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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_and_journey_to_Scotland:_1745"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_and_journey_to_Scotland:_1745-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_stages_and_victory_at_Prestonpans:_1745" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stages_and_victory_at_Prestonpans:_1745"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stages_and_victory_at_Prestonpans:_1745-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_England:_1745–1746" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_England:_1745–1746"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Invasion of England: 1745–1746 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_England:_1745–1746-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culloden_and_return_to_France:_1746" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culloden_and_return_to_France:_1746"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Culloden and return to France: 1746 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culloden_and_return_to_France:_1746-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_in_Europe:_1746–1766" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Europe:_1746–1766"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Life in Europe: 1746–1766 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Europe:_1746–1766-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretender:_1766–1788" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretender:_1766–1788"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pretender: 1766–1788 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretender:_1766–1788-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Charles Edward Stuart</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تشارلز إدوارد ستيوارت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز إدوارد ستيوارت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="چارلز ادوارد استوارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز ادوارد استوارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Чарлз Едуард Стюарт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Едуард Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Eduard_Stuart" title="Carles Eduard Stuart – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles Eduard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Карл Эдуард Стюарт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карл Эдуард Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Eduard_Stuart" title="Karel Eduard Stuart – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel Eduard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Edvard_Stuart" title="Karl Edvard Stuart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Edvard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84" title="Κάρολος Εδουάρδος Στιούαρτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Εδουάρδος Στιούαρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Eduardo_Estuardo" title="Carlos Eduardo Estuardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos Eduardo Estuardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="چارلز ادوارد استوارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز ادوارد استوارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Stuart" title="Charles Édouard Stuart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Édouard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9arlas_%C3%89adbhard_Sti%C3%BAbhart" title="Séarlas Éadbhard Stiúbhart – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séarlas Éadbhard Stiúbhart" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionnsa_Te%C3%A0rlach_Sti%C3%B9bhart" title="Prionnsa Teàrlach Stiùbhart – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Prionnsa Teàrlach Stiùbhart" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bonnie Prince Charlie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="찰스 에드워드 스튜어트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 에드워드 스튜어트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%A7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Չարլզ էդուարդ Ստյուարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ էդուարդ Ստյուարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_Eduard_Stuart" title="Karlo Eduard Stuart – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karlo Eduard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Edoardo_Stuart" title="Carlo Edoardo Stuart – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo Edoardo Stuart" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="צ'ארלס אדוארד סטיוארט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס אדוארד סטיוארט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Eduard_Stuart" title="Karel Eduard Stuart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel Eduard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="チャールズ・エドワード・ステュアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・エドワード・ステュアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Edvard_Stuart" title="Karl Edvard Stuart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl Edvard Stuart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Edward_Stuart" title="Karol Edward Stuart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Eduardo_Stuart" title="Carlos Eduardo Stuart – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos Eduardo Stuart" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Карл Эдуард Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл Эдуард Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Чарлс Едвард Стјуарт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Едвард Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Edward Stuart" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation)">Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles Edward Stuart</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/220px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/330px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/440px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4421" data-file-height="5412" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart">Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1745</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite pretender</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pretendence</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1766 – 30 January 1788</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James VIII and III"</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1720-12-31)31 December 1720 <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Muti" title="Palazzo Muti">Palazzo Muti</a>, Rome, Papal States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1788(1788-01-30) (aged 67) Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg-Gedern" title="Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern">Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1772; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1780)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart,_Duchess_of_Albany" title="Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany">Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany</a> (illegitimate)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-name-3">[a]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Clementina_Sobieska" title="Maria Clementina Sobieska">Maria Clementina Sobieska</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Edward Stuart's signature"><img alt="Charles Edward Stuart's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/125px-Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/188px-Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/250px-Signature_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="181" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">[1]</a> (31 December 1720<a href="#cite_note-nsrome-4">[b]</a> – 30 January 1788) was the elder son of <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> making him the grandson of <a href="/wiki/James_VII_and_II" class="mw-redirect" title="James VII and II">James VII and II</a>, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1766 as Charles III.<a href="#cite_note-CharlesIII-6">[c]</a> During his lifetime, he was also known as "the Young Pretender" and "the Young Chevalier"; in popular memory, he is known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Born in Rome to the exiled Stuart court, he spent much of his early and later life in Italy. In 1744, he travelled to France to take part in a planned <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">invasion</a> to restore the Stuart monarchy under his father. When the French fleet was partly wrecked by storms, Charles resolved to proceed to Scotland following discussion with leading Jacobites. This resulted in Charles landing by ship on the west coast of Scotland, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. The Jacobite forces under Charles initially achieved several victories in the field, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a> in September 1745 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a> in January 1746. However, by April 1746, Charles was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a>, which effectively ended the Stuart cause. Although there were subsequent attempts such as <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">a planned French invasion</a> in 1759, Charles was unable to restore the Stuart monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988449-7">[4]</a> With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on the continent, except for one secret visit to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979305-8">[5]</a> On his return, Charles lived briefly in France before he was exiled in 1748 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. Charles eventually returned to Italy, where he spent much of his later life living in Florence and Rome. He had a number of mistresses before marrying <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg-Gedern" title="Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern">Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern</a> in 1772. In his later life, Charles's health declined greatly and he was said to be an alcoholic. However, his escapades during the 1745 and 1746 uprising, as well as his escape from Scotland, led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn19888-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199513–19-10">[7]</a> His life and the once possible prospects of a restored Stuart monarchy have left an enduring historical legend that continues to have a legacy today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975x-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199513–19-10">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education:_1720–1734">Childhood and education: 1720–1734</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and education: 1720–1734">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart,_1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg/220px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg/330px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg/440px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption>Charles painted as a five year old in 1725 by the court painter <a href="/wiki/Antonio_David" title="Antonio David">Antonio David</a></figcaption></figure> Charles was born in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Muti" title="Palazzo Muti">Palazzo Muti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-foghlam-12">[9]</a> Historians differ as to who carried out his baptism ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201022-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525-14">[11]</a> Kybett reports that it was presided over by Pope Clement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">[1]</a> whereas Douglas and Pininski state it was carried out by the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Montefiascone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Montefiascone">Montefiascone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201022-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525-14">[11]</a> Regardless, he was given the names Charles for his <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">great-grandfather</a>, Edward after <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, Louis for the King of France, Casimir after the kings of Poland, and Sylvester as he was born on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sylvester%27s_Day" title="Saint Sylvester's Day">Saint Sylvester's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525-14">[11]</a> Charles was the son of the Old Pretender, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> (himself son of the exiled Stuart King <a href="/wiki/James_II_and_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II and VII">James II and VII</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Clementina_Sobieska" title="Maria Clementina Sobieska">Maria Clementina Sobieska</a>, a Polish noblewoman (the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>).<a href="#cite_note-JacobiteTrail-15">[12]</a> Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled the kingdoms from 1685 to 1688.<a href="#cite_note-foghlam-12">[9]</a> He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Princess Mary</a>, King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution of 1688</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett19886-16">[13]</a> Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England fully to the Catholic faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett19886-16">[13]</a> Since the exile of James and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite Cause</a>" had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union in 1707</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett19888-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197516-18">[15]</a> Charles was said to have suffered from weak legs at an early age, possibly as a result of <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198830-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197529-20">[17]</a> However, Charles was instructed in a regime of exercise and dancing to help improve his constitution, which strengthened his legs by later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198830-19">[16]</a> Charles spent much of his early childhood in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in the company of a small retinue and a close but often argumentative family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198828-21">[18]</a> His brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a> was born 5 years later on 6 March 1725.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201023-22">[19]</a> His mother and father were regularly at disagreement with each other,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197530-23">[20]</a> leading to one notable incident in which Clementina left the palace shortly after Henry's birth in 1725 and moved to a convent, not returning until 1727.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198832-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197537-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201025-26">[23]</a> As the legitimate heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland—according to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a>, James and his household lived with a sense of pride, and staunchly believed in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JacobiteTrail-15">[12]</a> Charles spent much of his early years in the company of older men, several of whom acted as his tutors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198832-24">[21]</a> Charles Edward's governor was the Protestant <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(Jacobite_Earl_of_Dunbar)" title="James Murray (Jacobite Earl of Dunbar)">James Murray, Jacobite Earl of Dunbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198828-21">[18]</a> While the Pope had raised initial concerns over Charles's religious education under a Protestant governor, James agreed that Charles would be raised as a Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198833-27">[24]</a> Among his tutors were the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Michael_Ramsay" title="Andrew Michael Ramsay">Chevalier Ramsay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198831-28">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(Jacobite)" title="Thomas Sheridan (Jacobite)">Sir Thomas Sheridan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198831-28">[25]</a> and Father Vinceguerra, a Catholic priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198837-29">[26]</a> He quickly became conversant in English, French and Italian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911940-30">[27]</a> although it was said that he never fully mastered any language and was partially illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198831-28">[25]</a> During his childhood, he was reported to enjoy hunting, horsemanship, a form of golf, music and dancing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201026-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_Europe:_1734–1745">Travels in Europe: 1734–1745</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Travels in Europe: 1734–1745">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart,_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by William Mosman, painted circa 1737</figcaption></figure> In 1734, his cousin, <a href="/wiki/James_Fitz-James_Stuart,_2nd_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick">the Duke of Liria</a>, who was proceeding to join <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Don Carlos</a> in his struggle for the crown of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, passed through Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197540-32">[29]</a> He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201028-33">[30]</a> On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1734)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1734)">siege of Gaeta</a>, his first exposure to war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201028-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198838-34">[31]</a> While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201029-35">[32]</a> He returned to Rome in late 1734.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201029-35">[32]</a> In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198840-36">[33]</a> She had been in a poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201024-37">[34]</a> As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198845-38">[35]</a> In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198845-38">[35]</a> Charles proceeded to visit <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198845-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199530-39">[36]</a> The Italian tour was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198845-38">[35]</a> Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the "<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a>" (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197547-40">[37]</a> Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198845-38">[35]</a> By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed a fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198847-41">[38]</a> He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198860-42">[39]</a> His father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the British and Irish thrones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197553-43">[40]</a> However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911940-30">[27]</a> On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a>, giving him the authority to act in his name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197553-43">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart,_1742.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg/220px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg/330px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg/440px-Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Charles, painted in 1742, by the French court painter <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tocqu%C3%A9" title="Louis Tocqué">Louis Tocqué</a></figcaption></figure> In January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198876-44">[41]</a> Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198880-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197556-46">[43]</a> However, neither the French Government nor King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> had officially invited Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988xvii-47">[44]</a> Nevertheless, by February, the French government had agreed to support <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">a planned invasion of England</a>, hoping to remove British forces from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198889-48">[45]</a> Charles then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198890-49">[46]</a> The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198892-50">[47]</a> By the time it regrouped, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British fleet</a> realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197558-52">[49]</a> After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise" title="Chantilly, Oise">Chantilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, leasing a hilltop house in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> in May 1744.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198897-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197563-54">[51]</a> Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to the amount of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198898-55">[52]</a> With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988100-56">[53]</a> However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Cambrai">Archbishop of Cambrai</a> agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988101-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988107-58">[55]</a> Charles then moved to the country house of <a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick#Marriages_and_children" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">Anne, Duchess of Berwick</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>, following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988107-58">[55]</a> However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988108-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1745_uprising">1745 uprising</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1745 uprising">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations_and_journey_to_Scotland:_1745">Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnie_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bonnie_A.jpg/180px-Bonnie_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bonnie_A.jpg/270px-Bonnie_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bonnie_A.jpg/360px-Bonnie_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in <a href="/wiki/Traquair_House" title="Traquair House">Traquair House</a>, attributed to the circle of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tocqu%C3%A9" title="Louis Tocqué">Louis Tocqué</a>)</figcaption></figure> In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he was aware that there were Jacobite representatives in every key European court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197563-54">[51]</a> He had now taken a considerable share in correspondence and other actual work connected with the promotion of his own and his father's interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911941-60">[57]</a> While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support for the restoration of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988103-61">[58]</a> Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(Jacobite)" title="Thomas Sheridan (Jacobite)">Sir Thomas Sheridan</a> who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of a petition to Charles from <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hector_Maclean,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Hector Maclean, 5th Baronet">Sir Hector Maclean</a> on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988104-62">[59]</a> The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197565-63">[60]</a> To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris bankers John Waters and George Waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988112-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199544-65">[62]</a> Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of <a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hall" title="Oxburgh Hall">Oxburgh Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times-66">[63]</a> As security for the loans, Charles was able to use the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">Sobieski</a> crown jewels of his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>, which had passed down to him through his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199544-65">[62]</a> He used these extensive funds to purchase weapons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197563-54">[51]</a> and fit out the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the <a href="/wiki/Du_Teillay_(1744_ship)" title="Du Teillay (1744 ship)">Du Teillay</a> (sometimes called Doutelle), a 16-gun privateer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988115-67">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_he_cried,_drawing_his_sword,_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/220px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/330px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/440px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield</figcaption></figure> Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a>, Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988116-68">[65]</a> During the voyage north, Charles's squadron were fired upon by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lion_(1709)" title="HMS Lion (1709)">HMS Lion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988117-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988105-70">[67]</a> The Du Teillay, with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the Elisabeth, with her greater firepower, engaged Lion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988117-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988105-70">[67]</a> When Lion withdrew, the Elisabeth was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of the 1,500 muskets he had purchased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197563-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988117-69">[66]</a> The Du Teillay successfully landed him and seven companions at <a href="/wiki/Eriskay" title="Eriskay">Eriskay</a> on 23 July 1745.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988117-69">[66]</a> The group would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Men_of_Moidart" title="Seven Men of Moidart">Seven Men of Moidart</a> and included <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(soldier)" title="John O'Sullivan (soldier)">John O'Sullivan</a>, an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(Jacobite)" title="George Kelly (Jacobite)">George Kelly</a>. Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197574-71">[68]</a> However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including <a href="/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Sleat" title="Clan Macdonald of Sleat">MacDonald of Sleat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_MacLeod_(The_Wicked_Man)" title="Norman MacLeod (The Wicked Man)">Norman MacLeod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201683–84-72">[69]</a> Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2001152–153-73">[70]</a> Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at the bay of <a href="/wiki/Loch_nan_Uamh" class="mw-redirect" title="Loch nan Uamh">Loch nan Uamh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911941-60">[57]</a> He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming and he decided to raise an army in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stages_and_victory_at_Prestonpans:_1745">Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745">edit</a>]</div> Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Donald Cameron of Lochiel</a>, Chief of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Cameron" title="Clan Cameron">Clan Cameron</a>, after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016465–467-75">[72]</a> Thereafter, support continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197577-76">[73]</a> It is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic</a> under the tutorship of <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" title="Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201032-77">[74]</a> On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at <a href="/wiki/Glenfinnan" title="Glenfinnan">Glenfinnan</a> and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197579-78">[75]</a> The force proceeded eastwards, reaching <a href="/wiki/Invergarry_Castle" title="Invergarry Castle">Invergarry Castle</a> by the last week of August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199570-79">[76]</a> Charles's forces continued on via the <a href="/wiki/Corrieyairack_Pass" title="Corrieyairack Pass">Corrieyairack Pass</a>, where their control of the pass persuaded advancing government forces to withdraw from the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199570-79">[76]</a> Stopping briefly first at <a href="/wiki/Blair_Castle" title="Blair Castle">Blair Castle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199573-80">[77]</a> Charles and his forces reached <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> on 4 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197587-81">[78]</a> At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197587-81">[78]</a> Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and the Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016123–125-82">[79]</a> On 14 September, Charles and his forces took <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a> and Charles stayed at <a href="/wiki/Callendar_House" title="Callendar House">Callendar House</a>, where he persuaded the <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd,_4th_Earl_of_Kilmarnock" title="William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock">Earl of Kilmarnock</a> to join him.<a href="#cite_note-Callendar_House-83">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197590-84">[80]</a> Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader, <a href="/wiki/John_Cope_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Cope (British Army officer)">General Sir John Cope</a>, who had marched to <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>, leaving the south country undefended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911941-60">[57]</a> On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside the city at Gray's Mill in <a href="/wiki/Longstone,_Edinburgh" title="Longstone, Edinburgh">Longstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorie190754-85">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Stewart_(Lord_Provost)" title="Archibald Stewart (Lord Provost)">Lord Provost Archibald Stewart</a> controlled the city, which quickly surrendered, although the castle under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Preston_(Jacobite)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Preston (Jacobite)">George Preston</a> did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975111-86">[82]</a> On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters, a prominent example being <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charlie%27s_Targe" title="Prince Charlie's Targe">Prince Charlie's Targe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a> painted a <a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart">portrait of Charles</a> while he was in Edinburgh,<a href="#cite_note-beeb-88">[84]</a> which survived in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Wemyss" title="Earl of Wemyss">Earl of Wemyss</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gosford_House" title="Gosford House">Gosford House</a> and, as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit">[update]</a>, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg/220px-Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg/330px-Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg/440px-Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_by_John_Pettie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Bonnie Prince Charlie entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse flanked by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Donald Cameron of Lochiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Forbes,_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo" title="Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo">Alexander Forbes, Lord Pitsligo</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Pettie" title="John Pettie">John Pettie</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1892</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>, a decision he would soon regret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197598-90">[86]</a> On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at <a href="/wiki/Duddingston" title="Duddingston">Duddingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199586-91">[87]</a> On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army, the only government army in Scotland, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911941-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnnieCope-92">[e]</a> Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975103-93">[88]</a> and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975105-94">[89]</a> It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued with each other over the disposition of forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197599-95">[90]</a> The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever worsening relationship between the two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197599-95">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_England:_1745–1746">Invasion of England: 1745–1746</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invasion of England: 1745–1746">edit</a>]</div> Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975112-96">[91]</a> Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016185-97">[92]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/David_Wemyss,_Lord_Elcho" title="David Wemyss, Lord Elcho">Lord Elcho</a> later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles's autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElcho1907289-98">[93]</a> A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975119-99">[94]</a> The council was said to include <a href="/wiki/James_Drummond,_3rd_Duke_of_Perth" title="James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth">Perth</a>, Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_of_Broughton" title="John Murray of Broughton">Murray of Broughton</a>, Lochiel, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macdonald,_17th_of_Keppoch" title="Alexander Macdonald, 17th of Keppoch">Keppoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Clanranald" title="Clan Macdonald of Clanranald">Clanranald</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_of_Glencoe" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald of Glencoe">Glencoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Ardsheal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonell_of_Glengarry" title="Clan MacDonell of Glengarry">Lochgarry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016175–176-100">[95]</a> After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to an invasion of England. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November, <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> surrendered to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975127-101">[96]</a> Continuing south, Charles and his army reached <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a> on 21 November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995125-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975127-101">[96]</a> then <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> on the 26 November<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995126-103">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> on the 29 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995127-104">[99]</a> His army progressed as far south as the <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">River Trent</a> at <a href="/wiki/Swarkestone_Bridge" title="Swarkestone Bridge">Swarkestone Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, arriving there on the 4 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975127-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995131-105">[100]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, despite Charles's objections, his council at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_House" title="Exeter House">Exeter House</a> decided to return to Scotland given the lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016299–300-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016304–305-107">[102]</a> Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016299–300-106">[101]</a> On 6 December, the Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975130-108">[103]</a> Charles's route north was the same as the one that he had taken on the journey south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975132-109">[104]</a> He returned to Manchester on 9 December and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975133-110">[105]</a> Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster and Kendal, until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Cumbria" title="Clifton, Cumbria">Clifton</a> in Cumbria on 18 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975135-136-111">[106]</a> The Jacobite forces won the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Moor_Skirmish" title="Clifton Moor Skirmish">Clifton Moor Skirmish</a> allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975135-136-111">[106]</a> Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December where they rested until 3 January 1746.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201041-112">[107]</a> The decision was then made to lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stirling_Castle_(1746)" title="Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)">siege</a> to Stirling and <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201042-113">[108]</a> However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize the castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201042-113">[108]</a> Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a> in January 1746.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016209–216-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016328–329-115">[110]</a> A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to <a href="/wiki/Crieff" title="Crieff">Crieff</a>, then Inverness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201042-113">[108]</a> With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911941-60">[57]</a> including a stay of some four days at <a href="/wiki/Kilravock_Castle" title="Kilravock Castle">Kilravock Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-116">[111]</a> Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016377–378-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culloden_and_return_to_France:_1746">Culloden and return to France: 1746</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culloden and return to France: 1746">edit</a>]</div> Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a> and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975160-119">[114]</a> To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from a position behind the front lines, which prevented him from gaining a clear view of the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975162-120">[115]</a> He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975162-120">[115]</a> Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975162-120">[115]</a> The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> fired from the cannons, and it met with little success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975163-121">[116]</a> In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but this attack was eventually repulsed by a second line of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975162-120">[115]</a> The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line then fled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975163-121">[116]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Army_(1745)" title="Jacobite Army (1745)">Jacobite Army</a> units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016427-122">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lochaber_No_More.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lochaber_No_More.jpg/330px-Lochaber_No_More.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lochaber_No_More.jpg/495px-Lochaber_No_More.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lochaber_No_More.jpg/660px-Lochaber_No_More.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>'Lochaber No More – Prince Charlie leaving Scotland', an 1863 painting by the artist John Blake MacDonald</figcaption></figure> After the defeat, Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975165-123">[118]</a> Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause.<a href="#cite_note-chevalier-124">[f]</a> Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious supporter <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a>, before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Augustus" title="Fort Augustus">Fort Augustus</a>, on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995201-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Charles then hid in the moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, always barely ahead of the government forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975170-127">[121]</a> Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988239-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988216-217-130">[124]</a> Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold was landed but much of it was <a href="/wiki/Loch_Arkaig_treasure" title="Loch Arkaig treasure">lost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988216-217-130">[124]</a> Charles was assisted by supporters such as the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">pilot</a> Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through <a href="/wiki/Benbecula" title="Benbecula">Benbecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975169-132">[126]</a> On 28 June, Charles was aided by <a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a>, who helped him sail to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a> by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988233-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Charles remained on Skye until July, when he then crossed back to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975169-132">[126]</a> With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains" title="Grampian Mountains">Grampian Mountains</a> for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975192-136">[130]</a> He ultimately evaded capture and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Warren_(Jacobite)" title="Richard Warren (Jacobite)">Richard Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975196-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995226-138">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Cairn" title="Prince's Cairn">Prince's Cairn</a> marks the traditional spot on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Arisaig" title="Sound of Arisaig">Loch nan Uamh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> from which he made his final departure from Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975196-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Europe:_1746–1766">Life in Europe: 1746–1766</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life in Europe: 1746–1766">edit</a>]</div> Charles landed back in France on 10 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 September] 1746.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975200-139">[133]</a> On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975201-140">[134]</a> However, he became at once the popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his exploits in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975201-140">[134]</a> In March 1747, he travelled briefly to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> via Lyon for an audience with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a>, but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975203-141">[135]</a> His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal's</a> hat in July 1747.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975200-139">[133]</a> He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975200-139">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg/220px-Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg/330px-Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg/440px-Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>Clementina Walkinshaw 1760</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlotteStuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CharlotteStuart.jpg/220px-CharlotteStuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CharlotteStuart.jpg/330px-CharlotteStuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CharlotteStuart.jpg/440px-CharlotteStuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart,_Duchess_of_Albany" title="Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany">Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany</a> was the only child of Charles to survive infancy (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton)</figcaption></figure> While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975211-142">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBongie19861-143">[137]</a> He had a relationship with his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne">Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Jules,_Prince_of_Gu%C3%A9m%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Jules, Prince of Guéméné">Jules, Prince of Guéméné</a>, that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBongie19862-144">[138]</a> In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">Théâtre du Palais-Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201061-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser1997365-146">[140]</a> Briefly imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser1997365-146">[140]</a> he was then expelled from France under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198535-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975210-148">[142]</a> He moved first to the Papal territory at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, and then in 1749 to <a href="/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Lunéville">Lunéville</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201063-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lorraine-150">[g]</a> In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201065-151">[144]</a> After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979307-152">[145]</a> Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Street,_London" title="Essex Street, London">Essex Street</a> London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Viscount_of_Primrose" title="Viscount of Primrose">Viscount of Primrose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NT-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988267-154">[147]</a> While in London, Charles <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjured</a> the Catholic faith<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988268-155">[148]</a> and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> communion, likely at one of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">non-juring</a> chapels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988268-155">[148]</a> Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788.<a href="#cite_note-GraysInn-157">[h]</a> This rebuts <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>'s suggestion that it took place at a church in the Strand.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988268-155">[148]</a> Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Walkinshaw" title="Clementina Walkinshaw">Clementina Walkinshaw</a> (later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201070-159">[151]</a> She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> government of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn200578-160">[152]</a> On 29 October 1753, the couple had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart,_Duchess_of_Albany" title="Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany">Charlotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975254-161">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975265-162">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988344-163">[155]</a> Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a>'s assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1985375-164">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlotte-165">[i]</a> In 1759, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Duc De Choiseul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn200582-166">[157]</a> Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn200584-167">[158]</a> Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn200581-168">[159]</a> to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn200584-167">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">The French invasion</a>, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos" title="Battle of Lagos">Lagos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988450-169">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pretender:_1766–1788">Pretender: 1766–1788</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pretender: 1766–1788">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Edward_Stuart_(1775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/200px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/300px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/400px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Charles Edward Stuart in his later years (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1785)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_(1752%E2%80%931824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg/200px-Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg/300px-Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg/400px-Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg_%281752%E2%80%931824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg-Gedern" title="Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern">Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern</a> (1752–1824), c. 1772</figcaption></figure> Charles's father died on 1 January 1766.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975241-170">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII", but over 40 years later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> did not give Charles the same recognition as "Charles III".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975242-171">[162]</a> However, on 23 January, with the Pope's permission, Charles moved into the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Muti" title="Palazzo Muti">Palazzo Muti</a>, which his father had lived in for over 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979406-172">[163]</a> Charles wrote to both the Kings of France and Spain on his accession, but recognition as King Charles III was not granted by either monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975246-173">[164]</a> Charles returned to his social life in Rome, making visits to the Pope and indulging in pastimes such as hunting, shooting, balls, concerts, operas and plays. One notable occasion, was when he met and heard <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> perform at the <a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Chigi Palace</a> on 6 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975247-174">[165]</a> However, he would periodically shut himself away in his rooms, and was said to have formed no new friendships in his later life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975247-174">[165]</a> He made visits to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> in 1770, where he took to the waters at the city's <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">thermal baths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975249-175">[166]</a> Charles returned to Paris in early 1771 with the permission of the French authorities under the Duc de Choiseul, who once again wished to discuss the possibility of a Jacobite invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975249-175">[166]</a> However, on the day of the meeting, Charles was reported to be so intoxicated that he was unable to speak coherently, so the discussions were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975249-175">[166]</a> By the time Charles entered his 51st year, concern was raised by his Jacobite supporters and the French that he had not yet married, and that only his brother, a priest sworn to celibacy, remained as the only male heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975250-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201081-177">[168]</a> The French also wished to continue the Stuart line as a potential weapon against the government in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975250-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201081-177">[168]</a> In 1771, while he was in Paris, Charles dispatched Sir Edmund Ryan, an Irish officer in Berwick's regiment, to seek out a bride for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975250-176">[167]</a> Despite some potential negotiations with prospective brides, he was unable to find a wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975250-176">[167]</a> A few months later, Charles's companion, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel-Armand_de_Richelieu,_duc_d%27Aiguillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon">the Duc d'Aiguillion</a>, and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fitz-James_Stuart,_4th_Duke_of_Liria_and_J%C3%A9rica" title="Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica">Charles Fitz-James Stuart</a> suggested the latter's sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Stolberg-Gedern" title="Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern">Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern</a> as a prospective bride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201081-177">[168]</a> Accordingly, on 28 March 1772, Charles married Princess Louise <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">by proxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975251-178">[169]</a> The couple met shortly after for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a> on 17 April 1772, where the marriage was reported to have been consummated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975251-178">[169]</a> They lived first in Rome and then moved to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1774, where he was provided with a residence by <a href="/wiki/Corsini_family" title="Corsini family">Prince Corsini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_San_Clemente" title="Palazzo di San Clemente">Palazzo di San Clemente</a>, now known as the Palazzo del Pretendente.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975255-179">[170]</a> In Florence, he used the title "Count of Albany" as an alias, and his wife Louise was normally referred to as the "Countess of Albany".<a href="#cite_note-albany-180">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975307-181">[171]</a> Charles's health deteriorated in later life, and he was reported to have suffered from asthma, high blood pressure, swollen legs and ulcers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975255-179">[170]</a> In 1774, while in Florence, he suffered constantly from his illnesses, which required him to be carried by his servants to and from his carriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975255-179">[170]</a> Charles was also known to be an alcoholic, a condition that worsened with age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975250-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201080-182">[172]</a> Charles and Louise left Florence in 1777 and returned to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975257-183">[173]</a> Their relationship had become increasingly quarrelsome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975256-184">[174]</a> One cause was said to be the speculation regarding Louise's adulterous relationships with the courtiers Carl Bonstetten and the Italian poet Count <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975257-183">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[175]</a> Another cause was stated to be Charles himself, who was reported as becoming increasingly irrational and drunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975258-186">[176]</a> In November 1780, Louise formally left Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975258-186">[176]</a> After separating, she claimed that Charles had physically abused her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975260-187">[177]</a> This claim was generally believed by contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[175]</a> The historian Douglas states that Charles had been drinking following <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a> celebrations, and after accusing Louise of infidelities, may have attempted to rape her, resulting in her screaming to the extent that the household servants intervened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975258-186">[176]</a> In the years that followed, the Pope awarded Louise half of Charles's papal pension, and Charles's international reputation was greatly damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975260-187">[177]</a> He was said to live an increasingly isolated and unhappy life, especially after his brother Henry agreed to house Louise at his estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975262-188">[178]</a> By 1783, Charles's health continued to decline, and for a time, he fell seriously ill such to the extent that he was given the <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Sacraments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975262-188">[178]</a> Although Charles recovered, he agreed to create a new will, and signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart,_Duchess_of_Albany" title="Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany">Charlotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975262-188">[178]</a> Charles also gave her the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975122-189">[179]</a> and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979353-190">[180]</a> Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years. Eventually, she survived her father by less than two years, dying unmarried at Bologna in November 1789.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911942-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen-193">[k]</a> In April 1784, Charles was persuaded by the visiting King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden</a> to grant Louise a decree of separation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975263-194">[183]</a> While not a formal divorce, as no such legal procedure existed in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, Louise was thereby legally permitted to live separately from her husband, even though she had been doing so for some time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975263-194">[183]</a> Charles spent the majority of his last years living between Florence and Rome. However, he left Florence for the last time in 1785 and returned to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975267-195">[184]</a> It was reported that he was limited to light travelling by his doctors owing to his fragility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975267-195">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Stuart_in_the_Vatican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Charles, his father and brother in St Peter's Basilica, Rome</figcaption></figure> Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988311-196">[185]</a> His brother the Cardinal Duke of York, who was present at the death, had the record read that he died on the morning of 31 January, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">the execution</a> of his great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988311-196">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979361-197">[186]</a> Charles's will left most of his estate to his heir, his daughter Charlotte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975269-198">[187]</a> There were a few exceptions, including some <a href="/wiki/Plate_(dishware)" title="Plate (dishware)">plates</a> for his brother Henry, as well as some annuities for his servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975269-198">[187]</a> On his death, a cast of his face was made, and his body was embalmed and placed in a coffin of cypress wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201097-199">[188]</a> Adorned with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a>, the Cross of St Andrew, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> and the Cross of St George,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201097-199">[188]</a> Charles was first buried in <a href="/wiki/Frascati_Cathedral" title="Frascati Cathedral">Frascati Cathedral</a> near Rome, where his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry</a> was bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975269-198">[187]</a> At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988446-200">[189]</a> This was below the spot where the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">monument to the Royal Stuarts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> would later be erected.<a href="#cite_note-201">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975272-202">[191]</a> His mother Maria is also buried nearby at St Peter's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197543-203">[192]</a> Charles's heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor, under a monument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975269-198">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988446-200">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions">edit</a>]</div> Charles has been depicted in painting since the 18th century, much of it belonging to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and later Victorian representations of the Jacobites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColtman2019147-204">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teulié-205">[194]</a> Charles's departure from Scotland in 1746 is depicted in an engraving of a painting by <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Topham" title="Francis William Topham">Francis William Topham</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1839/Prince_Charles_Edward" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Prince Charles Edward">Prince Charles Edward, bidding adieu to his friends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Topham-207">[l]</a> In 1892, <a href="/wiki/John_Pettie" title="John Pettie">John Pettie</a> painted Charles entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse. Charles and the Jacobites would also be depicted in numerous drawings, prints and on objects, his likeness and coat of arms even depicted on objects such as engraved drinking glasses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColtman2019149-158-208">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archives-209">[197]</a> Charles has been depicted on stage as well as in film and television. He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a> in the 1948 semi-biographical film <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_(1948_film)" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948 film)">Bonnie Prince Charlie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett1988xv-210">[198]</a> Charles was also portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gower" title="Andrew Gower">Andrew Gower</a> in the historical dramatic series <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)" title="Outlander (TV series)">Outlander</a>, based upon <a href="/wiki/Diana_Gabaldon" title="Diana Gabaldon">Diana Gabaldon</a>'s book series.<a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a> His life has formed a component of numerous historical plays, including For Bonnie Prince Charlie (1897), the Young Pretender (1996) and The Glory (2000).<a href="#cite_note-VU-212">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-TES-213">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herald-214">[202]</a> The legacy of Charles Stuart and his role in Jacobitism has also influenced songs and music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201069-215">[203]</a> Examples include the folk songs "<a href="/wiki/%C3%93r%C3%B3_s%C3%A9_do_bheatha_abhaile" title="Óró sé do bheatha abhaile">Óró sé do bheatha abhaile</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Charlie" title="Bonnie Charlie">Bonnie Charlie</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Wha%27ll_be_King_but_Charlie%3F" title="Wha'll be King but Charlie?">Wha'll be King but Charlie?</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Is_My_Darling_(song)" title="Charlie Is My Darling (song)">Charlie is my darling</a>".<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201066-217">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCTSong-218">[206]</a> Charles's subsequent flight from Scotland is commemorated in "<a href="/wiki/The_Skye_Boat_Song" title="The Skye Boat Song">The Skye Boat Song</a>" by the English author <a href="/wiki/Harold_Boulton" title="Harold Boulton">Sir Harold Edwin Boulton</a> and in the Irish song "<a href="/wiki/Mo_Ghile_Mear" title="Mo Ghile Mear">Mo Ghile Mear</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cl%C3%A1rach_Mac_Domhnaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill">Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201065-219">[207]</a> The popular song <a href="/wiki/My_Bonnie_Lies_over_the_Ocean" title="My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean">My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean</a> could be in reference to him as a way to refer to him but also to any woman.<a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> It was covered by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Sheridan" title="Tony Sheridan">Tony Sheridan</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Beatles-221">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_(1610-1688).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Stuart_Princes_of_Wales_%281610-1688%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Arms used by Charles as Prince of Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_di_San_Clemente,_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg/180px-Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg/270px-Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg/360px-Palazzo_di_San_Clemente%2C_stemma_Stuart_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of The Young Pretender (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_San_Clemente" title="Palazzo di San Clemente">Palazzo di San Clemente</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></figcaption></figure> During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles Edward Stuart</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a><a href="#cite_note-Louda-223">[211]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a><a href="#cite_note-Louda-223">[211]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_d%27Este" title="Alfonso IV d'Este">Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Martinozzi" title="Laura Martinozzi">Laura Martinozzi</a><a href="#cite_note-Saint-Évremond-225">[213]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Charles Edward Stuart</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Ludwik_Sobieski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakub Ludwik Sobieski">Jakub Ludwik Sobieski</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Casimire_Louise_de_la_Grange_d%27Arquien" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien">Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Klementyna_Sobieska" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Klementyna Sobieska">Maria Klementyna Sobieska</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Philip_William,_Elector_Palatine" title="Philip William, Elector Palatine">Philip William, Elector Palatine</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Elisabeth_of_Neuburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg">Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt">Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-name-3"><a href="#cite_ref-name_3-0">^</a> Charles may have also been given the middle name Severino.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsrome-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nsrome_4-0">^</a> Charles was born in Rome under the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, however British sources often cite his date of birth as 20 December 1720, as Britain did not switch to the Gregorian calendar until 1752. </li> <li id="cite_note-CharlesIII-6"><a href="#cite_ref-CharlesIII_6-0">^</a> The name was later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callendar_House-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Callendar_House_83-0">^</a> Charles would stay again at Callendar House before the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Earl however would later be executed for his support of Charles in August 1746. </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnnieCope-92"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnnieCope_92-0">^</a> Cope and his army's disastrous defence against the Jacobites was later immortalised in the song "<a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Cope" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnnie Cope">Johnnie Cope</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-chevalier-124"><a href="#cite_ref-chevalier_124-0">^</a> A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Johnstone" title="Chevalier de Johnstone">Chevalier de Johnstone</a> in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746". </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorraine-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Lorraine_150-0">^</a> The Duchy was annexed to France in 1766. </li> <li id="cite_note-GraysInn-157"><a href="#cite_ref-GraysInn_157-0">^</a> Reported in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1788. </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlotte-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Charlotte_165-0">^</a> Charlotte went on to have illegitimate children with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Maximilien_M%C3%A9riadec_de_Rohan" title="Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan">Ferdinand</a>, an ecclesiastical member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Rohan" title="House of Rohan">Rohan family</a>. Their only son was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart,_Count_Roehenstart" title="Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart">Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-albany-180"><a href="#cite_ref-albany_180-0">^</a> The title is frequently used for him in European publications </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_193-0">^</a> John Hay Allen and Charles Manning Allen, later known as <a href="/wiki/Sobieski_Stuarts" title="Sobieski Stuarts">John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart</a>, claimed, without any foundation, that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise.<a href="#cite_note-robinnicholsonbovok-192">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topham-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Topham_207-0">^</a> published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198820-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198820_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198820_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198820_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198820_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198820_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Additional Manuscripts, British Library, 30,090, quoted in Frank McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts (London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1988), 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_5-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-new-monarch-be-known-king-charles-iii-2022-09-08/">"Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III"</a>. Reuters. Reuters. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+new+monarch+to+be+known+as+King+Charles+III&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fuk%2Fbritains-new-monarch-be-known-king-charles-iii-2022-09-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988449-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1988449_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1988">McLynn 1988</a>, p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1979305-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson1979305_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1979">Aronson 1979</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn19888-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn19888_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1988">McLynn 1988</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199513–19-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199513–19_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199513–19_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1995">Preston 1995</a>, p. 13–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975x-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas1975x_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-foghlam-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foghlam_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foghlam_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110073503/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/jacobitesenlightenmentclearances/charlesedwardstuart/">"Charles Edward Stuart – Jacobites, Enlightenment and the Clearances – Scotland's History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/jacobitesenlightenmentclearances/charlesedwardstuart/">the original</a> on 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Edward+Stuart+%E2%80%93+Jacobites%2C+Enlightenment+and+the+Clearances+%E2%80%93+Scotland%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationscotland.gov.uk%2Fscotlandshistory%2Fjacobitesenlightenmentclearances%2Fcharlesedwardstuart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201022-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPininski201022_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPininski201022_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPininski2010">Pininski 2010</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197525_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-JacobiteTrail-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JacobiteTrail_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JacobiteTrail_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobitetrail.co.uk/bonnie-prince-charlie">"Bonnie Prince Charlies"</a>. The Jacobite Trail. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198830_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197529-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197529_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198828-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198828_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198828_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201023-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPininski201023_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPininski2010">Pininski 2010</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197530-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197530_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198832-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198832_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198832_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197537-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197537_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201025-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPininski201025_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPininski2010">Pininski 2010</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198833-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198833_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198831-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198831_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198831_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198831_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198837-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198837_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911940-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911940_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1911940_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughan1911">Vaughan 1911</a>, p. 940. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPininski201026-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPininski201026_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPininski2010">Pininski 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas197540-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas197540_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1975">Douglas 1975</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201028-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston201028_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston201028_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2010">Johnston 2010</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKybett198838-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKybett198838_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKybett1988">Kybett 1988</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston201029-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston201029_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston201029_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2010">Johnston 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London: Methuen & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enchantersmen00mayngoog/page/n252">206</a>. 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Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+glory+in+the+tale+of+Prince+Charlie&rft.pub=TES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tes.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2Ffinding-glory-tale-prince-charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Herald_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12060173.new-pretender-avoids-toll-with-boat-crossing/">"New Pretender avoids toll with boat crossing"</a>. Herald Scotland. 29 May 1996. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Pretender+avoids+toll+with+boat+crossing&rft.pub=Herald+Scotland&rft.date=1996-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F12060173.new-pretender-avoids-toll-with-boat-crossing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201069-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman201069_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman2010">Silverman 2010</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1816" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Simon (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/airsmelodiespecu00fras">Airs and Melodies peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland and the Isles</a>. Edinburgh. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airs+and+Melodies+peculiar+to+the+Highlands+of+Scotland+and+the+Isles&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fairsmelodiespecu00fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201066-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman201066_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman2010">Silverman 2010</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-RCTSong-218"><a href="#cite_ref-RCTSong_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Charlie%20he%27s%20my%20darling%20-%20song%20sheet.pdf">"Charlie, he's my darling"</a> (PDF). Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlie%2C+he%27s+my+darling&rft.pub=Royal+Collection+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2FCharlie%2520he%2527s%2520my%2520darling%2520-%2520song%2520sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201065-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman201065_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman2010">Silverman 2010</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Finer1956" class="citation book cs1">Herman Finer (1956). Governments of greater European powers: a comparative study of the governments and political culture of Great Britain, France, Germany, and the Soviet Union, Volume 1. Holt. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governments+of+greater+European+powers%3A+a+comparative+study+of+the+governments+and+political+culture+of+Great+Britain%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Herman+Finer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatles-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Beatles_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications2011" class="citation book cs1">Publications, Wise (30 March 2011). The Beatles: Music Roots (PVG). Wise Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78323-981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78323-981-8"><bdi>978-1-78323-981-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles%3A+Music+Roots+%28PVG%29&rft.pub=Wise+Publications&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78323-981-8&rft.aulast=Publications&rft.aufirst=Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancois_R._Velde" class="citation web cs1">Francois R. Velde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family"</a>. Heraldica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313063905/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marks+of+Cadency+in+the+British+Royal+Family&rft.pub=Heraldica.org&rft.au=Francois+R.+Velde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fcadency.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louda-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louda_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louda_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Louda" title="Jiří Louda">Louda, Jiří</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclagan" title="Michael Maclagan">Maclagan, Michael</a> (1999) [1981]. Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown. pp. 27, 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-84820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-84820-6"><bdi>978-0-316-84820-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27%2C+50&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-316-84820-6&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367570">Mary of Modena</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Évremond-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Évremond_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Saint-Évremond1728" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89vremond" title="Charles de Saint-Évremond">de Saint-Évremond, Charles</a> (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkAwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106">The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond</a>. Translated by des Maizeaux. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Monsieur+de+St.+Evremond&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=J.+and+J.+Knapton%2C+J.+Darby%2C+A.+Battesworth&rft.date=1728&rft.aulast=de+Saint-%C3%89vremond&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkAwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1979" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Theo (1979). Kings over the water: the saga of the Stuart pretenders. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304303243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304303243"><bdi>978-0304303243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+over+the+water%3A+the+saga+of+the+Stuart+pretenders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0304303243&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongie1986" class="citation book cs1">Bongie, Laurence (1986). The Love of a Prince – Bonnie Prince Charlie in France, 1744–1748. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774802581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774802581"><bdi>978-0774802581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Love+of+a+Prince+%E2%80%93+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie+in+France%2C+1744%E2%80%931748&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0774802581&rft.aulast=Bongie&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidsey1928" class="citation book cs1">Chidsey, Donald Barr (1928). Bonnie Prince Charlie. London: Williams & Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonnie+Prince+Charlie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Chidsey&rft.aufirst=Donald+Barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cawdor" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cawdor">Cawdor</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cawdor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=587&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtman2019" class="citation book cs1">Coltman, Viccy (2019). Art and Identity in Scotland. A Cultural History from the Jacobite Rising of 1745 to Walter Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108278133" title="Special:BookSources/9781108278133"><bdi>9781108278133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Identity+in+Scotland.+A+Cultural+History+from+the+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745+to+Walter+Scott&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108278133&rft.aulast=Coltman&rft.aufirst=Viccy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiches1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Daiches" title="David Daiches">Daiches, David</a> (1973). Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-25034-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-25034-0"><bdi>0-500-25034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Edward+Stuart%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-500-25034-0&rft.aulast=Daiches&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1975" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Hugh (1975). Charles Edward Stuart. London: Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709148159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0709148159"><bdi>978-0709148159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Edward+Stuart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0709148159&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElcho1907" class="citation book cs1">Elcho, David Wemyss (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028047748">A Short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746 by David, Lord Elcho printed from the original manuscript at Gasford with a memoir and annotations by the Hon. Evan Charteris</a>. Edinburgh: Published by David Douglas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033725714">1033725714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+account+of+the+affairs+of+Scotland+in+the+years+1744%2C+1745%2C+1746+by+David%2C+Lord+Elcho+printed+from+the+original+manuscript+at+Gasford+with+a+memoir+and+annotations+by+the+Hon.+Evan+Charteris&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Published+by+David+Douglas&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033725714&rft.aulast=Elcho&rft.aufirst=David+Wemyss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028047748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kaiser, Thomas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30053865">"The Drama of Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite Propaganda, and French Political Protest, 1745–1750"</a>. Eighteenth-Century Studies. 30 (4): 365–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1997.0035">10.1353/ecs.1997.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30053865">30053865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155039620">155039620</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Drama+of+Charles+Edward+Stuart%2C+Jacobite+Propaganda%2C+and+French+Political+Protest%2C+1745%E2%80%931750.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-381&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155039620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30053865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fecs.1997.0035&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30053865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Arran (2010). Valour does not wait. The rise and fall of Charles Edward Stuart. Prestonpans: Prestoungrange University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850111248" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850111248"><bdi>978-0850111248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valour+does+not+wait.+The+rise+and+fall+of+Charles+Edward+Stuart&rft.place=Prestonpans&rft.pub=Prestoungrange+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0850111248&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Arran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKybett1988" class="citation book cs1">Kybett, Susan M. (1988). Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart. London: Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0044403876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0044403876"><bdi>978-0044403876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonnie+Prince+Charlie%3A+A+Biography+of+Charles+Edward+Stuart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0044403876&rft.aulast=Kybett&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmate1993" class="citation book cs1">Longmate, Norman (1993). Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0091748371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0091748371"><bdi>978-0091748371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Fortress%3A+The+Defence+of+Great+Britain%2C+1603%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0091748371&rft.aulast=Longmate&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2005" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2005). 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099526391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099526391"><bdi>978-0099526391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1759%3A+The+Year+Britain+Became+Master+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0099526391&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1988" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1988). Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8646825446" title="Special:BookSources/979-8646825446"><bdi>979-8646825446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Edward+Stuart%3A+A+Tragedy+in+Many+Acts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=979-8646825446&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1985" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1985). The Jacobites. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710201652" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710201652"><bdi>978-0710201652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0710201652&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Millingchamp_Vaughan" title="Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan">Vaughan, Herbert Millingchamp</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_Edward" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles Edward">Charles Edward</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 940–942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Edward&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=940-942&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Millingchamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorie1907" class="citation book cs1">Norie, William (1907). The Life and Adventures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Caxton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Adventures+of+Prince+Charles+Edward+Stuart&rft.pub=Caxton&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Norie&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPininski2010" class="citation book cs1">Pininski, Peter (2010). Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-194-1"><bdi>978-1-84868-194-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonnie+Prince+Charlie.+A+Life.&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84868-194-1&rft.aulast=Pininski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1995" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Diana (1995). The Road to Culloden Moor. Bonnie Prince Charlie and the 45' Rebellion. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094761704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094761704"><bdi>978-0094761704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Culloden+Moor.+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie+and+the+45%27+Rebellion&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0094761704&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2016" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408819128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408819128"><bdi>978-1408819128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobites%3A+A+New+History+of+the+45+Rebellion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1408819128&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2010" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Jerry (2010). Songs of Scotland. Melbay Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609749316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1609749316"><bdi>978-1609749316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Melbay+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1609749316&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 20/21: 141–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674023833"><bdi>978-0674023833</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41219594">41219594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.atitle=Highland+Motives+in+the+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745%E2%80%9346%3A+%27Forcing+Out%2C%27+Traditional+Documentation+and+Gaelic+Poetry&rft.volume=20%2F21&rft.pages=141-173&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41219594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0674023833&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=James+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Edward+Stuart" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Stuart&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Charles_Edward_Stuart" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00842">Portraits of Prince Charles Edward Stuart</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312581#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507081522/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/online_az/4%3A322/result/0/3858?initial=D&artistId=3042&artistName=AntonioDavid&submit=1">Prince Charles Edward Stuart</a> at the National Galleries of Scotland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548y0">The Jacobite Rebellion</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes (In Our Time, 8 May 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1839/Prince_Charles_Edward" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Prince Charles Edward">Prince Charles Edward</a>. by <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Topham" title="Francis William Topham">Francis William Topham</a>, engraved for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles Edward Stuart </div><div> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> </div>Born: 31 December 1720 Died: 31 January 1788 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a></div>as James III and VIII </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Jacobite_pretenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Jacobite pretenders">Jacobite succession</a> 1766–1788 Reason for succession failure: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Grandfather deposed in 1688</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a></div>as Henry IX and I </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacobitism" title="Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacobitism" title="Template talk:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacobitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #f7f7f7;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Highland_Companies" title="Independent Highland Companies">Independent Highland Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">The Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_consorts" title="Jacobite consorts">Jacobite consorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising (1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen (1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen (1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">The Forty-Five (1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a> a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" 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age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Jacobitism\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-pre\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-tul\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 260,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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