockets" title="Kelowna Rockets">Kelowna Rockets</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a></td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prospera_Place" title="Prospera Place">Prospera Place</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_FC" title="Pacific FC">Pacific FC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langford,_British_Columbia" title="Langford, British Columbia">Langford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Stadium" title="Starlight Stadium">Starlight Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_Cougars" title="Prince George Cougars">Prince George Cougars</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a></td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CN_Centre" title="CN Centre">CN Centre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Bandits" title="Vancouver Bandits">Vancouver Bandits</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Township_of_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Township of Langley">Langley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langley_Events_Centre" title="Langley Events Centre">Langley Events Centre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a></td> <td>Vancouver</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Arena" title="Rogers Arena">Rogers Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_FC" title="Vancouver FC">Vancouver FC</a></td> <td>Langley</td> <td>Canadian Premier League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Community_Park_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughby Community Park Stadium">Willoughby Community Park Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Giants" title="Vancouver Giants">Vancouver Giants</a></td> <td>Langley</td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td>Langley Events Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Warriors" title="Vancouver Warriors">Vancouver Warriors</a></td> <td>Vancouver</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> </td> <td>Rogers Arena </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Whitecaps">Vancouver Whitecaps</a></td> <td>Vancouver</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> </td> <td>BC Place </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Royals" title="Victoria Royals">Victoria Royals</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Save-On-Foods_Memorial_Centre" title="Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre">Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_British_Columbia" title="List of professional sports teams in British Columbia">List of professional sports teams in British Columbia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg/220px-Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg/330px-Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg/440px-Hatley_Castle_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hatley_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatley Castle">Hatley Castle</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Roads_University" title="Royal Roads University">Royal Roads University</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K-12_education">K-12 education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: K-12 education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_British_Columbia" title="Education in British Columbia">Education in British Columbia</a></div> <p>British Columbia is home to a comprehensive education system consisting of public schools and independent schools that is overseen by the provincial Ministry of Education. The public school system is divided in 59 anglophone school districts and one francophone school district, the <i><a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_francophone_de_la_Colombie-Britannique" title="Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique">Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique</a>,</i> which operates French-language public schools throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anglophone school districts are governed by school board trustees who are directly elected by the school district's residents. Although 86 percent of students are enrolled in the public school system, British Columbia has one of the highest shares of independent school enrolment among Canadian province, at 14 percent of the student population, due to its relatively generous funding model; most independent schools receive 50 percent of the operating funding that their public counterparts receive from the government. A very small percentage (less than 1 percent) of students are home schooled. </p><p>Like most other provinces in Canada, education is compulsory from ages 6 to 16 (grades 1–10), although the vast majority of students remain in school until they graduate from high school (<a href="/wiki/Twelfth_grade" title="Twelfth grade">grade 12</a>) at the age of 18. In order to graduate with a graduation certificate, known as a Dogwood Diploma in BC, students must take a minimum of 80 course credits during grades 10 to 12. These credits include a variety of required courses (e.g. in language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science), as well as elective courses.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic achievement in British Columbia is relatively good, although it has been slipping in recent years by some measures. In 2020, 86 percent of students in British Columbia graduated from high school within six years of entering grade 8.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores, students in British Columbia scored the second highest in reading ability, fourth highest in mathematic prowess, and fourth highest in science knowledge of the 10 Canadian provinces, although these scores have declined significantly since the 2000 and 2015 assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_students">International students</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: International students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In September 2014, there were 11,000 international students in BC public K-12 schools and about 3,000 international students in other BC K-12 schools.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFU_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/SFU_Aerial.jpg/220px-SFU_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/SFU_Aerial.jpg/330px-SFU_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/SFU_Aerial.jpg/440px-SFU_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a> in Burnaby</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_British_Columbia" title="Higher education in British Columbia">Higher education in British Columbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg/170px-Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg/255px-Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg/340px-Quest_University_Canada_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Quest University Canada Academic Building, aerial view</figcaption></figure> <p>British Columbia has a diverse array of higher educational institutions, ranging from publicly funded universities, colleges, and institutes, to private universities, colleges, seminaries, and career institutes. Public institutions receive approximately half of their funding from grants from the provincial government, with the remaining revenue stemming from tuition charges and philanthropic donations.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each post-secondary institution sets its own admission requirements, although the standard requirement is the completion of high school. </p><p>Public universities and colleges include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia" title="University of Northern British Columbia">University of Northern British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University" title="Vancouver Island University">Vancouver Island University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Institute_of_Technology" title="British Columbia Institute of Technology">British Columbia Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University">Thompson Rivers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design" title="Emily Carr University of Art and Design">Emily Carr University of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Roads_University" title="Royal Roads University">Royal Roads University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilano_University" title="Capilano University">Capilano University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Fraser_Valley" title="University of the Fraser Valley">University of the Fraser Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_College" title="Douglas College">Douglas College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camosun_College" title="Camosun College">Camosun College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langara_College" title="Langara College">Langara College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirk_College" title="Selkirk College">Selkirk College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_New_Caledonia" title="College of New Caledonia">College of New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Rockies" title="College of the Rockies">College of the Rockies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_College" title="Okanagan College">Okanagan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountain_College" title="Coast Mountain College">Coast Mountain College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Institute_of_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Institute of BC">Justice Institute of BC</a></li></ul> </div> <p>British Columbia is also home to 11 <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_universities_in_Canada" title="List of private universities in Canada">private colleges and universities</a> located throughout the province, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_University" title="Quest University">Quest University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_College" title="Alexander College">Alexander College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Canada_West" title="University Canada West">University Canada West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(British_Columbia)" title="Columbia College (British Columbia)">Columbia College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquitlam_College" title="Coquitlam College">Coquitlam College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamwood_International_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamwood International College (page does not exist)">Tamwood International College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_College" title="Ashton College">Ashton College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blanche_Macdonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blanche Macdonald (page does not exist)">Blanche Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanwest_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanwest College (page does not exist)">Vanwest College</a></li></ul> <p>Two American universities (<a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">Fairleigh Dickinson University</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) also have degree-granting campuses located in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_British_Columbia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of British Columbia–related articles">Index of British Columbia–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Outline of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia" title="Symbols of British Columbia">Symbols of British Columbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8">0-19-541619-8</a>; p. 335), <i>BCer</i>(<i>s</i>) is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following portions of southeastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard and Mountain Daylight Time: <ul><li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Golden,_British_Columbia" title="Golden, British Columbia">Golden</a> and Electoral area A within <a href="/wiki/Columbia-Shuswap_Regional_District" title="Columbia-Shuswap Regional District">Columbia-Shuswap Regional District</a>, excluding the part within <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park</a>.</li> <li>The majority of <a href="/wiki/East_Kootenay_Regional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kootenay Regional District">East Kootenay Regional District</a>, excluding a portion of Electoral area C containing <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Provincial_Park" title="Ryan Provincial Park">Ryan Provincial Park</a>.</li></ul> The following portions of eastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard Time year-round, and do not observe DST: <ul><li>A portion of <a href="/wiki/East_Kootenay_Regional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kootenay Regional District">East Kootenay Regional District</a> Electoral area C.</li> <li>Electoral areas A, B, and C, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Creston,_British_Columbia" title="Creston, British Columbia">Creston</a> within <a href="/wiki/Central_Kootenay_Regional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kootenay Regional District">Central Kootenay Regional District</a>.</li> <li>The entirety of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rockies_Regional_Municipality" title="Northern Rockies Regional Municipality">Northern Rockies Regional Municipality</a>.</li> <li>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Regional_District" title="Peace River Regional District">Peace River Regional District</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Kwadacha" title="Kwadacha">Kwadacha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsay_Keh_Dene_First_Nation" title="Tsay Keh Dene First Nation">Tsay Keh Dene First Nation</a>, and portions of Electoral area B located west of the <a href="/wiki/Muskwa_Ranges" title="Muskwa Ranges">Muskwa Ranges</a>.</li></ul> All other areas of British Columbia observe Pacific Standard and Pacific Daylight Time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian reserve populations are not included in these figures</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Statistics represent both single (for example, "German") and multiple (for example, "Chinese-English") responses to the 2016 Census, and thus do not add up to 100 percent. All items are self-identified.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euro_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/43b1b6b3ba3611d892e2080020a0f4c9">"Place names – British Columbia / Colombie-Britannique"</a>. <i>www4.rncan.gc.ca</i>. Natural Resources Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727062254/http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/43b1b6b3ba3611d892e2080020a0f4c9">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www4.rncan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Place+names+%E2%80%93+British+Columbia+%2F+Colombie-Britannique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.rncan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%2F43b1b6b3ba3611d892e2080020a0f4c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/49333.html">"BC Geographical Names"</a>. <i>apps.gov.bc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061058/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/49333.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F49333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/fra/pr-rp/sjc-csj/constitution/loireg-lawreg/p1t41.html">"Ministère de la Justice – Province de la Colombie-Britannique – Texte no 4"</a>. <i>www.justice.gc.ca</i>. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. November 3, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233142/https://www.justice.gc.ca/fra/pr-rp/sjc-csj/constitution/loireg-lawreg/p1t41.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Justice+%E2%80%93+Province+de+la+Colombie-Britannique+%E2%80%93+Texte+no+4&rft.date=1999-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gc.ca%2Ffra%2Fpr-rp%2Fsjc-csj%2Fconstitution%2Floireg-lawreg%2Fp1t41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=JDAKT">"British Columbia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Columbia&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DJDAKT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2021_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2021_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – British Columbia [Province]"</a>. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210050928/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+table%2C+Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+%E2%80%93+British+Columbia+%5BProvince%5D&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000259%26GENDERlist%3D1%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. October 3, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002202321/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates%2C+quarterly&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1710000901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GDP2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm">"Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015)"</a>. Statistics Canada. November 9, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919211233/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canadian Scholars' Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQPnUO4z0XkC&pg=PA54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551303468" title="Special:BookSources/9781551303468"><bdi>9781551303468</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319141154/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQPnUO4z0XkC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+on+Diversity+in+British+Columbia+Public+Schools%3A+From+Difference+to+In%2FDifference&rft.btitle=Educators%27+Discourses+on+Student+Diversity+in+Canada%3A+Context%2C+Policy%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781551303468&rft.aulast=Jacquet&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQPnUO4z0XkC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCare" class="citation web cs1">Care, Ministry of Education and Child. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/education-training/k-12/administration/legislation-policy/public-schools/graduation-requirements">"Graduation Requirements – Province of British Columbia"</a>. <i>www2.gov.bc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Graduation+Requirements+%E2%80%93+Province+of+British+Columbia&rft.aulast=Care&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Education+and+Child&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Feducation-training%2Fk-12%2Fadministration%2Flegislation-policy%2Fpublic-schools%2Fgraduation-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studentsuccess.gov.bc.ca/school-district/099/report/completion-rates">B.C. Education System Performance – B.C. Public School Results School District: Completion Rates</a>. <i>studentsuccess.gov.bc.ca</i> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=B.C.+Education+System+Performance+%E2%80%93+B.C.+Public+School+Results+School+District%3A+Completion+Rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudentsuccess.gov.bc.ca%2Fschool-district%2F099%2Freport%2Fcompletion-rates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2021" class="citation web cs1">Richards, John (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Commentary_576.pdf">"Student Performance in PISA 2018: Nettlesome Questions for Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Commentary_576.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Performance+in+PISA+2018%3A+Nettlesome+Questions+for+Canada&rft.date=2021-12&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdhowe.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-12%2FCommentary_576.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlockChiangShaw2014" class="citation news cs1">Sherlock, Tracy; Chiang, Chuck; Shaw, Rob (September 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225125955/http://www.vancouversun.com/business/school+shutdown+china+concerned/10193719/story.html">"BC school shutdown has China 'concerned'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/business/school+shutdown+China+concerned/10193719/story.html">the original</a> on December 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=BC+school+shutdown+has+China+%27concerned%27&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fbusiness%2Fschool%2Bshutdown%2BChina%2Bconcerned%2F10193719%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuditor_General2008" class="citation report cs1">Auditor General (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aud.gov.bc.ca/PUBS/2006-07/Report7/PostSecondaryExp2006.pdf">Government's post-secondary expansion: 25,000 seats by 2010</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aud.gov.bc.ca/PUBS/2006-07/Report7/PostSecondaryExp2006.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Government%27s+post-secondary+expansion%3A+25%2C000+seats+by+2010&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Auditor+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aud.gov.bc.ca%2FPUBS%2F2006-07%2FReport7%2FPostSecondaryExp2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdu.edu/campuses/vancouver-campus/">"Vancouver Campus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">Fairleigh Dickinson University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427130010/https://www.fdu.edu/campuses/vancouver-campus/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vancouver+Campus&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdu.edu%2Fcampuses%2Fvancouver-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/northwestern-university-400-west-georgia-street-vancouver">"Boston's Northeastern University to open new campus in downtown Vancouver | Urbanized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Hive" title="Daily Hive">Daily Hive</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503093615/https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/northwestern-university-400-west-georgia-street-vancouver">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Hive&rft.atitle=Boston%27s+Northeastern+University+to+open+new+campus+in+downtown+Vancouver+%7C+Urbanized&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyhive.com%2Fvancouver%2Fnorthwestern-university-400-west-georgia-street-vancouver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/39106.html">"British Columbia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Columbia&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F39106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetch1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Vetch" title="Robert Hamilton Vetch">Vetch, Robert Hamilton</a> (1894). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Moody, Richard Clement"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Moody,_Richard_Clement">"Moody, Richard Clement" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 38. pp. 332–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moody%2C+Richard+Clement&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=332-333&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Vetch&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Barman" title="Jean Barman">Barman, Jean</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbYe6fCOSTAC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>The West beyond the West: a history of British Columbia</i></a>. Univ. of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9309-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-9309-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511142701/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbYe6fCOSTAC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+beyond+the+West%3A+a+history+of+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9309-7&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbYe6fCOSTAC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_British_Columbia" title="Bibliography of British Columbia">Bibliography of British Columbia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Akrigg, G. P. V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IP4V-Hyt-4C&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>British Columbia place names</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0636-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0636-2"><bdi>0-7748-0636-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511142700/https://books.google.com/books?id=9IP4V-Hyt-4C&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Columbia+place+names&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7748-0636-2&rft.aulast=Akrigg&rft.aufirst=G.+P.+V.&rft.au=Akrigg%2C+Helen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IP4V-Hyt-4C%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMzgxL7WhzAC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>Selling British Columbia: Tourism and Consumer Culture, 1890–1970</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1055-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-1055-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511160611/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMzgxL7WhzAC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+British+Columbia%3A+Tourism+and+Consumer+Culture%2C+1890%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1055-5&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMzgxL7WhzAC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Foster, Leslie T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c598qbT6gBMC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>People, politics, and child welfare in British Columbia</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1372-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1372-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511164732/https://books.google.com/books?id=c598qbT6gBMC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%2C+politics%2C+and+child+welfare+in+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1372-3&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Leslie+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc598qbT6gBMC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cole_Harris" title="Cole Harris">Harris, R. Cole</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzvH3MCYTm4C&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>The Resettlement of British Columbia : Essays on Colonialism and Geographical Change</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0588-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0588-9"><bdi>0-7748-0588-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511114604/https://books.google.com/books?id=TzvH3MCYTm4C&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resettlement+of+British+Columbia+%3A+Essays+on+Colonialism+and+Geographical+Change&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7748-0588-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R.+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzvH3MCYTm4C%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McKee, Christopher (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51FVXiNA7okC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>Treaty talks in British Columbia: negotiating a mutually beneficial future</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0824-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0824-1"><bdi>0-7748-0824-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511142702/https://books.google.com/books?id=51FVXiNA7okC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+talks+in+British+Columbia%3A+negotiating+a+mutually+beneficial+future&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7748-0824-1&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51FVXiNA7okC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McGillivray, Brett (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWL_6b7dUrkC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>Geography of British Columbia: people and landscapes in transition</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0784-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0784-9"><bdi>0-7748-0784-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511153641/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWL_6b7dUrkC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+British+Columbia%3A+people+and+landscapes+in+transition&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7748-0784-9&rft.aulast=McGillivray&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWL_6b7dUrkC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Muckle, Robert James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zBQ951iVncC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>The First Nations of British Columbia: an anthropological survey</i></a>. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0663-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0663-X"><bdi>0-7748-0663-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511164733/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zBQ951iVncC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Nations+of+British+Columbia%3A+an+anthropological+survey&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7748-0663-X&rft.aulast=Muckle&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zBQ951iVncC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thirkell, Fred; Scullion, Bob (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcolumbia10000thir"><i>British Columbia 100 years ago: portraits of a province</i></a></span>. Heritage House Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894384-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-894384-49-0"><bdi>1-894384-49-0</bdi></a>. <q>British Columbia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Columbia+100+years+ago%3A+portraits+of+a+province&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-894384-49-0&rft.aulast=Thirkell&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Scullion%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcolumbia10000thir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Lee, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfFTSXftIOcC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1"><i>Guide to "British Columbia"</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-584-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-584-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511182433/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfFTSXftIOcC&q=British%20Columbia&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+%22British+Columbia%22&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-584-0&rft.aulast=Ver+Berkmoes&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Lee%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfFTSXftIOcC%26q%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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.plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>British Columbia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/British Columbia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="c:British Columbia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:British Columbia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="q:British Columbia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/British Columbia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/British Columbia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/British Columbia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/British_Columbia" class="extiw" title="voy:British Columbia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/home">Official government website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1973#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellobc.com/">Tourism British Columbia official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcweathercams.ca">BC Weathercams: Webcams showing realtime conditions across the province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092606/http://www.bcweathercams.ca/">Archived</a> March 31, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gov.bc.ca/">BC government news</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021013074240/http%3A//www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/index.htm">"Provincial Archives including online photo database"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/index.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Archives+including+online+photo+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042144/http://www.vpl.vancouver.bc.ca/find/cat/C393/">"Vancouver Public Library; Historical Photographs of BC & the Yukon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpl.vancouver.bc.ca/find/cat/C393/">the original</a> on March 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vancouver+Public+Library%3B+Historical+Photographs+of+BC+%26+the+Yukon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpl.vancouver.bc.ca%2Ffind%2Fcat%2FC393%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205230512/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/vpl">"BC Multicultural Photographs from the Vancouver Public Library – searchable photo database"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/vpl">the original</a> on December 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BC+Multicultural+Photographs+from+the+Vancouver+Public+Library+%E2%80%93+searchable+photo+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multiculturalcanada.ca%2Fvpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Columbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/geographic-data-services/web-based-mapping/map-services">BC government online map archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia" title="Template:Subdivisions of British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of regional districts of British Columbia">Regional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_British_Columbia" title="List of school districts in British Columbia">School districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of land districts of British Columbia">Land districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_regions_of_Canada#British_Columbia" title="Health regions of Canada">Health regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_British_Columbia" title="Counties of British Columbia">Counties (court system)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of communities in British Columbia">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of cities in British Columbia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of district municipalities in British Columbia">District municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Indian_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Indian government districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Island_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Island municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Mountain_resort_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Mountain resort municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Resort_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Resort municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_British_Columbia" title="List of towns in British Columbia">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_British_Columbia" title="List of villages in British Columbia">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_British_Columbia" title="List of ghost towns in British Columbia">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_British_Columbia" title="List of Indian reserves in British Columbia">Indian reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metro areas and<br />agglomerations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia" title="Mission, British Columbia">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Kelowna" title="Greater Kelowna">Greater Kelowna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vernon" title="Greater Vernon">Greater Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Greater Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of census agglomerations in British Columbia">Census agglomerations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Columbia" title="Category:British Columbia">Category:British Columbia</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_British_Columbia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject British Columbia">WikiProject:British Columbia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_on_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CDDEFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Topics_on_British_Columbia" title="Template:Topics on British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Topics_on_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Topics on British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Topics_on_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Topics on British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_on_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Topics</a> on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heritage_sites_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Heritage sites in British Columbia">Heritage sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_British_Columbia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in British Columbia">National Historic Sites</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of British Columbia"><img alt="Flag of British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/64px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/96px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/128px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_British_Columbia" title="Politics of British Columbia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada#British_Columbia" title="List of political parties in Canada">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_general_elections" title="List of British Columbia general elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Executive Council of British Columbia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia" title="Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Executive Council of British Columbia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_British_Columbia" title="List of premiers of British Columbia">Premiers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">current</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(British_Columbia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (British Columbia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_British_Columbia" title="Geography of British Columbia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_British_Columbia" title="Demographics of British Columbia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of British Columbia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_British_Columbia" title="Category:Natural history of British Columbia">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Provincial_Parks" title="List of British Columbia Provincial Parks">Provincial parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_British_Columbia" title="List of rivers of British Columbia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of British Columbia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of communities in British Columbia">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional districts of British Columbia">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional districts of British Columbia">Regional Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Settlements_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Settlements in British Columbia">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia#Economy_of_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Companies based in British Columbia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_provincial_highways" title="List of British Columbia provincial highways">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_British_Columbia" title="List of airports in British Columbia">Airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia#Culture_of_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Education in British Columbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="First Nations in British Columbia">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia#Law_and_order_in_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_British_Columbia" title="Music of British Columbia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia#Sports_in_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_British_Columbia" title="List of people from British Columbia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia" title="Symbols of British Columbia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbia" title="Flag of British Columbia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Columbia Universities">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Tourist attractions in British Columbia">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#CDDEFF;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">General outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Columbia" title="Category:British Columbia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template:Provinces and territories of 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selflink">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a> after 1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by area">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Extreme points of Canadian provinces">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Canada_by_annual_expenditures" title="List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures">Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_museums_of_Canada" title="Provincial and territorial museums of Canada">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of provinces and territories of Canada">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Category:Provinces and territories of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lljb8","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.209","walltime":"4.066","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28513,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":621553,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43721,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":70,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":689595,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3227.521 1 -total"," 28.80% 929.423 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.38% 625.424 1 Template:Infobox_province_or_territory_of_Canada"," 19.28% 622.292 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 18.18% 586.838 4 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