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href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilages&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">Costal cartilages</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Resilient, smooth, glass-like tissue at the front ends of ribs in vertebrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Costal cartilage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Costal_cartilages_frontal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Costal_cartilages_frontal.png/250px-Costal_cartilages_frontal.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Costal_cartilages_frontal.png/375px-Costal_cartilages_frontal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Costal_cartilages_frontal.png/500px-Costal_cartilages_frontal.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Position of the costal cartilages (shown in red).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray315.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/250px-Gray315.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/375px-Gray315.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/500px-Gray315.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sternocostal_joints" title="Sternocostal joints">Sternocostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interchondral_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Interchondral articulations">interchondral articulations</a>. Anterior view.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cartilagines costales</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>costo condrio</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D066186">D066186</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.3.01.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.3.01.005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1140">1140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1139">1139</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7591">7591</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4357062" class="extiw" title="d:Q4357062">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>costal cartilages</b> are bars of <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that serve to prolong the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a> forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>. Costal cartilage is only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_ribs_1-12">Differences from ribs 1-12</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Differences from ribs 1-12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first seven pairs are connected with the <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a>; the next three are each articulated with the lower border of the cartilage of the preceding rib; the last two have pointed extremities, which end in the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the ribs, the costal cartilages vary in their <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a>, <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">breadth</a>, and direction. They increase in length from the first to the seventh, then gradually decrease to the twelfth. </p><p>Their breadth, as well as that of the intervals between them, diminishes from the first to the last. They are broad at their attachments to the ribs, and taper toward their sternal extremities, excepting the first two, which are of the same breadth throughout, and the sixth, seventh, and eighth, which are enlarged where their margins are in contact. </p><p>They also vary in direction: the first descends a little to the sternum, the second is horizontal, the third ascends slightly, while the others are angular, following the course of the ribs for a short distance, and then ascending to the sternum or preceding cartilage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each costal cartilage presents two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surfaces">Surfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>anterior surface</i> is convex, and looks forward and upward: that of the first gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Costoclavicular_ligament" title="Costoclavicular ligament">costoclavicular ligament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subclavius_muscle" title="Subclavius muscle">subclavius muscle</a>; those of the first six or seven at their sternal ends, to the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a>. The others are covered by, and give partial attachment to, some of the flat muscles of the abdomen. </p><p>The <i>posterior surface</i> is concave, and directed backward and downward; that of the first gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Sternothyroideus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternothyroideus">sternothyroideus</a>, those of the third to the sixth inclusive to the <a href="/wiki/Transversus_thoracis_muscle" title="Transversus thoracis muscle">transversus thoracis muscle</a>, and the six or seven inferior ones to the <a href="/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus abdominis muscle">transversus abdominis muscle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)">diaphragm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borders">Borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the two borders the <i>superior</i> is concave, the inferior convex; they afford attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Intercostales_interni" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostales interni">internal intercostals</a>: the upper border of the sixth gives attachment also to the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a>. </p><p>The <i>inferior</i> borders of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth cartilages present heel-like projections at the points of greatest convexity. These projections carry smooth oblong facets which articulate with facets on slight projections from the upper borders of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth cartilages, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interchondral_articulations">Interchondral articulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interchondral articulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>interchondral articulations</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> formed between the <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">costal cartilages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>. The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">costal cartilages</a> articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin <a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular capsule">articular capsule</a>, lined by <a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">synovial membrane</a> and strengthened <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Left_and_right_(lateral),_and_medial" title="Anatomical terms of location">laterally and medially</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligamentous</a> fibers (<b>interchondral ligaments</b>) which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages#Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">lower borders</a> with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extremities">Extremities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extremities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lateral end of each cartilage is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Osseous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous tissue">osseous tissue</a> of the rib to which it belongs. </p><p>The medial end of the first is continuous with the sternum; the medial ends of the six succeeding ones are rounded and are received into shallow concavities on the lateral margins of the sternum. </p><p>The medial ends of the eighth, ninth, and tenth costal cartilages are pointed, and are connected each with the cartilage immediately above. </p><p>Those of the eleventh and twelfth are pointed and free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aging-associated_diseases" title="Aging-associated diseases">old age</a>, the costal cartilages are prone to superficial <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossification</a>, particularly in women with age of 50 years and over.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Costochondritis" title="Costochondritis">costochondritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tietze_syndrome" title="Tietze syndrome">Tietze syndrome</a>, inflammation of the costal cartilage occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a common cause of <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Severe trauma</a> may lead to <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a> of the costal cartilage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such injuries often go unnoticed during <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray scans</a>, but can be diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Surgery</a> is typically used to fix the costal cartilage back onto either the rib or sternum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Costal cartilage may be <a href="/wiki/Tissue_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue transplant">harvested</a> for reparative use elsewhere in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst this is typically conducted using a <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">general anaesthetic</a>, IV <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> can also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure presents a minor risk of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_laceration" title="Pulmonary laceration">pleural tear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Costal_cartilages_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of the costal cartilages (shown in red). Animation."><img alt="Position of the costal cartilages (shown in red). Animation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Costal_cartilages_animation.gif/120px-Costal_cartilages_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Costal_cartilages_animation.gif/180px-Costal_cartilages_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Costal_cartilages_animation.gif/240px-Costal_cartilages_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of the costal cartilages (shown in red). Animation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray115.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages."><img alt="Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/97px-Gray115.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/146px-Gray115.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/194px-Gray115.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior surface of <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> and costal cartilages.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costochondral_joint" title="Costochondral joint">Costochondral joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costochondritis" title="Costochondritis">Costochondritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rib_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rib cage">Human rib cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/127/mode/2up">page 127</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Fracture+of+the+Costal+Cartilage%3A+Presentation%2C+Diagnosis%2C+and+Management&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e267-e268&rft.date=2019-04&rft.issn=0003-4975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30359588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2018.08.076&rft.aulast=Sollender&rft.aufirst=Grace+E.&rft.au=White%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Pieracci%2C+Fredric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.athoracsur.2018.08.076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostal+cartilage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaoutakisSamraChoroomiFrankel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Arnaoutakis, Demetri; Samra, Sheena; Choroomi, Sim; Frankel, Andrew (2020-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196070920301939">"Experience harvesting costal cartilage under IV sedation"</a>. <i>American Journal of Otolaryngology</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 102511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjoto.2020.102511">10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-0709">0196-0709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32402691">32402691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218633313">218633313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Otolaryngology&rft.atitle=Experience+harvesting+costal+cartilage+under+IV+sedation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=102511&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.issn=0196-0709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218633313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32402691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjoto.2020.102511&rft.aulast=Arnaoutakis&rft.aufirst=Demetri&rft.au=Samra%2C+Sheena&rft.au=Choroomi%2C+Sim&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0196070920301939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostal+cartilage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costal_cartilage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060916080507/http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~wolexik/204_bone_pictures_page.htm">Link to picture</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_torso" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_torso_and_pelvis" title="Template:Joints of torso and pelvis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_torso_and_pelvis" title="Template talk:Joints of torso and pelvis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_torso_and_pelvis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of torso and pelvis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_torso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Syndesmosis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral bodies">vertebral bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Anterior longitudinal ligament">anterior longitudinal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Posterior longitudinal ligament">posterior longitudinal ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral arch">vertebral arches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligamenta_flava" title="Ligamenta flava">ligamenta flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinous_ligament" title="Supraspinous ligament">supraspinous ligament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_ligament" title="Nuchal ligament">nuchal ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspinous_ligament" title="Interspinous ligament">interspinous ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertransverse_ligament" title="Intertransverse ligament">intertransverse ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symphysis" title="Symphysis">Symphysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral disc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis">anulus fibrosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_pulposus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus pulposus">nucleus pulposus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlanto-axial_joint" title="Atlanto-axial joint">Atlanto-axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medial: <a href="/wiki/Cruciate_ligament_of_atlas" title="Cruciate ligament of atlas">Cruciate ligament of atlas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_atlas" title="Transverse ligament of atlas">Transverse ligament of atlas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alar_ligament" title="Alar ligament">Alar ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_ligament_of_dens" title="Apical ligament of dens">Apical ligament of dens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_of_atlanto-axial_joint" title="Tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint">Tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Lateral: <i>no ligaments</i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_atlantoaxial_ligament" title="Anterior atlantoaxial ligament">anterior atlantoaxial ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_atlantoaxial_ligament" title="Posterior atlantoaxial ligament">posterior atlantoaxial ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facet_joint" title="Facet joint">Zygapophysial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no ligaments</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_joint" title="Lumbosacral joint">Lumbosacral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliolumbar_ligament" title="Iliolumbar ligament">iliolumbar ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_symphysis" title="Sacrococcygeal symphysis">Sacrococcygeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacrococcygeal_ligament" title="Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament">anterior sacrococcygeal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacrococcygeal_ligament" title="Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament">posterior sacrococcygeal ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costovertebral_joints" title="Costovertebral joints">Costovertebral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Articulation_of_head_of_rib" title="Articulation of head of rib">Head of rib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiate_ligament_of_head_of_rib" title="Radiate ligament of head of rib">Radiate ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_ligament_of_head_of_rib" title="Intra-articular ligament of head of rib">Intra-articular ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costotransverse_joint" title="Costotransverse joint">Costotransverse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costotransverse_ligament" title="Costotransverse ligament">Costotransverse ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbocostal_ligament" title="Lumbocostal ligament">Lumbocostal ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sternocostal_joints" title="Sternocostal joints">Sternocostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraarticular_sternocostal_ligament" title="Intraarticular sternocostal ligament">intraarticular sternocostal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiate_sternocostal_ligaments" title="Radiate sternocostal ligaments">radiate sternocostal ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoxiphoid_ligaments" title="Costoxiphoid ligaments">costoxiphoid ligaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interchondral_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Interchondral articulations">Interchondral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no ligaments</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costochondral_joint" title="Costochondral joint">Costochondral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no ligaments</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">Pelvis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndesmoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndesmoses">Syndesmoses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvic_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvic girdle">pelvic girdle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_membrane" title="Obturator membrane">Obturator membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_canal" title="Obturator canal">Obturator canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">Pubic symphysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_pubic_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior pubic ligament">superior pubic ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ligament">inferior pubic ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">Sacroiliac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Anterior sacroiliac ligament">anterior sacroiliac ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Posterior sacroiliac ligament">posterior sacroiliac ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Interosseous sacroiliac ligament">interosseous sacroiliac ligament</a></li> <li><i>ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sacrotuberous_ligament" title="Sacrotuberous ligament">sacrotuberous ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrospinous_ligament" title="Sacrospinous ligament">sacrospinous ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004"><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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