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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Openings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Openings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Openings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paralysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Paralysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herniation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herniation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Herniation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herniation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_strength_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_strength_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance in strength training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_strength_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thoracic diaphragm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelrif" title="Middelrif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middelrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwerchfell" title="Zwerchfell – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zwerchfell" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="حجاب حاجز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجاب حاجز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A2_%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafraqma_(anatomiya)" title="Diafraqma (anatomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Diafraqma (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="মধ্যচ্ছদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যচ্ছদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A2i%E2%81%BF-keh-mo%CC%8D%CD%98h" title="Hoâiⁿ-keh-mo̍͘h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoâiⁿ-keh-mo̍͘h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Дыяфрагма (анатомія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяфрагма (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Залона – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Залона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Диафрагма (анатомия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диафрагма (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijafragma" title="Dijafragma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijafragma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelc%27hspeurenn" title="Kelc'hspeurenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kelc'hspeurenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(m%C3%BAscul)" title="Diafragma (múscul) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diafragma (múscul)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Диафрагма (анатоми) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Диафрагма (анатоми)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1nice" title="Bránice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bránice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaffram_y_thoracs" title="Diaffram y thoracs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diaffram y thoracs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellemgulv" title="Mellemgulv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mellemgulv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwerchfell" title="Zwerchfell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwerchfell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahelihas" title="Vahelihas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahelihas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%82)" title="Διάφραγμα (μυς) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάφραγμα (μυς)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(anatom%C3%ADa)" title="Diafragma (anatomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diafragma (anatomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraka_diafragmo" title="Toraka diafragmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toraka diafragmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma" title="Diafragma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diafragma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%85_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="دیافراگم (کالبدشناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیافراگم (کالبدشناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragme_(organe)" title="Diaphragme (organe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diaphragme (organe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scairt_th%C3%B3racsach" title="Scairt thóracsach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scairt thóracsach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_diafragma" title="Músculo diafragma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Músculo diafragma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0ng-kak-mo%CC%8Dk" title="Vàng-kak-mo̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vàng-kak-mo̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%89" title="가로막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가로막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Ստոծանի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոծանի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="वक्षोदर मध्यपट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वक्षोदर मध्यपट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%A1it" title="Ošit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ošit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(anatomi)" title="Diafragma (anatomi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diafragma (anatomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragma" title="Diaphragma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diaphragma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscolo_diaframma" title="Muscolo diaframma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muscolo diaframma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="סרעפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרעפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86" title="ವಪೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಪೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="შუასაძგიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუასაძგიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Көкет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көкет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyafragm" title="Dyafragm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dyafragm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navpen%C3%A7ik" title="Navpençik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navpençik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Диафрагма (биологияда) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диафрагма (биологияда)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragma" title="Diaphragma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diaphragma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma" title="Diafragma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Diafragma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnefell" title="Munnefell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Munnefell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma" title="Diafragma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diafragma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midderif" title="Midderif – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Midderif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaframa_(anatomia)" title="Diaframa (anatomia) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Diaframa (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekeszizom" title="Rekeszizom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rekeszizom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дијафрагма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дијафрагма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(anatomi)" title="Diafragma (anatomi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diafragma (anatomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middenrif" title="Middenrif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middenrif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80)" title="डायफ्राम (एनाटोमी) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डायफ्राम (एनाटोमी)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E9%9A%94%E8%86%9C" title="横隔膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="横隔膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomgulv" title="Mellomgulv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mellomgulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomgolv" title="Mellomgolv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomgolv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(anatomiya)" title="Diafragma (anatomiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diafragma (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przepona_(mi%C4%99sie%C5%84)" title="Przepona (mięsień) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przepona (mięsień)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_diafragma" title="Músculo diafragma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Músculo diafragma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragm%C4%83" title="Diafragmă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diafragmă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Диафрагма (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диафрагма (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%BB%D3%A9_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Өрөһө (анатомия) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өрөһө (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma_(organ)" title="Diafragma (organ) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diafragma (organ)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm" title="Diaphragm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diaphragm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1nica_(%C4%8Das%C5%A5_tela)" title="Bránica (časť tela) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bránica (časť tela)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebu%C5%A1na_prepona" title="Trebušna prepona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trebušna prepona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%86%DA%A9" title="ناوپەنچک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوپەنچک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дијафрагма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дијафрагма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%A1it" title="Ošit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ošit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallea" title="Pallea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pallea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellang%C3%A4rde" title="Mellangärde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mellangärde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamban_(anatomiya)" title="Bamban (anatomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bamban (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பிரிமென்றகடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரிமென்றகடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉదరవితానము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉదరవితానము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="กะบังลม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กะบังลม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Диафрагма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Диафрагма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyafram_(kas)" title="Diyafram (kas) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diyafram (kas)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Діафрагма (анатомія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діафрагма (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_ho%C3%A0nh" title="Cơ hoành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ hoành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaheliha" title="Vaheliha – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vaheliha" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayapram_(anatomiya)" title="Dayapram (anatomiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dayapram (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="横膈膜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="横膈膜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="橫膈膜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="橫膈膜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9654#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sheet of internal skeletal muscle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about anatomic structure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diaphragm (disambiguation)">Diaphragm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:antiquewhite">Diaphragm</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Respiratory_system.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Respiratory_system.svg/250px-Respiratory_system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Respiratory_system.svg/375px-Respiratory_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Respiratory_system.svg/500px-Respiratory_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Respiratory system</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Origin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">L1-L3, the <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid process</a>, 6-12th <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">rib</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">costal cartilages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Insertion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">Central tendon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_artery" title="Pericardiacophrenic artery">Pericardiacophrenic artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musculophrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculophrenic artery">musculophrenic artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arteries" title="Inferior phrenic arteries">inferior phrenic arteries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_phrenic_vein" title="Superior phrenic vein">Superior phrenic vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_vein" title="Inferior phrenic vein">inferior phrenic vein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">Phrenic</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">intercostal nerves</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Actions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">assists inspiration, depresses <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">costal cartilages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>diaphragma</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>διάφραγμα</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003964">D003964</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.4.02.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A04.4.02.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2327">2327</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13295">13295</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9654" class="extiw" title="d:Q9654">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Structure of Diaphragm shown using a 3D medical animation still shot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg/220px-3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg/330px-3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg/440px-3D_Medical_Animation_Diaphragm_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Structure of diaphragm shown using a 3D medical animation still shot</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>thoracic diaphragm</b>, or simply the <b>diaphragm</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">διάφραγμα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">diáphragma</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'partition'), is a sheet of internal <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal striated muscle">skeletal muscle</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that extends across the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a>. The diaphragm is the most important <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">muscle of respiration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alex_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and separates the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a>, containing the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its high oxygen consumption is noted by the many <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> present; more than in any other skeletal muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>diaphragm</i> in anatomy, created by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can refer to other flat structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">urogenital diaphragm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic diaphragm</a>, but "the diaphragm" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. In humans, the diaphragm is slightly asymmetric—its right half is higher up (superior) to the left half, since the large liver rests beneath the right half of the diaphragm. There is also speculation that the diaphragm is lower on the other side due to heart's presence. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have diaphragms, and other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> have diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy may vary, such as the position of the lungs in the thoracic cavity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaphragm_def_1707.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diaphragm_def_1707.png/220px-Diaphragm_def_1707.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diaphragm_def_1707.png/330px-Diaphragm_def_1707.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diaphragm_def_1707.png/440px-Diaphragm_def_1707.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Definition of <i>diaphragm</i> in Blount's 1707 <i>Glossographia Anglicana Nova</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The diaphragm is an upward curved, c-shaped structure of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tissue">fibrous tissue</a> that separates the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> from the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superior surface of the dome forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, and the inferior surface the roof of the abdominal cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a dome, the diaphragm has peripheral attachments to structures that make up the abdominal and chest walls. The muscle fibres from these attachments converge in a <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a>, which forms the crest of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its peripheral part consists of muscular fibers that take origin from the circumference of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_thoracic_aperture" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior thoracic aperture">inferior thoracic aperture</a> and converge to be inserted into a central tendon. </p><p>The muscle fibres of the diaphragm radiate outward from the central tendon. While the diaphragm is one muscle, it is composed of two distinct muscle regions: the costal, which serves as the driver in the work of breathing, and crural diaphragm, which serves as an "anchor;" attaching the muscle to the lower ribs and lumbar vertebrae. The costal diaphragm is further divided into ventral, medial, and dorsal costal portions. <sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vertebral part of the diaphragm arises from the crura and arcuate ligaments. Right crus arises from L1-L3 vertebral bodies and their intervertebral discs. Smaller left crus arises from L1, L2 vertebral bodies and their intervertebral discs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medial arcuate ligament arises from the fascia thickening from body of L2 vertebrae to transverse process of L1 vertebrae, crossing over the body of the <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Psoas major">psoas major</a> muscle. The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_arcuate_ligament" title="Lateral arcuate ligament">lateral arcuate ligament</a> arises from the transverse process of L1 vertebrae and is attached laterally to the 12th rib. The lateral arcuate ligament also arises from fascia thickening that covers the <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_lumborum_muscle" title="Quadratus lumborum muscle">quadratus lumborum</a> muscle. The <a href="/wiki/Median_arcuate_ligament" title="Median arcuate ligament">median arcuate ligament</a> arises from the fibrous parts of right and left crura where descending <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a> passes behind it. No diaphramatic muscle arises from the median arcuate ligament.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both adrenal glands lie near the diaphragmatic crus and arcuate ligament.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The costal part of diaphragm arises from the lower four ribs (7 to 10) costal cartilages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a> of the diaphragm is a thin but strong <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a> near the center of the vault formed by the muscle, closer to the front than to the back of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>. The central part of the tendon is attached above to <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>. The both sides of the posterior fibres are attached to paracolic gutters (the curving of ribs before attaching to both sides of the vertebral bodies).<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Openings">Openings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Openings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg/220px-1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg/330px-1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg/440px-1113_The_Diaphragm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Human diaphragm, transverse view from below, showing openings</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of openings in the diaphragm through which structures pass between the thorax and abdomen. There are three large openings — one for the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_hiatus" title="Aortic hiatus">aortic hiatus</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one for the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">esophageal hiatus</a>), and one for the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Vena_caval_foramen" title="Vena caval foramen">caval opening</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a series of smaller openings.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore-201122_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-201122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>The inferior vena cava passes through the caval opening, a quadrilateral opening at the junction of the right and middle leaflets of the <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a>, so that its margins are tendinous. Surrounded by tendons, the opening is stretched open every time inspiration occurs. However, there has been argument that the caval opening actually constricts during inspiration. Since thoracic pressure decreases upon inspiration and draws the caval blood upwards toward the right atrium, increasing the size of the opening allows more blood to return to the heart, maximizing the efficacy of lowered thoracic pressure returning blood to the heart. The <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> does not pierce the diaphragm but rather passes behind it in between the left and right crus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several structures that pierce through the diaphragm, including: <a href="/wiki/Left_phrenic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Left phrenic nerve">left phrenic nerve</a> pierces through the central tendon, greater, lesser, and least <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_splanchnic_nerves" title="Thoracic splanchnic nerves">thoracic splanchnic nerves</a> pierces through bilateral crura, and lymphatic vessels that pierce throughout the diaphragam, especially behind the diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" role="presentation"> <caption>Openings through the diaphragm and their content<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>! Description</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">Vertebral level</a></th> <th>Contents </th></tr> <tr> <td>caval opening</td> <td>T8</td> <td>The <i>caval opening</i> passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some branches of the right <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nason_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nason_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outermost wall of inferior vena cava is fused with the central tendon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">esophageal hiatus</a></td> <td>T10</td> <td>The <i>esophageal hiatus</i> is situated in the posterior part of the diaphragm, located slightly left of the west central tendon through the muscular sling of the right crus of the diaphragm.<br />It contains the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, and anterior and posterior <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagal trunks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_artery" title="Left gastric artery">left gastric artery</a> and veins, and lymphatics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aortic_hiatus" title="Aortic hiatus">aortic hiatus</a></td> <td>T12</td> <td>The <i>aortic hiatus</i> is in the posterior part of the diaphragm, between the left and right crus.<br />It contains the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_duct" title="Thoracic duct">thoracic duct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">Azygous vein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nason_2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nason_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Under the <a href="/wiki/Medial_lumbocostal_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial lumbocostal arch">medial lumbocostal arch</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Least_splanchic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Least splanchic nerve">least splanchic nerves</a><b><sup id="cite_ref-Moore-201122_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-201122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Under the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lumbocostal_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lumbocostal arch">lateral lumbocostal arch</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_nerve" title="Subcostal nerve">Subcostal nerve</a> and vessels<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>areolar tissue between the sternal and costal parts (see also <a href="/wiki/Foramina_of_Morgagni" class="mw-redirect" title="Foramina of Morgagni">foramina of Morgagni</a>)</td> <td></td> <td>the <a href="/wiki/Superior_epigastric_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior epigastric branch">superior epigastric branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_artery" title="Internal thoracic artery">internal thoracic artery</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Lymphatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatics">lymphatics</a> from the abdominal wall and convex surface of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>areolar tissue between the fibers springing from the medial and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lumbocostal_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lumbocostal arch">lateral lumbocostal arches</a></td> <td></td> <td>This interval is less constant; when this interval exists, the upper and back part of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a> by <a href="/wiki/Areolar_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Areolar tissue">areolar tissue</a> only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diaphragm is primarily innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a> which is formed from the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerves">cervical nerves</a> C3, C4 and C5.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the central portion of the diaphragm sends sensory afferents via the phrenic nerve, the peripheral portions of the diaphragm send sensory afferents via the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">intercostal</a> (T5–T11)<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Subcostal_nerve" title="Subcostal nerve">subcostal nerves</a> (T12).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray577.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray577.png/220px-Gray577.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Arteries and veins above and below the diaphragm supply and drain blood. </p><p>From above, the diaphragm receives blood from branches of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_artery" title="Internal thoracic artery">internal thoracic arteries</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_artery" title="Pericardiacophrenic artery">pericardiacophrenic artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musculophrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculophrenic artery">musculophrenic artery</a>; from the <a href="/wiki/Superior_phrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior phrenic artery">superior phrenic arteries</a>, which arise directly from the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a>; and from the lower <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal artery">internal intercostal arteries</a>. From below, the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior phrenic artery">inferior phrenic arteries</a> supply the diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diaphragm drains blood into the <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein" title="Brachiocephalic vein">brachiocephalic veins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos veins</a>, and veins that drain into the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_suprarenal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Left suprarenal vein">left suprarenal vein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sternal portion of the muscle is sometimes wanting and more rarely defects occur in the lateral part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a> or adjoining muscle fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thoracic diaphragm develops during <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>, beginning in the third week after fertilization with two processes known as transverse folding and longitudinal folding. The <a href="/wiki/Septum_transversum" title="Septum transversum">septum transversum</a>, the primitive central tendon of the diaphragm, originates at the rostral pole of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> and is relocated during longitudinal folding to the ventral thoracic region. Transverse folding brings the body wall anteriorly to enclose the gut and body cavities. The pleuroperitoneal membrane and body wall myoblasts, from somatic lateral plate <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>, meet the septum transversum to close off the pericardio-peritoneal canals on either side of the presumptive esophagus, forming a barrier that separates the peritoneal and pleuropericardial cavities. Furthermore, dorsal <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a> surrounding the presumptive esophagus form the muscular crura of the diaphragm. </p><p>Because the earliest element of the embryological diaphragm, the septum transversum, forms in the cervical region, the <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a> that innervates the diaphragm originates from the cervical spinal cord (C3,4, and 5). As the septum transversum descends inferiorly, the phrenic nerve follows, accounting for its circuitous route from the upper cervical vertebrae, around the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>, finally to innervate the diaphragm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/220px--Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AReal-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Real-time <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> showing effects of diaphragm movement during breathing</figcaption></figure> <p>The diaphragm is the main <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">muscle of respiration</a> and functions in <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves in the inferior direction, enlarging the volume of the thoracic cavity and reducing intra-thoracic pressure (the <a href="/wiki/External_intercostal_muscles" title="External intercostal muscles">external intercostal muscles</a> also participate in this enlargement), forcing the lungs to expand. In other words, the diaphragm's movement downwards creates a partial <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> in the thoracic cavity, which forces the lungs to expand to fill the void, drawing air in the process. </p><p>Cavity expansion happens in two extremes, along with intermediary forms. When the lower ribs are stabilized and the central tendon of the diaphragm is mobile, a contraction brings the insertion (central tendon) towards the origins and pushes the lower cavity towards the pelvis, allowing the thoracic cavity to expand downward. This is often called <a href="/wiki/Belly_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Belly breathing">belly breathing</a>. When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction lifts the origins (ribs) up towards the insertion (central tendon) which works in conjunction with other muscles to allow the ribs to slide and the thoracic cavity to expand laterally and upwards. </p><p>When the diaphragm relaxes (moves in the superior direction), air is exhaled by elastic recoil process of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity. Assisting this function with muscular effort (called forced <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a>) involves the <a href="/wiki/Internal_intercostal_muscles" title="Internal intercostal muscles">internal intercostal muscles</a> used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal muscle">abdominal muscles</a>, which act as an <a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">antagonist</a> paired with the diaphragm's contraction. Diaphragm dysfunction is a well-known factor associated with various complications in patients, such as prolonged respiratory failure, difficulties in weaning from mechanical ventilation, extended hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have reported that a thin diaphragm leads to greater lung compliance, which can contribute to respiratory failure. Furthermore, reduction in diaphragm thickness during the early stages of disease can serve as a prognostic marker in sepsis patients, and COVID-19 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions. It helps to expel <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, aids in childbirth,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevents <a href="/wiki/Acid_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid reflux">acid reflux</a> by exerting pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> as it passes through the <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">esophageal hiatus</a>. </p><p>In some non-human animals, the diaphragm is not crucial for breathing; a cow, for instance, can survive fairly asymptomatically with diaphragmatic paralysis as long as no massive aerobic metabolic demands are made of it. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paralysis">Paralysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paralysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If either the <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical spine">cervical spine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> is damaged, this will sever the nervous supply to the diaphragm. The most common damage to the phrenic nerve is by <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial cancer">bronchial cancer</a>, which usually only affects one side of the diaphragm. Other causes include <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herniation">Herniation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Herniation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus hernia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">hiatus hernia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a> common in adults in which parts of the lower esophagus or stomach that are normally in the abdomen pass/bulge abnormally through the diaphragm and are present in the thorax. Hernias are described as <i>rolling</i>, in which the hernia is beside the oesophagus, or <i>sliding</i>, in which the hernia directly involves the esophagus. These hernias are implicated in the development of reflux, as the different pressures between the thorax and abdomen normally act to keep pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">esophageal hiatus</a>. With herniation, this pressure is no longer present, and the angle between the <a href="/wiki/Cardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardia">cardia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and the oesophagus disappear. Not all hiatus hernias cause symptoms however, although almost all people with <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrett's oesophagus">Barrett's oesophagus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oesophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagitis">oesophagitis</a> have a hiatus hernia.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hernias may also occur as a result of congenital malformation, a <a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">congenital diaphragmatic hernia</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Pleuroperitoneal" title="Pleuroperitoneal">pleuroperitoneal</a> membranes fail to fuse, the diaphragm does not act as an effective barrier between the abdomen and thorax. Herniation is usually of the left, and commonly through the posterior <a href="/wiki/Lumbocostal_triangle" title="Lumbocostal triangle">lumbocostal triangle</a>, although rarely through the anterior <a href="/wiki/Foramen_of_Morgagni" class="mw-redirect" title="Foramen of Morgagni">foramen of Morgagni</a>. The contents of the abdomen, including the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>, may be present in the thorax, which may impact development of the growing lungs and lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PAEDIATRICS2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAEDIATRICS2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This condition is present in 0.8 - 5/10,000 births.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large herniation has high mortality rate, and requires immediate surgical repair.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/220px-Chest_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/330px-Chest_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/440px-Chest_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of chest, showing top of diaphragm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its position separating the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, fluid abnormally present in the thorax, or air abnormally present in the abdomen, may collect on one side of the diaphragm. An <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> may reveal this. <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a>, in which there is fluid abnormally present between the two <a href="/wiki/Pleurae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleurae">pleurae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lungs</a>, is detected by an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of the chest, showing fluid collecting in the <a href="/wiki/Costophrenic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Costophrenic angle">angle between the ribs and diaphragm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An X-ray may also be used to reveal a <a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">pneumoperitoneum</a>, in which there is gas in the abdomen. </p><p>An X-ray may also be used to check for herniation.<sup id="cite_ref-PAEDIATRICS2011_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAEDIATRICS2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_strength_training">Significance in strength training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance in strength training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adoption of a deeper breathing pattern typically occurs during physical exercise in order to facilitate greater oxygen absorption. During this process the diaphragm more consistently adopts a lower position within the body's core. In addition to its primary role in breathing, the diaphragm also plays a secondary role in strengthening the posture of the core. This is especially evident during deep breathing where its generally lower position increases intra-abdominal pressure, which serves to strengthen the lumbar spine.<sup id="cite_ref-hanslindgren.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanslindgren.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The key to real core stabilization is to maintain the increased IAP while going through normal breathing cycles. [...] The diaphragm then performs its breathing function at a lower position to facilitate a higher IAP.<sup id="cite_ref-hanslindgren.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanslindgren.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Therefore, if a person's diaphragm position is lower in general, through deep breathing, then this assists the strengthening of their core during that period. This can be an aid in strength training and other forms of athletic endeavour. For this reason, taking a deep breath or adopting a deeper breathing pattern is typically recommended when lifting heavy weights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg/220px-Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg/330px-Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg/440px-Diaphragm_Arthur_Keith_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Diaphragm and pleural cavities in amphibian (left), bird (center), mammal (right). a, <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>; b, <a href="/wiki/Genio-hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genio-hyoid">genio-hyoid</a>; c, <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a>; d, <a href="/wiki/Sterno-hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterno-hyoid">sterno-hyoid</a>; e, <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a>; f, <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>; g, <a href="/wiki/Septum_transversum" title="Septum transversum">septum transversum</a>; h, <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectus abdominis">rectus abdominis</a>; i, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>; j, <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>; k, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>; l, <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>; m, cervical limiting membrane of abdominal cavity; n, dorsal wall of body; o, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>; o', <a href="/wiki/Parabronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabronchi">air-sac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thoracic_diaphragm#Disputed" title="Talk:Thoracic diaphragm">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The existence of a membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>, the marine chordate <a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">lancelet</a>, possesses an atriopore by which water exits the pharynx, which has been claimed (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in <a href="/wiki/Ascidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascidian">ascidians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicate</a> epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon. </p><p>Thus the diaphragm emerges in the context of a body plan that separated an upper feeding compartment from a lower digestive tract, but the point at which it originates is a matter of definition. Structures in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have been called diaphragms, but it has been argued that these structures are not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a>. For instance, the alligator diaphragmaticus muscle does not insert on the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> and does not affect pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lungs are located in the abdominal compartment of amphibians and reptiles, so that contraction of the diaphragm expels air from the lungs rather than drawing it into them. In birds and mammals, lungs are located above the diaphragm. The presence of an exceptionally well-preserved fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i>, with lungs located beneath the diaphragm as in crocodiles, has been used to argue that dinosaurs could not have sustained an active warm-blooded physiology, or that birds could not have evolved from dinosaurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An explanation for this (put forward in 1905), is that lungs originated beneath the diaphragm, but as the demands for respiration increased in warm-blooded birds and mammals, natural selection came to favor the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a> of the herniation of the lungs from the abdominal cavity in both lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, birds do not have diaphragms. They do not breathe in the same way as mammals and do not rely on creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity, at least not to the same extent. They rely on a rocking motion of the keel of the sternum to create local areas of reduced pressure to supply thin, membranous airsacs cranially and caudally to the fixed-volume, non-expansive lungs. A complicated system of valves and air sacs cycles air constantly over the absorption surfaces of the lungs so allowing maximal efficiency of gaseous exchange. Thus, birds do not have the reciprocal tidal breathing flow of mammals. On careful dissection, around eight air sacs can be clearly seen. They extend quite far caudally into the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Diaphragmatic breathing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/404/mode/2up">page 404</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/diaphragm">"Definition of 'diaphragm'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collinsdictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Collinsdictionary.com">collinsdictionary.com</a></i>.</cite><span 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Sydney: Pearson/Benjamin Cumings. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4425-0221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4425-0221-5"><bdi>978-1-4425-0221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Australian+Version&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=334&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FBenjamin+Cumings&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4425-0221-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=NA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoracic+diaphragm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Spencer's pathology of the lung</i> (5th ed.). 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(June 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArráez-AybarBueno-LópezRaio2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arráez-Aybar LA, Bueno-López JL, Raio N (March 2015). 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James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoracic+diaphragm" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_diaphragm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Template:Thoracic diaphragm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Template talk:Thoracic diaphragm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic diaphragm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thoracic_diaphragm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoracic diaphragm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">Central tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crus_of_diaphragm" title="Crus of diaphragm">Crus of diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>arcuate ligaments</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_arcuate_ligament" title="Lateral arcuate ligament">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_arcuate_ligament" title="Medial arcuate ligament">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_arcuate_ligament" title="Median arcuate ligament">Median</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Openings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>major:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caval_opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Caval opening">Caval opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">Esophageal hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_hiatus" title="Aortic hiatus">Aortic hiatus</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>minor:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternocostal_triangle" title="Sternocostal triangle">Sternocostal triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbocostal_triangle" title="Lumbocostal triangle">Lumbocostal triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9654#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9654#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9654#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946034f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Diaphragme (anatomie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946034f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bránice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph205443&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552923905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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