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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_arias_and_musical_sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_arias_and_musical_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of arias and musical sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_arias_and_musical_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Nixon in China</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_v_%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C4%9B" title="Nixon v Číně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nixon v Číně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Hiinas" title="Nixon Hiinas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nixon Hiinas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_en_China" title="Nixon en China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nixon en China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیکسون در چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکسون در چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A8_%EC%9D%B8_%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98" title="닉슨 인 차이나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닉슨 인 차이나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="中国のニクソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国のニクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Никсон в Китае – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никсон в Китае" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Kiinassa" title="Nixon Kiinassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nixon Kiinassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nixon in China" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7)" title="尼克松在中国 (歌剧) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼克松在中国 (歌剧)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1987 opera by John Adams</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nixon in China (disambiguation)">Nixon in China (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Nixon in China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_In_China_San_Diego_Opera_Poster_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Nixon_In_China_San_Diego_Opera_Poster_2015.png/180px-Nixon_In_China_San_Diego_Opera_Poster_2015.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Nixon_In_China_San_Diego_Opera_Poster_2015.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="389" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">2015 poster of the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Opera" title="San Diego Opera">San Diego Opera</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Goodman" title="Alice Goodman">Alice Goodman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">October 22, 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987-10-22</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wortham_Theater_Center" title="Wortham Theater Center">Wortham Theater Center</a>, Houston</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earbox.com/nixon-in-china/">www<wbr />.earbox<wbr />.com<wbr />/nixon-in-china<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Nixon in China</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in three acts by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Goodman" title="Alice Goodman">Alice Goodman</a>. Adams's first opera, it was inspired by U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to the People's Republic of China</a>. The work premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a> on October 22, 1987, in a production by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> with choreography by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Morris_(choreographer)" title="Mark Morris (choreographer)">Mark Morris</a>. When Sellars approached Adams with the idea for the opera in 1983, Adams was initially reluctant, but eventually decided that the work could be a study in how myths come to be, and accepted the project. Goodman's libretto was the result of considerable research into Nixon's visit, though she disregarded most sources published after the 1972 trip. </p><p>To create the sounds he sought, Adams augmented the orchestra with a large <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> section, additional percussion, and electronic <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>. Although sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalism (music)">minimalist</a>, the score displays a variety of musical styles, embracing minimalism after the manner of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> alongside passages echoing 19th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss</a>. With these ingredients, Adams mixes <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinskian</a> 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassicism</a>, jazz references, and <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> sounds reminiscent of Nixon's youth in the 1930s. The combination of these elements varies frequently, to reflect changes in the onstage action. </p><p>Following the 1987 premiere, the opera received mixed reviews; some critics dismissed the work, predicting it would soon vanish. However, it has been presented on many occasions since, in both Europe and North America, and has been recorded at least five times. In 2011, the opera received its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> debut, a production based on the original sets, and in the same year was given an abstract production in Toronto by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company" title="Canadian Opera Company">Canadian Opera Company</a>. Recent critical opinion has tended to recognize the work as a significant and lasting contribution to American opera. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (right) meets <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, February 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>During his rise to power, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> became known as a <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">leading anti-communist</a>. After he became president in 1969, Nixon saw advantages in improving relations with China and the Soviet Union; he hoped that <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> would put pressure on the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and he might be able to manipulate the two main communist powers to the benefit of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China even before he became president, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> a year before his election: "There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisting him in this venture was his <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir—<a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_border_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet border conflict">border clashes between the two</a> took place during Nixon's first year in office—Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> invited a team of American <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a> players to visit China and play against top Chinese players. Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The announcement that Nixon would visit China in 1972 made world headlines. Almost immediately, the Soviet Union also invited Nixon for a visit, and improved US-Soviet relations led to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> (SALT). Nixon's <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">visit to China</a> was followed closely by many Americans, and the scenes of him there were widely aired on television.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> stated that the handshake he and Nixon had shared on the airport tarmac at the beginning of the visit was "over the vastest distance in the world, 25 years of no communication".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabaservice,_Ch._11_(unpaginated)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabaservice,_Ch._11_(unpaginated)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's change, from virulent anti-communist to the American leader who took the first step in improving relations with a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great</a> communist power, led to a new political adage, "<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Only Nixon could go to China</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inception">Inception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg/220px-Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg/330px-Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg/440px-Nixons_exit_AFO_in_China_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> descend the steps outside the <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(airplane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of '76 (airplane)">Spirit of '76</a></i>, February 21, 1972.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, theater and opera director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> proposed to American composer <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> that he write an opera about Nixon's 1972 visit to China.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellars was intrigued by Nixon's decision to make the visit, seeing it as both "a ridiculously cynical election ploy ... and a historical breakthrough".<sup id="cite_ref-Braun_2011-02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun_2011-02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams, who had not previously attempted an opera, was initially skeptical, assuming that Sellars was proposing a satire.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_making_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellars persisted, however, and Adams, who had interested himself in the origin of myths, came to believe the opera could show how mythic origins may be found in contemporary history.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men agreed that the opera would be heroic in nature, rather than poking fun at Nixon or Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellars invited <a href="/wiki/Alice_Goodman" title="Alice Goodman">Alice Goodman</a> to join the project as <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Park_making_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the three met at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center">Kennedy Center</a> in Washington D.C. in 1985 to begin intensive study of the six characters, three American and three Chinese, upon whom the opera would focus. The trio endeavored to go beyond the stereotypes about figures such as Nixon and Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao and to examine their personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg/220px-JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg/330px-JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>John Adams, composer, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>As Adams worked on the opera, he came to see Nixon, whom he had once intensely disliked, as an "interesting character", a complicated individual who sometimes showed emotion in public.<sup id="cite_ref-artsbeat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artsbeat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams wanted Mao to be "the Mao of the huge posters and <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>; I cast him as a <a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">heldentenor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao's wife, on the other hand, was to be "not just a shrieking <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a>, but also someone who in the opera's final act can reveal her private fantasies, her erotic desires, and even a certain tragic awareness. Nixon himself is a sort of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a>, a self-doubting, lyrical, at times self-pitying melancholy baritone."<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goodman explained her characterizations: </p> <blockquote><p>A writer tends to find her characters in her self, so I can tell you ... that Nixon, Pat, Mme. Mao, Kissinger and the chorus were all 'me.' And the inner lives of Mao and Chou En-Lai, who I couldn't find in myself at all, were drawn from a couple of close acquaintances.<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sellars, who was engaged at the time in staging the three <a href="/wiki/Da_Ponte_operas" title="Da Ponte operas">Mozart-Da Ponte</a> operas, became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensembles</a> in those works; this interest is reflected in <i>Nixon in China'</i>s final act.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2011-02-09_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2011-02-09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director encouraged Adams and Goodman to make other allusions to classical operatic forms; thus the expectant chorus that begins the work, the heroic <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> for Nixon following his entrance, and the dueling toasts in the final scene of Act 1.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2011-02-09_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2011-02-09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rehearsal, Sellars revised the staging for the final scene, changing it from a banquet hall in the aftermath of a slightly alcohol-fueled dinner to the characters' bedrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Henken_1990-09-02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken_1990-09-02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work required sacrifices: Goodman later noted that choruses which she loved were dropped for the improvement of the opera as a whole. The work provoked bitter arguments among the three. Nevertheless, musicologist Timothy Johnson, in his 2011 book about <i>Nixon in China</i>, noted "the result of the collaboration betrays none of these disagreements among its creators who successfully blended their differing points of view into a very satisfyingly cohesive whole".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role (and <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> romanization)<sup id="cite_ref-Opera_News_2011-02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera_News_2011-02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a><sup id="cite_ref-Opera_News_2011-02_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera_News_2011-02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Premiere cast<br />Houston, October 22, 1987<br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/John_DeMain" title="John DeMain">John DeMain</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rhein_1987-10-30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhein_1987-10-30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_1987-10-18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1987-10-18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Maddalena" title="James Maddalena">James Maddalena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolann_Page" title="Carolann Page">Carolann Page</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai)</a> </td> <td>baritone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Sylvan" title="Sanford Sylvan">Sanford Sylvan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Duykers" title="John Duykers">John Duykers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Thomas Hammons </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Chiang Ch'ing (Madame Mao) (Jiang Qing)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a> </td> <td>Trudy Ellen Craney </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Wensheng" title="Tang Wensheng">Nancy Tang (Tang Wensheng)</a>, First Secretary to Mao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td>Mari Opatz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second secretary to Mao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> </td> <td>Stephanie Friedman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third secretary to Mao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> </td> <td>Marion Dry </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>Dancers, militia, citizens of Peking</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Time: February 1972.</dd> <dd>Place: In and around Peking.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> is conducted on a tour of Peking, February 23, 1972.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Peking Airport, contingents of the Chinese military await the arrival of the American presidential aircraft "<a href="/wiki/VC-137C_SAM_26000" title="VC-137C SAM 26000">Spirit of '76</a>", carrying Nixon and his party. The military chorus sings the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rules_of_Discipline_and_Eight_Points_for_Attention" title="Three Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention">Three Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention</a>. After the aircraft touches down, Nixon emerges with Pat Nixon and Henry Kissinger. The president exchanges stilted greetings with the Chinese premier, Chou En-lai, who heads the welcoming party. Nixon speaks of the historical significance of the visit, and of his hopes and fears for the encounter ("News has a kind of mystery"). The scene changes to Chairman Mao's study, where the chairman awaits the arrival of the presidential party. Nixon and Kissinger enter with Chou, and Mao and the president converse in banalities as photographers record the scene. In the discussion that follows, the westerners are confused by Mao's gnomic and frequently impenetrable comments, which are amplified by his secretaries and often by Chou. The scene changes again, to the evening's banquet in the Great Hall of the People. Chou toasts the American visitors ("We have begun to celebrate the different ways") and Nixon responds ("I have attended many feasts"), after which the toasts continue as the atmosphere becomes increasingly convivial. Nixon, a politician who rose to prominence on anti-communism, announces: "Everyone, listen; just let me say one thing. I opposed China, I was wrong". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif/220px-Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif/330px-Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif/440px-Ballet_during_Nixon_visit.gif 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Detachment_of_Women_(ballet)" title="Red Detachment of Women (ballet)">The Red Detachment of Women</a></i>, witnessed by the Nixons on February 22, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Pat Nixon is touring the city, with guides. Factory workers present her with a small model elephant which, she delightedly informs them, is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> which her husband leads. She visits a commune where she is greeted enthusiastically, and is captivated by the children's games that she observes in the school. "I used to be a teacher many years ago", she sings, "and now I'm here to learn from you". She moves on to the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a>, where in a contemplative aria ("This is prophetic") she envisages a peaceful future for the world. In the evening the presidential party, as guests of Mao's wife Chiang Ch'ing, attends the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking Opera">Peking Opera</a> for a performance of a political ballet-opera <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Detachment_of_Women_(ballet)" title="Red Detachment of Women (ballet)">The Red Detachment of Women</a></i>. This depicts the downfall of a cruel and unscrupulous landlord's agent (played by an actor who strongly resembles Kissinger) at the hands of brave women revolutionary workers. The action deeply affects the Nixons; at one point Pat rushes onstage to help a peasant girl she thinks is being whipped to death. As the stage action ends, Chiang Ch'ing, angry at the apparent misinterpretation of the piece's message, sings a harsh aria ("I am the wife of Mao Tse-tung"), praising the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and glorifying her own part in it. A revolutionary chorus echoes her words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the last evening of the visit, as they lie in their respective beds, the chief protagonists muse on their personal histories in a surreal series of interwoven dialogues. Nixon and Pat recall the struggles of their youth; Nixon evokes wartime memories ("Sitting round the radio"). Mao and Chiang Ch'ing dance together, as the Chairman remembers "the tasty little starlet" who came to his headquarters in the early days of the revolution. As they reminisce, Chiang Ch'ing asserts that "the revolution must not end". Chou meditates alone; the opera finishes on a thoughtful note with his aria "I am old and I cannot sleep", asking: "How much of what we did was good?" The early morning birdcalls are summoning him to resume his work, while "outside this room the chill of grace lies heavy on the morning grass". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/220px--John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="168" data-mwtitle="John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_(Official_trailer).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_(Official_trailer).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm/John_Adams-_NIXON_IN_CHINA_%28Official_trailer%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Nixon in China trailer, by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The work was a joint commission from the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Opera">Netherlands Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Opera">Washington Opera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_1987-07-28_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden_1987-07-28-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which planned to mount early productions of the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhein_1987-10-30_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhein_1987-10-30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearful that the work might be challenged as defamatory or not in the public domain, Houston Grand Opera obtained insurance to cover such an eventuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Henken_1990-09-02_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken_1990-09-02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before its stage premiere, the opera was presented in concert form in May 1987 in San Francisco, with intermission discussions led by Adams. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> review, a number of audience members left as the work proceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-05-25_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernheimer_1987-05-25-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nixon in China</i> formally premiered on the Brown Stage at the new <a href="/wiki/Wortham_Theater_Center" title="Wortham Theater Center">Wortham Theater Center</a> in Houston on October 22, 1987, with <a href="/wiki/John_DeMain" title="John DeMain">John DeMain</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_1987-10-18_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1987-10-18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former president Nixon was invited, and was sent a copy of the libretto; however, his staff indicated that he was unable to attend, due to illness and an impending publication deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonnixon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Nixon representative later stated that the former president disliked seeing himself on television or other media, and had little interest in opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Henken_1990-09-02_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken_1990-09-02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adams, he was later told by former Nixon lawyer <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Garment" title="Leonard Garment">Leonard Garment</a> that Nixon was highly interested in everything written about him, and so likely saw the Houston production when it was televised on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Performances" title="Great Performances">Great Performances</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The piece opened in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Music Critics Association, guaranteeing what the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> described as a "very discriminating audience".<sup id="cite_ref-critic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the association also attended meetings with the opera's production team.<sup id="cite_ref-critic_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Carolann_Page" title="Carolann Page">Carolann Page</a>, originating Pat Nixon, waved to the audience in character as <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a>, many waved back at her.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing_1987-10-24_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing_1987-10-24-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams responded to complaints that the words were difficult to understand (no <a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">supertitles</a> were provided) by indicating that it is not necessary that all the words be understood on first seeing an opera.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonnixon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience's general reaction was expressed by what the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> termed "polite applause", the descent of the <i>Spirit of '76</i> being the occasion for clapping from both the onstage chorus and from the viewers in the opera house.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-10-24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernheimer_1987-10-24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the opera reached the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>, six weeks after the world premiere, there was again applause during the <i>Spirit of '76</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s descent. Chou En-lai's toast, addressed by baritone <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Sylvan" title="Sanford Sylvan">Sanford Sylvan</a> directly to the audience, brought what pianist and writer William R. Braun called "a shocked hush of chastened admiration".<sup id="cite_ref-Braun_2011-02_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun_2011-02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meditative Act 3 also brought silence, followed at its conclusion by a storm of applause.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun_2011-02_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun_2011-02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 26, 1988, the work opened at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, where Nixon's emergence from the plane was again met with applause.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddalena_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddalena-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the opera's European premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Stopera" title="Stopera">Muziektheater</a> in Amsterdam in June 1988, it received its first German performance later that year at the <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_Opera" title="Bielefeld Opera">Bielefeld Opera</a>, in a production by John Dew with stage designs by Gottfried Pilz.<sup id="cite_ref-Neef_2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neef_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German production, Nixon and Mao were given putty noses in what the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> considered "a garish and heavy-handed satire".<sup id="cite_ref-Henken_1990-09-02_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken_1990-09-02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1988 the opera received its United Kingdom premiere, at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotsman_2010-03-27_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotsman_2010-03-27-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Los Angeles production in 1990, Sellars made revisions to darken the opera in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">the Tiananmen Square protests</a>. The original production had not had an intermission between Acts 2 and 3; one was inserted, and Sellars authorized supertitles, which he had forbidden in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-Henken_1990-09-02_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken_1990-09-02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams conducted the original cast in the French premiere, at the Maison de la Culture de Bobigny, Paris, on December 14, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-AmadeusOnline_Almanacco_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmadeusOnline_Almanacco-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, performances of the opera became relatively rare; writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in April 1996, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> speculated on why the work had, at that time, "dropped from sight".<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1996-04-07_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_1996-04-07-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The London premiere of the opera took place in 2000, at the <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">London Coliseum</a>, with Sellars producing and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniel" title="Paul Daniel">Paul Daniel</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (ENO).<sup id="cite_ref-stein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revival of this production was planned for the reopening of the renovated Coliseum in 2004, but delays in the refurbishment caused the revival to be postponed until 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeal_2006-06-19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2006-06-19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ENO productions helped to revive interest in the work, and served as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>'s 2011 production.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gelb" title="Peter Gelb">Peter Gelb</a>, the Met's general manager, had approached Adams in 2005 about staging his operas there. Gelb intended that <i>Nixon in China</i> be the first of such productions, but Adams chose <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i> to be the first Adams work to reach the Met.<sup id="cite_ref-gelb_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelb-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gelb maintained his interest in staging <i>Nixon in China</i>, which received its Metropolitan premiere on February 2, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-back_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-back-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work received its <a href="/wiki/BBC_Proms" title="BBC Proms">BBC Proms</a> debut at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London on September 5, 2012, although the second-act ballet was omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2012-09-06_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2012-09-06-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a number of productions have used variations on the original staging, the February 2011 production by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company" title="Canadian Opera Company">Canadian Opera Company</a> used an abstract setting revived from a 2004 production by the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis" title="Opera Theatre of Saint Louis">Opera Theatre of Saint Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alluding to Nixon's "News" aria, the omnipresence of television news was dramatized by set designer <a href="/wiki/Allen_Moyer" title="Allen Moyer">Allen Moyer</a> by keeping a group of televisions onstage throughout much of the action, often showing scenes from the actual visit. Instead of an airplane descending in Act 1, a number of televisions descended showing an airplane in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Everett-Green_2011-02-07_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everett-Green_2011-02-07-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adams conducted the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Master_Chorale" title="Los Angeles Master Chorale">Los Angeles Master Chorale</a> for performances of the opera at the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall" title="Walt Disney Concert Hall">Walt Disney Concert Hall</a> in 2017 during a series of concerts celebrating his 70th birthday. This "musically and visually dazzling reimagining of the piece" <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included Super 8mm home movies of the visit to China (shot by <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Chapin" title="Dwight Chapin">Dwight Chapin</a>, and others) projected onto a giant screen with the appearance of a 1960s television set. In some scenes the historical footage was a backdrop that was artfully synchronized to the live cast in the foreground, in other scenes the actors were lit from behind the translucent screen appearing inside the TV, adding to the surreal experience. The props and other details were simple but effective, including the miniature souvenir program designed after Mao's <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Red Book">Little Red Book</a>. </p><p>Despite a recent proliferation of performances worldwide, the opera has not been shown in China as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Houston Grand Opera is again producing the opera in 2017 on the 30th anniversary of the world premiere to mixed reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-HGO_2016-01-29_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGO_2016-01-29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new production was premiered at <a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Stuttgart" title="Staatsoper Stuttgart">Staatsoper Stuttgart</a> in April 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wortham_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wortham_Center.jpg/220px-Wortham_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wortham_Center.jpg/330px-Wortham_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wortham_Center.jpg/440px-Wortham_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wortham_Theater_Center" title="Wortham Theater Center">Wortham Theater Center</a> in Houston, Texas, venue of the world premiere, October 22, 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>The original production in Houston received mixed reviews. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> critic John von Rhein called <i>Nixon in China</i> "an operatic triumph of grave and thought-provoking beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> reviewer Ann Holmes said of the work, "The music of <i>Nixon</i> catches in your ear; I find myself singing it while whizzing along the freeways."<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_1987-11-01_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1987-11-01-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald_Examiner" title="Los Angeles Herald Examiner">Los Angeles Herald Examiner</a></i> critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Swed" title="Mark Swed">Mark Swed</a> wrote that it would "bear relevance for as long as mankind cherished humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernheimer" title="Martin Bernheimer">Martin Bernheimer</a>, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, drew attention to the choreography of Morris ("the trendy enfant terrible of modern dance") in the Act 2 ballet sequences. Morris had produced "one of those classical yet militaristic Sino-Soviet ballets from the revolutionary repertory of Mme. Mao". Bernheimer also praised "the subtle civility of Alice Goodman's couplet-dominated libretto".<sup id="cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-10-24_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernheimer_1987-10-24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a more critical vein, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> chief music critic <a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Donal Henahan</a> alluded to the publicity buildup for the opera by opening his column, headed "That was it?", by calling the work "fluff" and "a Peter Sellars variety show, worth a few giggles but hardly a strong candidate for the standard repertory".<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i> magazine Peter G. Davis said that "Goodman's libretto, written in elegant couplets, reads better than it sings" and "the main trouble... is Adams's music... this is the composer's first opera and it shows, mainly in the clumsy prosody, turgid instrumentation that often obscures the words, ineffective vocal lines, and inability to seize the moment and make the stage come to life."<sup id="cite_ref-ny_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> critic James Wierzbicki called the opera "more interesting than good ... a novelty, not much more."<sup id="cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonnixon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television critic <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Kitman" title="Marvin Kitman">Marvin Kitman</a>, just prior to the telecast of the original Houston production in April 1988, stated "There are only three things wrong with <i>Nixon in China</i>. One, the libretto; two, the music; three, the direction. Outside of that, it's perfect."<sup id="cite_ref-matt_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critic Theodore Bale, in his review of a revival of the opera in Houston in 2017, said he continues "to enjoy being perplexed by its deep structure and quirky contemporary aesthetic. Adam's music is constantly shimmering with some new idea, Alice Goodman's libretto is constantly surprising and eloquent, and each of the three acts offers myriad opportunities for interpretation and commentary. The opera is filled with gorgeous ensemble passages and the chorus as an entity is at the heart of the work. I have, I suppose, "used" Nixon in China for three decades as one of the finest examples of late 20th-century American opera."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British premiere at the 1988 Edinburgh Festival brought critical praise: "Through its sheer cleverness, wit, lyrical beauty and sense of theater, it sweeps aside most of the criticism to which it lays itself open."<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_1988-09-06_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_1988-09-06-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the work was finally performed in London, 13 years after its Houston premiere and after a long period of theatrical neglect, <i>Tempo'</i>s critic Robert Stein responded to ENO's 2000 production enthusiastically. He particularly praised the performance of Maddalena, and concluded that "Adams's triumph ... consists really in taking a plot chock-full of talk and public gesture, and through musical characterisation ... making a satisfying and engaging piece."<sup id="cite_ref-stein_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the ENO revival in 2006, Erica Jeal of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> wrote that "from its early visual coup with the arrival of the plane, Sellars' production is an all-too-welcome reminder of his best form". In Jeal's view, the cast met admirably the challenge of presenting the work in a non-satirical spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeal_2006-06-19_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2006-06-19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewing the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Portland_Opera" title="Portland Opera">Portland Opera</a> production (the basis of the 2011 Canadian Opera Company presentation in Toronto), critic Patrick J. Smith concluded that "Nixon in China is a great American Opera. I suspected that it was a significant work when I saw it in 1987; I was ever more convinced of its stature when I heard it subsequently, on stage and on disc, and today I am certain that it is one of the small handful of operas that will survive."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Met premiere in February 2011, although the audience—which included Nixon's daughter <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a>—gave the work a warm reception,<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critical approval of the production was not uniform. Robert Hofler of <i>Variety</i> criticized Sellars for using body microphones to amplify the singing, thus compensating for the "vocally distressed" Maddalena. He further complained that the director, known for designing unorthodox settings for the operas he has staged (Hofler mentions <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> in the New York <a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> in an urban slum), here uses visually uninteresting, overly realistic sets for the first two acts. Hofler felt that it was time that the opera received a fresh approach: "Having finally arrived at the Met, <i>Nixon in China</i> has traveled the world. It is a masterpiece, a staple of the opera repertory, and now it simply deserves a new look".<sup id="cite_ref-Hofler_2011-02-03_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofler_2011-02-03-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, while noting that Maddalena's voice was not as strong as it had been at the world premiere, maintained that due to his long association with the role, it would have been impossible to bring the opera to the Met with anyone else as Nixon: "Maddalena inhabits the character like no other singer".<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tommasini also praised the performance of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brubaker_(tenor)" title="Robert Brubaker (tenor)">Robert Brubaker</a> in the role of Mao, "captur[ing] the chairman's authoritarian defiance and rapacious self-indulgence", and found the Scottish soprano <a href="/wiki/Janis_Kelly_(soprano)" title="Janis Kelly (soprano)">Janis Kelly</a> "wonderful" as Pat Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swed recalled the opera's reception in 1987 while reviewing the Metropolitan Opera's 2011 production: </p> <blockquote><p>An opera that was belittled in 1987 by major New York critics – as a <a href="/wiki/CNN_opera" title="CNN opera">CNN Opera</a> of no lasting merit when Houston Grand Opera premiered it – has clearly remained relevant. Reaching the Met for the first time, it is now hailed as a classic.<sup id="cite_ref-swed_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swed-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nixon in China</i> contains elements of <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalism</a>. This musical style originated in the United States in the 1960s and is characterized by stasis and repetition in place of the melodic development associated with conventional music.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Adams is associated with minimalism, the composer's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cahill_(pianist)" title="Sarah Cahill (pianist)">Sarah Cahill</a>, asserts that of the composers classed as <a href="/wiki/Minimalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalists">minimalists</a>, Adams is "by far the most anchored in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical tradition</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cahill_2007_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cahill_2007-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timothy Johnson contends that <i>Nixon in China</i> goes beyond minimalism in important ways. Adams had been inspired, in developing his art, by minimalist composers such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>, and this is reflected in the work by repetitive rhythmic patterns. However, the opera's complex harmonic structures are very different from the simpler ones in, for example, Glass's <i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i>, which Adams terms "mindlessly repetitive"; Johnson nevertheless considers the Glass opera an influence on <i>Nixon in China</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Glass's techniques did not allow Adams to accomplish what he wanted, he employed a system of constantly shifting metric organizational schemes to supplement the repeated rhythms in the opera. The music is marked by metrical dissonance, which occurs both for musical reasons and in response to the text of the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson7–8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson7–8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> critic <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a> writes that with <i>Nixon in China</i>, Adams had produced a score that is both "minimalist and eclectic ... In the orchestral interludes one hears references, both passing and lingering, to everything from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">Gershwin</a> and Philip Glass."<sup id="cite_ref-KozinnOMO_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KozinnOMO-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reviewing the first recording of the work, <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a>'s</i> critic discusses the mixture of styles and concludes that "minimalist the score emphatically is not".<sup id="cite_ref-Gram1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators have evoked "neo-classical <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Oestreich_2008-06-17_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oestreich_2008-06-17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concocted the term "<a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>-meets-minimalism", in attempts to pinpoint the opera's idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_2009-12-21_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_2009-12-21-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opera is scored for an orchestra without bassoons, French horns, and tuba, but augmented by saxophones, pianos, and electronic <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>. The percussion section incorporates numerous special effects, including a <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">wood block</a>, sandpaper blocks, <a href="/wiki/Whip_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip (instrument)">slapsticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">sleigh bells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boosey_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boosey-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work opens with an orchestral prelude of repetitive ascending phrases, after which a chorus of the Chinese military sings solemn couplets against a subdued instrumental background. This, writes Tommasini, creates "a hypnotic, quietly intense backdrop, pierced by fractured, brassy chords like some cosmic chorale", in a manner reminiscent of Philip Glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tommasini contrasts this with the arrival of Nixon and his entourage, when the orchestra erupts with "big band bursts, rockish riffs and shards of fanfares: a heavy din of momentous pomp".<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gramophone'</i>s critic compares the sharply written exchanges between Nixon, Mao and Chou En-lai with the seemingly aimless wandering of the melodic lines in the more reflective sections of the work, concluding that the music best serves the libretto in passages of rapid dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Gram1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tommasini observes that Nixon's own vocal lines reflect the real-life president's personal awkwardness and social unease.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KozinnOMO_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KozinnOMO-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences in perspective between East and West are set forth early in the first act, and underscored musically: while the Chinese of the chorus see the countryside as fields ready for harvest, the fruits of their labor and full of potential, the Nixons describe what they saw from the windows of the <i>Spirit of '76</i> as a barren landscape. This gap is reflected in the music: the chorus for the workers is marked by what Johnson terms "a wide-ranging palette of harmonic colors", the Western perspective is shown by the "quick, descending, dismissive cadential gesture" which follows Nixon's description of his travels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson22_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second act opens with warm and reflective music culminating in Pat Nixon's tender aria "This is prophetic". The main focus of the act, however, is the Chinese revolutionary opera-ballet, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Detachment_of_Women_(ballet)" title="Red Detachment of Women (ballet)">The Red Detachment of Women</a></i>, "a riot of clashing styles" according to Tommasini, reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Agitprop_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Agitprop theatre">agitprop theatre</a> with added elements of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Strauss</a> waltzes, blasts of jazz and 1930s Stravinsky.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gram1_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal opera is followed by a monologue, "I am the wife of Mao Tse-tung" in which <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Chiang Ch'ing</a>, Mao's wife, rails against counterrevolutionary elements in full <a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a> mode that culminates in a high D, appropriate for a character who in real life was a former actress given to self-dramatization.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic Thomas May notes that, in the third act, her "pose as a power-hungry <a href="/wiki/Der_H%C3%B6lle_Rache_kocht_in_meinem_Herzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen">Queen of the Night</a> gives way to wistful regret".<sup id="cite_ref-May_2011-02-09_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2011-02-09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this final, "surreal" act<sup id="cite_ref-Opera_Today_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera_Today-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concluding thoughts of Chou En-lai are described by Tommasini as "deeply affecting".<sup id="cite_ref-Tommasini_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommasini-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act incorporates a brief <a href="/wiki/Fox_Trot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Trot">foxtrot</a> episode, choreographed by Morris, illustrating Pat Nixon's memories of her youth in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Opera_Today_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera_Today-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critic Robert Stein identifies Adams's particular strengths in his orchestral writing as "motoring, brassy figures and sweetly reflective string and woodwind harmonies",<sup id="cite_ref-stein_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view echoed by Gregory Carpenter in the liner notes to the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos</a> recording of the opera. Carpenter pinpoints Adams's "uncanny talent for recognising the dramatic possibilities of continually repeating melodies, harmonies and rhythms", and his ability to change the mix of these elements to reflect the onstage action.<sup id="cite_ref-Nax_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nax-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feel of the Nixon era is recreated through popular music references;<sup id="cite_ref-Gram2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellars has observed that some of the music associated with Nixon is derived from the big band sound of the late 1930s, when the Nixons fell in love.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators have noted Adams's limitations as a melodist,<sup id="cite_ref-Gram1_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his reliance for long stretches on what critic <a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Donal Henahan</a> has described as "a prosaically chanted recitative style".<sup id="cite_ref-Henahan_1987-10-24_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henahan_1987-10-24-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Robert Hugill, reviewing the 2006 <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> revival, found that the sometimes tedious "endless <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a>" are often followed by gripping music which immediately re-engages the listener's interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugill_2006-07-02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugill_2006-07-02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This verdict contrasts with that of Davis after the original Houston performance; Davis commented that Adams's inexperience as an opera writer was evident in often "turgid instrumentation", and that at points where "the music must be the crucial and defining element ... Adams fails to do the job".<sup id="cite_ref-ny_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_arias_and_musical_sequences">List of arias and musical sequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of arias and musical sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>Act 1</b> </p> <ul><li>Orchestral introduction</li> <li>"Soldiers of heaven hold the sky" (Chorus)</li> <li>"The people are the heroes now" (Chorus)</li> <li>Arrival of the Spirit of '76 (Orchestra)</li> <li>"Your flight was smooth, I hope?" (Chou, Nixon)</li> <li>"News has a kind of mystery" (Nixon, Chou, Kissinger)</li> <li>"I can't talk very well" (Mao, Nixon, Chou, Kissinger, secretaries)</li> <li>"We no longer need Confucius" (Mao and secretaries)</li> <li>"Like the Ming Tombs" (Nixon, Mao, Chou, Kissinger, secretaries)</li> <li>"The night is young" (Nixon, Pat, Chou, Kissinger, chorus)</li> <li>"Ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends, we have begun to celebrate ..." (Chou)</li> <li>"Mr Premier, distinguished guests, I have attended many feasts ..." (Nixon)</li> <li>"This is the hour!" (Nixon, Chou, Pat, Kissinger, chorus)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Act 2</b> </p> <ul><li>"I don't daydream and I don't look back" (Pat)</li> <li>"Look down, look down" (Chorus, Pat, secretaries)</li> <li>"This is prophetic" (Pat)</li> <li>"At last the weather's warming up" (Pat and chorus)</li> <li><i>The Red Detachment of Women</i>: <ul><li>"Young as we are" (Secretaries)</li> <li>"Oh what a day (Kissinger (as Lao Szu), chorus, secretaries)</li> <li>"Whip her to death" (Kissinger (as Lao Szu), Pat, Nixon)</li> <li>Tropical storm (Orchestra, Pat, Nixon)</li> <li>"Flesh rebels" (Chorus)</li> <li>"I have my brief" (Kissinger (as Lao Szu), Nixon)</li> <li>"It seems so strange" (Chorus, Chiang Ch'ing, Pat, Nixon, secretaries)</li></ul></li> <li>"I am the wife of Mao Tse-tung" (Chiang Ch'ing, chorus)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Act 3</b> </p> <ul><li>Orchestral introduction</li> <li>"Some men you cannot satisfy" (Kissinger, Nixon, Pat, Chou, Chiang Ch'ing)</li> <li>"I am no one" (Mao, Chou, Kissinger, Chiang Ch'ing, Pat, Nixon)</li> <li>"Sitting around the radio" (Nixon, Pat)</li> <li>"Let us examine what you did" (Mao, Chiang Ch'ing, Chou)</li> <li>"I have no offspring" (Chou, Mao, Chiang Ch'ing)</li> <li>"I can keep still" (Chiang Ch'ing, Nixon, Pat, Chou, Mao)</li> <li>"Peking watches the stars" (Chiang Ch'ing, Mao, Chou)</li> <li>"You won at poker" (Pat, Nixon, Chiang Ch'ing)</li> <li>"I am old and I cannot sleep" (Chou En-lai)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opera has been recorded at least six times: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2">Details </th> <th colspan="10">Roles </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:1.2; font-size:smaller"> <th align="center">Conductor </th> <th align="center">Chiang </th> <th align="center">Pat </th> <th align="center">Mao </th> <th align="center">Chou </th> <th align="center">Nixon </th> <th align="center">Kissinger </th></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>Filmed Oct. 1987 in Houston for a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Performances" title="Great Performances">Great Performances</a></i> broadcast </td> <td>DeMain </td> <td>Craney </td> <td>Page </td> <td>Duykers </td> <td>Sylvan </td> <td>Maddalena </td> <td>Hammons </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>Recorded Dec. 1987 in <a href="/wiki/RCA_Studios_New_York#6th_Ave" title="RCA Studios New York">RCA Studio A</a>, New York for 3-CD set on <a href="/wiki/Nonesuch_Records" title="Nonesuch Records">Nonesuch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edo_de_Waart" title="Edo de Waart">de Waart</a> </td> <td>Craney </td> <td>Page </td> <td>Duykers </td> <td>Sylvan </td> <td>Maddalena </td> <td>Hammons </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>Recorded live in Denver for 3-CD set on <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(company)" title="Naxos (company)">Naxos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nonesuch_NiC_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonesuch_NiC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marin_Alsop" title="Marin Alsop">Alsop</a> </td> <td>Dahl </td> <td>Kanyova </td> <td>Heller </td> <td>Yuan </td> <td>Orth </td> <td>Hammons </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Filmed in New York for Nonesuch DVD<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Kim-K </td> <td>Kelly </td> <td>Brubaker </td> <td>Braun </td> <td>Maddalena </td> <td>Fink </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>Filmed in Paris for <a href="/wiki/Mezzo_TV" title="Mezzo TV">Mezzo TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briger" title="Alexander Briger">Briger</a> </td> <td>Jo </td> <td>Anderson-J </td> <td>Kim-A </td> <td>Kim-KC </td> <td>Pomponi </td> <td>Sidhom </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Filmed on April 7, 2023 in Paris for Mezzo TV and <a href="/wiki/Medici.tv" title="Medici.tv">medici.tv</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Dudamel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kim" title="Kathleen Kim">Kim</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Fleming</a> </td> <td>Myers </td> <td>Zhang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Hampson</a> </td> <td>Bloom </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The only studio recording, made in New York by <a href="/wiki/Nonesuch_Records" title="Nonesuch Records">Nonesuch</a> two months after the October 1987 Houston premiere, used the same cast, just a different chorus, orchestra and conductor: <a href="/wiki/Edo_de_Waart" title="Edo de Waart">Edo de Waart</a> led the Chorus and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_of_St._Luke%27s" title="Orchestra of St. Luke's">Orchestra of St. Luke's</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a>'s Good DVD Guide</i> praised the singing, noting James Maddalena's "aptly volatile Nixon" and Trudy Ellen Craney's admirable delivery of Chiang Ch'ing's coloratura passages.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recording also received the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for Best Contemporary Composition in the Classical category.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_NiC_88_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy_NiC_88-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reissued in 2011 to coincide with the opera's production at the Metropolitan Opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Nonesuch_NiC_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonesuch_NiC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Denver live recording on <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos</a> has <a href="/wiki/Marin_Alsop" title="Marin Alsop">Marin Alsop</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Symphony" title="Colorado Symphony">Colorado Symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Colorado" title="Opera Colorado">Opera Colorado</a> Chorus, with Robert Orth as Nixon, Maria Kanyova as Pat Nixon, Thomas Hammons as Kissinger, Chen-Ye Yuan as Chou En-Lai, Marc Heller as Mao Tse-Tung and Tracy Dahl as Chiang Ch'ing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nax_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nax-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sumi_Jo" title="Sumi Jo">Sumi Jo</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Anderson" title="June Anderson">June Anderson</a> star as the two wives in the Paris video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several of the solos are direct descendants of 19th-century Italian opera archetypes: Chiang Ch'ing's bravura aria at the end of Act II ('I am the wife of Mao Tse-tung'), for example, contains coloratura runs up to a high D—a 'showpiece' aria for a character whose capacity for self-dramatization (as a former actress) was an important facet of her personality".<sup id="cite_ref-focus_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-focus-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As "a kind of warmup for embarking on the creation of the full opera", Adams had written an extended orchestral foxtrot, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairman_Dances" title="The Chairman Dances">The Chairman Dances</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_Chairman_Dances_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_Chairman_Dances-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this was not incorporated into the opera it is performed regularly as a concert piece, and has been fashioned by choreographer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martins" title="Peter Martins">Peter Martins</a> into a ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisselgoff_1988-05-16_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisselgoff_1988-05-16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-miller-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811201550/http://millercenter.org/president/nixon/essays/biography/5">"Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>American President: Richard Milhous Nixon (1913–1994)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=International+network+nourishes+avant-garde&rft.date=1987-07-28&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F28%2Farts%2Finternational-network-nourishes-avant-garde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernheimer_1987-05-25-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-05-25_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernheimer1987" class="citation news cs1">Bernheimer, Martin (May 25, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-05-25-ca-1427-story.html">"Minimalist Mush : Nixon Goes To China Via Opera In S.f"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306083217/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-05-25-ca-1427-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Minimalist+Mush+%3A+Nixon+Goes+To+China+Via+Opera+In+S.f&rft.date=1987-05-25&rft.aulast=Bernheimer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-05-25-ca-1427-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixonnixon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonnixon_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1987" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Charles (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020162440/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_497857">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Critics review Wortham, <i>Nixon</i> opera"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_497857">the original</a> on 2012-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27Critics+review+Wortham%2C+Nixon+opera&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1987_497857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson4_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson">Johnson</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-critic-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-critic_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-critic_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020162453/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_497200">"Classical music critics gather here for meeting"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. October 22, 1987. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_497200">the original</a> on 2012-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Classical+music+critics+gather+here+for+meeting&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1987-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1987_497200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewing_1987-10-24-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewing_1987-10-24_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing1987" class="citation news cs1">Ewing, Betty (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020162444/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_497864">"Dancing lions greet <i>Nixon</i> in Houston"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. p. 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Dancing+lions+greet+Nixon+in+Houston&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1987_497864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernheimer_1987-10-24-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-10-24_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernheimer_1987-10-24_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernheimer1987" class="citation news cs1">Bernheimer, Martin (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-24-ca-3984-story.html">"Gala opera premiere: John Adams' <i>Nixon in China</i> in Houston"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531041826/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-24/entertainment/ca-3984_1_opera-premiere/2">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gala+opera+premiere%3A+John+Adams%27+Nixon+in+China+in+Houston&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Bernheimer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-10-24-ca-3984-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddalena-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maddalena_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811065218/http://pilar-castrokiltz-t9un.squarespace.com/franois-le-roux-1/">"James Maddalena, baritone"</a>. CA Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pilar-castrokiltz-t9un.squarespace.com/franois-le-roux-1/">the original</a> on 2016-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Maddalena%2C+baritone&rft.pub=CA+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpilar-castrokiltz-t9un.squarespace.com%2Ffranois-le-roux-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neef_2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neef_2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeef2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Neef" title="Sigrid Neef">Neef, Sigrid</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operacomposerswo00batt/page/10"><i>Opera: Composers, Works, Performers</i></a> (English ed.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operacomposerswo00batt/page/10">10–11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-3571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-3571-2"><bdi>978-3-8290-3571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera%3A+Composers%2C+Works%2C+Performers&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=10-11&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-3571-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperacomposerswo00batt%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotsman_2010-03-27-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scotsman_2010-03-27_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Edinburgh-International-Festival-A-bold.6184924.jp">"Edinburgh International Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+International+Festival&rft.date=2010-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Fentertainment%2FEdinburgh-International-Festival-A-bold.6184924.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmadeusOnline_Almanacco-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmadeusOnline_Almanacco_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Nixon_in_China&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Nixon in China</i>"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_1996-04-07-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_1996-04-07_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (April 7, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F17F8385D0C748CDDAD0894DE494D81">"Nixon Is Everywhere, it Seems, but in 'China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Prom+72%3A+Nixon+in+China%E2%80%94review&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2012%2Fsep%2F06%2Fprom-72-nixon-in-china-review%3Fnewsfeed%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everett-Green_2011-02-07-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everett-Green_2011-02-07_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Green2011" class="citation news cs1">Everett-Green, Robert (February 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/music/nixon-in-china-fuses-national-and-personal-histories/article1897068/">"<i>Nixon in China</i> fuses national and personal histories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315121342/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/music/nixon-in-china-fuses-national-and-personal-histories/article1897068/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China+fuses+national+and+personal+histories&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.aulast=Everett-Green&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fnixon-in-china-fuses-national-and-personal-histories%2Farticle1897068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinell2017" class="citation web cs1">Ginell, Richard (4 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-nixon-in-china-opera-review-20170305-htmlstory.html">"L.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=L.A.+Phil+delivers+a+dazzling+reimagining+of+%27Nixon+in+China%27&rft.date=2017-03-04&rft.aulast=Ginell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fla-et-cm-nixon-in-china-opera-review-20170305-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGO_2016-01-29-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HGO_2016-01-29_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303131744/https://www.houstongrandopera.org/globalassets/publications-media--news-items/press-releases/2016-1-28-final-season-announcement-16-174.pdf">"Houston Grand Opera's 2016–17 Season ... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Nixon%E2%80%94the+opera&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1987-11-09&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOMCAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dnixon%2Bin%2Bchina%2Bhouston%2Bbrooklyn%2Bwashington%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houston.culturemap.com/news/arts/01-24-17-nixon-in-china-review-houston-grand-operaa/">"HGO's rousing <i>Nixon in China</i> sheds new light on an American masterpiece"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126140630/http://houston.culturemap.com/news/arts/01-24-17-nixon-in-china-review-houston-grand-operaa/">Archived</a> 2017-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Theodore Bale, Culturemap Houston, January 24, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_1988-09-06-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_1988-09-06_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1988" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Charles (September 6, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1988_568469">"British critics laud <i>Nixon in China</i>"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020162457/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1988_568469">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=British+critics+laud+Nixon+in+China&rft.date=1988-09-06&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1988_568469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Patrick J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft.aulast=Hofler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Freview%2FVE1117944489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swed-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swed_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwed2011" class="citation news cs1">Swed, Mark (February 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/02/opera-review-nixon-in-china-at-the-metropolitan-opera.html">"Opera review: 'Nixon in China' at the Metropolitan Opera"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612230952/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/02/opera-review-nixon-in-china-at-the-metropolitan-opera.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Opera+review%3A+%27Nixon+in+China%27+at+the+Metropolitan+Opera&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft.aulast=Swed&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fculturemonster%2F2011%2F02%2Fopera-review-nixon-in-china-at-the-metropolitan-opera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2007_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Lucy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601150547/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Minimalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Music">Oxford Companion to Music</a> (online edition). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">the original</a> on June 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimalism&rft.pub=Oxford+Companion+to+Music+%28online+edition%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahill_2007-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cahill_2007_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cahill_(pianist)" title="Sarah Cahill (pianist)">Cahill, Sarah</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601150547/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Adams, John (Coolidge)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Music Online">Oxford Music Online</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">the original</a> on June 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adams%2C+John+%28Coolidge%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson7_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson">Johnson</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson7–8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson7–8_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson">Johnson</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KozinnOMO-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KozinnOMO_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KozinnOMO_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozinn2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Kozinn, Allan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601150547/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Nixon in China"</a>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">the original</a> on June 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China&rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kozinn&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gram1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gram1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gram1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gram1_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gram1_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723140136/http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201988/148/825722/ADAMS.%2BNIXON%2BIN%2BCHINA.%2BSanford%2BSylvan%2B%28bar%29%2B%2BChou%2BenLai%2BJames%2BMaddalena%2B%28bar%29%2BRichard%2BNixon%2BThomas%2BHammons%2B%28bar%29%2BHenry%2BKissinger%2BMari%2BOpatz%2B%28mez%29%2BNancy%2BTang%2B%28First%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%29%2BStephanie%2BFriedman%2B%28mez%29%2BSecond%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%2BMarion%2BDry%2B%28mez%29%2BThird%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%2BJohn%2BDuykers%2B%28ten%29%2BMao%2BTseTung%2BCarolann%2BPage%2B%28sop%29%2BPat%2BNixon%2BTrudy%2BEllen%2BCraney%2B%28sop%29%2BChiang%2BChing%2BSt%2BLukes%2BChorus%2Band%2BOrchestra%2B%2BEdo%2Bde%2BWaart.%2BNonesuchWEA%2B%28E%29%2B979%2B1771%2B%28three%2Brecords%2C%2Bnas%29%2BCJ%2B070%2B1774%2B%28two%2Bcassettes%2C%2Bnas%29%2Ba%29%2B979%2B1772%2B%28144%2Bminutes%3A%2BDDD%29.%2BNotes%2Band%2Btext%2Bincluded">"Adams: Nixon in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a></i>: 148. October 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201988/148/825722/ADAMS.+NIXON+IN+CHINA.+Sanford+Sylvan+%28bar%29++Chou+enLai+James+Maddalena+%28bar%29+Richard+Nixon+Thomas+Hammons+%28bar%29+Henry+Kissinger+Mari+Opatz+%28mez%29+Nancy+Tang+%28First+Secretary+to+Mao%29+Stephanie+Friedman+%28mez%29+Second+Secretary+to+Mao+Marion+Dry+%28mez%29+Third+Secretary+to+Mao+John+Duykers+%28ten%29+Mao+TseTung+Carolann+Page+%28sop%29+Pat+Nixon+Trudy+Ellen+Craney+%28sop%29+Chiang+Ching+St+Lukes+Chorus+and+Orchestra++Edo+de+Waart.+NonesuchWEA+%28E%29+979+1771+%28three+records,+nas%29+CJ+070+1774+%28two+cassettes,+nas%29+a%29+979+1772+%28144+minutes:+DDD%29.+Notes+and+text+included">the original</a> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Adams%3A+Nixon+in+China&rft.pages=148&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.net%2FIssue%2FPage%2FOctober%25201988%2F148%2F825722%2FADAMS.%2BNIXON%2BIN%2BCHINA.%2BSanford%2BSylvan%2B%2528bar%2529%2B%2BChou%2BenLai%2BJames%2BMaddalena%2B%2528bar%2529%2BRichard%2BNixon%2BThomas%2BHammons%2B%2528bar%2529%2BHenry%2BKissinger%2BMari%2BOpatz%2B%2528mez%2529%2BNancy%2BTang%2B%2528First%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%2529%2BStephanie%2BFriedman%2B%2528mez%2529%2BSecond%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%2BMarion%2BDry%2B%2528mez%2529%2BThird%2BSecretary%2Bto%2BMao%2BJohn%2BDuykers%2B%2528ten%2529%2BMao%2BTseTung%2BCarolann%2BPage%2B%2528sop%2529%2BPat%2BNixon%2BTrudy%2BEllen%2BCraney%2B%2528sop%2529%2BChiang%2BChing%2BSt%2BLukes%2BChorus%2Band%2BOrchestra%2B%2BEdo%2Bde%2BWaart.%2BNonesuchWEA%2B%2528E%2529%2B979%2B1771%2B%2528three%2Brecords%2C%2Bnas%2529%2BCJ%2B070%2B1774%2B%2528two%2Bcassettes%2C%2Bnas%2529%2Ba%2529%2B979%2B1772%2B%2528144%2Bminutes%3A%2BDDD%2529.%2BNotes%2Band%2Btext%2Bincluded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oestreich_2008-06-17-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oestreich_2008-06-17_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOestreich2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Oestreich" title="James R. Oestreich">Oestreich, James R.</a> (June 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/arts/music/17nixo.html?_r=2">"The Nixonian Psyche, With Arias and a Bluish Glow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513202608/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/arts/music/17nixo.html?_r=2">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Nixonian+Psyche%2C+With+Arias+and+a+Bluish+Glow&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.aulast=Oestreich&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F17%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F17nixo.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor_2009-12-21-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_2009-12-21_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2009" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Andrew (December 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g54z">"You hear the machinery of Adams's writing: bright, alert, lucid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316144539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g54z/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+hear+the+machinery+of+Adams%27s+writing%3A+bright%2C+alert%2C+lucid&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Freviews%2Fg54z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boosey-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boosey_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/catalogue/cat_detail.asp?musicid=7156">"John Adams – Nixon in China"</a>. Boosey & Hawkes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907085335/http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/catalogue/cat_detail.asp?musicid=7156">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams+%E2%80%93+Nixon+in+China&rft.pub=Boosey+%26+Hawkes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fpages%2Fcr%2Fcatalogue%2Fcat_detail.asp%3Fmusicid%3D7156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson22-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson22_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson">Johnson</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-focus-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-focus_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"In Focus". <i>The Metropolitan Opera Playbill (Nixon in China Version)</i>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34. February 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Opera+Playbill+%28Nixon+in+China+Version%29&rft.atitle=In+Focus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2011-02-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opera_Today-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opera_Today_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opera_Today_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYohalem2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yohalem, John (February 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2011/02/nixon_in_china_.php">"Nixon in China, New York"</a>. <i>Opera Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302012913/http://www.operatoday.com/content/2011/02/nixon_in_china_.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+Today&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China%2C+New+York&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.aulast=Yohalem&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operatoday.com%2Fcontent%2F2011%2F02%2Fnixon_in_china_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_Chairman_Dances-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_Chairman_Dances_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">Adams, John</a> (23 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earbox.com/the-chairman-dances/">"The Chairman Dances: Foxtrot for orchestra (1985)"</a>. John Adams official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428161756/http://www.earbox.com/the-chairman-dances/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chairman+Dances%3A+Foxtrot+for+orchestra+%281985%29&rft.pub=John+Adams+official+website&rft.date=2003-09-23&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earbox.com%2Fthe-chairman-dances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisselgoff_1988-05-16-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisselgoff_1988-05-16_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisselgoff1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Kisselgoff" title="Anna Kisselgoff">Kisselgoff, Anna</a> (May 16, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5D9163DF935A25756C0A96E948260">"Ray Charles at a Peter Martins City Ballet Premiere"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901093527/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/16/arts/review-dance-ray-charles-at-a-peter-martins-city-ballet-premiere.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ray+Charles+at+a+Peter+Martins+City+Ballet+Premiere&rft.date=1988-05-16&rft.aulast=Kisselgoff&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DE5D9163DF935A25756C0A96E948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nax-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nax_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nax_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Carpenter, Gregory (2008). <i>American Opera Classics: Nixon in China</i> (CD). <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Opera+Classics%3A+Nixon+in+China&rft.pub=Naxos+Records&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> (liner notes, pp. 5–6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gram2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gram2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723140023/http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201988/12/825577/ADAMS%2BIN%2BCHINA">"Adams in China"</a>. <i>Gramophone</i>: 12. October 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201988/12/825577/ADAMS+IN+CHINA">the original</a> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Adams+in+China&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.net%2FIssue%2FPage%2FOctober%25201988%2F12%2F825577%2FADAMS%2BIN%2BCHINA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henahan_1987-10-24-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henahan_1987-10-24_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenahan1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Henahan, Donal</a> (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/arts/opera-nixon-in-china.html">"Opera: Nixon in China"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827014611/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/arts/opera-nixon-in-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opera%3A+Nixon+in+China&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Henahan&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F24%2Farts%2Fopera-nixon-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugill_2006-07-02-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugill_2006-07-02_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugill2006" class="citation web cs1">Hugill, Robert (July 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvdaily.com/articles/2006/07/nixon1.htm">"A Mythic Story"</a>. Music & Vision. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025112513/http://www.mvdaily.com/articles/2006/07/nixon1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Mythic+Story&rft.pub=Music+%26+Vision&rft.date=2006-07-02&rft.aulast=Hugill&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvdaily.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F07%2Fnixon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nonesuch_NiC-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nonesuch_NiC_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nonesuch_NiC_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/nixon-in-china">"John Adams: Nixon in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nonesuch_Records" title="Nonesuch Records">Nonesuch Records</a>. 15 April 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031045622/http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/nixon-in-china">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams%3A+Nixon+in+China&rft.pub=Nonesuch+Records&rft.date=1988-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonesuch.com%2Falbums%2Fnixon-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams" class="citation web cs1">Adams, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/1945544-John-Adams-Nixon-In-China">"Nixon in China, Nonesuch CD"</a>. <i>Discog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330175922/https://www.discogs.com/release/1945544-John-Adams-Nixon-In-China">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discog&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China%2C+Nonesuch+CD&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F1945544-John-Adams-Nixon-In-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonesuch.com/albums/nixon-china-blu-raydvd">"Nixon in China [Blu-ray/DVD] | Nonesuch Records - MP3 Downloads, Free Streaming Music, Lyrics"</a>. <i>Nonesuch Records Official Website</i>. 2012-10-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330175922/https://www.nonesuch.com/albums/nixon-china-blu-raydvd">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nonesuch+Records+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Nixon+in+China+%5BBlu-ray%2FDVD%5D+%7C+Nonesuch+Records+-+MP3+Downloads%2C+Free+Streaming+Music%2C+Lyrics&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonesuch.com%2Falbums%2Fnixon-china-blu-raydvd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2023" class="citation news cs1">Blum, Ronald (27 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403151720/https://apnews.com/article/nixon-china-paris-opera-fleming-9c64fccef6761802a5fc6e7daec5487c">"Fleming stars as 'Nixon in China' arrives at Paris Opera"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/nixon-china-paris-opera-fleming-9c64fccef6761802a5fc6e7daec5487c">the original</a> on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Fleming+stars+as+%27Nixon+in+China%27+arrives+at+Paris+Opera&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fnixon-china-paris-opera-fleming-9c64fccef6761802a5fc6e7daec5487c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2006_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramophoneclassi00gram"><i>The Classical Good CD and DVD Guide</i></a>. London: Haymarket. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86024-972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86024-972-6"><bdi>978-0-86024-972-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Good+CD+and+DVD+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haymarket&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86024-972-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgramophoneclassi00gram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grammy_NiC_88-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_NiC_88_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=Nixon+in+China&year=1988&genre=5">"Past Winners Search"</a>. <i>Grammy.com</i>. The Recording Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919153212/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=Nixon%20in%20China&year=1988&genre=5">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammy.com&rft.atitle=Past+Winners+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%2Fsearch%3Fartist%3D%26title%3DNixon%2Bin%2BChina%26year%3D1988%26genre%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Other sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Timothy A. (2011). <i>John Adams's </i>Nixon in China<i>: Musical Analysis, Historical and Political Perspectives</i>. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2682-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-2682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Adams%27s+Nixon+in+China%3A+Musical+Analysis%2C+Historical+and+Political+Perspectives&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2682-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Timothy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabaservice,_Ch._11_(unpaginated)" class="citation book cs1">Kabaservice, Geoffrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJ9baqZLVIYC"><i>Rule and Ruin</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199912902" title="Special:BookSources/9780199912902"><bdi>9780199912902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rule+and+Ruin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199912902&rft.aulast=Kabaservice&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGJ9baqZLVIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANixon+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earbox.com/nixon-in-china/"><i>Nixon in China</i></a> from John C. Adams's official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Adams_(composer)" title="Template:John Adams (composer)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Adams_(composer)" title="Template talk:John Adams (composer)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Adams_(composer)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Adams (composer)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Adams151" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon in China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer" title="The Death of Klinghoffer">The Death of Klinghoffer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Was_Looking_at_the_Ceiling_and_Then_I_Saw_the_Sky" title="I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky">I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(opera)" title="El Niño (opera)">El Niño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Flowering_Tree" title="A Flowering Tree">A Flowering Tree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_the_Other_Mary" title="The Gospel According to the Other Mary">The Gospel According to the Other Mary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girls_of_the_Golden_West_(opera)" title="Girls of the Golden West (opera)">Girls of the Golden West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(2022_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony and Cleopatra (2022 opera)">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Loops" title="Shaker Loops">Shaker Loops</a></i> (orchestral)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmonielehre" title="Harmonielehre">Harmonielehre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairman_Dances" title="The Chairman Dances">The Chairman Dances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tromba_Lontana" title="Tromba Lontana">Tromba Lontana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Short_Ride_in_a_Fast_Machine" title="Short Ride in a Fast Machine">Short Ride in a Fast Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slonimsky%27s_Earbox" title="Slonimsky's Earbox">Slonimsky's Earbox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza_(Adams)" title="Lollapalooza (Adams)">Lollapalooza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naive_and_Sentimental_Music" title="Naive and Sentimental Music">Naive and Sentimental Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Strange_Places" title="Guide to Strange Places">Guide to Strange Places</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Father_Knew_Charles_Ives" title="My Father Knew Charles Ives">My Father Knew Charles Ives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Noir" title="City Noir">City Noir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wound-Dresser" title="The Wound-Dresser">The Wound-Dresser</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Adams)" title="Violin Concerto (Adams)">Violin Concerto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_Piano" title="Eros Piano">Eros Piano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Century_Rolls" title="Century Rolls">Century Rolls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_at_Big_Sur" title="The Dharma at Big Sur">The Dharma at Big Sur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Jest" title="Absolute Jest">Absolute Jest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone_Concerto_(Adams)" title="Saxophone Concerto (Adams)">Saxophone Concerto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scheherazade.2" title="Scheherazade.2">Scheherazade.2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Must_the_Devil_Have_All_the_Good_Tunes%3F" title="Must the Devil Have All the Good Tunes?">Must the Devil Have All the Good Tunes?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Loops" title="Shaker Loops">Shaker Loops</a></i> (string septet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_(Adams)" title="Chamber Symphony (Adams)">Chamber Symphony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John%27s_Book_of_Alleged_Dances" title="John's Book of Alleged Dances">John's Book of Alleged Dances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_Movies_(Adams)" title="Road Movies (Adams)">Road Movies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnarly_Buttons" title="Gnarly Buttons">Gnarly Buttons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ensemble works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_(Adams)" title="American Standard (Adams)">American Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Pianola_Music" title="Grand Pianola Music">Grand Pianola Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmonium_(Adams)" title="Harmonium (Adams)">Harmonium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer" title="The Death of Klinghoffer">Choruses from The Death of Klinghoffer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Transmigration_of_Souls" title="On the Transmigration of Souls">On the Transmigration of Souls</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Gates" title="Phrygian Gates">Phrygian Gates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Gates" title="China Gates">China Gates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah_Junction" title="Hallelujah Junction">Hallelujah Junction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Berserk" title="American Berserk">American Berserk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Still_Play" title="I Still Play">I Still Play</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film score</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Love_(film)" title="I Am Love (film)">I Am Love</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon1004" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon1004" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_diamond" title="Nixon diamond">Nixon diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146706#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174371890">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/300189354">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00042386">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13923840q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13923840q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007352840905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_operas" title="Category:1987 operas">1987 operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_operas" title="Category:English-language operas">English-language operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_world_premieres_at_Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Category:Opera world premieres at Houston Grand Opera">Opera world premieres at Houston Grand Opera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minimalist_operas" title="Category:Minimalist operas">Minimalist operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas" title="Category:Operas">Operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_the_20th_century" title="Category:Operas set in the 20th century">Operas set in the 20th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_by_John_Adams_(composer)" title="Category:Operas by John Adams (composer)">Operas by John Adams (composer)</a></li><li><a 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