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id="toc-Exclusion_from_stadtholdership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conflict with republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_stadtholder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_stadtholder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Becoming stadtholder </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Becoming_stadtholder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Becoming stadtholder subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Becoming_stadtholder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Disaster_year"_and_Franco-Dutch_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Disaster_year"_and_Franco-Dutch_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 "Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Disaster_year"_and_Franco-Dutch_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_France,_intrigue_with_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_France,_intrigue_with_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tensions with France, intrigue with England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_France,_intrigue_with_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glorious_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glorious_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Glorious Revolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glorious_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Glorious Revolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Glorious_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Invasion of England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclaimed_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclaimed_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Proclaimed king </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclaimed_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Revolution settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_with_Mary_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_with_Mary_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rule with Mary II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rule_with_Mary_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rule with Mary II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rule_with_Mary_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacobite_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobite_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Jacobite resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobite_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_and_faction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_and_faction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Parliament and faction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_and_faction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 War in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Economic crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rumours_of_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumours_of_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Rumours of homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumours_of_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Peace with France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_royal_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_royal_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 English royal succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_royal_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Titles, styles, and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles, and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ancestry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ancestry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orange_and_Stuart:_Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_and_Stuart:_Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Orange and Stuart: Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_and_Stuart:_Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">William III of England</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_III_van_Engeland" title="Willem III van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Willem III van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_III_Bretta_Cyning" title="Willelm III Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm III Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="وليم الثالث (ملك إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم الثالث (ملك إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermu_III_d%27Inglaterra" title="Guillermu III d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guillermu III d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Vilhelm" title="III Vilhelm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Vilhelm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="اۆچونجو ویلیام (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو ویلیام (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_III_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Вільгельм III Аранскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм III Аранскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_III" title="Уилям III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_III,_kralj_Engleske" title="Vilim III, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vilim III, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III" title="William III – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William III" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_III_d%27Anglaterra_i_II_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Guillem III d'Anglaterra i II d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem III d'Anglaterra i II d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_III._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD" title="Vilém III. Oranžský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém III. Oranžský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliam_III_%26_II,_brenin_Lloegr_a%27r_Alban" title="Wiliam III & II, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wiliam III & II, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_3._af_England" title="Vilhelm 3. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelm 3. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_III._(Oranien)" title="Wilhelm III. (Oranien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm III. (Oranien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III" title="William III – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William III" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γουλιέλμος Γ΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος Γ΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_III_de_Inglaterra" title="Guillermo III de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo III de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_3-a_(Anglio)" title="Vilhelmo la 3-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmo la 3-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_III.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Gilen III.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen III.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ویلیام سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_III_av_Onglandi" title="Vilhelm III av Onglandi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vilhelm III av Onglandi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_III_d%27Orange-Nassau" title="Guillaume III d'Orange-Nassau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume III d'Orange-Nassau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_III_fan_Oranje-Nassau" title="Willem III fan Oranje-Nassau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Willem III fan Oranje-Nassau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_III_Shasana" title="Liam III Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liam III Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uilleam_III_Shasainn_is_II_Alba" title="Uilleam III Shasainn is II Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uilleam III Shasainn is II Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillerme_III_de_Inglaterra" title="Guillerme III de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guillerme III de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_3-s%E1%B9%B3_(Y%C3%AEn-koet)" title="William 3-sṳ (Yîn-koet) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="William 3-sṳ (Yîn-koet)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_3%EC%84%B8" title="윌리엄 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_III_%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Վիլհելմ III Օրանացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ III Օրանացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="विलियम तृतीय, इंग्लैंड के राजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम तृतीय, इंग्लैंड के राजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_III._Oranski" title="Vilim III. Oranski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilim III. Oranski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_la_3ma_di_Anglia" title="William la 3ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William la 3ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_dari_Inggris" title="William III dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William III dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmo_III_de_Anglaterra" title="Gulielmo III de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gulielmo III de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur_3._Englandskonungur" title="Vilhjálmur 3. Englandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vilhjálmur 3. Englandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_III_d%27Inghilterra" title="Guglielmo III d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo III d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ויליאם השלישי, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם השלישי, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_III" title="უილიამ III – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ III" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%86%D0%86%D0%86_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вильгельм ІІІ Оранский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вильгельм ІІІ Оранский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_III_(rex_Angliae)" title="Gulielmus III (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus III (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_III" title="Viljams III – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams III" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmas_III_Oranietis" title="Vilhelmas III Oranietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vilhelmas III Oranietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Vilmos_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Vilmos angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Vilmos angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_III" title="Вилијам III – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам III" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_an%27i_Angletera" title="William III an'i Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William III an'i Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="വില്യം മൂന്നാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം മൂന്നാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इंग्लंडचा तिसरा विल्यम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा तिसरा विल्यम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ويليام التالت ملك انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام التالت ملك انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_dari_England" title="William III dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William III dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_III_van_Oranje" title="Willem III van Oranje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem III van Oranje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A03%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ウィリアム3世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム3世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_III_av_England" title="Vilhelm III av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelm III av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_III_av_England" title="Vilhelm III av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm III av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilh%C3%A8m_III_d%27Aurenja_Nassau" title="Guilhèm III d'Aurenja Nassau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guilhèm III d'Aurenja Nassau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="د انګستان درېیم ویلیام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګستان درېیم ویلیام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_III_Ora%C5%84ski" title="Wilhelm III Orański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm III Orański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_III_de_Inglaterra" title="Guilherme III de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme III de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_al_III-lea_al_Angliei" title="William al III-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William al III-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_III_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вильгельм III Оранский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильгельм III Оранский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A5%A9_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="विलियम ३ (इंगलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विलियम ३ (इंगलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_King_o_Scots" title="William II, King o Scots – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William II, King o Scots" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William III of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliam_III._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD" title="Viliam III. Oranžský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viliam III. Oranžský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljem_III._Oranski" title="Viljem III. Oranski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viljem III. 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">William III and II<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_III_of_England,_(1650-1702).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour oil painting of William" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/220px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/330px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/440px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1229" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1690</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Styles_of_English_and_Scottish_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English and Scottish sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1689<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> – 8 March 1702</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1689</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_II_%26_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II & VII">James II & VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> (1689–1694)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1672 – 8 March 1702</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1650<a href="#cite_note-OSNS-3">[c]</a> – 8 March 1702</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso" title="John William Friso">John William Friso</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-5">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1650 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">NS</a>: 14 November 1650]<a href="#cite_note-OSNS-3">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Binnenhof" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1702 (aged 51) [NS: 19 March 1702] <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1702 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II of England</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1677; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1694)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>William Henry</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Willem Hendrik</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamIII_Sig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William III and II[a]'s signature"><img alt="William III and II[a]'s signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WilliamIII_Sig.svg/125px-WilliamIII_Sig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WilliamIII_Sig.svg/188px-WilliamIII_Sig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WilliamIII_Sig.svg/250px-WilliamIII_Sig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="81" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naarden_(1673)" title="Siege of Naarden (1673)">Siege of Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1673)" title="Siege of Bonn (1673)">Siege of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seneffe" title="Battle of Seneffe">Battle of Seneffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1674)" title="Siege of Grave (1674)">Siege of Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1676)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1676)">Siege of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1677)" title="Battle of Cassel (1677)">Battle of Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1678)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Invasion of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque" title="Battle of Steenkerque">Battle of Steenkerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Battle of Landen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">Siege of Namur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table>William III (William Henry; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702),<a href="#cite_note-OSNS-3">[c]</a> also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> from birth, <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> from the 1670s, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a> from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Great Britain and Ireland with his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a>, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary. William was the only child of <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England,_Scotland,_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland">Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland</a>. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">married his first cousin</a> Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a>, the younger brother and later successor of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, William participated in several wars against the powerful <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> French ruler <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded William as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with Protestants in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, who opposed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>. Supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a>; James was deposed shortly afterward. William's reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1688–1697), leaving Mary to govern Britain alone. She died in 1694. In 1696 the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, a faction loyal to the deposed James, <a href="/wiki/1696_Jacobite_assassination_plot" title="1696 Jacobite assassination plot">plotted unsuccessfully</a> to assassinate William and restore James to the throne. In Scotland, William's role in ordering the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a> remains notorious. William's lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">the Duke of Gloucester</a>, the son of his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing William and Mary's cousins, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Hanoverians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverians">Hanoverians</a>, in line to the throne after Anne with the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>. Upon his death in 1702, William was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin <a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso" title="John William Friso">John William Friso</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Willem_II_(1626-50),_prins_van_Oranje,_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_(1631-60)_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Mary in a yellow gown and William II in a black suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg/170px-Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg/255px-Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg/340px-Portret_van_Willem_II_%281626-50%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_en_zijn_echtgenote_Maria_Stuart_%281631-60%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-871.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>William's parents, William II of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal, 1647</figcaption></figure> William III was born in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> on 4 November 1650.<a href="#cite_note-OSNS-3">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[2]</a> Baptised William Henry (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Willem Hendrik), he was the only child of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a>. Mary was the elder daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland">Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> and sister of kings <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_II_and_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II and VII">James II and VII</a>. Eight days before William was born, his father died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>; thus, William was the sovereign Prince of Orange from the moment of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a> Immediately, a conflict arose between his mother and his paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Solms-Braunfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalia of Solms-Braunfels">Amalia of Solms-Braunfels</a>, over the name to be given to the infant. Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother, but her mother-in-law insisted on giving him the name William (Willem) to bolster his prospects of becoming stadtholder.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> William II had intended to appoint his wife as their son's guardian in his will; however, the document remained unsigned at William II's death and was therefore void.<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a> On 13 August 1651, the <a href="/wiki/Hoge_Raad_van_Holland_en_Zeeland" title="Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland">Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland</a> (Supreme Court) ruled that guardianship would be shared between his mother, his grandmother and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, husband of his paternal aunt <a href="/wiki/Countess_Louise_Henriette_of_Nassau" title="Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau">Louise Henriette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood and education">edit</a>]</div> William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society.<a href="#cite_note-11">[6]</a> William's education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses, some of English descent, including Walburg Howard<a href="#cite_note-t3437-12">[7]</a> and the Scottish noblewoman Lady <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mackenzie" title="Anna Mackenzie">Anna Mackenzie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odnbanna-13">[8]</a> From April 1656, the prince received daily instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed religion">Reformed religion</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> preacher Cornelis Trigland, a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Contra-Remonstrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra-Remonstrant">Contra-Remonstrant</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius">Gisbertus Voetius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-t3437-12">[7]</a> The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens">Constantijn Huygens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a> In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">predestined</a> to become an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a>, fulfilling the historical destiny of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[10]</a> William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader of the "Orangist" party, heir to the stadholderships of several provinces and the office of Captain-General of the Union (see <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_the_Dutch_Republic#Political_parties" title="Politics and government of the Dutch Republic">Politics and government of the Dutch Republic</a>). He was viewed as the leader of the nation in its independence movement and its protector from foreign threats.<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> This was in the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">princes of Orange</a> before him: his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, his grand-uncle <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice</a>, his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry</a>, and his father <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg/170px-Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg/255px-Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg/340px-Jan_davids_de_heem-fleurs_avec_portrait_guillaume_III_d%27Orange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>The young prince portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Davidsz_de_Heem" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Davidsz de Heem">Jan Davidsz de Heem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vermeer_van_Utrecht" title="Jan Vermeer van Utrecht">Jan Vermeer van Utrecht</a> within a flower garland filled with symbols of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660</figcaption></figure> From early 1659, William spent seven years at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> for a formal education, under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius (though never officially enrolling as a student).<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> While residing in the Prinsenhof at <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, William had a small personal retinue including <a href="/wiki/Hans_Willem_Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Willem Bentinck">Hans Willem Bentinck</a>, and a new governor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nassau_de_Zuylenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein">Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein</a>, who (as an illegitimate son of stadtholder <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Henry of Orange">Frederick Henry of Orange</a>) was his paternal uncle. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a> and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Graeff" title="Cornelis de Graeff">Cornelis de Graeff</a> pushed the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a> to take charge of William's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a future—though undetermined—state function; the States acted on 25 September 1660.<a href="#cite_note-troost43-22">[17]</a> Around this time, the young prince played with De Graeff's sons <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Graeff" title="Pieter de Graeff">Pieter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_de_Graeff" title="Jacob de Graeff">Jacob de Graeff</a> in the park of the country house in Soestdijk. In 1674 Wilhelm bought the estate from Jacob de Graeff, which was later converted into <a href="/wiki/Soestdijk_Palace" title="Soestdijk Palace">Soestdijk Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> This first involvement of the authorities did not last long. On 23 December 1660, when William was ten years old, his mother died of smallpox at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall Palace">Whitehall Palace</a>, London, while visiting her brother, the recently restored King Charles II.<a href="#cite_note-troost43-22">[17]</a> In her will, Mary requested that Charles look after William's interests, and Charles now demanded that the States of Holland end their interference.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> To appease Charles, they complied on 30 September 1661.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> That year, Zuylenstein began to work for Charles and induced William to write letters to his uncle asking him to help William become stadtholder someday.<a href="#cite_note-troost49-26">[21]</a> After his mother's death, William's education and guardianship became a point of contention between <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangism (Netherlands)">his dynasty's supporters</a> and the advocates of a more republican Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> The Dutch authorities did their best at first to ignore these intrigues, but in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, one of Charles's peace conditions was the improvement of the position of his nephew.<a href="#cite_note-troost49-26">[21]</a> As a countermeasure in 1666, when William was sixteen, the States officially made him a ward of the government, or a "Child of State".<a href="#cite_note-troost49-26">[21]</a> All pro-English courtiers, including Zuylenstein, were removed from William's company.<a href="#cite_note-troost49-26">[21]</a> William begged De Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay, but he refused.<a href="#cite_note-vdk14-28">[23]</a> De Witt, the leading politician of the Republic, took William's education into his own hands, instructing him weekly in state matters and joining him for regular games of <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdk14-28">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_offices">Early offices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early offices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_from_stadtholdership">Exclusion from stadtholdership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exclusion from stadtholdership">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Johan de Witt dressed all in black, looking left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/170px-Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/255px-Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/340px-Grand_Pensionary_Johan_de_Witt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4902" data-file-height="6316" /></a><figcaption>Johan de Witt took over William's education in 1666.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspar_Fagel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fagel is plump and stands at a desk with papers lying on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaspar_Fagel.jpg/170px-Gaspar_Fagel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaspar_Fagel.jpg/255px-Gaspar_Fagel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaspar_Fagel.jpg/340px-Gaspar_Fagel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fagel" title="Gaspar Fagel">Gaspar Fagel</a> replaced De Witt as grand pensionary, and was more friendly to William's interests.</figcaption></figure> After the death of William's father, most provinces had left the office of stadtholder vacant.<a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> At the demand of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1654)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1654)">Treaty of Westminster</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>, had a secret annexe that required the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Seclusion" title="Act of Seclusion">Act of Seclusion</a>, which forbade the province of Holland from appointing a member of the House of Orange as stadtholder.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a>, the Act of Seclusion, which had not remained a secret for long, was declared void as the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a> (with which the treaty had been concluded) no longer existed.<a href="#cite_note-troost41-31">[25]</a> In 1660, William's mother Mary and grandmother Amalia tried to persuade several provincial States to designate William as their future stadtholder, but they all initially refused.<a href="#cite_note-troost41-31">[25]</a> In 1667, as William III approached the age of 18, the Orangist party again attempted to bring him to power by securing for him the offices of stadtholder and <a href="/wiki/Captain-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-General">Captain-General</a>. To prevent the restoration of the influence of the House of Orange, De Witt, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/States_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="States Party">States Party</a>, allowed the <a href="/wiki/Pensionary" title="Pensionary">pensionary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fagel" title="Gaspar Fagel">Gaspar Fagel</a>, to induce the States of Holland to issue the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Edict_(1667)" title="Perpetual Edict (1667)">Perpetual Edict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troost52-32">[26]</a> The Edict, supported by the important <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> politicians <a href="/wiki/Andries_de_Graeff" title="Andries de Graeff">Andries de Graeff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gillis_Valckenier" title="Gillis Valckenier">Gillis Valckenier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> declared that the Captain-General or Admiral-General of the Netherlands could not serve as stadtholder in any province.<a href="#cite_note-troost52-32">[26]</a> Even so, William's supporters sought ways to enhance his prestige and, on 19 September 1668, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Zeeland">States of Zeeland</a> appointed him as First Noble.<a href="#cite_note-vdk16-34">[28]</a> To receive this honour, William had to escape the attention of his state tutors and travel secretly to <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdk16-34">[28]</a> A month later, Amalia allowed William to manage his own household and declared him to be of majority age.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The province of Holland, the centre of anti-Orangism, abolished the office of stadtholder, and four other provinces followed suit in March 1670, establishing the so-called "Harmony".<a href="#cite_note-troost52-32">[26]</a> De Witt demanded an oath from each Holland <a href="/wiki/Regenten" title="Regenten">regent</a> (city council member) to uphold the Edict; all but one complied.<a href="#cite_note-troost52-32">[26]</a> William saw all this as a defeat, but the arrangement was a compromise: De Witt would have preferred to ignore the prince completely, but now his eventual rise to the office of supreme army commander was implicit.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> De Witt further conceded that William would be admitted as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Raad_van_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Raad van State">Raad van State</a>, the Council of State, then the <a href="/wiki/Generality_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generality (Netherlands)">generality</a> organ administering the defence budget.<a href="#cite_note-troost59-37">[31]</a> William was introduced to the council on 31 May 1670 with full voting rights, despite De Witt's attempts to limit his role to that of an advisor.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_republicans">Conflict with republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict with republicans">edit</a>]</div> In November 1670, William obtained permission to travel to England to urge Charles to pay back at least a part of the 2,797,859 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">guilder</a> debt the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> owed the House of Orange.<a href="#cite_note-troost62-39">[33]</a> Charles was unable to pay, but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1,800,000 guilders.<a href="#cite_note-troost62-39">[33]</a> Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman and reconsidered his desire to show him the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Treaty_of_Dover" title="Secret Treaty of Dover">Secret Treaty of Dover</a> with France, directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as "sovereign" of a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troost62-39">[33]</a> In addition to differing political outlooks, William found that his lifestyle differed from his uncles Charles and James, who were more concerned with drinking, gambling, and cavorting with mistresses.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> The following year, the Republic's security deteriorated quickly as an Anglo-French attack became imminent.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> In view of the threat, the States of <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> wanted William to be appointed Captain-General of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> as soon as possible, despite his youth and inexperience.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> On 15 December 1671, the States of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a> made this their official policy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> On 19 January 1672, the States of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> made a counterproposal: to appoint William for just a single campaign.<a href="#cite_note-troost67-44">[38]</a> The prince refused this and on 25 February a compromise was reached: an appointment by the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> for one summer, followed by a permanent appointment on his 22nd birthday.<a href="#cite_note-troost67-44">[38]</a> Meanwhile, William had written a secret letter to Charles in January 1672 asking his uncle to exploit the situation by exerting pressure on the States to appoint William stadtholder.<a href="#cite_note-troost65-45">[39]</a> In return, William would ally the Republic with England and serve Charles's interests as much as his "honour and the loyalty due to this state" allowed.<a href="#cite_note-troost65-45">[39]</a> Charles took no action on the proposal, and continued his war plans with his French ally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Becoming_stadtholder">Becoming stadtholder</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Becoming stadtholder">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Disaster_year"_and_Franco-Dutch_War">"Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Stadtholderate of William III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1672–1702</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie,_1672.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William inspects the Dutch Waterline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg/220px-Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg/330px-Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg/440px-Willem_III_inspecteert_Waterlinie%2C_1672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">William inspects the Dutch Waterline</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Chronology <table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a> <img alt="class-skin-invert-image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/10px-Arrright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/15px-Arrright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/20px-Arrright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> For the Dutch Republic, 1672 proved calamitous. It became known as the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a> ("disaster year") because in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the Netherlands was invaded by France and its allies: England, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a>. Although the Anglo-French fleet was disabled by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solebay" title="Battle of Solebay">Battle of Solebay</a>, in June the French army quickly overran the provinces of Gelderland and Utrecht. On 14 June, William withdrew with the remnants of his field army into Holland, where the States had ordered the flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Waterline" title="Dutch Waterline">Dutch Waterline</a> on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France, believing the war was over, began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible.<a href="#cite_note-troost78-47">[41]</a> The presence of a large French army in the heart of the Republic caused a general panic, and the people turned against De Witt and his allies.<a href="#cite_note-troost78-47">[41]</a> On 4 July, the States of Holland appointed William stadtholder, and he took the oath five days later.<a href="#cite_note-troost76-48">[42]</a> The next day, a special envoy from Charles II, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bennet,_1st_Earl_of_Arlington" title="Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington">Lord Arlington</a>, met William in <a href="/wiki/Nieuwerbrug" title="Nieuwerbrug">Nieuwerbrug</a> and presented a proposal from Charles. In return for William's capitulation to England and France, Charles would make William Sovereign Prince of Holland, instead of stadtholder (a mere civil servant).<a href="#cite_note-troost80-49">[43]</a> When William refused, Arlington threatened that William would witness the end of the Republic's existence.<a href="#cite_note-troost80-49">[43]</a> William answered famously: "There is one way to avoid this: to die defending it in the last ditch." On 7 July, the inundations were complete and the further advance of the French army was effectively blocked. On 16 July, Zeeland offered the stadtholdership to William.<a href="#cite_note-troost76-48">[42]</a> Johan de Witt had been unable to function as Grand Pensionary after being wounded by an attempt on his life on 21 June.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> On 15 August, William published a letter from Charles, in which the English king stated that he had made war because of the aggression of the De Witt faction.<a href="#cite_note-troost85-51">[45]</a> The people thus incited, De Witt and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Witt" title="Cornelis de Witt">Cornelis</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt#Disaster_year_and_De_Witt's_Death" title="Johan de Witt">brutally murdered</a> by an Orangist <a href="/wiki/Civil_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil militia">civil militia</a> in The Hague on 20 August.<a href="#cite_note-troost85-51">[45]</a> Subsequently, William replaced many of the Dutch regents with his followers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_(Romeyn_de_Hooghe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg/220px-Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg/330px-Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg/440px-Recapture_of_Naarden_by_William_III_in_1673_-Belegeringe_der_Stadt_Naerden_%28Romeyn_de_Hooghe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naarden_(1673)" title="Siege of Naarden (1673)">Recapture of Naarden</a> by William of Orange in 1673</figcaption></figure> Though William's complicity in the lynching has never been proved (and some 19th-century Dutch historians have made an effort to disprove that he was an accessory), he thwarted attempts to prosecute the ringleaders, and even rewarded some, like <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verhoeff" title="Hendrik Verhoeff">Hendrik Verhoeff</a>, with money, and others, like <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Banchem" title="Johan van Banchem">Johan van Banchem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Kievit" title="Johan Kievit">Johan Kievit</a>, with high offices.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">actions at Glencoe</a>. William continued to fight against the invaders from England and France, allying himself with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>. In November 1672, he took his army to <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> to threaten the French supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> In September 1673, the Dutch situation further improved. The resolute defence by <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassau-Siegen" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen">John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Willem_van_Aylva" title="Hans Willem van Aylva">Hans Willem van Aylva</a> in the north of the Dutch Republic finally forced the troops of Münster and Cologne to withdraw, while William crossed the Dutch Waterline and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naarden_(1673)" title="Siege of Naarden (1673)">recaptured Naarden</a>. In November, a 30,000-strong Dutch-Spanish army, under William's command, marched into the lands of the Bishops of Münster and Cologne. The Dutch troops took revenge and carried out many atrocities. Together with 35,000 Imperial troops, they then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1673)" title="Siege of Bonn (1673)">captured Bonn</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> in the long logistical lines between France and the Dutch Republic. The French position in the Netherlands became untenable and Louis was forced to evacuate French troops. This deeply shocked Louis and he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint Germain</a> where no one, except a few intimates, were allowed to disturb him. The next year only <a href="/wiki/Grave,_Netherlands" title="Grave, Netherlands">Grave</a> and Maastricht remained in French hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2009391–398-55">[49]</a> Fagel now proposed to treat the liberated provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland and <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> as conquered territory (<a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a>), as punishment for their quick surrender to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-troost106-56">[50]</a> William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces anew.<a href="#cite_note-troost106-56">[50]</a> William's followers in the States of Utrecht on 26 April 1674 appointed him hereditary stadtholder.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> On 30 January 1675, the States of Gelderland offered him the titles of Duke of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zutphen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zutphen County">Count of Zutphen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troost109-58">[52]</a> The negative reactions to this from Zeeland and the city of Amsterdam made William ultimately decide to decline these honours; he was instead appointed stadtholder of Gelderland and Overijssel.<a href="#cite_note-troost109-58">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>'s warning in his <a href="/wiki/Political_Treatise" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Treatise">Political Treatise</a> of 1677 of the need to organize the state so that the citizens maintain control over the sovereign was an influential expression of this unease with the concentration of power in one person.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg/220px-SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg/330px-SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg/440px-SA_4868-Anno_1674._De_plechtige_dankdienst_na_de_inneming_van_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The thanksgiving service of William's army in Grave after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1674)" title="Siege of Grave (1674)">its capture</a></figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the front of the war against France had shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. In 1674, Allied forces in the Netherlands were numerically superior to the French army under <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Condé</a>, which was based along the <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A9ton" title="Piéton">Piéton</a> river near <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>. William took the offensive and sought to bring on a battle by outflanking the French positions but the broken ground forced him to divide his army into three separate columns. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seneffe" title="Battle of Seneffe">Seneffe</a>, Condé led a cavalry attack against the Allied vanguard and by midday on 11 August had halted their advance. Against the advice of his subordinates, he then ordered a series of frontal assaults which led to very heavy casualties on both sides with no concrete result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn199980–81-60">[54]</a> William and the Dutch blamed the Imperial commander, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Raduit_de_Souches" title="Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches">de Souches</a>, and after a failed attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a>, largely due to obstructionism from de Souches, he was relieved of command. Frustrated, William joined the army under Rabenhaupt with 10,000 troops instead of campaigning further in the Spanish Netherlands. He assumed command of operations <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1674)" title="Siege of Grave (1674)">at Grave</a>, which had been besieged since 28 June. Grave surrendered on 27 October. The Dutch were split by internal disputes; the powerful Amsterdam mercantile body was anxious to end an expensive war once their commercial interests were secured, while William saw France as a long-term threat that had to be defeated. This conflict increased once ending the war became a distinct possibility when Grave was captured in October 1674, leaving only Maastricht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacques2007408-61">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1677_Valenciennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1677_Valenciennes.jpg/220px-1677_Valenciennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1677_Valenciennes.jpg/330px-1677_Valenciennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1677_Valenciennes.jpg/440px-1677_Valenciennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1676%E2%80%931677)" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)">Capture of Valenciennes by the French</a></figcaption></figure> On both sides, the last years of the war saw minimal return for their investment of men and money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008126–128-62">[56]</a> The French were preparing a major offensive, however, at the end of 1676. Intended to capture <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a> in the Spanish Netherlands. Louis believed this would deprive the Dutch regents of the courage to continue the war any longer. In this, however, he was mistaken. The impending French offensive actually led to an intensification of Dutch-Spanish cooperation. Still, the French offensive of 1677 was a success. The Spaniards found it difficult to raise enough troops due to financial constraints and the Allies were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1677)" title="Battle of Cassel (1677)">Battle of Cassel</a>. This meant that they could not prevent the cities from falling into French hands. The French then took a defensive posture, afraid that more success would force England to intervene on the side of the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020157–161-63">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/150px-Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/225px-Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/300px-Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger_-_Anno_1678._De_slag_bij_Saint-Denis_-_SA_4933_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Overkirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Overkirk">Hendrik Overkirk</a> saves William of Orange from a French dragoon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1678)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a>, by Jacob de Vos</figcaption></figure> The peace talks that began at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> in 1676 were given a greater sense of urgency in November 1677 when William married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>, Charles II of England's niece. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May. Louis seized this opportunity to improve his negotiating position and captured <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1678)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a> was fought three days later on 13 August, when a combined Dutch-Spanish force under William attacked the French army under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg" title="François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. Luxembourg withdrew and William thus ensured <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> would remain in Spanish hands. On 19 August, Spain and France agreed an armistice, followed by a formal peace treaty on 17 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020166-65">[59]</a> The war had seen the rebirth of the Dutch States Army as one of the most disciplined and best-trained European armed forces. This had not been enough to keep France from making conquests in the Spanish Netherlands, which William and the regents blamed mainly on the Spaniards; the Dutch expected the once powerful Spanish Empire to have more military strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020166–167-66">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Mary with brown hair and in a blue-and-gray dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg/220px-Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg/330px-Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg/440px-Lely_Queen_Mary_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>William married his first cousin, the future Queen Mary II, in 1677.</figcaption></figure> During the war with France, William tried to improve his position by marrying, in 1677, his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>, elder surviving daughter of the Duke of York, later King James II of England (James VII of Scotland). Mary was eleven years his junior and he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother (another Mary Stuart), but William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles's kingdoms, and would draw England's monarch away from his pro-French policies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> James was not inclined to consent, but Charles II pressured his brother to agree.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> Charles wanted to use the possibility of marriage to gain leverage in negotiations relating to the war, but William insisted that the two issues be decided separately.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Charles relented, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> married the couple on 4 November 1677.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> Mary became pregnant soon after the marriage, but <a href="/wiki/Miscarried" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscarried">miscarried</a>. After a further illness later in 1678, she never conceived again.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> Throughout William and Mary's marriage, William had only one reputed mistress, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Villiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Villiers">Elizabeth Villiers</a>, in contrast to the many mistresses his uncles openly kept.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions_with_France,_intrigue_with_England">Tensions with France, intrigue with England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tensions with France, intrigue with England">edit</a>]</div> By 1678, Louis XIV sought peace with the Dutch Republic.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Even so, tensions remained: William remained suspicious of Louis, thinking that the French king desired "<a href="/wiki/Universal_kingship" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal kingship">universal kingship</a>" over Europe; Louis described William as "my mortal enemy" and saw him as an obnoxious warmonger. France's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany (the <a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_Reunion" title="Chambers of Reunion">Réunion</a> policy) and the revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in 1685, caused a surge of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugees to the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> This led William III to join various anti-French alliances, such as the Association League, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a> (an anti-French coalition that also included the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, Spain and several German states) in 1686.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Willem_III_(1650-1702),_prins_van_Oranje,_SK-A-879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William, clad in armour, looking right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/170px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/255px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/340px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="5464" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William, aged 27, in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Willem_Wissing" title="Willem Wissing">Willem Wissing</a> after a prototype by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Lely" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter Lely">Sir Peter Lely</a></figcaption></figure> After his marriage in November 1677, William became a strong candidate for the English throne should his father-in-law (and uncle) James be excluded because of his Catholicism. During the crisis concerning the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion Bill">Exclusion Bill</a> in 1680, Charles at first invited William to come to England to bolster the king's position against the exclusionists, then withdrew his invitation—after which <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland">Lord Sunderland</a> also tried unsuccessfully to bring William over, but now to put pressure on Charles.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Nevertheless, William secretly induced the States General to send Charles the "Insinuation", a plea beseeching the king to prevent any Catholics from succeeding him, without explicitly naming James.<a href="#cite_note-troost152-77">[71]</a> After receiving indignant reactions from Charles and James, William denied any involvement.<a href="#cite_note-troost152-77">[71]</a> In 1685, when James II succeeded Charles, William at first attempted a conciliatory approach, at the same time trying not to offend the Protestants in England.<a href="#cite_note-troost173-78">[72]</a> William, ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France, hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg, but by 1687 it became clear that James would not join the anti-French alliance.<a href="#cite_note-troost173-78">[72]</a> Relations worsened between William and James thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> In November, James's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a>, was announced to be pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> That month, to gain the favour of English Protestants, William wrote an open letter to the English people in which he disapproved of James's pro-Roman Catholic policy of religious toleration. Seeing him as a friend, and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years, many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glorious_Revolution">Glorious Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glorious Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_England">Invasion of England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasion of England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren,_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-82.645A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-82.645A.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-82.645A.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-82.645A.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>The formation of the Dutch fleet that sailed for England with more than 450 ships, more than twice the size of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> of 1588</figcaption></figure> William at first opposed the prospect of invasion, but most historians now agree that he began to assemble an expeditionary force in April 1688, as it became increasingly clear that France would remain occupied by campaigns in Germany and Italy, and thus unable to mount an attack while William's troops would be occupied in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Believing that the English people would not react well to a foreign invader, he demanded in a letter to Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">Arthur Herbert</a> that the most eminent English Protestants first invite him to invade.<a href="#cite_note-troost191-83">[77]</a> In June, Mary of Modena, after a string of miscarriages, gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, who displaced William's Protestant wife to become first in the line of succession and raised the prospect of an ongoing Catholic monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Public anger also increased because of the trial of <a href="/wiki/Seven_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven bishops">seven bishops</a> who had publicly opposed James's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a> granting religious liberty to his subjects, a policy which appeared to threaten the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> On 30 June 1688—the same day the bishops were acquitted—a group of political figures, known afterward as the "<a href="/wiki/Immortal_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortal Seven">Immortal Seven</a>", sent William a <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">formal invitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troost191-83">[77]</a> William's intentions to invade were public knowledge by September 1688.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> With a Dutch army, William landed at <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> in southwest England on 5 November 1688.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> He came ashore from the ship Den Briel, proclaiming "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion I will maintain". William's fleet was vastly larger than the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> 100 years earlier: approximately consisting of 463 ships with 40,000 men on board,<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> including 9,500 sailors, 11,000 foot soldiers, 4,000 cavalry and 5,000 English and <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> James's support began to dissolve almost immediately upon William's arrival; Protestant officers defected from the English army (the most notable of whom was <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Lord Churchill of Eyemouth</a>, James's most able commander), and influential noblemen across the country declared their support for the invader.<a href="#cite_note-troost204-90">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_and_Mary_as_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Arms of William and Mary, as depicted on his invasion banner, 1688</figcaption></figure> James at first attempted to resist William, but saw that his efforts would prove futile.<a href="#cite_note-troost204-90">[84]</a> He sent representatives to negotiate with William, but secretly attempted to flee on 11 December,<a href="#cite_note-OSNS-3">[c]</a> throwing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seal of England">Great Seal</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> on his way.<a href="#cite_note-troost205-91">[85]</a> He was discovered and brought back to London by a group of fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-troost205-91">[85]</a> He was allowed to leave for France in a second escape attempt on 23 December.<a href="#cite_note-troost205-91">[85]</a> William permitted James to leave the country, not wanting to make him a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> for the Roman Catholic cause; it was in his interests for James to be perceived as having left the country of his own accord, rather than having been forced or frightened into fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> William is the last person to successfully invade England by force of arms.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclaimed_king">Proclaimed king</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Proclaimed king">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg/220px-King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg/330px-King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg/440px-King_William_III_by_Thomas_Murray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3901" /></a><figcaption>Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murray_(artist)" title="Thomas Murray (artist)">Thomas Murray</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1690</figcaption></figure> William summoned a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a> in England, which met on 22 January 1689, to discuss the appropriate course of action following James's flight.<a href="#cite_note-davies614-94">[88]</a> William felt insecure about his position; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne, he wished to reign as king in his own right, rather than as a mere <a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">consort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troost207-95">[89]</a> The only precedent for a joint monarchy in England dated from the 16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary I">Queen Mary I</a> married <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Philip remained king only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, on the other hand, demanded that he remain as king even after his wife's death.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> When the majority of <a href="/wiki/Tories_(political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (political faction)">Tory</a> Lords proposed to acclaim her as sole ruler, William threatened to leave the country immediately. Furthermore, she, remaining loyal to her husband, refused.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> majority, quickly resolved that the throne was vacant, and that it was safer if the ruler were Protestant. There were more Tories in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, which would not initially agree, but after William refused to be a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> or to agree to remain king only in his wife's lifetime, there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant. On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee, had abdicated the government of the realm, thereby leaving the throne vacant.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> The Crown was not offered to James's infant son, who would have been the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns.<a href="#cite_note-troost207-95">[89]</a> It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives".<a href="#cite_note-troost207-95">[89]</a> William and Mary were crowned together at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 11 April 1689 by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, Henry Compton.<a href="#cite_note-troost219-100">[94]</a> Normally, the coronation is performed by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, but the Archbishop at the time, <a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a>, refused to recognise James's removal.<a href="#cite_note-troost219-100">[94]</a> William also summoned a Convention of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Estates_(1689)" title="Convention of Estates (1689)">Estates of Scotland</a>, which met on 14 March 1689. He sent it a conciliatory letter, while James sent haughty uncompromising orders, swaying a majority in favour of William. On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_settlement">Revolution settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Revolution settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving depicting the king, queen, throne, and arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg/170px-William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg/255px-William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg/340px-William%26MaryEngraving1703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of William III and Mary II, 1703</figcaption></figure> William encouraged the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Toleration_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Toleration Act 1689">Toleration Act 1689</a>, which guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> to Protestant <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davies614-94">[88]</a> It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a> of Roman Catholics, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">non-trinitarians</a>, and those of non-Christian faiths.<a href="#cite_note-troost219-100">[94]</a> In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed.<a href="#cite_note-vdk114-103">[97]</a> The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Right,_1689" title="Declaration of Right, 1689">Declaration of Right</a>, established restrictions on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a>, raise a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">right to bear arms</a> to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require <a href="/wiki/Excessive_bail" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive bail">excessive bail</a> or inflict <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishments" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel and unusual punishments">cruel and unusual punishments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davies614-94">[88]</a> William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The Bill of Rights also settled the question of succession to the Crown. After the death of either William or Mary, the other would continue to reign. Next in the line of succession was Mary II's sister, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, and her issue, followed by any children William might have had by a subsequent marriage.<a href="#cite_note-vdk114-103">[97]</a> Roman Catholics, as well as those who married Catholics, were excluded.<a href="#cite_note-vdk114-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule_with_Mary_II">Rule with Mary II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rule with Mary II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobite_resistance">Jacobite resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jacobite resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_(Ierland)_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III,_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a group of men on horseback" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/220px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/330px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/440px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> between James II and William III, 12 July 1690, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Huchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a></figcaption></figure> Although most in Britain accepted William and Mary as sovereigns, a significant minority refused to acknowledge their claim to the throne, instead believing in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, which held that the monarch's authority derived directly from God rather than being delegated to the monarch by Parliament. Over the next 57 years <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> pressed for restoration of James and his heirs. <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjurors</a> in England and Scotland, including over 400 clergy and several bishops of the Church of England and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> as well as numerous laymen, refused to take oaths of allegiance to William. Ireland was controlled by Roman Catholics loyal to James, and Franco-Irish Jacobites arrived from France with French forces in March 1689 to join the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war in Ireland">war in Ireland</a> and contest Protestant resistance at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Siege of Derry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> William sent his navy to the city in July, and his army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Carrickfergus">landed in August</a>. After progress stalled, William personally intervened to lead his armies to victory over James at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> on 1 July 1690,<a href="#cite_note-106">[g]</a> after which James fled back to France.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede,_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginkell is middle-aged, wears a suit of armor, and holds a staff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_Lieutenant-General_Godard_van_Reede%2C_Lord_of_Amerongen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4366" data-file-height="5498" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant-General Godert de Ginkell successfully commanded the Williamite forces in Ireland after William left.</figcaption></figure> Upon William's return to England, his close friend <a href="/wiki/Godert_de_Ginkell,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone">Dutch General Godert de Ginkell</a>, who had accompanied William to Ireland and had commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne, was named <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ireland">Commander in Chief</a> of William's forces in Ireland and entrusted with further conduct of the war there. Ginkell took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691, and following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a>, succeeded in capturing both <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Limerick</a>, thereby effectively suppressing the Jacobite forces in Ireland within a few more months. After difficult negotiations a <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Capitulation (surrender)">capitulation</a> was signed on 3 October 1691—the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a>. Thus concluded the Williamite pacification of Ireland, and for his services, the Dutch general received the formal thanks of the House of Commons and was awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Athlone" title="Earl of Athlone">Earl of Athlone</a> by the king. A series of <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite risings</a> also took place in Scotland, where <a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_of_Dundee" class="mw-redirect" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a> raised Highland forces and won a victory on 27 July 1689 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a>, but he died in the fight and a month later Scottish <a href="/wiki/26th_(Cameronian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot">Cameronian</a> forces subdued the rising at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> William offered <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> that had taken part in the rising a pardon provided that they signed allegiance by a deadline, and his government in Scotland punished a delay with the 1692 <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a>, which became infamous in Jacobite propaganda as William had countersigned the orders.<a href="#cite_note-troost274-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-beebunion-110">[103]</a> Bowing to public opinion, William dismissed those responsible for the massacre, though they still remained in his favour; in the words of the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dalberg-Acton">John Dalberg-Acton</a>, "one became a colonel, another a knight, a third a peer, and a fourth an <a href="/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_1st_Earl_of_Stair" title="John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair">earl</a>."<a href="#cite_note-troost274-109">[102]</a> William's reputation in Scotland suffered further damage when he refused English assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a>, a Scottish colony (1698–1700) that failed disastrously.<a href="#cite_note-beebjac-111">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_and_faction">Parliament and faction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parliament and faction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A silver coin picturing William III and his coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg/220px-William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg/330px-William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg/440px-William_III_Silver_Crown_1695.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Crown_(British_coin)" title="Crown (British coin)">Crown coin</a>, 1695. The Latin inscription is (obverse) GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA[TIA] (reverse) MAG[NAE] BR[ITANNIAE], FRA[NCIAE], ET HIB[ERNIAE] REX 1695. English: "William III, By the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, 1695." The reverse shows the arms, clockwise from top, of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, centred on William's personal arms of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> were William's strongest supporters, he initially favoured a policy of balance between the Whigs and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_Savile,_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax" title="George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax">Marquess of Halifax</a>, a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course, gained William's confidence early in his reign.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> The Whigs, a majority in Parliament, had expected to dominate the government, and were disappointed that William denied them this chance.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> This "balanced" approach to governance did not last beyond 1690, as the conflicting factions made it impossible for the government to pursue effective policy, and William called for new elections early that year.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1690_English_general_election" title="1690 English general election">Parliamentary elections of 1690</a>, William began to favour the Tories, led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Danby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_2nd_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham">Nottingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> While the Tories favoured preserving the king's prerogatives, William found them unaccommodating when he asked Parliament to support his continuing war with France.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> As a result, William began to prefer the Whig faction known as the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Junto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> The Whig government was responsible for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> following the example of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Amsterdam" title="Bank of Amsterdam">Bank of Amsterdam</a>. William's decision to grant the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> in 1694 to the Bank of England, a private institution owned by bankers, is his most relevant economic legacy.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> It laid the financial foundation of the English takeover of the central role of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and Bank of Amsterdam in global commerce in the 18th century. William dissolved Parliament in 1695, and the new Parliament that assembled that year was led by the Whigs. The following year Parliament passed a colonial trade bill.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Europe">War in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: War in Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_(1650-_1702)_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg/220px-Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg/330px-Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg/440px-Ludolf_Bakhuysen_-_The_Arrival_of_Stadholder-King_Willem_III_%281650-_1702%29_in_the_Oranjepolder_on_31_January_1691_-_6_-_Mauritshuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4645" /></a><figcaption>The return of the Stadholder-King in the Dutch Republic on 31 January 1691, by <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludolf Bakhuysen">Ludolf Bakhuysen</a></figcaption></figure> William continued to absent himself from Britain for extended periods during his <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1688–1697) against France, leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> England joined the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the Grand Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> Whilst William was away fighting, his wife, Mary II, governed the realm, but acted on his advice. Each time he returned to England, Mary gave up her power to him without reservation, an arrangement that lasted for the rest of Mary's life.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> After the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated a French fleet at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Hougue" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Hougue">La Hogue</a> in 1692, the allies controlled the seas for the rest of the conflict, and the Treaty of Limerick (1691) pacified Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> At the same time, the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe, as William lost <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> A surprise attack on the French under the command of the Duke of Luxembourg at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque" title="Battle of Steenkerque">Steenkerke</a> was repulsed and the French defeated the allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Battle of Landen</a> in 1693. However, William managed to inflict such damage on the French in these battles that further major French offensives were ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen202095_&_236-127">[120]</a> The following year, the Allies possessed the numerical upper hand in the Low Countries. This enabled William to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1694)" title="Siege of Huy (1694)">recapture Huy</a> in 1694. A year later, the Allies achieved their grand success and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">recaptured Namur</a> from the French. The fortress was considered one of the strongest fortresses in Europe and the conquest was a major blow to Louis XIV's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020239_&_250-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_crisis">Economic crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic crisis">edit</a>]</div> William's rule led to rapid inflation in England, which caused widespread hunger from 1693 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[122]</a> The Nine Years' War damaged English maritime trade and led to a doubling in taxation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[122]</a> These factors coupled with government mismanagement caused a <a href="/wiki/Great_Recoinage_of_1696" title="Great Recoinage of 1696">currency crisis 1695–1697</a> and a run on the recently created Bank of England.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_III,_prins_van_Oranje,_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark portrait of William holding a candle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg/220px-Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg/330px-Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg/440px-Willem_III%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_koning_van_Engeland_en_stadhouder_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-367.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Godfried_Schalcken" title="Godfried Schalcken">Godfried Schalcken</a>, 1690s</figcaption></figure> Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694, aged 32, leaving William III to rule alone.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> William deeply mourned his wife's death.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> Despite his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, William's popularity in England plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rumours_of_homosexuality">Rumours of homosexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rumours of homosexuality">edit</a>]</div> During the 1690s, rumours grew of William's alleged homosexual inclinations and led to the publication of many satirical pamphlets by his Jacobite detractors.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> He did have several close male associates, including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles: Hans Willem Bentinck became <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Portland" title="Earl of Portland">Earl of Portland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joost_van_Keppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Joost van Keppel">Arnold Joost van Keppel</a> was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Earl of Albemarle">Earl of Albemarle</a>. These relationships with male friends, and his apparent lack of mistresses, led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. William's modern biographers disagree on the veracity of these allegations. Some believe there may have been truth to the rumours,<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> while others affirm that they were no more than figments of his enemies' imaginations, as it was common for someone childless like William to adopt, or evince paternal affections for, a younger man.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> Whatever the case, Bentinck's closeness to William did arouse jealousies at the royal court. William's young protégé, Keppel, aroused more gossip and suspicion, being 20 years William's junior, strikingly handsome, and having risen from the post of a royal page to an earldom with some ease.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> Portland wrote to William in 1697 that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear."<a href="#cite_note-vdk202-137">[130]</a> This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, however, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal."<a href="#cite_note-vdk202-137">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_with_France">Peace with France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Peace with France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white depiction of six small portraits arrayed in a circle around a larger portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg/170px-Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg/255px-Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg/340px-Lord_Justices_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Engraving from 1695 showing the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts" title="Regency Acts">Lord Justices</a> who administered the kingdom while William was on campaign</figcaption></figure> In 1696, the Dutch territory of <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> made William its Stadtholder. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/1696_Jacobite_assassination_plot" title="1696 Jacobite assassination plot">Jacobites plotted</a> to assassinate William in an attempt to restore James to the English throne. The plan failed and support for William surged.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Parliament passed a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a> against the ringleader, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Fenwick,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet">John Fenwick</a>, and he was beheaded in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rijswijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Rijswijk">Treaty of Rijswijk</a> (20 September 1697), which ended the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV recognised William III as King of England, and undertook to give no further assistance to James II.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697, Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William's reign. As his life drew towards its conclusion, William, like many other contemporary European rulers, felt concern over the question of succession to the throne of Spain, which brought with it vast territories in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> was an invalid with no prospect of having children; some of his closest relatives included Louis XIV of France and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. William sought to prevent the Spanish inheritance from going to either monarch, for he feared that such a calamity would upset the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>. William and Louis agreed to the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Partition Treaty">First Partition Treaty</a> (1698), which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ferdinand,_Electoral_Prince_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria">Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria</a>, would obtain Spain, while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> Charles II accepted the nomination of Joseph Ferdinand as his heir, and war appeared to be averted.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Louis XIV, standing, wearing an ermine robe faced with fleur-de-lis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/170px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/255px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/340px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>Louis XIV of France, William's lifelong enemy</figcaption></figure> When, however, Joseph Ferdinand died of smallpox in February 1699, the issue re-opened. In 1700, William and Louis agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Partition Treaty">Second Partition Treaty</a> (also called the Treaty of London), under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France, and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-troost256-143">[136]</a> This arrangement infuriated both the Spanish, who still sought to prevent the dissolution of their empire, and the Holy Roman Emperor, who regarded the Italian territories as much more useful than the other lands.<a href="#cite_note-troost256-143">[136]</a> Unexpectedly, Charles II of Spain interfered as he lay dying in late 1700.<a href="#cite_note-troost258-144">[137]</a> Unilaterally, he willed all Spanish territories to <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Duke of Anjou">Philip, Duke of Anjou</a>, a grandson of Louis XIV. The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-troost258-144">[137]</a> Furthermore, Louis alienated William III by recognising James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the former King James II (who died in September 1701), as de jure King of England.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> The subsequent conflict, known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, broke out in July 1701 and continued until 1713/1714. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_royal_succession">English royal succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: English royal succession">edit</a>]</div> Another royal inheritance, apart from that of Spain, also concerned William. His marriage with Mary had not produced any children, and he did not seem likely to remarry. Mary's sister, Anne, had borne numerous children, all of whom died during childhood. The death of her last surviving child (<a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">Prince William, Duke of Gloucester</a>) in 1700 left her as the only individual in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> As the complete exhaustion of the defined line of succession would have encouraged a restoration of James II's line, the English Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, which provided that if Anne died without surviving issue and William failed to have surviving issue by any subsequent marriage, the Crown would pass to a distant relative, <a href="/wiki/Sophia,_Electress_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia, Electress of Hanover">Sophia, Electress of Hanover</a> (a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>), and to her Protestant heirs.<a href="#cite_note-troost235-147">[140]</a> The Act debarred Roman Catholics from the throne, thereby excluding the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_line_of_succession_to_the_English_and_Scottish_thrones_in_1714" title="Jacobite line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones in 1714">candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne</a> than Sophia. The Act extended to England and Ireland, but not to Scotland, whose Estates had not been consulted before the selection of Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-troost235-147">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij,_1702,_RP-P-OB-82.969_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-De_dodelijke_val_van_Willem_III_tijdens_een_jachtpartij%2C_1702%2C_RP-P-OB-82.969_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5254" data-file-height="3467" /></a><figcaption>19th-century depiction of William's deadly fall from his horse</figcaption></figure> In 1702, William died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, a complication from a <a href="/wiki/Broken_collarbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken collarbone">broken collarbone</a> following a fall from his horse, Sorrel. It was rumoured that the horse had been confiscated from Sir John Fenwick, one of the Jacobites who had conspired against William.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Because his horse had stumbled into a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">mole's</a> burrow, many Jacobites toasted "the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat".<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> Years later, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</a>, stated that the fall "opened the door to a troop of lurking foes".<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> William was buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his wife.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> His sister-in-law and cousin, Anne, became <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> of England, Scotland and Ireland. William's death meant that he would remain the only member of the Dutch House of Orange to reign over England. Members of this House had served as stadtholder of Holland and the majority of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic since the time of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> (William I). The five provinces of which William III was stadtholder—Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel—all suspended the office after his death. Thus, he was the last <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces. Under William III's will, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso" title="John William Friso">John William Friso</a> stood to inherit the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange" title="Principality of Orange">Principality of Orange</a> as well as several lordships in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> He was William's closest <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture#Agnatic_primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">agnatic</a> relative, as well as grandson of William's aunt <a href="/wiki/Countess_Henriette_Catherine_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau">Henriette Catherine</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a> also claimed the Principality as the senior <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">cognatic heir</a>, his mother Louise Henriette being Henriette Catherine's older sister.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> (1713), Frederick I's successor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a>, ceded his territorial claim to Louis XIV, keeping only a claim to the title. Friso's posthumous son, <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV</a>, succeeded to the title at his birth in 1711; in the Treaty of Partition (1732), William IV agreed to share the title "Prince of Orange" with Frederick William.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_William_III_of_England" title="Cultural depictions of William III of England">Cultural depictions of William III of England</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">He was a great man, an enemy of France, to which he did a great deal of harm, but we owe him our esteem.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollot_d'Escury1825306-155">[148]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_Statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/220px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/330px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/440px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Statue of William III formerly located on <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_Dublin" title="College Green, Dublin">College Green, Dublin</a>. Erected in 1701, it was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">IRA</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> William's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe. His life's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France. This effort continued after his death during the War of the Spanish Succession. Another important consequence of William's reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart, James I, in 1603. The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.<a href="#cite_note-claydon3-157">[150]</a> During William's reign, however, the conflict was settled in Parliament's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Triennial_Act_1694" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennial Act 1694">Triennial Act 1694</a> and the Act of Settlement 1701.<a href="#cite_note-claydon3-157">[150]</a> The historical verdict on William's qualities as an army commander is mixed. Many contemporaries agreed that he was a great field commander. Even his enemies spoke highly of him. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sevin_de_Quincy" title="Charles Sevin de Quincy">Marquis de Quincy</a>, for example, wrote that it was due to William's insight and personal courage that the Allies held out at the Battle of Seneffe, while he also praises how William led his troops to safety during the battles of Steenkerque and Landen. Still, William has been blamed by French and British historians for his impatience and recklessness, and for treating lightly his life and the lives of his soldiers. British historian <a href="/wiki/John_Childs_(historian)" title="John Childs (historian)">John Childs</a> acknowledges William's great qualities, but feels that he fell short as a field commander because, by often throwing himself into the fray, he no longer had the complete oversight. William commanded several field battles; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seneffe" title="Battle of Seneffe">Battle of Seneffe</a> (1674), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1677)" title="Battle of Cassel (1677)">Battle of Cassel</a> (1677), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1678)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a> (1678), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (1690), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque" title="Battle of Steenkerque">Battle of Steenkerque</a> (1692) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Battle of Landen</a>. While most of these were defeats, it would be wrong to place the responsibility solely on him. He was up against a strong uniformly organised army with a coalition army. Many of the coalition troops were not as practised and disciplined as the Dutch troops, and it took time to incorporate them into the Dutch system. William did not attach much value to traditional victory signs either. He considered himself a winner if he managed to inflate French losses to the point where French offensive plans had to be abandoned. The battles he fought were almost all ones of attrition. That the Allies also suffered many casualties he took for granted. The Dutch army organisation was prepared for that; and, from 1689, so was England's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen202036–39_&_95-158">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/270px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/405px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/540px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4354" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption>Victorian reimagining of William III at the Battle of Landen, by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Crofts" title="Ernest Crofts">Ernest Crofts</a></figcaption></figure> William endowed the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>) in 1693.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County, New York</a>, a county on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, is a namesake.<a href="#cite_note-nassaucounty-160">[153]</a> Long Island itself was also known as Nassau during early <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nassaucounty-160">[153]</a> Though many alumni of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> think that the town of <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> (and hence the university), were named in his honour, this is probably untrue, although <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>, the college's first building, is named for him.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> was briefly renamed New Orange for him in 1673 after the Dutch recaptured the city, which had been renamed New York by the British in 1665. His name was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam" title="Fort Amsterdam">fort</a> and administrative centre for the city on two separate occasions reflecting his different sovereign status—first as Fort Willem Hendrick in 1673, and then as Fort William in 1691 when the English evicted Colonists who had seized the fort and city.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, the capital of The Bahamas, is named after Fort Nassau, which was renamed in 1695 in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> built a military fort in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, in the 17th century, naming it the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a>. The five bastions were named after William III's titles: Orange, Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Buuren and Leerdam.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_and_arms">Titles, styles, and arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, and arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg/220px-Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg/330px-Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg/440px-Hampton_Court_Avri_2009_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Joint monogram of William and Mary carved onto <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Titles and styles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>4 November 1650 – 9 July 1672: <a href="/wiki/His_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Highness">His Highness</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> The Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a></li> <li>9–16 July 1672: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland</li> <li>16 July 1672 – 26 April 1674: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland</li> <li>26 April 1674 – 13 February 1689: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel</li> <li>13 February 1689 – 8 March 1702: <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a> The King</li></ul> By 1674, William was fully styled as "Willem III, <a href="/wiki/By_God%27s_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="By God's grace">by God's grace</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nassau-Dillenburg">Count of Nassau</a> etc., Stadtholder of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> etc., Captain- and <a href="/wiki/Admiral-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral-General">Admiral-General</a> of the United Netherlands".<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> After their accession in Great Britain in 1689, William and Mary used the titles "<a href="/wiki/King_and_Queen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King and Queen of England">King and Queen of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defenders of the Faith</a>, etc."<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> As Prince of Orange, William's coat of arms was: <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">Quarterly</a>, I <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> <a href="/wiki/Sem%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Semé">billetty</a> a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (for <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Nassau</a>); II Or a lion rampant guardant <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> crowned Azure (<a href="/wiki/Katzenelnbogen" title="Katzenelnbogen">Katzenelnbogen</a>); III Gules a <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fess</a> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vianden" title="Vianden">Vianden</a>), IV Gules two lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> Or, armed and langued azure (Dietz); between the I and II quarters an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a>, Or a fess <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a>); at the fess point an inescutcheon, quarterly I and IV Gules, a <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bend</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons" class="mw-redirect" title="Châlons">Châlons</a>); II and III Or a bugle horn Azure, stringed Gules Orange) with an inescutcheon, Nine pieces Or and Azure (<a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>); between the III and IV quarters, an inescutcheon, Gules a fess counter embattled Argent (<a href="/wiki/Buren" title="Buren">Buren</a>).<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> The coat of arms used by the king and queen was: Quarterly, I and IV Grand quarterly, Azure three <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a> Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">for England</a>); II Or a lion rampant within a double <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory-counter-flory Gules (<a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">for Scotland</a>); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">for Ireland</a>); over all an escutcheon Azure billetty a lion rampant Or.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> <table border="0" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange,_Count_of_Nassau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange%2C_Count_of_Nassau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="20%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1689-1694).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="20%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_(1689-1694).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="20%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1694-1702).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="20%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_(1694-1702).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">The coat of arms used by William III as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center">Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1689–1694 </td> <td style="text-align: center">Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1689–1694 </td> <td style="text-align: center">Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1694–1702 </td> <td style="text-align: center">Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1694–1702 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of William III of England<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Coligny" title="Louise de Coligny">Louise de Coligny</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Albert_I,_Count_of_Solms-Braunfels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Albert I, Count of Solms-Braunfels (page does not exist)">John Albert I, Count of Solms-Braunfels</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Solms-Braunfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalia of Solms-Braunfels">Amalia of Solms-Braunfels</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. William III of England</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_and_Stuart:_Family_tree">Orange and Stuart: Family tree</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Orange and Stuart: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family of William III of England </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent, Prince of Orange</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Solms-Braunfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalia of Solms-Braunfels">Amalia of Solms-Braunfels</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth Stuart</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Henriette_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Henriette of Nassau">Louise Henriette of Nassau</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Agnes_of_Nassau" title="Albertine Agnes of Nassau">Albertine Agnes of Nassau</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Casimir_II,_Prince_of_Nassau-Dietz" title="Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz">Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">William III of England</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of England">Anne of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Edward">James Francis Edward</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Friso, Prince of Orange">John William Friso, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_monarchs%27_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchs' family tree">British monarchs' family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens_Jr." title="Constantijn Huygens Jr.">Constantijn Huygens Jr.</a> – secretary to William III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Tassin_d%27Alonne" title="Abel Tassin d'Alonne">Abel Tassin d'Alonne</a> – illegitimate elder half-brother of William III and his secretary after the death of Huygens</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> William was the third prince of Orange and the third king of England called William. He was the second king of Scotland called William. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> William was declared King by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> on 13 February 1689 and by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> on 11 April 1689. </li> <li id="cite_note-OSNS-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_3-4">e</a> During William's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the Old Style <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> in Britain and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the New Style <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> elsewhere, including William's birthplace in the Netherlands. At the time of William's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates: thus William was born on 14 November 1650 by Gregorian reckoning, but on 4 November 1650 by Julian reckoning. At William's death, Gregorian dates were eleven days ahead of Julian dates. He died on 19 March 1702 by the Gregorian calendar, and on 8 March 1702 by the standard Julian calendar. (However, the English New Year fell on 25 March, so by English reckoning of the time, William died on 8 March 1701.) Unless otherwise noted, dates in this article follow the Julian calendar with New Year falling on 1 January. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Friso was made William's universal heir in his Last Will and Testament. However, the title was disputed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a>, who had a claim to the title on the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">fideicommis</a> made by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a>, in which if the House of Orange became extinct in the male line the issue of his eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Henriette_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau">Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau</a>, Frederick I's mother, would have first claim. (Friso's mother, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Henri%C3%ABtte_Amalia_of_Anhalt-Dessau" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau">Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau</a>, was a younger daughter of Frederick Henry.) The dispute was eventually settled in 1732 with the Treaty of Partition<a href="#cite_note-heraldica-4">[1]</a> cf. <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Frederick William was chosen because he could act as a neutral party mediating between the two women, but also because as a possible heir he was interested in protecting the Orange family fortune, which Amalia feared Mary would squander. Troost, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> In the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> that office was filled by William's uncle-by-marriage <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick,_Prince_of_Nassau-Dietz" title="William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz">William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Due to the change to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, William's victory is commemorated annually by Northern Irish and Scottish Protestants on <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a> of July – cf. Troost, pp. 278–280 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-heraldica-4"><a href="#cite_ref-heraldica_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/berlin1732.htm">"Treaty between Prussia and Orange-Nassau, Berlin, 1732"</a>. Heraldica (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+Prussia+and+Orange-Nassau%2C+Berlin%2C+1732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Froyalty%2Fberlin1732.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Claydon, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Claydon, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Troost, p. 26; van der Zee, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Troost, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Van der Kiste, pp. 5–6; Troost, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-t3437-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t3437_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t3437_12-1">b</a> Troost, pp. 34–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-odnbanna-13"><a href="#cite_ref-odnbanna_13-0">^</a> Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Mackenzie, Anna, countess of Balcarres and countess of Argyll (c. 1621–1707)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4467,">accessed 29 Nov 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Troost, 27. The author may also have been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_van_den_Kerckhoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan van den Kerckhoven (page does not exist)">Johan van den Kerckhoven</a>. Ibid. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Troost, pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowen1978" class="citation book cs1">Rowen, Herbert H. (1978). John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625–1672. Princeton University Press. pp. 781–797.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+de+Witt%2C+grand+pensionary+of+Holland%2C+1625%E2%80%931672&rft.pages=781-797&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Rowen&rft.aufirst=Herbert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1987" class="citation book cs1">Schama, Simon (1987). The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 65–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-51075-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-51075-5"><bdi>0-394-51075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embarrassment+of+Riches%3A+An+Interpretation+of+Dutch+Culture+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.pages=65-67&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-394-51075-5&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan I. (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford University Press. pp. 429–30, 569, 604, 608, 660, 664, 720, 785–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.pages=429-30%2C+569%2C+604%2C+608%2C+660%2C+664%2C+720%2C+785-86&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyl2002" class="citation book cs1">Geyl, Pieter (2002). Orange and Stuart 1641–1672. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Pomerans" title="Arnold Pomerans">Arnold Pomerans</a> (trans.) (reprint ed.). Phoenix. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orange+and+Stuart+1641%E2%80%931672&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Geyl&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlok1970" class="citation book cs1">Blok, Petrus Johannes (1970). History of the People of the Netherlands. Vol. 4. Oscar A. Bierstadt (trans.) (1st ed.). AMS Press. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+People+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Blok&rft.aufirst=Petrus+Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Troost, pp. 37–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-troost43-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troost43_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost43_22-1">b</a> Troost, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theracoppens.nl/artikelen/165-vrouwen-van-soestdijk.html">Catharina Hooft at Vrouwen van Soestdijk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Troost, pp. 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Troost, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-troost49-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troost49_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost49_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost49_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost49_26-3">d</a> Troost, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Van der Kiste, pp. 12–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-vdk14-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vdk14_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vdk14_28-1">b</a> Van der Kiste, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Troost, pp. 29–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-troost41-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troost41_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost41_31-1">b</a> Troost, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-troost52-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troost52_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost52_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost52_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troost52_32-3">d</a> Troost, pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsVqDwAAQBAJ&q=Andries+de+graeff+Eeuwig+edictDe">opgang van Mens en Wetenschap, by Hubert Luns, p. 90 (2018)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.triomfdervrede.nl/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6&lang=en.html">Jephta Dullaart: Triumph of Peace</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://werkstukkenkunstgeschiedeniscom.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/2e-opdracht-essay-andries-de-graeff-gereviseerd.pdf">Andries de Graeff, voorbeeld van culturele elite? 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Guinness Publishing. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan0000unse/page/709">709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8511-2957-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8511-2957-9"><bdi>0-8511-2957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Answers&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8511-2957-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessbookofan0000unse%2Fpage%2F709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches,_Rosemary1974" class="citation cs2">Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, pp. 191–192, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9004-5525-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9004-5525-X"><bdi>0-9004-5525-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=Slough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.series=Heraldry+Today&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Hollen+Street+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-9004-5525-X&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John+Harvey&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclaganLouda1999" class="citation book cs1">Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999). Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. Little, Brown & Co. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8560-5469-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-8560-5469-1"><bdi>1-8560-5469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Line+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-8560-5469-1&rft.aulast=Maclagan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Louda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietstap2003" class="citation book cs1">Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (2003). Armorial general. Vol. 2. Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-4811-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8063-4811-9"><bdi>0-8063-4811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armorial+general&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8063-4811-9&rft.aulast=Rietstap&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Maclagan and Louda, pp. 27, 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Gerber1953" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harry Gerber (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=258">"Amalie, Prinzessin von Oranien"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 238–239</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amalie%2C+Prinzessin+von+Oranien&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Harry+Gerber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016233%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988">; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn120219719.html">full text online</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Baxter" title="Stephen B. Baxter">Baxter, Stephen B.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamiii0000baxt">William III and the Defense of European Liberty</a>. pp. 1650–1702. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/473975225">473975225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III+and+the+Defense+of+European+Liberty&rft.pages=1650-1702&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F473975225&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamiii0000baxt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Hester W. (1953). Mary II: Queen of England. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753145632">753145632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+II%3A+Queen+of+England&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753145632&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Hester+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (2002). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3043-6393-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-3043-6393-6"><bdi>0-3043-6393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples%3A+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-3043-6393-6&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> Age of Revolution is the third volume of four, published 1957.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Claydon, Tony (2002). William III: Profiles in Power. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5824-0523-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-5824-0523-8"><bdi>0-5824-0523-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III%3A+Profiles+in+Power&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-5824-0523-8&rft.aulast=Claydon&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollot_d'Escury1825" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Collot d'Escury, Hendrik (1825). Hollands roem in kunsten en wetenschappen. Met register: Volume 2 (in Dutch). Van Cleef.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollands+roem+in+kunsten+en+wetenschappen.+Met+register%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=Van+Cleef&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Collot+d%27Escury&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1951-3442-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-1951-3442-7"><bdi>0-1951-3442-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-1951-3442-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan I.</a> (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall. Clarendon Press. pp. 1477–1806. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1982-0734-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-1982-0734-4"><bdi>0-1982-0734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall&rft.pages=1477-1806&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-1982-0734-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, F–O. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3538-9"><bdi>978-0-3133-3538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A+Guide+to+8%2C500+Battles+from+Antiquity+through+the+Twenty-first+Century%2C+Volume+2%2C+F%E2%80%93O&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-3538-9&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Lesaffer, Randall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opil.ouplaw.com/page/peace-of-nijmegen">"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)"</a>. Oxford Public International Law. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Public+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV+in+Treaties+%28Part+V%29%3A+The+Peace+of+Nijmegen+%281678%E2%80%931679%29&rft.aulast=Lesaffer&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fpage%2Fpeace-of-nijmegen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-5629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-5629-9"><bdi>978-0-5820-5629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1667%E2%80%931714+%28Modern+Wars+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-5629-9&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mijers, Esther; Onnekink, David, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175338/http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&title_id=7361&edition_id=7922">Redefining William III. 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Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4136-5290-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4136-5290-4"><bdi>0-4136-5290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II%3A+A+Study+in+Kingship&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-4136-5290-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal (2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3046-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3046-9"><bdi>978-0-3133-3046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1650%E2%80%931715%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-3046-9&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ogg, David (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandinreignso0000oggd">England in the Reigns of James II and William III</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Reigns+of+James+II+and+William+III&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandinreignso0000oggd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhuysen2009" class="citation book cs1">Panhuysen, Luc (2009). Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte. Uitgeverij Atlas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-1328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-1328-2"><bdi>978-9-0450-1328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rampjaar+1672%3A+Hoe+de+Republiek+aan+de+ondergang+ontsnapte&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Atlas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-0450-1328-2&rft.aulast=Panhuysen&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pull, William (2021). William III: From Prince of Orange to King of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III%3A+From+Prince+of+Orange+to+King+of+England&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Pull&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nesca_Robb" title="Nesca Robb">Robb, Nesca</a> (1962). William of Orange. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/401229115">401229115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Orange&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F401229115&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Nesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-6050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-6050-8"><bdi>978-0-3930-6050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3930-6050-8&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Troost, Wout (2005). William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5"><bdi>0-7546-5071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III%2C+The+Stadholder-king%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-5071-5&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">Van der Kiste, John</a> (2003). William and Mary. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3048-9"><bdi>0-7509-3048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+and+Mary&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7509-3048-9&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Van der Zee, Henri; Van der Zee, Barbara (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williammary0000zeeh">William and Mary</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3944-8092-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-3944-8092-9"><bdi>0-3944-8092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+and+Mary&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-3944-8092-9&rft.aulast=Van+der+Zee&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Van+der+Zee%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliammary0000zeeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning [The 40 Years War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King] (in Dutch). Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0446-3871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0446-3871-4"><bdi>978-9-0446-3871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Veertigjarige+Oorlog+1672%E2%80%931712%3A+de+strijd+van+de+Nederlanders+tegen+de+Zonnekoning&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9-0446-3871-4&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3123-3801-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-3123-3801-5"><bdi>0-3123-3801-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Ladies%3A+Sex%2C+Sacrifice%2C+and+Power.+The+Six+Reigning+Queens+of+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-3123-3801-5&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_III_of_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William III of England">William III of England</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_III_of_England" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/William III of England">William III of England</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/William_III.,_King_of_England">"William III., King of England" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 662–664.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+III.%2C+King+of+England&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=662-664&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/william-ii-and-iii-r-1689-1702-and-mary-ii-r1689-1694">William II & III and Mary II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/william-iii-king-of-great-britain-1650-1702#/type/subject">William III</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502032658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/william_iii_of_orange">BBC – History</a></li> <li>N. Japikse, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/WillemIII">Correspondentie van Willem III en van Hans Willem Bentinck, eersten graaf van Portland</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257488">"Archival material relating to William III of England"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+William+III+of+England&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+III+of+England" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129987#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04834">Portraits of King William III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129987#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>William III of England and Orange & II of Scotland</div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a></div>Born: 4 November 1650 Died: 8 March 1702 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Orange">William II</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> 1650–1702 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso" title="John William Friso">John William Friso</a></div>as titular claimant </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/James_II_%26_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II & VII">James II & VII</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1689–1702 with <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> (1689–1694) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> 1672–1702 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a> 1674–1702 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> 1675–1702 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Lord High Admiral</a> 1689 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">The Earl of Torrington</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stadtholders_of_Guelders" title="Template:Stadtholders of Guelders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stadtholders_of_Guelders" title="Template talk:Stadtholders of Guelders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders_of_Guelders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders of Guelders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stadtholders_of_Guelders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Egmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem van Egmond">Willem van Egmond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_van_Egmond_jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem van Egmond jr. (page does not exist)">Willem van Egmond jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Cro%C3%BF-Chimay" title="Philip I of Croÿ-Chimay">Philip I of Croÿ-Chimay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_van_Egmond_jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem van Egmond jr. (page does not exist)">Willem van Egmond jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_III_of_Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein" title="Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein">Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen">John V of Nassau-Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Burgundy,_bishop_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Burgundy, bishop of Utrecht">Philip of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floris_van_Egmont" title="Floris van Egmont">Floris van Egmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Chalon" title="René of Chalon">René of Châlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Lalaing,_2nd_Count_of_Hoogstraten" title="Philip de Lalaing, 2nd Count of Hoogstraten">Philip de Lalaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Hoorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn">Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Brimeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karel van Brimeu">Karel van Brimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillis_van_Berlaymont" title="Gillis van Berlaymont">Gillis van Berlaymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg">John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_IV_van_den_Bergh" title="Willem IV van den Bergh">Willem IV van den Bergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_van_Nieuwenaar" title="Adolf van Nieuwenaar">Adolf van Nieuwenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II of Orange</a></li> <li>interregnum</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William III of Orange</a></li> <li>interregnum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stadtholders_of_Holland,_Zeeland_and_Utrecht" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stadtholders_of_Holland,_Zeeland_and_Utrecht" title="Template:Stadtholders of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stadtholders_of_Holland,_Zeeland_and_Utrecht" title="Template talk:Stadtholders of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders_of_Holland,_Zeeland_and_Utrecht" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stadtholders_of_Holland,_Zeeland_and_Utrecht" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_van_Lannoy" title="Hugo van Lannoy">Hugo van Lannoy</a></li> <li>Willem van Lalaing</li> <li>Gozewijn de Wilde</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lannoy" title="Jean de Lannoy">Jean de Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Gruuthuse" title="Louis de Gruuthuse">Lewis de Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfert_VI_of_Borselen" title="Wolfert VI of Borselen">Wolfert VI van Borselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost_van_Lalaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Joost van Lalaing">Joost van Lalaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_III_van_Egmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan III van Egmond">Jan III van Egmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Nassau-Breda" title="Henry III of Nassau-Breda">Henry III of Nassau-Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Lalaing,_1st_Count_of_Hoogstraeten" title="Antoine of Lalaing, 1st Count of Hoogstraeten">Antoon van Lalaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Chalon" title="René of Chalon">René of Châlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Praet" title="Louis of Praet">Louis of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II of Burgundy">Maximilian II of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_H%C3%A9nin-Li%C3%A9tard" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien de Hénin-Liétard">Maximilian of Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Noircarmes" title="Philip of Noircarmes">Philip of Noircarmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_van_Nieuwenaar" title="Adolf van Nieuwenaar">Adolf van Nieuwenaar</a> (Utrecht only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II of Orange</a></li> <li>interregnum</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William III of Orange</a></li> <li>interregnum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stadtholders_of_Overijssel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stadtholders_of_Overijssel" title="Template:Stadtholders of Overijssel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stadtholders_of_Overijssel" title="Template talk:Stadtholders of Overijssel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders_of_Overijssel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders of Overijssel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stadtholders_of_Overijssel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Schenck_van_Toutenburg" title="Georg Schenck van Toutenburg">Georg Schenck van Toutenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliaan_van_Egmond" title="Maximiliaan van Egmond">Maximiliaan van Egmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Ligne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Ligne">Jan van Ligne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Brimeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karel van Brimeu">Karel van Brimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillis_van_Berlaymont" title="Gillis van Berlaymont">Gillis van Berlaymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_van_Robles" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspar van Robles">Caspar van Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_van_Lalaing" class="mw-redirect" title="George van Lalaing">Georges van Lalaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo" title="Francisco Verdugo">Francisco Verdugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_van_Nieuwenaar" title="Adolf van Nieuwenaar">Adolf van Nieuwenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II of Orange</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William III of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders_of_Drenthe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stadtholders of Drenthe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stadtholders_of_Drenthe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholders</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_van_Moers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph van Moers (page does not exist)">Christoph van Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasper_van_Marwijck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasper van Marwijck (page does not exist)">Jasper van Marwijck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Duke of Guelders">Charles, Duke of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_Coenders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludolf Coenders (page does not exist)">Ludolf Coenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Schenck_van_Toutenburg" title="Georg Schenck van Toutenburg">Georg Schenck van Toutenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliaan_van_Egmond" title="Maximiliaan van Egmond">Maximiliaan van Egmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Ligne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Ligne">Jan van Ligne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Brimeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karel van Brimeu">Karel van Brimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillis_van_Berlaymont" title="Gillis van Berlaymont">Gillis van Berlaymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_van_Robles" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspar van Robles">Caspar van Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_van_Lalaing" class="mw-redirect" title="George van Lalaing">Georges van Lalaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo" title="Francisco Verdugo">Francisco Verdugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Lodewijk_of_Nassau-Dietz" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Lodewijk of Nassau-Dietz">Willem Lodewijk of Nassau-Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Casimir_I,_Count_of_Nassau-Dietz" title="Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz">Ernst Casimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Casimir I">Hendrik Casimir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_of_Nassau-Dietz" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Frederik of Nassau-Dietz">Willem Frederik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Casimir_II,_Prince_of_Nassau-Diez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Diez (page does not exist)">Hendrik Casimir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II of Orange</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William III of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000453797535">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100194418">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/227406842">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53262/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118643355">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044551">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119602448">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119602448">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V535686">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35898566">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701904&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX826371">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068135424">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90179957">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000108773">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=140591">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0vq30z2drfc">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648514405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/39390">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270078805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14386793">Belgium</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14213169">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10852368?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500238568">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/424318">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/65154024">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1137062">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.009044.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118643355.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118643355">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07329960X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6th8s1f">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/34515">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/1611831">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&oldid=1259271436">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_England&oldid=1259271436</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_III_of_England" title="Category:William III of England">William III of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1650_births" title="Category:1650 births">1650 births</a></li><li><a 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