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aria-controls="toc-Dacia_under_the_Antonine_and_Severan_emperors_(106–235)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dacia_under_the_Antonine_and_Severan_emperors_(106–235)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_(106–117)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_(106–117)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Establishment (106–117) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_(106–117)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_re-organisations_(117–138)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_re-organisations_(117–138)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First re-organisations (117–138) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_re-organisations_(117–138)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_(138–161)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_(138–161)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Consolidation (138–161) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_(138–161)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcomannic_Wars_and_their_effects_(161–193)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcomannic_Wars_and_their_effects_(161–193)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Marcomannic Wars and their effects (161–193) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcomannic_Wars_and_their_effects_(161–193)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_under_the_Severans_(193–235)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_under_the_Severans_(193–235)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Revival under the Severans (193–235) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_under_the_Severans_(193–235)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Roman_Dacia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Roman_Dacia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Life in Roman Dacia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_Roman_Dacia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life in Roman Dacia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Roman_Dacia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Dacians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Dacians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Native Dacians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Dacians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Colonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_army_in_Dacia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_army_in_Dacia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Roman army in Dacia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_army_in_Dacia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_decades_of_Dacia_Traiana_(235–271/275)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_decades_of_Dacia_Traiana_(235–271/275)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Last decades of Dacia Traiana (235–271/275) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_decades_of_Dacia_Traiana_(235–271/275)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Roman_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Roman_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 After the Roman withdrawal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_Roman_withdrawal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After the Roman withdrawal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_Roman_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_the_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consolidation of the frontier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_incursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_incursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Late Roman incursions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_incursions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_the_fate_of_the_Daco-Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_the_fate_of_the_Daco-Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Controversy over the fate of the Daco-Romans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_the_fate_of_the_Daco-Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roman Dacia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Dacia (Romeinse provinsie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dacia (Romeinse provinsie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="داتشيا الرومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داتشيا الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_romana)" title="Dacia (provincia romana) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dacia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_romana)" title="Dacia (provincia romana) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dacia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Dakiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma Dakiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma Dakiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рымская Дакія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская Дакія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Дакия (провинция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дакия (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakija_(rimska_provincija)" title="Dakija (rimska provincija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dakija (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dacia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Traiana" title="Dacia Traiana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dacia Traiana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dacia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakien" title="Dakien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dakien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakia_(Rooma_provints)" title="Daakia (Rooma provints) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Daakia (Rooma provints)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Επαρχία Δακίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επαρχία Δακίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_romana)" title="Dacia (provincia romana) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dacia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazia" title="Dazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85)" title="داکیه (استان روم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داکیه (استان روم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacie_trajane" title="Dacie trajane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dacie trajane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_romana)" title="Dacia (provincia romana) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dacia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="다키아 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다키아 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacija_(rimska_provincija)" title="Dacija (rimska provincija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dacija (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Romawi" title="Dacia Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dacia Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_romana)" title="Dacia (provincia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dacia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="დაკია (რომის პროვინცია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაკია (რომის პროვინცია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Dacia (provincia Romana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dacia (provincia Romana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakija_(Romos_provincija)" title="Dakija (Romos provincija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dakija (Romos provincija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(r%C3%B3mai_provincia)" title="Dacia (római provincia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dacia (római provincia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Дакија (римска провинција) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дакија (римска провинција)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4)" title="डेशिया (रोमन प्रांत) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेशिया (रोमन प्रांत)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(Romeinse_provincie)" title="Dacia (Romeinse provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dacia (Romeinse provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="ダキア属州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダキア属州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رومي داچيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومي داچيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1cia_(prov%C3%ADncia_romana)" title="Dácia (província romana) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dácia (província romana)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_roman%C4%83" title="Dacia romană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dacia romană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Дакия (римская провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дакия (римская провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Dacia&params=45.7000_N_26.5000_E_source:wikidata">45°42′00″N 26°30′00″E / 45.7000°N 26.5000°E / 45.7000; 26.5000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dacia_Apulensis&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Apulensis">Dacia Apulensis</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman province (106–271/275)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dacia Felix" redirects here. For the Romanian Orthodox diocese, see <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia_Felix" title="Diocese of Dacia Felix">Diocese of Dacia Felix</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Roman Dacia<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Provincia Dacia (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Ἐπαρχία Δακίας (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">106–271/275</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_-_Dacia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a> Roman province of Dacia (125 AD)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">106</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Withdrawal by Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">271/275</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/20px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/30px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/40px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="100" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Kingdom">Dacian Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Hunnic Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#34669c"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="color:white">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Dacia" title="Category:Dacia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacian_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dacian_symbols.png/135px-Dacian_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dacian_symbols.png/203px-Dacian_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dacian_symbols.png/270px-Dacian_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="562" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:235%;"> <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Geography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argidava" title="Argidava">Argidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capidava" title="Capidava">Capidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziridava" title="Ziridava">Ziridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Dacians#Material_culture" title="Dacians">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians#Construction" title="Dacians">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians#Pottery" title="Dacians">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Dacians#History" title="Dacians">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia#Getic_and_Dacian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Other kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Conflict with Rome</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Dacia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porolissum" title="Porolissum">Porolissum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_in_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra in Dacia">Castra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian continuity">Legacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dacian_archaeology" title="Category:Dacian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_of_Dacia" title="Category:Museums of Dacia">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Dacia" title="Category:Books about Dacia">Books</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dacia_series" title="Template:Dacia series"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dacia_series" title="Template talk:Dacia series"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia series"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Roman Dacia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdeɪʃə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">DAY-shə</a>; also known as Dacia Traiana (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Trajan’s Dacia'); or Dacia Felix, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Fertile Dacia') was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (today all in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, except the last region which is split among Romania, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>). During Roman rule, it was organized as an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">imperial province</a> on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117) after <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">two campaigns</a> that devastated the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Kingdom">Dacian Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety; <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> remained under the <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a>. After its integration into the empire, Roman Dacia saw constant administrative division. In 119 under Hadrian, it was divided into two departments: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") and Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; later named Dacia Malvensis). Between 124 and around 158, Dacia Superior was divided into two provinces, Dacia Apulensis and Dacia Porolissensis. The three provinces would later be unified in 166 and be known as Tres Daciae ("Three Dacias") due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and became an urban province, with about ten cities known and all of them originating from old <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">military camps</a>. Eight of these held the highest rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a> was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman_fiscal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman fiscal)">imperial procurator</a> (finance officer) had his seat, while <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Apulum</a> was Roman Dacia's military center. From its creation, Roman Dacia suffered great political and military threats. The Free Dacians, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, made constant raids in the province. These were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Carpi_(people)" title="Carpi (people)">Carpi</a> (a Dacian tribe) and the newly arrived <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes (<a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taifali" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifali">Taifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a>) allied with them. All this made the province difficult for the Roman emperors to maintain, already being virtually lost during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (253–268). <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (270–275) would formally relinquish Roman Dacia in 271 or 275 AD. He evacuated his troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and founded <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moesia">Lower Moesia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a> population still left was abandoned, and its fate after the Roman withdrawal is controversial. According to one theory, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> spoken in Dacia, mostly in modern Romania, became the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Romans</a> (the Romanized population of Dacia). The opposing theory states that the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin of the Romanians</a> actually lies on the Balkan Peninsula. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dacia" title="History of Dacia">History of Dacia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dacian Wars (disambiguation)">Dacian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png/250px-Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png/375px-Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png/500px-Dacia_around_100_AD_-_Italian.png 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> Kingdom around 100 AD, before the Roman conquest</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> frequently interacted with the Romans prior to Dacia's incorporation into the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> However, Roman attention on the area around the lower Danube was sharpened when <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> (82–44 BC)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914-2">[2]</a> unified the native tribes and began an aggressive campaign of expansion. His kingdom extended to <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in the west and reached the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the east, while to the south his authority extended into the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-3">[3]</a> By 74 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-3">[3]</a> the Roman legions under <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(consul_76_BC)" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (consul 76 BC)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a> reached the lower Danube and proceeded to come into contact with the Dacians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy197417–18-4">[4]</a> Roman concern over the rising power and influence of Burebista was amplified when he began to play an active part in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic#History" title="Roman Republic">Roman politics</a>. His last minute decision just before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a> to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">civil war</a> by supporting <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> meant that once the Pompeians were dealt with, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> would turn his eye towards Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200743-5">[5]</a> As part of Caesar's planned <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> campaign of 44 BC, he prepared to cross into Dacia and eliminate Burebista, thereby hopefully causing the breakup of his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003195-6">[6]</a> Although this expedition into Dacia did not happen due to Caesar's assassination, Burebista failed to bring about any true unification of the tribes he ruled. Following a plot which saw him assassinated, his kingdom fractured into four distinct political entities, later becoming five, each ruled by minor kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200748-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz200510-8">[8]</a> From the death of Burebista to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>, Roman forces continued to clash against the Dacians and the Getae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> Constant raiding by the tribes into the adjacent provinces of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> and Pannonia caused the local governors and the emperors to undertake a number of punitive actions against the Dacians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> All of this kept the Roman Empire and the Dacians in constant social, diplomatic, and political interaction during much of the late pre-Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> This saw the occasional granting of favoured status to the Dacians in the manner of being identified as <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">amicii et socii</a> – "friends and allies" – of Rome, although by the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavianus</a> this was tied up with the personal patronage of important Roman individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">[1]</a> An example of this was seen in Octavianus' actions during his conflict with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Marcus Antonius</a>. Seeking to obtain an ally who could threaten Antonius' European provinces, in 35 BC Octavianus offered an alliance with the Dacians, whereby he would marry the daughter of the Dacian King, <a href="/wiki/Cotiso" title="Cotiso">Cotiso</a>, and in exchange Cotiso would wed Octavianus' daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2002165-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPârvan1928157–158-10">[10]</a> Although it is believed that the custom of providing royal <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> to the Romans may have commenced sometime during the first half of the 1st century BC, it was certainly occurring by Octavianus' reign and it continued to be practised during the late pre-Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200752-11">[11]</a> On the flip side, ancient sources have attested to the presence of Roman <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> in Dacia, while the region also served as a haven for runaway <a href="/wiki/Roman_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman slaves">Roman slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200752-11">[11]</a> This cultural and mercantile exchange saw the gradual spread of Roman influence throughout the region, most clearly seen in the area around the <a href="/wiki/Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Orăștie Mountains">Orăștie Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200752-11">[11]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traj_col_homage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Traj_col_homage_3.jpg/200px-Traj_col_homage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Traj_col_homage_3.jpg/300px-Traj_col_homage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Traj_col_homage_3.jpg/400px-Traj_col_homage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> chieftain who betrayed <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum,_Macedonia,_Dacia,_Moesia,_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/220px-Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/330px-Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/440px-Thracia_Outcut_from_Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Roman Moesia after 87 AD</figcaption></figure> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, in particular the accession of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, saw an escalation in the level of conflict along the lower and middle Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003183-12">[12]</a> In approximately 84 or 85 AD the Dacians, led by King Decebalus, crossed the Danube into Moesia, wreaking havoc and killing the Moesian governor <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Oppius_Sabinus" title="Gaius Oppius Sabinus">Gaius Oppius Sabinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1992138-13">[13]</a> Domitian responded by reorganising Moesia into <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> and launching a <a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">war</a> against Decebalus. Unable to finish the war due to troubles on the German frontier, Domitian concluded a treaty with the Dacians that was heavily criticized at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1992192-14">[14]</a> This would serve as a precedent to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's wars of conquest in Dacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003183-12">[12]</a> At this time Domitian moved <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a> from <a href="/wiki/Burnum" title="Burnum">Burnum</a> to its base at <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (modern Belgrade, Serbia) in Moesia Superior.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Trajan led the Roman legions across the Danube, penetrating Dacia and focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">important area around the Orăștie Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200754-16">[16]</a> In 102,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199916-17">[17]</a> after <a href="/wiki/First_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dacian War">a series of engagements</a>, negotiations led to a peace settlement where Decebalus agreed to demolish his forts while allowing the presence of a Roman garrison at <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a> (Grădiștea Muncelului, Romania) to ensure Dacian compliance with the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200754-16">[16]</a> Trajan also ordered his engineer, <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick200074-18">[18]</a> to design and build <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">a bridge across the Danube</a> at <a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199916-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Trajan's second Dacian campaign</a> in 105–106 was very specific in its aim of expansion and conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200754-16">[16]</a> The offensive targeted Sarmizegetusa Regia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997102-19">[19]</a> The Romans <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmizegetusa" title="Battle of Sarmizegetusa">besieged Decebalus' capital</a>, which surrendered and was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199916-17">[17]</a> The Dacian king and a handful of his followers withdrew into the mountains, but their resistance was short-lived and Decebalus committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199917-20">[20]</a> Other Dacian nobles, however, were either captured or chose to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997103-21">[21]</a> One of those who surrendered revealed the location of the <a href="/wiki/Decebalus_Treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Decebalus Treasure">Dacian royal treasury</a>, which was of enormous value: 500,000 pounds (230,000 kilograms) of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997103-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is an excellent idea of yours to write about the Dacian war. There is no subject which offers such scope and such a wealth of original material, no subject so poetic and almost legendary although its facts are true. You will describe new rivers set flowing over the land, new bridges built across rivers, and camps clinging to sheer precipices; you will tell of a king driven from his capital and finally to death, but courageous to the end; you will record a double triumph one the first over a nation hitherto unconquered, the other a final victory.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>: <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">Letters</a> (Book VIII, Letter 4: To Caninius Rufus)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Younger109_ADBook_VIII,_Letter_4-22">[22]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dacia_under_the_Antonine_and_Severan_emperors_(106–235)">Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_governors_of_Dacia_Traiana" title="List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana">List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_(106–117)">Establishment (106–117)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment (106–117)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_by_province" title="List of castra by province">List of castra by province</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_Traiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dacia_Traiana.svg/300px-Dacia_Traiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dacia_Traiana.svg/450px-Dacia_Traiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dacia_Traiana.svg/600px-Dacia_Traiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Roman province of Dacia in 107 AD with major cities</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg/300px-006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg/450px-006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg/600px-006_MG_6430_Tropaeum_Traiani_Adamclisi_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Trajan's Trophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Civitas_Tropaensium" title="Civitas Tropaensium">Civitas Tropaensium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG/150px-0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG/225px-0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG/300px-0_Colonne_Trajane_-_Rome_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3746" /></a><figcaption>Trajan's Column Rome</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Trajan conquered the Dacians, under King Decibalus, and made Dacia, across the Danube in the soil of barbary, a province that in circumference had ten times 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Passus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passus">paces</a>; but it was lost under Imperator Gallienus, and, after Romans had been transferred from there by Aurelian, two Dacias were made in the regions of Moesia and <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Festus</a>: Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People (VIII.2)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestus379_ADVIII.2-23">[23]</a></cite></div></blockquote> With the annexation of Decebalus' kingdom, Dacia was turned into Rome's newest province, only the second such acquisition since the death of Augustus nearly a century before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon18166-24">[24]</a> Decebalus' <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> allies to the north were still present in the area, requiring a number of campaigns that did not cease until 107 at the earliest;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997104-25">[25]</a> however, by the end of 106, the legions began erecting new <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">frontiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199798-26">[26]</a> Trajan returned to Rome in the middle of June 107.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997105-27">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the conflict the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> proclaimed: "Alone I have defeated peoples from beyond the Danube and I have annihilated the people of the Dacians."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al_Gillespie" title="Al Gillespie">Alexander M. Gillespie</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Eutropius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Eutropius">Flavius Eutropius</a> mentioned the fate of Dacians after the Roman victory in the Breviarium Historiae Romanae: "<a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, after he had subdued Dacia, had transplanted thither an infinite number of people from the whole Roman world, to people the country and the cities; as the land had been exhausted of inhabitants in the long war maintained by Decebalus."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Eutropius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Eutropius">Flavius Eutropius</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Getae, a barbarian and vigorous people who rising against the Romans and humiliating them such as to compel them to pay a tribute, were later, at the time of king Decebal, destroyed by Trajan in such a way that their entire people was reduced to forty men as <a href="/wiki/Criton_of_Heraclea" title="Criton of Heraclea">Kriton</a> tells in the Getica".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Roman sources list Dacia as an imperial province on 11 August 106.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19915-31">[31]</a> It was governed by an <a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">imperial legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consular</a> standing, supported by two <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legati legionis</a> who were in charge of each of the two legions stationed in Dacia. The <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman_fiscal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman fiscal)">procurator Augusti</a> was responsible for managing the taxation of the province and expenditure by the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200757-32">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REmpire_Dacia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/REmpire_Dacia.svg/250px-REmpire_Dacia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/REmpire_Dacia.svg/375px-REmpire_Dacia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/REmpire_Dacia.svg/500px-REmpire_Dacia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 117, with Dacia highlighted</figcaption></figure> Transforming Dacia into a province was a very resource-intensive process. Traditional Roman methods were employed, including the creation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">urban infrastructure</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman baths</a>, forums and temples, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a>, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonies</a> composed of retired soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003103-33">[33]</a> However, excluding Trajan's attempts to encourage colonists to move into the new province, the imperial government did hardly anything to promote resettlement from existing provinces into Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003103-33">[33]</a> An immediate effect of the wars leading to the Roman conquest was a decrease in the population in the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994102-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Crito" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Statilius Crito">Crito</a> wrote that approximately 500,000 Dacians were enslaved and deported, a portion of which were transported to Rome to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> games (or lusiones) as part of the celebrations to mark the emperor's <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997104-25">[25]</a> To compensate for the depletion of the population, the Romans carried out a program of official colonisation, establishing urban centres made up of both <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> and non-citizens from across the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-35">[35]</a> Nevertheless, native Dacians remained at the periphery of the province and in rural settings, while local power elites were encouraged to support the provincial administration, as per traditional Roman colonial practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> Trajan established the Dacian capital, <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a>, some 40 km (25 mi) west of the ruined Sarmizegetusa Regia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2010266-37">[37]</a> Initially serving as a base for the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2000591-38">[38]</a> it soon was settled by the retired veterans who had served in the Dacian Wars, principally the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Fifth (Macedonia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Ninth (Claudia)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">Fourteenth (Gemina)</a> legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199492-39">[39]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/300px-Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/450px-Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/600px-Roman_Byzantine_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Networks of roads, forts, limes and frontiers)</figcaption></figure> It is generally assumed that Trajan's reign saw the creation of the Roman road network within imperial Dacia, with any pre-existing natural communication lines quickly converted into paved Roman roads<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169-40">[40]</a> which were soon extended into a more extensive road network.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169-40">[40]</a> However, only two roads have been attested to have been created at Trajan's explicit command: one was an arterial road that linked the military camps at <a href="/wiki/Napoca_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoca (ancient city)">Napoca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potaissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Potaissa">Potaissa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a>, Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169-40">[40]</a> Epigraphic evidence on the <a href="/wiki/Milliarium_of_Aiton" title="Milliarium of Aiton">milliarium of Aiton</a> indicates that this stretch of road was finished sometime during 109–110 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199463-41">[41]</a> The second road was a major arterial road that passed through Apulum (modern <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, Romania), and stretched from the Black Sea in the east all the way to <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a> in the west and presumably beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169-40">[40]</a> Nevertheless, the arterial roads and other presumably unstable regions were controlled by a vast new <a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_by_province" title="List of castra by province">network of forts</a> for cohorts and auxiliary units, initially built in turf and wood and many of them later rebuilt in stone. Their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_auxiliary_regiments" title="List of Roman auxiliary regiments">garrisons</a> were drawn from many parts of the empire. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Legati Augusti pro praetore under Trajan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetolescu2010170-42">[42]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sabinus" title="Julius Sabinus">Julius Sabinus</a> </td> <td>105 </td> <td>107/109 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Terentius_Scaurianus" title="Decimus Terentius Scaurianus">Decimus Terentius Scaurianus</a> </td> <td>109 </td> <td>110/111 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">Gaius Avidius Nigrinus</a> </td> <td>112 </td> <td>113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Baebius_Macer" title="Quintus Baebius Macer">Quintus Baebius Macer</a> </td> <td>114 </td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Quadratus_Bassus" title="Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus">Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>117 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_re-organisations_(117–138)">First re-organisations (117–138)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First re-organisations (117–138)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Limes Alutanus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png/220px-Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png/330px-Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png/440px-Map_of_Dacia_124_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Map of Dacia 124 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg/314px-Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg/471px-Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg/628px-Hadrian_Ae_As_Dacia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> coin of the emperor Hadrian commemorating his visit to Dacia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_province_of_Dacia_(106_-_271_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg/250px-Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg/375px-Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg/500px-Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Map of Roman Dacia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_Porolissensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dacia_Porolissensis.png/250px-Dacia_Porolissensis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dacia_Porolissensis.png/375px-Dacia_Porolissensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dacia_Porolissensis.png/500px-Dacia_Porolissensis.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Dacia Porolissensis</figcaption></figure> Hadrian was at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> when word came through of the death of Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893490-43">[43]</a> He could not return to Rome, as he was advised that <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Quadratus_Bassus" title="Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus">Quadratus Bassus</a>, ordered by Trajan to protect the new Dacian territories north of the Danube, had died there while on campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200855,_67-44">[44]</a> As a result of taking several legions and numerous <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliary regiments</a> with him to <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Parthia</a>, Trajan had left Dacia and the remaining Danubian provinces below strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster199865-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200867-46">[46]</a> The Roxolani allied themselves with the Iazyges to revolt against Rome, as they were angry over a Roman decision to cease payments to which Trajan had agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893499-47">[47]</a> Therefore, Hadrian dispatched the armies from the east ahead of him, and departed Syria as soon as he was able.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200867-46">[46]</a> By this time, Hadrian had grown so frustrated with the continual problems in the territories north of the Danube that he contemplated withdrawing from Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893493-48">[48]</a> As an emergency measure, Hadrian dismantled Apollodorus' bridge across the Danube, concerned about the threat posed by barbarian incursions across the <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt River</a> and a southward push.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200867-46">[46]</a> By 118, Hadrian himself had taken to the field against the Roxolani and the Iazyges, and although he defeated them, he agreed to reinstate the subsidies to the Roxolani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893499-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139-49">[49]</a> Hadrian then decided to abandon certain portions of Trajan's Dacian conquests. Most of the Banat was conceded to the Iazyges. The territories annexed to Moesia Inferior (Southern Moldavia, the south-eastern edge of the Carpathian Mountains and the plains of Muntenia and Oltenia) were returned to the Roxolani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997167-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b105-51">[51]</a> As a result, Moesia Inferior reverted once again to the original boundaries it possessed prior to the acquisition of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">[52]</a> The portions of Moesia Inferior to the north of the Danube were split off and refashioned into a new province called Dacia Inferior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">[52]</a> Trajan's original province of Dacia was relabelled Dacia Superior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">[52]</a> Hadrian moved the detachment of <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a> that had been at <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a> back to its base at <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Limes Alutanus</a> was established as the eastern frontier of Dacia Superior. By 124, an additional province called Dacia Porolissensis was created in the northern portion of Dacia Superior,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199468-54">[54]</a> roughly located in north-western Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">[52]</a> Since it had become tradition since the time of Augustus that former consuls could only govern provinces as imperial legates where more than one legion was present, Dacia Superior was administered by a senator of <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorian</a> rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199468-54">[54]</a> This meant that the imperial legate of Dacia Superior only had one legion under his command, stationed at Apulum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200757-32">[32]</a> Dacia Inferior and Dacia Porolissensis were under the command of praesidial procurators of ducenary rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200757-32">[32]</a> Hadrian vigorously exploited the opportunities for mining in the new province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893500-55">[55]</a> The emperors monopolized the revenue generated from mining by leasing the operations of the mines to members of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">Equestrian order</a>, who employed a large number of individuals to manage the operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206-56">[56]</a> In 124, the emperor visited <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Napoca</a> and made the city a <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000127-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_(138–161)">Consolidation (138–161)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consolidation (138–161)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></div> The accession of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> saw the arrival of an emperor who took a cautious approach to the defense of some provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson200224-58">[58]</a> The large amount of milestones dated to his reign demonstrates that he was particularly concerned with ensuring that the roads were in a constant state of repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000152-59">[59]</a> Stamped <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> show that the amphitheatre at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, which had been built during the earliest years of the colonia, was repaired under his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000112-60">[60]</a> In addition, given the exposed position of the larger of the Roman fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Porolissum" title="Porolissum">Porolissum</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Mir%C8%99id" title="Mirșid">Moigrad</a>, Romania), the camp was reconstructed using stone, and given sturdier walls for defensive purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199620-61">[61]</a> Following a revolt around 158, Antoninus Pius undertook another reorganisation of the Dacian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199620-61">[61]</a> Dacia Superior was renamed Dacia Apulensis (in Banat and southern Transylvania), with Apulum as its capital,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199620-61">[61]</a> while Dacia Inferior was transformed into Dacia Malvensis (situated at Oltenia). <a href="/wiki/Romula" title="Romula">Romula</a> was its capital (modern <a href="/wiki/Dobrosloveni" title="Dobrosloveni">Reșca Dobrosloveni</a>, Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000114-62">[62]</a> As per Hadrian's earlier reorganisation, each zone was governed by equestrian procurators, and all were responsible to the senatorial governor in Apulensis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199620-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcomannic_Wars_and_their_effects_(161–193)">Marcomannic Wars and their effects (161–193)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marcomannic Wars and their effects (161–193)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></div> Soon after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in 161 AD, it was clear that trouble was brewing along Rome's northern frontiers, as local tribes began to be pressured by migrating tribes to their north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000132-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893542–543-64">[64]</a> By 166 AD, Marcus had reorganized Dacia once again, merging the three Dacian provinces into one called Tres Daciae ("Three Dacias"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000145-65">[65]</a> a move that was geared to consolidate an exposed province inhabited by numerous tribes in the face of increasing threats along the Danubian frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011324-66">[66]</a> As the province now contained two legions (<a href="/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina" title="Legio XIII Gemina">Legio XIII Gemina</a> at Apulum was joined by <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a>, stationed at Potaissa), the imperial legate had to be of consular rank, with Marcus apparently assigning <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Calpurnius_Agricola" title="Sextus Calpurnius Agricola">Sextus Calpurnius Agricola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000145-65">[65]</a> The reorganization saw the existing praesidial procurators of Dacia Porolissensis and Dacia Malvensis continue in office, and added to their ranks was a third procurator for Dacia Apulensis, all operating under the direct supervision of the consular legate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1998274-67">[67]</a> who was stationed at the new provincial capital at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapot1997275-68">[68]</a> Dacia, with its northern, eastern, and western frontiers exposed to attacks, could not easily be defended. When barbarian incursions resumed during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the defences in Dacia were hard pressed to halt all of the raids, leaving exposed the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199487-69">[69]</a> Throughout 166 and 167 AD, barbarian tribes (the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199635-70">[70]</a> began to pour across the Danube into Pannonia, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, and drove through Dacia before bursting into Moesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893543-71">[71]</a> A conflict would spark in northern Dacia after 167<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199486-72">[72]</a> when the Iazyges, having been thrust out of Pannonia, focused their energies on Dacia and took the gold mines at <a href="/wiki/Alburnus_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Alburnus Maior">Alburnus Maior</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83" title="Roșia Montană">Roșia Montană</a>, Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliva1962275-73">[73]</a> The last date found on the wax tablets discovered in the mineshafts there (which had been hidden when an enemy attack seemed imminent) is 29 May 167.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199486-72">[72]</a> The suburban <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villas</a> at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa were burned, and the camp at <a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%83veni" class="mw-redirect" title="Slăveni">Slăveni</a> was destroyed by the Marcomanni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139-49">[49]</a> By the time Marcus Aurelius reached <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> in 168 AD, the Iazyges had taken over 100,000 Roman captives and destroyed several Roman castra, including the fort at <a href="/wiki/Tibiscum" title="Tibiscum">Tibiscum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Jupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupa">Jupa</a> in Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893544-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemeth200552–54-75">[75]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up,_Apulum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/200px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/300px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/400px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> (193). Statue found at <a href="/wiki/Apulum_(conurbation)" title="Apulum (conurbation)">Apulum</a>. On display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Union" title="National Museum of the Union">National Museum of the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> Fighting continued in Dacia over the next two years, and by 169, the governor of the province Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, was forced to give up his command – it is suspected that he either contracted the plague or died in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161-76">[76]</a> The emperor decided to temporarily split the province once again between the three sub-provinces, with the imperial legate of Moesia Superior, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Fronto" title="Marcus Claudius Fronto">Marcus Claudius Fronto</a>, taking on the governorship of the central sub-province of Dacia Apulensis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161-76">[76]</a> Dacia Malvensis was possibly assigned to its procurator, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrinius_Avitus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrinius Avitus (page does not exist)">Macrinius Avitus</a>, who defeated the <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obii" class="mw-redirect" title="Obii">Obii</a>. The future emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> was also a procurator in Dacia during this time, although his exact role is not known. Very unpopular in Dacia, Pertinax was eventually dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161-76">[76]</a> By 170, Marcus Aurelius appointed Marcus Claudius Fronto as the governor of the entire Dacian province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161-76">[76]</a> Later that year, Fronto's command was extended to include the governorship of Moesia Superior once again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164-77">[77]</a> He did not keep it for long; by the end of 170, Fronto was defeated and killed in battle against the Iazyges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a> His replacement as governor of Dacia was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Cornelius_Clemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextus Cornelius Clemens (page does not exist)">Sextus Cornelius Clemens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164-77">[77]</a> That same year (170) the Costoboci (whose lands were to the north or northeast of Dacia)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000165-79">[79]</a> swept through Dacia on their way south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000168-80">[80]</a> The now weakened empire could not prevent the movement of tribespeople into an exposed Dacia during 171,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000169-81">[81]</a> and Marcus Aurelius was forced to enter into diplomatic negotiations in an attempt to break up some of the barbarian alliances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000169-81">[81]</a> In 171, the <a href="/wiki/Astingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Astingi">Astingi</a> invaded Dacia; after initially defeating the Costoboci, they continued their attacks on the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000170-82">[82]</a> The Romans negotiated a settlement with the Astingi, whereby they agreed to leave Dacia and settle in the lands of the Costoboci.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000170-82">[82]</a> In the meantime, plots of land were distributed to some 12,000 dispossessed and wandering tribespeople, in an attempt to prevent them from becoming a threat to the province if they continued to roam at the edges of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199665-83">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Astingi, led by their chieftains Raüs and Raptus, came into Dacia with their entire households, hoping to secure both money and land in return for their alliance. But failing of their purpose, they left their wives and children under the protection of Clemens, until they should acquire the land of the Costoboci by their arms; but upon conquering that people, they proceeded to injure Dacia no less than before. The Lacringi, fearing that Clemens in his dread of them might lead these newcomers into the land which they themselves were inhabiting, attacked them while off their guard and won a decisive victory. As a result, the Astingi committed no further acts of hostility against the Romans, but in response to urgent supplications addressed to Marcus they received from him both money and the privilege of asking for land in case they should inflict some injury upon those who were then fighting against him.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio: Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXII<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXII-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192717-85">[85]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Throughout this period, the tribes bordering Dacia to the east, such as the Roxolani, did not participate in the mass invasions of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a> Traditionally seen as a vindication of Trajan's decision to create the province of Dacia as a wedge between the western and eastern Danubian tribes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200021-86">[86]</a> Dacia's exposed position meant that the Romans had a greater reliance on the use of "client-states" to ensure its protection from invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200021-86">[86]</a> While this worked in the case of the Roxolani, the use of the Roman-client relationships that allowed the Romans to pit one supported tribe against another facilitated the conditions that created the larger tribal federations that emerged with the Quadi and the Marcomanni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011331–332-87">[87]</a> By 173 AD, the Marcomanni had been defeated;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000175-88">[88]</a> however, the war with the Iazyges and Quadi continued, as Roman strongholds along the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> and Danube rivers were attacked by the Iazyges, followed by a battle in Pannonia in which the Iazyges were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011360-89">[89]</a> Consequently, Marcus Aurelius turned his full attention against the Iazyges and Quadi. He crushed the Quadi in 174 AD, defeating them in battle on the frozen Danube river, after which they sued for peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000177-90">[90]</a> The emperor then turned his attention to the Iazyges; after defeating them and throwing them out of Dacia, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> awarded him the title of Sarmaticus Maximus in 175 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a> Conscious of the need to create a permanent solution to the problems on the empire's northern frontiers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a> Marcus Aurelius relaxed some of his restrictions on the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. In particular, he allowed the Iazyges to travel through imperial Dacia to trade with the Roxolani, so long as they had the governor's approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200213-91">[91]</a> At the same time he was determined to implement a plan to annex the territories of the Marcomanni and the Iazyges as new provinces, only to be derailed by the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000183-92">[92]</a> With the emperor urgently needed elsewhere, Rome once again re-established its system of alliances with the bordering tribes along the empire's northern frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999275-94">[94]</a> However, pressure was soon exerted again with the advent of Germanic peoples who started to settle on Dacia's northern borders, leading to the resumption of the northern war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206–207-95">[95]</a> In 178, Marcus Aurelius probably appointed Pertinax as governor of Dacia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206-96">[96]</a> and by 179 AD, the emperor was once again north of the Danube, campaigning against the Quadi and the <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>. Victorious, the emperor was on the verge of converting a large territory to the north-west of Dacia into Roman provinces when he died in 180.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000208–209-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893548–549-98">[98]</a> Marcus was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, who had accompanied him. The young man quickly concluded a peace with the warring tribes before returning to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Commodus granted peace to the Buri when they sent envoys. Previously he had declined to do so, in spite of their frequent requests, because they were strong, and because it was not peace that they wanted, but the securing of a respite to enable them to make further preparations; but now that they were exhausted he made peace with them, receiving hostages and getting back many captives from the Buri themselves as well as 15,000 from the others, and he compelled the others to take an oath that they would never dwell in nor use for pasturage a 5-mile strip of their territory next to Dacia. The same Sabinianus also, when twelve thousand of the neighboring Dacians had been driven out of their own country and were on the point of aiding the others, dissuaded them from their purpose, promising them that some land in our Dacia should be given them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio: Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIII<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXIII-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192777-100">[100]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Conflict continued in Dacia during the reign of Commodus. The notoriously unreliable <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> mentions a limited insurrection that erupted in Dacia approximately 185 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">[93]</a> The same source also wrote of a defeat of the Dacian tribes who lived outside the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">[93]</a> Commodus' legates devastated a territory some 8 km (5.0 mi) deep along the north of the castrum at modern day <a href="/wiki/Gil%C4%83u,_Cluj" title="Gilău, Cluj">Gilău</a> to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000135-101">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Moors</a> and the Dacians were conquered during his reign, and peace was established in the Pannonias, but all by his legates, since such was the manner of his life. The provincials in Britain, Dacia, and Germany attempted to cast off his yoke, but all these attempts were put down by his generals.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historia Augusta – The Life of Commodus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoria_Augusta395_ADCommodus_13,_5-102">[102]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_under_the_Severans_(193–235)">Revival under the Severans (193–235)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revival under the Severans (193–235)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></div> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> saw a measure of peace descend upon the province, with no foreign attacks recorded. Damage inflicted on the military camps during the extensive period of warfare of the preceding reigns was repaired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199491-103">[103]</a> Severus extended the province's eastern frontier some 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the Olt River, and completed the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus" title="Limes Transalutanus">Limes Transalutanus</a>. The work included the construction of 14 fortified camps spread over a distance of approximately 225 km (140 mi), stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Castra_of_Poiana" title="Castra of Poiana">castra of Poiana</a> (situated near the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Fl%C4%83m%C3%A2nda" class="mw-redirect" title="Flămânda">Flămânda</a>, Romania) in the south to <a href="/wiki/Cumidava" title="Cumidava">Cumidava</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Bre%C8%9Bcu" title="Brețcu">Brețcu</a> in Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142-104">[104]</a> His reign saw an increase in the number of Roman municipia across the province,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007222-105">[105]</a> while Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum acquired the <a href="/wiki/Ius_Italicum" title="Ius Italicum">ius Italicum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007221-106">[106]</a> As part of his military reforms, Severus allowed Roman soldiers to live away from the fortified camps, within the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Canabae" class="mw-redirect" title="Canabae">canabae</a>, where they were allowed to tend nearby plots of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000153-107">[107]</a> He also permitted the soldiers to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">marry</a> local women; consequently, if the soldier was a Roman citizen, his children inherited his citizenship. For those soldiers who were not Roman citizens, both he and his children were granted citizenship upon his discharge from the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000153-107">[107]</a> The next emperor, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, in order to increase tax revenue and boost his popularity (at least according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>), <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">extended the citizenship</a> to all males throughout the empire, with the exception of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson200295-108">[108]</a> In 213, on his way to the east to begin his Parthian campaign, Caracalla passed through Dacia. While there, he undertook diplomatic maneuvers to disturb the alliances between a number of tribes, in particular the Marcomanni and the Quadi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200518-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200826-110">[110]</a> At Porolissum he had <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaiobomarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaiobomarus (page does not exist)">Gaiobomarus</a>, the king of the Quadi, killed under the pretext of conducting peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974199-111">[111]</a> There may have been military conflict with one or more of the Danubian tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200518-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200826-110">[110]</a> Although there are inscriptions that indicate that during Caracalla's visit there was some repair or reconstruction work undertaken at Porolissum<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201517-112">[112]</a> and that the military unit stationed there, Cohors V Lingonum, erected an equestrian statue of the emperor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518-113">[113]</a> certain modern authors, such as Philip Parker and Ion Grumeza, claim that Caracalla continued to extend the Limes Transalutanus as well as add further territory to Dacia by pushing the border around 50 km (31 mi) east of the Olt River,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2010223-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza2009210–211-115">[115]</a> though it is unclear what evidence they are using to support these statements, and the timeframes associated with Caracalla's movements do not support any extensive reorganization in the province.<a href="#cite_note-116">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518–19-117">[116]</a> In 218, Caracalla's successor, <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, returned a number of non-Romanized Dacian hostages whom Caracalla had taken, possibly as a result of some unrest caused by the tribes after Caracalla's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008114–115-118">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And the Dacians, after ravaging portions of Dacia and showing an eagerness for further war, now desisted, when they got back the hostages that Caracallus, under the name of an alliance, had taken from them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio: Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIX<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXIX-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio1927405-120">[119]</a></cite></div></blockquote> There are few epigraphs extant in Dacia dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>, the final <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a> emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199491-103">[103]</a> Under his reign, the Council of Three Dacias met at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, and the gates, towers, and praetorium of Ad Mediam (<a href="/wiki/Mehadia" title="Mehadia">Mehadia</a>, Romania) camp were restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000133-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_Roman_Dacia">Life in Roman Dacia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in Roman Dacia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Dacians">Native Dacians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Native Dacians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daco-Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romans">Daco-Romans</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG/200px-Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG/300px-Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG/400px-Captive_dacian_pushkin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>Cast of a captive Dacian in the early 2nd century presented at the Pushkin Museum</figcaption></figure> Evidence concerning the continued existence of a native Dacian population within Roman Dacia is not as apparent as that of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> in other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200674-122">[121]</a> There is relatively poor documentation surrounding the existence of native or indigenous Dacians in the Roman towns that were established after Dacia's incorporation into the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200678-123">[122]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADVIII,_6,_2-124">[123]</a> supported by minor references in the works of Cassius Dio<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXVIII,_14,_4-125">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulian362_ADXXVIII,_327-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000103–104-127">[126]</a> describes the widespread depopulation of the province after the siege of Sarmizegetusa Regia and the suicide of king Decebalus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">[52]</a> there are issues with this interpretation. The remaining manuscripts of Eutropius' Breviarium ab urbe condita, which is the principal source for the depopulation of Roman Dacia after the conquest, are not consistent. Some versions describe the depletion of men after the war; other variants describe the depletion of things, or possibly resources, after Trajan's conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> There are such interpretations of archaeological evidence which shows the continuation of traditional Dacian burial practices; ceramic manufacturing continued throughout the Roman period, in both the province as well as the periphery where Roman control was non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> Differing interpretations can be made from the final scene on <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, which either depicts a Dacian emigration, accelerating the depopulation of Dacia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000106-128">[127]</a> or Dacians going back to their <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a> after yielding to Roman authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> While it is certain that colonists in large numbers were imported from all over the empire to settle in Roman Dacia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> this appears to be true for the newly created Roman towns only. The lack of epigraphic evidence for native Dacian names in the towns suggests an urban–rural split between Roman multi-ethnic urban centres and the native Dacian rural population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> On at least two occasions the Dacians rebelled against Roman authority: first in 117 AD, after Trajan's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199922-130">[129]</a> and in 158 AD when they were put down by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Statius_Priscus" title="Marcus Statius Priscus">Marcus Statius Priscus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker195812–19-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological evidence">archaeological evidence</a> from various types of settlements, especially in the Oraștie Mountains, demonstrates the deliberate destruction of hill forts during the annexation of Dacia, but this does not rule out a continuity of occupation once the traumas of the initial conquest had passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007211–212-132">[131]</a> Hamlets containing traditional Dacian architecture, such as <a href="/wiki/Obreja" title="Obreja">Obreja</a> and <a href="/wiki/No%C8%99lac" title="Noșlac">Noșlac</a>, have been dated to the 2nd century AD, implying that they arose at the same time as the Roman urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007211–212-132">[131]</a> Some settlements do show a clear continuity of occupation from pre-Roman times into the provincial period, such as <a href="/wiki/Cetea,_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetea, Alba">Cetea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cic%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicău">Cicău</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007212-133">[132]</a> Archaeological evidence taken from pottery show a continued occupation of native Dacians in these and other areas. Architectural forms native to pre-Roman Dacia, such as the traditional sunken houses and storage pits, remained during Roman times. Such housing continued to be erected well into the Roman period, even in settlements which clearly show an establishment after the Roman annexation, such as Obreja.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007213-134">[133]</a> Altogether, approximately 46 sites have been noted as existing on a spot in both the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> and Roman periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007213-134">[133]</a> Where archaeology attests to a continuing Dacian presence, it also shows a simultaneous process of Romanization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> Traditional Dacian pottery has been uncovered in Dacian settlements, together with Roman-manufactured pottery incorporating local designs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> The increasing Romanization of Dacia meant that only a small number of earlier Dacian pottery styles were retained unchanged, such as pots and the low thick-walled drinking mug that has been termed the "Dacian cup". These artifacts were usually handmade; the use of the pottery wheel was rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994113-135">[134]</a> In the case of homes, the use of old Dacian techniques persisted, as did the sorts of ornaments and tools used prior to the establishment of Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> Archaeological evidence from burial sites has demonstrated that the native population of Dacia was far too large to have been driven away or wiped out in any meaningful sense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> It was beyond the resources of the Romans to have eliminated the great majority of the rural population in an area measuring some 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> Silver jewellery uncovered in graves show that some of the burial sites are not necessarily native Dacian in origin, but are equally likely to have belonged to the Carpi or <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a> who are thought to have moved into Dacia sometime before 200 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994112-136">[135]</a> Some scholars have used the lack of <a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_(Roman)#Local_authorities" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">civitates peregrinae</a> in Roman Dacia, where indigenous peoples were organised into native townships, as evidence for the Roman depopulation of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000110-137">[136]</a> Prior to its incorporation into the empire, Dacia was a kingdom ruled by one king, and did not possess a regional tribal structure that could easily be turned into the Roman civitas system as used successfully in other provinces of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007227-138">[137]</a> Dacian tribes mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> may represent indigenous administrative structures, similar to those from Moesia, Pannonia, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, or Noricum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemeti200693–95-139">[138]</a> Few local Dacians were interested in the use of <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphs</a>, which were a central part of Roman cultural expression. In Dacia this causes a problem because the survival of epigraphs into modern times is one of the ways scholars develop an understanding of the cultural and social situation within a Roman province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200995-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaMatei-Popescu2009244-141">[140]</a> Apart from members of the Dacian elite and those who wished to attain improved social and economic positions, who largely adopted Roman names and manners, the majority of native Dacians retained their names and their cultural distinctiveness even with the increasing embrace of Roman cultural norms which followed their incorporation into the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2002167-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoicescu1983108–109-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiurescu197125-144">[143]</a> As per usual Roman practice, Dacian males were recruited into auxiliary units<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200376-145">[144]</a> and dispatched across the empire, from the eastern provinces to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994102-34">[34]</a> The Vexillation Dacorum Parthica accompanied the emperor Septimius Severus during his <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> expedition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000109-146">[145]</a> while the cohort I Ulpia Dacorum was posted to <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201059-147">[146]</a> Others included the II Aurelia Dacorum in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>, the cohort I Aelia Dacorum in Roman Britain, and the II Augusta Dacorum milliaria in Moesia Inferior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201059-147">[146]</a> There are a number of preserved relics originating from cohort I Aelia Dacorum, with one inscription describing the <a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sica</a>, a distinctive Dacian weapon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000108-148">[147]</a> In inscriptions the Dacian soldiers are described as natione Dacus. These could refer to individuals who were native Dacians, Romanized Dacians, colonists who had moved to Dacia, or their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndea200674-149">[148]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_diploma" title="Roman military diploma">Roman military diplomas</a> issued for Dacian soldiers discovered after 1990 indicate that veterans preferred to return to their place of origin;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaMatei-Popescu2009234–235-150">[149]</a> per usual Roman practice, these veterans were given Roman citizenship upon their discharge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2010442-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonists">Colonists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonies">Roman colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></div> There were varying degrees of Romanization throughout Roman Dacia. The most Romanized segment was the region along the Danube, which was predominately under imperial administration, albeit in a form that was partially barbarized. The population beyond this zone, having lived with the Roman legions before their withdrawal, was substantially Romanized. The final zone, consisting of the northern portions of <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, and Moldavia, stood at the edges of Roman Dacia. Although its people did not have Roman legions stationed among them, they were still nominally under the control of Rome, politically, socially, and economically. These were the areas in which resided the Carpi, often referred to as "Free Dacians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1991110–111-152">[151]</a> In an attempt to fill the cities, cultivate the fields, and mine the ore, a large-scale attempt at colonization took place with colonists coming in "from all over the Roman world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199923-153">[152]</a> The colonists were a heterogeneous mix:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-35">[35]</a> of the some 3,000 names preserved in inscriptions found by the 1990s, 74% (c. 2,200) were Latin, 14% (c. 420) were Greek, 4% (c. 120) were <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a>, 2.3% (c. 70) were <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, 2% (c. 60) were <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thraco-Dacian</a>, and another 2% (c. 60) were <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semites</a> from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994106-154">[153]</a> Regardless of their place of origin, the settlers and colonists were a physical manifestation of Roman civilisation and imperial culture, bringing with them the most effective Romanizing mechanism: the use of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-35">[35]</a> The first settlement at Sarmizegetusa was made up of Roman citizens who had retired from their legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994103-155">[154]</a> Based upon the location of names scattered throughout the province, it has been argued that, although places of origin are hardly ever noted in epigraphs, a large percentage of colonists originated from Noricum and western Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994104-156">[155]</a> Specialist miners (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria#Pirustae" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Pirusti tribesmen</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199479-157">[156]</a> were brought in from Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206-56">[56]</a> These Dalmatian miners were kept in sheltered communities (Vicus Pirustarum) and were under the jurisdiction of their own tribal leadership (with individual leaders referred to as princeps).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199479-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_army_in_Dacia">Roman army in Dacia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman army in Dacia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/400px-Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/600px-Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg/800px-Roman_Gothic_Walls_Romania_Plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman walls">Roman walls</a>, castra and roads in Dacia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg/200px-Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg/300px-Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg/400px-Sestertius_Philip_247-lv_lxiii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertius</a> minted to commemorate the province of Dacia and its legions</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_in_Dacia" title="Roman army in Dacia">Roman army in Dacia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_by_province" title="List of castra by province">List of castra by province</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_in_Romania" title="List of castra in Romania">List of castra in Romania</a></div> An estimated number of 50,000 troops were stationed in Dacia at its height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000107-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> At the close of Trajan's first campaign in Dacia in 102, he stationed one legion, or a <a href="/wiki/Vexillatio" title="Vexillatio">vexillation</a>, at Sarmizegetusa Regia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> With the conclusion of Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he stationed at least two legions in the new province: the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a> positioned at Berzobis (modern <a href="/wiki/Berzovia" title="Berzovia">Berzovia</a>, Romania), and the Legio XIII Gemina stationed at Apulum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> It has been conjectured that there was a third legion stationed in Dacia at the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Adiutrix" title="Legio I Adiutrix">Legio I Adiutrix</a>. However, there is no evidence to indicate when or where it was stationed, and it is unclear whether the legion was fully present, or whether it was only the vexillationes who were stationed in the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> Hadrian, the subsequent emperor, shifted the fourth legion (Legio IV Flavia Felix) from Berzobis to Singidunum in Moesia Superior, suggesting that Hadrian believed the presence of one legion in Dacia would be sufficient to ensure the security of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a> that erupted north of the Danube forced Marcus Aurelius to reverse this policy, permanently transferring the Legio V Macedonica from <a href="/wiki/Troesmis" title="Troesmis">Troesmis</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turcoaia" title="Turcoaia">Turcoaia</a> in Romania)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000126-159">[158]</a> in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> Epigraphic evidence attests to large numbers of auxiliary units stationed throughout the Dacian provinces during the Roman period; this has given the impression that Roman Dacia was a strongly militarized province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> Yet, it seems to have been no more highly militarized than any of the other frontier provinces, like the Moesias, the Pannonias, and Syria, and the number of legions stationed in Moesia and Pannonia were not diminished after the creation of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsari201169-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893429-161">[160]</a> However, once Dacia was incorporated into the empire and the frontier was extended northward, the central portion of the Danube frontier between <a href="/wiki/Novae_(fortress)" title="Novae (fortress)">Novae</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Svishtov" title="Svishtov">Svishtov</a>, Bulgaria) and Durostorum (modern <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, Bulgaria) was able to release much-needed troops to bolster Dacia's defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2010238-162">[161]</a> Military documents report at least 58 auxiliary units, most transferred into Dacia from the flanking Moesian and Pannonian provinces, with a wide variety of forms and functions, including <a href="/wiki/Numeri_(Roman_troops)" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeri (Roman troops)">numeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohortes</a> milliariae, quingenariae, and <a href="/wiki/Ala_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (Roman military)">alae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> This does not imply that all were positioned in Dacia at the same time, nor that they were in place throughout the existence of Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonia (Roman)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a></div> When considering provincial settlement patterns, the Romanized parts of Dacia were composed of urban satus settlements, made up of coloniae, municipia, and rural settlements, principally villas with their associated <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundia</a> and villages (<a href="/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)#Ad_hoc_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">vici</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007119-163">[162]</a> The two principal towns of Roman Dacia, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, are on par with similar towns across the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in terms of socio-economic and architectural maturity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007174-164">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG/200px-Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG/300px-Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG/400px-Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></figcaption></figure> The province had about 10 Roman towns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201030-166">[165]</a> all originating from the military camps that Trajan constructed during his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000108-167">[166]</a> There were two sorts of urban settlements. Of principal importance were the coloniae, whose free-born inhabitants were almost exclusively Roman citizens. Of secondary importance were the municipia, which were allowed a measure of judicial and administrative independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199925-168">[167]</a> <dl><dt>Towns in Dacia Superior</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a> was established by Trajan, was first to be given colonia status, and was the province's only colonia deducta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007165-169">[168]</a> Its pre-eminence was guaranteed by its foundation charter and by its role as the administrative centre of the province, as well as its being granted <a href="/wiki/Ius_Italicum" title="Ius Italicum">Ius Italicum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007164-170">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulpianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulpianum (page does not exist)">Ulpianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singidava" title="Singidava">Singidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germisara_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germisara (ancient city)">Germisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argidava" title="Argidava">Argidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bersovia">Bersovia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alburnus_major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alburnus major (page does not exist)">Alburnus major</a></li> <li>Apulum (predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>) began as one of Trajan's legionary bases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007165-169">[168]</a> Almost immediately, the associated canabae legionis was established nearby, while at some point during the Trajanic period a civilian settlement sprang into existence along the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Mureș River</a>, approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) from the military encampment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007164-170">[169]</a> The town evolved rapidly, transforming from a vicus of Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa into a municipium during Marcus Aurelius' reign, with the emperor Commodus elevating it to a colonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007170-171">[170]</a> Transformed into the capital of Dacia Apulensis region within Dacia Superior, its importance lay in being the location of the military high command for the tripartite province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000114-62">[62]</a> It began to rival Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa during the reign of Septimius Severus, who allocated a part of Apulum's <a href="/wiki/Canabae" class="mw-redirect" title="Canabae">canabae</a> with municipal status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007170-171">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Napoca</a> was the possible location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200758-172">[171]</a> It was made a municipium by Hadrian, and Commodus transformed it into a colonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000126-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Potaissa</a> was the camp of the Legio V Macedonica during the Marcomannic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200758-172">[171]</a> Potaissa saw a canabae established at the gates of the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000126-159">[158]</a> Granted municipium status by Septimius Severus, it became a colonia under <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000126-159">[158]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum,_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg/200px-Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg/300px-Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg/400px-Porta_Praetoria_at_castra_Porolissum%2C_Romania_-_view_from_a_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed gateway of the castrum in <a href="/wiki/Porolissum" title="Porolissum">Porolissum</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porolissum" title="Porolissum">Porolissum</a> was situated between two camps, and laid alongside a walled frontier defending the main passageway through the Carpathian Mountains. It was transformed into a municipium during Septimius Severus' reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000130-173">[172]</a> Within Dacia Superior, Porolissum was a center of Dacia Prolissensis as Apulum for Dacia Apulensis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dierna_(castra)" title="Dierna (castra)">Dierna/Tierna</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Or%C8%99ova" title="Orșova">Orșova</a>, Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibiscum" title="Tibiscum">Tibiscum</a> (Jupa, Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelum">Ampelum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zlatna" title="Zlatna">Zlatna</a>, Romania) were important Roman towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000131–132-174">[173]</a> Although the biggest mining town in the region, Ampelum's legal status is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199494-175">[174]</a> Dierna was a customs station which was granted municipium status by Septimus Severus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000132-176">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Corabia" title="Corabia">Corabia</a>, Romania) was a town located at the site of an earthwork camp. Erected by Trajan, Sucidava was neither large enough nor important enough to be granted municipium or colonia status. The town remained a <a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a> or perhaps a vicus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000132-176">[175]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Towns in Dacia Inferior</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta</a> was the most important town of Dacia Inferior. Springing up in the vicinity of a stone camp housing 500 soldiers and established by Trajan to guard the northern approaches to <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a> across Ister (<a href="/wiki/The_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="The Danube">The Danube</a>), the town was elevated by the emperor Hadrian to a municipium, holding the same rights as an Italian town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000116-177">[176]</a> During the middle 190s, Septimius Severus transformed the town into a full-fledged colonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000245-178">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romula" title="Romula">Romula</a> was possibly the capital of Dacia Malvensis. It held the rank of municipium, possibly under the reign of Hadrian, before being elevated to colonia status by Septimius Severus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000121-179">[178]</a></li></ul> It is often problematic to identify the dividing line between "Romanized" villages and those sites that can be defined as "small towns".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007150-180">[179]</a> Therefore, categorizing sites as small towns has largely focused on identifying sites that had some evidence of industry and trade, and not simply a basic agricultural economic unit that would almost exclusively produce goods for its own existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007151-181">[180]</a> Additional settlements along the principal route within Roman Dacia are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>. These include Brucla, Blandiana, <a href="/wiki/Germisara_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germisara (ancient city)">Germisara</a>, Petris, and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lan" title="Călan">Aquae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007152-182">[181]</a> Both Germisara and Aquae were sites where natural thermal springs were accessible, and each are still functioning today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007153-183">[182]</a> The locations of Brucla, Blandiana, and Petris are not known for certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007153-183">[182]</a> In the case of Petris however, there is good reason to suppose it was located at <a href="/wiki/Uroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Uroi">Uroi</a> in Romania. If this were the case, it would have been a crucial site for trade, as well as being a vital component in facilitating communication from one part of the province to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007155-184">[183]</a> It is assumed that Roman Dacia possessed a large number of military vici, settlements with connections to the entrenched military camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007155-184">[183]</a> This hypothesis has not been tested, as few such sites have been surveyed in any detail. However, in the mid-Mureș valley, associated civilian communities have been uncovered next to the auxiliary camps at <a href="/wiki/Castra_of_Or%C4%83%C8%99tioara_de_Sus" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra of Orăștioara de Sus">Orăștioara de Sus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castra_of_Cigm%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra of Cigmău">Cigmău</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinae_(castra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salinae (castra) (page does not exist)">Salinae</a> (modern Ocna Mureș), and <a href="/wiki/Micia_(castra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micia (castra)">Micia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007155-184">[183]</a> with a small <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> being discovered at the latter one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000112-60">[60]</a> During the period of Roman occupation, the pattern of settlement in the Mureș valley demonstrates a continual shift towards nucleated settlements when compared to the pre-Roman Iron Age settlement pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200771-185">[184]</a> In central Dacia, somewhere between 10 and 28 villages have been identified as aggregated settlements whose primary function was agricultural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007144-186">[185]</a> The settlement layouts broadly fall between two principal types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007144-186">[185]</a> The first are those constructed in a traditional fashion, such as <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83de%C8%99ti,_Alba" title="Rădești, Alba">Rădești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vin%C8%9Bu_de_Jos" title="Vințu de Jos">Vințu de Jos</a>, and Obreja. These show generally sunken houses in the Dacian manner, with some dwellings having evolved to becoming surface timber buildings. The second settlement layout followed Roman settlement patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007144-186">[185]</a> The identification of villa sites within central Dacia is incomplete, as it is for the majority of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007122-187">[186]</a> There are about 30 sites identified throughout the province which appear on published heritage lists, but this is felt to be a gross underestimation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007122-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Dacia required great expense for its military garrisons but the mineral deposits in Transylvania must have enhanced Dacia's economic importance to Rome<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142-104">[104]</a> and the most valuable resource was gold.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83" title="Roșia Montană">Alburnus Maior</a> was founded by the Romans during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> as a mining town, with <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> colonists from South Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-Urbanism1-189">[188]</a> New information surfaced in the form of wax-coated wooden writing tablets, several of which were discovered at Verespatak from 1786 and which bear a variety of commercial texts, contracts, and accounts dating to 131–167. The earliest reference to the town is on a <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablet</a> dated 6 February 131.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Over time the mines began to see diminishing returns as the local gold reserves were exploited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206-56">[56]</a> Evidence points to the closure of the gold mines around the year 215 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000132-176">[175]</a> With the Roman army ensuring the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>, Roman Dacia prospered until the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. Dacia evolved from a simple rural society and economy to one of material advancement comparable to other Roman provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000107-158">[157]</a> There were more coins in circulation in Roman Dacia than in the adjacent provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200685-191">[190]</a> The region's natural resources generated considerable wealth for the empire, becoming one of the major producers of grain, particularly wheat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> Linking into Rome's monetary economy, bronze Roman coinage was eventually produced in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918-165">[164]</a> by about 250 AD (previously Dacia seems to have been supplied with coins from central mints).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200685-191">[190]</a> The establishment of Roman roads throughout the province facilitated economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918-165">[164]</a> Dacia also possessed salt, iron, silver, and copper mines dating to the period of the Dacian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19917-129">[128]</a> The region also held large quantities of building-stone materials, including <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, limestone, and marble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206-56">[56]</a> Towns became key centres of manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200684-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze casting">Bronze casting</a> foundries existed at Porolissum, Romula, and Dierna; there was a <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooch</a> workshop located in Napoca, while weapon smithies have been identified in Apulum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200684-192">[191]</a> Glass manufacturing factories have been uncovered in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Tibiscum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200684-192">[191]</a> Villages and rural settlements continued to specialise in craftwork, including pottery, and sites such as <a href="/wiki/Mic%C4%83sasa" title="Micăsasa">Micăsasa</a> could possess 26 <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> and hundreds of moulds for the manufacture of local <a href="/wiki/Terra_sigillata" title="Terra sigillata">terra sigillata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200684-192">[191]</a> The Romans used <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">decolourize glass</a>, the production of which ended after they lost control of its Dacian mines.<a href="#cite_note-Degryse_Gonzalez_Vanhaecke_Dillis_2024_p._104344-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome">Imperial cult of ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">interpretatio romana</a></div> Inscriptions and sculpture in Dacia reveal a wide variety in matters of religion. Deities of the official state religion of Rome appear alongside those originating in Greece, Asia Minor, and Western Europe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000187-194">[193]</a> of these, 43.5% have Latin names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-35">[35]</a> The major gods of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pantheon">Roman pantheon</a> are all represented in Dacia:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000187-194">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libera_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera (mythology)">Libera</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199926-195">[194]</a> The Roman god <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a> was of unusual importance, second only to Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorcey19921-196">[195]</a> He was frequently referred to in Dacia with the titles silvester and domesticus, which were also used in Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorcey199278-197">[196]</a> About 20% of Dacian inscriptions refer to <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Absorption_of_cults" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Eastern cults</a> such as that of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, along with more than 274 dedications to <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>, who was the most popular among soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000190-198">[197]</a> The cult of the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian Rider</a> was imported from <a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thrace</a> and Moesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000190-198">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallic</a> horse goddess <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a> is attested in Dacia, as are the <a href="/wiki/Matronae" class="mw-redirect" title="Matronae">Matronae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000190-198">[197]</a> While the Dacians worshiped local divinities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007227-138">[137]</a> there is no evidence of any <a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian deity</a> entering the Roman pantheon of gods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007227-138">[137]</a> and there is no evidence of any Dacian deity worshiped <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">under a Roman name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994115-199">[198]</a> It is conjectured that the Dacians lacked an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> conception of deity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000187-194">[193]</a> and that the Thraco-Dacian religion and their art was characterized by <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPârvan1928140–142-200">[199]</a> Dacian citadels dated to the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus have yielded no statues in their sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000187-194">[193]</a> With the destruction of the main Dacian sacred site during Trajan's wars of conquest, no other site took its place. However, there were other cult sites of local spiritual significance, such as Germisara, which continued to be used during the Roman period, although religious practices at these sites were somewhat altered by Romanization, including the application of Roman names to the local spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007227-138">[137]</a> Highly Romanized urban centres brought with them Roman funerary practices, which differed significantly from those pre-dating the Roman conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007193-201">[200]</a> Archaeological excavations have uncovered funerary art principally attached to the urban centres. Such excavations have shown that <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> were the favoured style of funerary memorial. However, other more sophisticated memorials have also been uncovered, including <a href="/wiki/Aediculae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aediculae">aediculae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>. The majority were highly decorated, with sculptured lions, medallions, and columns adorning the structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007190-202">[201]</a> This appears to be an urban feature only – the minority of cemeteries excavated in rural areas display burial sites that have been identified as Dacian, and some have been conjectured to be attached to villa settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83la%C8%99u_de_Sus" title="Sălașu de Sus">Sălașu de Sus</a>, and Cincis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007193-201">[200]</a> Traditional Dacian funerary rites survived the Roman period and continued into the post-Roman era,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> during which time the first evidence of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> begins to appear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000187-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_decades_of_Dacia_Traiana_(235–271/275)">Last decades of Dacia Traiana (235–271/275)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Last decades of Dacia Traiana (235–271/275)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></div> The 230s marked the end of the final peaceful period experienced in Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994116-203">[202]</a> The discovery of a large stockpile of Roman coins (around 8,000) at Romula, issued during the reigns of Commodus and <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, who was killed in 222 AD, has been taken as evidence that the province was experiencing problems before the mid-3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122-204">[203]</a> Traditionally, the accession of <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a> (235–238) marks the start of <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">a 50-year period of disorder in the Roman Empire</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">militarization of the government</a> inaugurated by Septimius Severus continued apace and the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century#Economic_impact" title="Crisis of the Third Century">debasement of the currency</a> brought the empire to bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1958141-205">[204]</a> As the 3rd century progressed, it saw the continued migration of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, whose movements had already been a cause of the Marcomannic Wars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974185-206">[205]</a> and whose travels south towards the Danubian frontier continued to put pressure on the tribes who were already occupying this territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974209-207">[206]</a> Between 236 and 238, Maximinus Thrax campaigned in Dacia against the Carpi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthernDixon199611-208">[207]</a> only to rush back to Italy to deal with a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec2000196-209">[208]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> eventually emerged as Roman Emperor, the confusion in the heart of the empire allowed the Goths, in alliance with the Carpi, to take <a href="/wiki/Histria_(Sinoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Histria (Sinoe)">Histria</a> in 238<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010127-210">[209]</a> before sacking the economically important commercial centres along the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199444-211">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg/220px-Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg/330px-Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg/440px-Antoninianus_Marcus_Julius_Philippus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> (244–249)</figcaption></figure> Unable to deal militarily with this incursion, the empire was forced to buy peace in Moesia, paying an annual tribute to the Goths; this infuriated the Carpi who also demanded a payment subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010127-210">[209]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> (244–249) ceased payment in 245<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns199126-212">[211]</a> and the Carpi invaded Dacia the following year, attacking the town of Romula in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122-204">[203]</a> The Carpi probably burned the <a href="/wiki/Castra_of_R%C4%83cari" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra of Răcari">castra of Răcari</a> between 243 and 247.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142-104">[104]</a> Evidence suggests the defensive line of the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus" title="Limes Transalutanus">Limes Transalutanus</a> was probably abandoned during Philip the Arab's reign, as a result of the incursion of the Carpi into Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142-104">[104]</a> Ongoing raids forced the emperor to leave Rome and take charge of the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl200419-213">[212]</a> The mother of the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> fled Dacia Malvensis at around this time before settling in Moesia Inferior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000120-214">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But the other Maximian (Galerius), chosen by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> for his son-in-law, was worse, not only than those two princes whom our own times have experienced, but worse than all the bad princes of former days. In this wild beast there dwelt a native barbarity and a savageness foreign to Roman blood; and no wonder, for his mother was born beyond the Danube, and it was an inroad of the Carpi that obliged her to cross over and take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">New Dacia</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lactantius: Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IX<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IX-215">[214]</a></cite></div></blockquote> At the end of 247 the Carpi were decisively beaten in open battle and sued for peace;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOțetea1970116-216">[215]</a> Philip the Arab took the title of Carpicus Maximus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005224-217">[216]</a> Regardless of these victories, Dacian towns began to take defensive measures. In <a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a>, the townspeople hurriedly erected a trapezoidal stone wall and defensive ditch, most likely the result of a raid by the barbarian tribes around 246 or 247. In 248 <a href="/wiki/Romula" title="Romula">Romula</a> enhanced the wall surrounding the settlement, again most likely as an additional defensive barrier against the Carpi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122-204">[203]</a> An epigraph uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Apulum</a> salutes the emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (reigned 249–251) as restitutor Daciarum, the "restorer of Dacia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994118-218">[217]</a> On 1 July 251, Decius and his army were killed by the Goths during their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Abrittus">Battle of Abrittus</a> (modern Razgard, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200175-219">[218]</a> Firmly entrenched in the territories along the lower Danube and the Black Sea's western shore, their presence affected both the non-Romanized Dacians (who fell into the Goth's sphere of influence)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuşatArdeleanu198559-220">[219]</a> and Imperial Dacia, as the client system that surrounded the province and supported its existence began to break apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns199129-221">[220]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Decius appeared in the world, an accursed wild beast, to afflict the Church, – and who but a bad man would persecute religion? It seems as if he had been raised to sovereign eminence, at once to rage against God, and at once to fall; for, having undertaken an expedition against the Carpi, who had then possessed themselves of Dacia and Moesia, he was suddenly surrounded by the barbarians, and slain, together with great part of his army; nor could he be honored with the rites of sepulture, but, stripped and naked, he lay to be devoured by wild beasts and birds, – a fit end for the enemy of God.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lactantius: Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IV<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IV-222">[221]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GallienusSest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GallienusSest.jpg/220px-GallienusSest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/GallienusSest.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (260–268)</figcaption></figure> Continuing pressures during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (253–268) and the fracturing of the western half of the empire between himself and <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> after 260 meant that Gallienus' attention was principally focused on the Danubian frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Blois197633–34-223">[222]</a> Repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes enabled him to claim the title Dacicus Maximus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974205-224">[223]</a> However, literary sources from antiquity (Eutropius,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADIX,_15-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1853521-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAurelius_Victor361_AD33.3-227">[226]</a> and Festus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestus379_ADVIII.2-23">[23]</a>) write that Dacia was lost under his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000121-228">[227]</a> He transferred from Dacia to Pannonia a large percentage of the cohorts from the fifth Macedonica and thirteenth Gemina legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974209-207">[206]</a> The latest coins at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Porolissum bear his effigy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000115-229">[228]</a> and the raising of inscribed monuments in the province virtually ceased in 260,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994119-230">[229]</a> the year that marked the temporary breakup of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern20016-231">[230]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Even the territories across the Danube, which Trajan had secured, were lost.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAurelius_Victor361_AD33.3-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird199433-232">[231]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurelian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aurelian.jpg/220px-Aurelian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Aurelian.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (270–275)</figcaption></figure> Coins were minted during the restoration of the empire (c. 270) under Aurelian which bear the inscription "DACIA FELIX" ("Fertile/Happy Dacia").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1927253-233">[232]</a> The pressing need to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> meant Aurelian needed to settle the situation along the Danube frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001225–226-234">[233]</a> Reluctantly, and possibly only as a temporary measure, he decided to abandon the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001225–226-234">[233]</a> The traditional date for Dacia's official abandonment is 271;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000117-235">[234]</a> another view is that Aurelian evacuated his troops and civilian administration during 272–273,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001120–121-236">[235]</a> possibly as late as 275.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156-237">[236]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The province of Dacia, which Trajan had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despairing, after all <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> and Moesia had been depopulated, of being able to retain it. The Roman citizens, removed from the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Moesia, calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesiae, and which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, whereas Dacia was previously on the left.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eutropius: Abridgement of Roman History<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADIX,_15-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1853521-226">[225]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The end result was that Aurelian established a new province of Dacia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001120–121-236">[235]</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a>, previously belonging to Lower Moesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005239-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004157-239">[238]</a> A portion of the Romanized population settled in the new province south of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156–157-240">[239]</a> The provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a> would then be created out of the northern and southern parts of this province as it was re-organized over the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Roman_withdrawal">After the Roman withdrawal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: After the Roman withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin of the Romanians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_the_frontier">Consolidation of the frontier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consolidation of the frontier">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiocletianusFollis-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DiocletianusFollis-transparent.png/200px-DiocletianusFollis-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/DiocletianusFollis-transparent.png 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305)</figcaption></figure> The emperor Galerius once declared a complaint which the Romans were aware of: the Danube was the most challenging of all the empire's frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200077-242">[241]</a> Aside from its enormous length, great portions of it did not suit the style of fighting which the Roman legions preferred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051-243">[242]</a> To protect the provinces south of the Danube, the Romans retained a few military forts on the northern bank of the Danube long after the withdrawal from Dacia Traiana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000133-121">[120]</a> Aurelian kept a foothold at <a href="/wiki/Drobeta" title="Drobeta">Drobeta</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Vexillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vexillation">vexillation</a> of the Thirteenth Legion (Legio XIII Gemina) was posted in <a href="/wiki/Castra_of_Desa" title="Castra of Desa">Desa</a> until at least 305 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000133-121">[120]</a> Coins bearing the image of emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (reign 375–383 AD) have been uncovered at <a href="/wiki/Dierna_(castra)" title="Dierna (castra)">Dierna</a>, possibly indicating that the town continued to function after the Roman withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoisil200279–120-244">[243]</a> In the years immediately after the withdrawal, Roman towns survived, albeit on a reduced level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1991111-245">[244]</a> The previous tribes which had settled north of the Danube, such as the Sarmatians, Bastarnae, Carpi, and Quadi were increasingly pressured by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in the north, while the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> and the Goths pressured them from the east and the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051-243">[242]</a> This forced the older tribes to push into Roman territory, weakening the empire's already stretched defences further. To gain entry into the empire, the tribes alternated between beseeching the Roman authorities to allow them in, and intimidating them with the threat of invasion if their requests were denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051-243">[242]</a> Ultimately, the Bastarnae were permitted to settle in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, while the Carpi which survived were permitted to settle in the new province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria" title="Pannonia Valeria">Pannonia Valeria</a> west of their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200077-242">[241]</a> However, the Carpi were neither destroyed by other barbarian tribes, nor fully integrated into the Roman Empire. Those who survived on the borders of the empire were apparently called Carpodacae ("Carps from Dacia").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixonSaylor_Rodgers1994116-246">[245]</a> By 291 AD, the Goths had recovered from their defeat at the hands of Aurelian, and began to move into what had been Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199057-247">[246]</a> When the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a> migrated into north-eastern Dacia, they were opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians. Defeating these tribes, they came into conflict with the Romans, who still attempted to maintain control along the Danube. Some of the semi-Romanized population remained and managed to co-exist with the Goths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1991110–111-152">[151]</a> By 295 AD, the Goths had managed to defeat the Carpi and establish themselves in Dacia, now called Gothia;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002122-248">[247]</a> the Romans recognised the Tervingi as a <a href="/wiki/Foederatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foederatus">foederatus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199059-249">[248]</a> They occupied what was the eastern portion of the old province and beyond, from <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> in the east to Oltenia in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002120-250">[249]</a> Until the 320s, the Goths kept the terms of the treaty and proceeded to settle down in the former province of Dacia, and the Danube had a measure of peace for nearly a generation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199059-249">[248]</a> Around 295 AD, the emperor Diocletian reorganized the defences along the Danube, and established fortified camps on the far side of the river, from <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (modern Serbia) to <a href="/wiki/Ratiaria" title="Ratiaria">Ratiaria</a> (near modern Archar, Bulgaria) and Durostorum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200072–77-251">[250]</a> These camps were meant to provide protection of the principal crossing points across the river, to permit the movement of troops across the river, and to function as observation points and bases for waterborne patrols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200076–77-252">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_incursions">Late Roman incursions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late Roman incursions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/200px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/300px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/400px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (306–337)</figcaption></figure> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>, the Tervingi took advantage of the civil war between him and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> to attack the empire in 323 AD from their settlements in Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199060-253">[252]</a> They supported Licinius until his defeat in 324; he was fleeing to their lands in Dacia when he was apprehended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199060-253">[252]</a> As a result, Constantine focused on aggressively pre-empting any barbarian activity on the frontier north of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001276-254">[253]</a> By 328 AD, he had constructed at <a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a> a new bridge across the Danube,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165-255">[254]</a> and repaired the road from Sucidava to Romula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201066-256">[255]</a> He also erected a military fort at Daphne (modern <a href="/wiki/Span%C8%9Bov" title="Spanțov">Spanțov</a>, Romania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002121-257">[256]</a> In early 336, Constantine personally led his armies across the Danube and crushed the Gothic tribes which had settled there, in the process recreating a Roman province north of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004233-258">[257]</a> In honor of this achievement, the Senate granted him the title of Dacicus Maximus, and celebrated it along with the 30th anniversary of his accession as Roman Emperor in mid 336.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004233-258">[257]</a> The granting of this title has been seen by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> as implying some level of reconquest of Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981250-259">[258]</a> However, the bridge at Sucidava lasted less than 40 years, as the emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> discovered when he attempted to use it to cross the Danube during his campaign against the Goths in 367 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165-255">[254]</a> Nevertheless, the castra at Sucidava remained in use until its destruction at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> in 447 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165-255">[254]</a> Driven off their lands in what is now the region of Oltenia in southwestern Romania, the Tervingi moved towards Transylvania and came into conflict with the Sarmatians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199061-260">[259]</a> In 334, the Sarmatians asked Constantine for military help, after which he allowed the majority of them to settle peacefully south of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004228–229-261">[260]</a> The Roman armies inflicted a crushing defeat on the Tervingi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199061-260">[259]</a> The Tervingi signed a treaty with the Romans, giving a measure of peace until 367.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002125-262">[261]</a> The last major Roman incursion into the former province of Dacia occurred in 367 AD, when the emperor Valens used a diplomatic incident to launch a major campaign against the Goths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002127-263">[262]</a> Hoping to regain the trans-Danubian beachhead which Constantine had successfully established at Sucidava,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002145-264">[263]</a> Valens launched a raid into Gothic territory after crossing the Danube near Daphne around 30 May; they continued until September without any serious engagements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002127–128-265">[264]</a> He tried again in 368 AD, setting up his base camp at <a href="/wiki/Carsium_(castra)" title="Carsium (castra)">Carsium</a>, but was hampered by a flood on the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002129-266">[265]</a> He therefore spent his time rebuilding Roman forts along the Danube. In 369, Valens crossed the river into Gothia, and this time managed to engage the Tervingi, defeating them, and granting them peace on Roman terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002132-267">[266]</a> This was the final attempt by the Romans to maintain a presence in the former province. Soon after, the westward push by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> put increased pressure on the Tervingi, who were forced to abandon the old Dacian province and seek refuge within the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199072-268">[267]</a> Mismanagement of this request resulted in the death of Valens and the bulk of the eastern Roman army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap1990126–128-269">[268]</a> Although the region of Dacia to the north of the Danube was never re-conquered afterward, in the mid 6th century, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> built a large number of fortresses along the river to supplement border defenses, including the tower at <a href="/wiki/Turnu_Severin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnu Severin">Turnu Severin</a> on the northern bank, and there were several Eastern Roman (early Byzantine) <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">campaigns</a> which occurred there in the last two decades of the 6th century and beginning of the 7th century, particularly under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (reigned 582-602). The aim was to secure the Balkan provinces and Danubian frontier against continued incursions from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans" title="Slavic migrations to the Balkans">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> raids, fortifying several settlements and fortresses along the river, but this also involved some victories over these enemies deeper into their lands to the north, including Pannonia as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998165-271">[270]</a> However, despite these successes in re-establishing the frontier, in 602 a mutiny within the exhausted Byzantine army stationed north of the river in what was once Dacia (with the expectation that they would continue to stay and campaign there over the winter, despite pay cuts) caused the emperor to be overthrown by one of his generals, <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a>, culminating in the eventual collapse of Roman control of the Balkans over the coming decades as attention had to be turned east to Persian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998184-272">[271]</a> and later Arab threats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_the_fate_of_the_Daco-Romans">Controversy over the fate of the Daco-Romans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Controversy over the fate of the Daco-Romans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/250px-Vatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/375px-Vatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/500px-Vatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of the Balkans (4th–7th century). Pink areas indicate territories in which a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> is spoken; shaded pink areas represent the possible distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romanian language">Proto-Romanian language</a>.</figcaption></figure> Based on the written accounts of ancient authors such as Eutropius, it had been assumed by some <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> historians such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> that the population of Dacia Traiana was moved south when Aurelian abandoned the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1816331-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebuhr1849300-274">[273]</a> However, the fate of the Romanized Dacians, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin of the Romanians</a>, became mired in controversy, stemming from political considerations originating during the 18th and 19th centuries between <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian nationalist">Romanian nationalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991115-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">[36]</a> One theory states that the process which formed the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian people">Romanian people</a> began with the Romanization of Dacia and the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a> populace which did not completely abandon the province after the Roman withdrawal in 275 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-276">[275]</a> Archaeological evidence obtained from burial sites and settlements supports the contention that a portion of the native population continued to inhabit what was Roman Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000163-277">[276]</a> Pottery remains dated to the years after 271 AD in Potaissa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000126-159">[158]</a> and Roman coinage of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Tacitus">Marcus Claudius Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>) uncovered in Napoca demonstrate the continued survival of these towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000128-278">[277]</a> In Porolissum, Roman coinage began to circulate again under <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (364–375); meanwhile, local Daco-Romans continued to inhabit Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, fortifying the amphitheatre against barbarian raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000115-229">[228]</a> According to this theory, the Romanian people continued to develop under the influence of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the 6th century, and as long as the empire held territory on the southern bank of the Danube and in <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, it influenced the region to the river's north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-276">[275]</a> This process was facilitated by the trading of goods and the movement of peoples across the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-276">[275]</a> Roman towns endured in Dacia's middle and southern regions, albeit reduced in size and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1991111-245">[244]</a> The competing theory states that the transfer of Dacia's diminished population overlapped with the requirement to repopulate the depleted Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994125-279">[278]</a> Although it is possible that some Daco-Romans remained behind, these were few in number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994127-280">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toponymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymic">Toponymic</a> changes tend to support a complete withdrawal from Roman Dacia, as the names for Roman towns, forts, and settlements fell completely out of use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994144-281">[280]</a> Repeated archaeological investigations from the 19th century onwards have failed to uncover definitive proof that a large proportion of the Daco-Romans remained in Dacia after the evacuation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994147-282">[281]</a> for example, traffic in Roman coins in the former province after 271 show similarities to modern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000144-283">[282]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> data and place names<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120–121-284">[283]</a> attest to the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> in Lower Moesia, or other provinces south of the Danube of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120-285">[284]</a> Toponymic analysis of place names in the former Roman Dacia north of the Danube suggests that, on top of names which have a Thracian, Scytho-Iranian, Celtic, Roman and Slavonic origin, there are some un-Romanized Dacian place names which were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (possibly via the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>) and transmitted to the Romanians, in the same way that some Latin place names were transmitted to the Romanians via the Slavs (such as "<a href="/wiki/Olt_(river)" title="Olt (river)">Olt</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParesSeton-WatsonWilliamsJopson1939149-286">[285]</a> According to those who posit the continued existence of a Romanized Dacian population after the Roman withdrawal, Aurelian's decision to abandon the province was solely a military decision with respect to moving the legions and auxiliary units to protect the Danubian frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001325-287">[286]</a> The civilian population of Roman Dacia did not treat this as a prelude to a coming disaster; there was no mass emigration from the province, no evidence of a sudden withdrawal of the civilian population, and no widespread damage to property in the aftermath of the military withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001325-287">[286]</a> Linguistic analysis shows that at least a couple of places that retained their Latin name until the arrival of Slavic speaking communities were from an emerging Romance language different to Romanian. These toponyms, Cluj and Bigla, retained the clusters -cl- and -gl-, which in Romanian became ch and gh respectively.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> However, this phonetic evolution may have occurred later in the Romanian language than the 5th-6th centuries when the Slavs arrived, as evidenced by the partial survival of these consonant clusters in the closely related Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, as well as in languages that borrowed from Romanian. However, of note there was also a <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a> variety that existed in the nearby province of Pannonia, which subsequently died out in Late Antiquity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_governors_of_Dacia_Traiana" title="List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana">List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman provinces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Caracalla's activities in Dacia need to be placed within the verified dates in his progress to the east. On 11 August 213, Caracalla crossed the frontier at Raetia into <a href="/wiki/Barbaricum" title="Barbaricum">Barbaricum</a>, while in 8 October 213, his victories over the Germanic tribes were announced at Rome, and sometime between 17 December 213 and 17 January 214, he was at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> – see <a href="#CITEREFOpreanu2015">Opreanu 2015</a>, pp. 18–19 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200750-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200750_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199914_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy197417–18-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy197417–18_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200743-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200743_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003195-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003195_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns 2003</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200748-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200748_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz200510-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz200510_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2005">Schmitz 2005</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2002165-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson2002165_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson2002">Bunson 2002</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPârvan1928157–158-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPârvan1928157–158_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPârvan1928">Pârvan 1928</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200752-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200752_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200752_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200752_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003183-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003183_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003183_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns 2003</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1992138-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1992138_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1992">Jones 1992</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1992192-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1992192_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1992">Jones 1992</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Marko Popović (2011). Dragan Stanić (ed.). Српска енциклопедија, том 1, књига 2, Београд-Буштрање [Serbian Encyclopedia, Vol. I, Book 2, Beograd-Buštranje]. Matica Srpska, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zavod za udžbenike, Novi Sad-Belgrade. p. 37. ISBN 978-86-7946-097-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200754-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200754_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200754_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200754_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199916-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199916_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199916_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199916_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick200074-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick200074_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997102-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997102_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199917-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199917_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997103-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997103_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997103_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Younger109_ADBook_VIII,_Letter_4-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Younger109_ADBook_VIII,_Letter_4_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Younger109_AD">Pliny the Younger & 109 AD</a>, Book VIII, Letter 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestus379_ADVIII.2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFestus379_ADVIII.2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFestus379_ADVIII.2_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFestus379_AD">Festus & 379 AD</a>, VIII.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon18166-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon18166_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbon1816">Gibbon 1816</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997104-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997104_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997104_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199798-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett199798_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997105-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997105_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_M._Gillespie2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gillespie" title="Al Gillespie">Alexander M. Gillespie</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIt6BAAAQBAJ">A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2, The Customs and Laws of War with Regards to Civilians in Times of Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-862-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-862-6"><bdi>978-1-84731-862-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Laws+of+War%3A+Volume+2%2C+The+Customs+and+Laws+of+War+with+Regards+to+Civilians+in+Times+of+Conflict&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-862-6&rft.au=Alexander+M.+Gillespie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIt6BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavius_Eutropius2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Eutropius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Eutropius">Flavius Eutropius</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8e8DwAAQBAJ">Delphi Complete Works of Eutropius (Illustrated)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78877-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78877-961-6"><bdi>978-1-78877-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Eutropius+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78877-961-6&rft.au=Flavius+Eutropius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df8e8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_HaynesW.S._Hanson204" class="citation journal cs1">Ian Haynes; W.S. Hanson (204). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxYUAQAAMAAJ&q=kriton+dacia">"Roman Dacia - The Making of a Provincial Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Archaeology" title="Journal of Roman Archaeology">Journal of Roman Archaeology</a>: 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887829-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887829-56-4"><bdi>978-1-887829-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Roman+Dacia+-+The+Making+of+a+Provincial+Society&rft.pages=77&rft.date=204&rft.isbn=978-1-887829-56-4&rft.au=Ian+Haynes&rft.au=W.S.+Hanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxYUAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkriton%2Bdacia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19915-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19915_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200757-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200757_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200757_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200757_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003103-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003103_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003103_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns 2003</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994102-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994102_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994102_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998220–237_36-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis1998">Ellis 1998</a>, pp. 220–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2010266-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2010266_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2010">Parker 2010</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2000591-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2000591_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes2000">Wilkes 2000</a>, p. 591. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199492-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199492_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997169_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199463-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199463_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetolescu2010170-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetolescu2010170_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetolescu2010">Petolescu 2010</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893490-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893490_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200855,_67-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpper200855,_67_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpper2008">Opper 2008</a>, pp. 55, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster199865-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster199865_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebster1998">Webster 1998</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200867-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpper200867_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpper200867_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpper200867_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpper2008">Opper 2008</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893499-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893499_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893499_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893493-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893493_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000139_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1997167-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett1997167_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1997">Bennett 1997</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b105-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b105_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200755-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200755_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200755_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200755_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200755_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200755_52-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean200756-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean200756_53-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199468-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199468_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199468_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893500-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893500_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000206_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000127-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000127_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson200224-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson200224_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson2002">Bunson 2002</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000152-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000152_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000112-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000112_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000112_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199620-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199620_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199620_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199620_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199620_61-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1996">Grant 1996</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000114-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000114_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000114_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000132-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000132_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893542–543-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893542–543_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, pp. 542–543. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000145-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000145_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000145_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011324-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011324_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1998274-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1998274_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter1998">Potter 1998</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapot1997275-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapot1997275_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapot1997">Chapot 1997</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199487-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199487_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199635-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199635_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1996">Grant 1996</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893543-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893543_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 543. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199486-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199486_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199486_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliva1962275-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliva1962275_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOliva1962">Oliva 1962</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893544-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893544_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 544. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemeth200552–54-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemeth200552–54_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNemeth2005">Nemeth 2005</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000161_76-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000164_77-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893545-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893545_78-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 545. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000165-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000165_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000168-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000168_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000169-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000169_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000169_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000170-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000170_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000170_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199665-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199665_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1996">Grant 1996</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXII-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXII_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio200_AD">Cassius Dio & 200 AD</a>, LXXII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192717-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192717_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaryCassius_Dio1927">Cary & Cassius Dio 1927</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200021-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley200021_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley200021_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011331–332-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011331–332_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, pp. 331–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000175-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000175_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011360-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011360_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000177-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000177_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200213-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson200213_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2002">Thompson 2002</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000183-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000183_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199489_93-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999275-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999275_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen1999">Mommsen 1999</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206–207-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206–207_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000206_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000208–209-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000208–209_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893548–549-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893548–549_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, pp. 548–549. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXIII-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio200_ADLXXIII_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio200_AD">Cassius Dio & 200 AD</a>, LXXIII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192777-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaryCassius_Dio192777_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaryCassius_Dio1927">Cary & Cassius Dio 1927</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000135-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000135_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoria_Augusta395_ADCommodus_13,_5-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoria_Augusta395_ADCommodus_13,_5_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistoria_Augusta395_AD">Historia Augusta & 395 AD</a>, Commodus 13, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199491-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199491_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199491_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000142_104-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007222-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean2007222_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007221-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean2007221_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000153-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000153_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000153_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson200295-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson200295_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson2002">Bunson 2002</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200518-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200518_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200518_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200826-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200826_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200826_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974199-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974199_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201517-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201517_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpreanu2015">Opreanu 2015</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpreanu2015">Opreanu 2015</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2010223-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2010223_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2010">Parker 2010</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza2009210–211-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza2009210–211_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrumeza2009">Grumeza 2009</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518–19-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpreanu201518–19_117-0">^</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPârvan1928140–142_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPârvan1928">Pârvan 1928</a>, pp. 140–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007193-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean2007193_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean2007193_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOltean2007190-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOltean2007190_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOltean2007">Oltean 2007</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994116-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994116_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000122_204-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1958141-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1958141_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1958">Parker 1958</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974185-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974185_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974209-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974209_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974209_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthernDixon199611-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthernDixon199611_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthernDixon1996">Southern & Dixon 1996</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec2000196-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec2000196_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Bohec2000">Le Bohec 2000</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010127-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010127_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010127_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199444-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi199444_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns199126-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns199126_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns1991">Burns 1991</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl200419-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdahl200419_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdahl2004">Odahl 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000120-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVékony2000120_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVékony2000">Vékony 2000</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IX-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IX_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLactantius320_AD">Lactantius & 320 AD</a>, Chapter IX. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOțetea1970116-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOțetea1970116_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOțetea1970">Oțetea 1970</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005224-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005224_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes2005">Wilkes 2005</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994118-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994118_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200175-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200175_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuşatArdeleanu198559-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuşatArdeleanu198559_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuşatArdeleanu1985">Muşat & Ardeleanu 1985</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns199129-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns199129_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns1991">Burns 1991</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IV-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELactantius320_ADChapter_IV_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLactantius320_AD">Lactantius & 320 AD</a>, Chapter IV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Blois197633–34-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Blois197633–34_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Blois1976">de Blois 1976</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974205-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974205_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADIX,_15-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADIX,_15_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEutropius364_ADIX,_15_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEutropius364_AD">Eutropius & 364 AD</a>, IX, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1853521-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1853521_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1853521_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1853">Watson 1853</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAurelius_Victor361_AD33.3-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAurelius_Victor361_AD33.3_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAurelius_Victor361_AD33.3_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAurelius_Victor361_AD">Aurelius Victor & 361 AD</a>, 33.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000121-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVékony2000121_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVékony2000">Vékony 2000</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000115-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000115_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000115_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994119-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994119_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern20016-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern20016_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird199433-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird199433_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBird1994">Bird 1994</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1927253-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1927253_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb1927">Webb 1927</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001225–226-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001225–226_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001225–226_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, pp. 225–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000117-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000117_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001120–121-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001120–121_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001120–121_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2004">Watson 2004</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005239-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2005239_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes2005">Wilkes 2005</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004157-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2004157_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2004">Watson 2004</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156–157-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2004156–157_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2004">Watson 2004</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> On the date of this reorganisation see <a href="#CITEREFMitthofMatei-Popescu2023">Mitthof & Matei-Popescu 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200077-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200077_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200077_242-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2000">Williams 2000</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051_243-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200051_243-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2000">Williams 2000</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoisil200279–120-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoisil200279–120_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoisil2002">Moisil 2002</a>, pp. 79–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1991111-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1991111_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1991111_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns1991">Burns 1991</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixonSaylor_Rodgers1994116-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixonSaylor_Rodgers1994116_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNixonSaylor_Rodgers1994">Nixon & Saylor Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199057-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199057_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002122-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002122_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199059-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199059_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199059_249-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002120-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002120_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200072–77-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200072–77_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2000">Williams 2000</a>, pp. 72–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200076–77-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200076–77_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2000">Williams 2000</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199060-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199060_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199060_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001276-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001276_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000165_255-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201066-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201066_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGăzdac2010">Găzdac 2010</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002121-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002121_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004233-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004233_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004233_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdahl2004">Odahl 2004</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981250-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981250_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1981">Barnes 1981</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199061-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199061_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199061_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004228–229-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdahl2004228–229_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdahl2004">Odahl 2004</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002125-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002125_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002127-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002127_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002145-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002145_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002127–128-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002127–128_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002129-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002129_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002132-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002132_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199072-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap199072_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap1990126–128-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframDunlap1990126–128_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolframDunlap1990">Wolfram & Dunlap 1990</a>, pp. 126–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2002">Pohl 2002</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998165-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998165_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitby1998">Whitby 1998</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998184-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby1998184_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitby1998">Whitby 1998</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1816331-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1816331_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbon1816">Gibbon 1816</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebuhr1849300-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiebuhr1849300_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiebuhr1849">Niebuhr 1849</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991115-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991115_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110_276-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110_276-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000163-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000163_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000128-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000128_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKendrick2000">MacKendrick 2000</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994125-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994125_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994127-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994127_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994144-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994144_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994147-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994147_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöpeczi1994">Köpeczi 1994</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVékony2000144-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVékony2000144_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVékony2000">Vékony 2000</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120–121-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120–121_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2000">Price 2000</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2000120_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2000">Price 2000</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParesSeton-WatsonWilliamsJopson1939149-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParesSeton-WatsonWilliamsJopson1939149_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParesSeton-WatsonWilliamsJopson1939">Pares et al. 1939</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2001325-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001325_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2001325_287-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern 2001</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Dragoș Moldovanu: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alil.academiaromana-is.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Toponime-de-origine-roman%C4%83-%C3%AEn-Transilvania-%C5%9Fi-%C3%AEn-sud-vestul-Moldovei.pdf">Toponyms of Roman Origin in Transylvania and South-West Moldavia</a>, pages 12-37 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoria_Augusta395_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Anonymous</a> (c. 395). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html">Historia Augusta</a> [Augustan History] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Augusta&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHistoria_Augusta%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurelius_Victor361_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> (c. 361). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html">De Caesaribus</a> [Book of the Caesars] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Caesaribus&rft.au=Aurelius+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fvictor.caes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio200_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (c. 220). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Historia Romana</a> [Roman History] (in Ancient Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Romana&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEutropius364_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a> (c. 364). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031003144850/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/index.html">Breviarium ab urbe condita</a> [Abridgement of Roman History] (in Latin). Archived from the original on 3 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breviarium+ab+urbe+condita&rft.au=Eutropius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Feutropius%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFestus379_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Festus</a> (c. 379). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm">Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani</a> [Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breviarium+rerum+gestarum+populi+Romani&rft.au=Festus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ffestus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian362_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> (c. 362). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=7DCDEDB0666BCE00A50A730C82829C34?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2008.01.0650">The Caesars</a> (in Ancient Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caesars&rft.au=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Bjsessionid%3D7DCDEDB0666BCE00A50A730C82829C34%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253atext%253a2008.01.0650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLactantius320_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> (c. 320). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.toc.html">De Mortibus Persecutorum</a> [Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Mortibus+Persecutorum&rft.au=Lactantius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf07.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Younger109_AD" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (c. 109). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2811">Epistulae</a> [Letters] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistulae&rft.au=Pliny+the+Younger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F2811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndea2006" class="citation book cs1">Andea, Susan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiOhAAAAMAAJ">History of Romania: compendium</a>. Romanian Cultural Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4"><bdi>978-973-7784-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Romania%3A+compendium&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-973-7784-12-4&rft.aulast=Andea&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiOhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Barnes, Timothy David</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC">Constantine and Eusebius</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1"><bdi>978-0-674-16531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGDjJK-JeSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bennett_(archaeologist)" title="Julian Bennett (archaeologist)">Bennett, Julian</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZy1nnNhm4oC">Trajan: optimus princeps</a>. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2"><bdi>978-0-415-16524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+optimus+princeps&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Roman+imperial+biographies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16524-2&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZy1nnNhm4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1994" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Harry W.; <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFnRw51m2nMC">Liber de Caesaribus</a>. Translated texts for historians. trans. Harry W. Bird. Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-218-6"><bdi>978-0-85323-218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+de+Caesaribus&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Translated+texts+for+historians&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-218-6&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Harry+W.&rft.au=Aurelius+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFnRw51m2nMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrIMlfGg2uoC">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17125-0"><bdi>978-0-415-17125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Roman+imperial+biographies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17125-0&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrIMlfGg2uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blois1976" class="citation book cs1">de Blois, Lukas (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-jUAMmMS5cC">The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus</a>. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22812-1"><bdi>978-0-415-22812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Policy+of+the+Emperor+Gallienus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+of+the+Dutch+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22812-1&rft.aulast=de+Blois&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-jUAMmMS5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire">Bunson, Matthew</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC">Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</a>. Facts on File library of world history. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4562-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-4562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Facts+on+File+library+of+world+history&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4562-4&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5tic2VunRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1991" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Thomas S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw3FEpOUrRkC">A History of the Ostrogoths</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2"><bdi>978-0-521-30199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Severan+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30199-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryCassius_Dio1927" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Earnest; <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Roman History, Vol. 9</a>. 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15583-0"><bdi>978-0-415-15583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15583-0&rft.aulast=Chapot&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvok_-x2nWxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrellNotarásCasares2007" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell, P. 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Complete Series. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05124-5"><bdi>978-0-500-05124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Roman+Army&rft.place=London&rft.series=Complete+Series&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05124-5&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5RlQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoninesromanem00mich">The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition</a>. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13814-7"><bdi>978-0-415-13814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antonines%3A+The+Roman+Empire+in+Transition&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13814-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoninesromanem00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrumeza2009" class="citation book cs1">Grumeza, Ion (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C">Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973560-0"><bdi>978-0-19-973560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+barbarians%3A+the+fall+of+Rome+and+the+birth+of+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973560-0&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbUlnaHlHS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1992" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian W. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq4OAAAAQAAJ">The Emperor Domitian</a>. Roman Imperial Biographies Series. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04229-1"><bdi>978-0-415-04229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Domitian&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Roman+Imperial+Biographies+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04229-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHq4OAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsari2011" class="citation book cs1">Katsari, Constantina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHkwXJc18YAC">The Roman Monetary System: The Eastern Provinces from the First to the Third Century AD</a>. 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Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-6703-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-6703-9"><bdi>978-963-05-6703-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+%E2%80%93+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-963-05-6703-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bohec2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yann_Le_Bohec" title="Yann Le Bohec">Le Bohec, Yann</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialromanarm00yann">The imperial Roman army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22295-2"><bdi>978-0-415-22295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+imperial+Roman+army&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22295-2&rft.aulast=Le+Bohec&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialromanarm00yann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvXo39xOV8kC">Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D.</a> University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+state+in+the+fourth+century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23332-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvXo39xOV8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKendrick2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_MacKendrick" title="Paul MacKendrick">MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwt5Li_q2asC">The Dacian Stones Speak</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Carolina Press">The University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4939-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4939-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-4939-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dacian+Stones+Speak&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4939-2&rft.aulast=MacKendrick&rft.aufirst=Paul+Lachlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwt5Li_q2asC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2011" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvcAhdF-VlgC">Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-4933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-4933-2"><bdi>978-1-4464-4933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius%3A+Warrior%2C+Philosopher%2C+Emperor&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-4933-2&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvcAhdF-VlgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitthofMatei-Popescu2023" class="citation book cs1">Mitthof, Fritz; Matei-Popescu, Florian (2023). "Gab es im Jahr 283 n. Chr. zwei dakische Provinzen südlich der Donau? Zur Lesung und Deutung der Inschrift AE 1912, 200 = ILBulg 188". 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Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 553–565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-39440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-39440-6"><bdi>978-3-447-39440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gab+es+im+Jahr+283+n.+Chr.+zwei+dakische+Provinzen+s%C3%BCdlich+der+Donau%3F+Zur+Lesung+und+Deutung+der+Inschrift+AE+1912%2C+200+%3D+ILBulg+188&rft.btitle=Romans+and+Natives+in+the+Danubian+Provinces+%281st%E2%80%936th+C.+AD%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Philippika&rft.pages=553-565&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-447-39440-6&rft.aulast=Mitthof&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.au=Matei-Popescu%2C+Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ">Pannonia and Upper Moesia</a>. History of the provinces of the Roman Empire. Vol. 4. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7714-1"><bdi>978-0-7100-7714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pannonia+and+Upper+Moesia&rft.series=History+of+the+provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-7714-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L49AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974b" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1974b). <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/11108/1/AkademiaiKiado_001878.pdf">Pannónia a korai császárság idején</a> [Pannonia during the Early Empire] (PDF). 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Mirton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-661-691-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-661-691-6"><bdi>973-661-691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armata+in+sud-vestul+Daciei+Romane&rft.pub=Mirton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=973-661-691-6&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1849" class="citation book cs1">Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1849). Schmitz, Leonhard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n25KAAAAYAAJ">Lectures on the history of Rome: from the earliest times to the fall of the Western Empire, Volume 3</a>. 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London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41252-0"><bdi>978-0-415-41252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dacia%3A+landscape%2C+colonisation+and+romanization&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+monographs+in+classical+studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41252-0&rft.aulast=Oltean&rft.aufirst=Ioana+Adina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgvH2j7dWuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOltean2009" class="citation journal cs1">Oltean, Ioana Adina (2009). Hanson, W. S. 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Methuen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-43690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-43690-7"><bdi>978-0-416-43690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Roman+world+from+A.D.+138+to+337&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-416-43690-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Henry+Michael+Denne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De2hoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2010" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Philip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E2-0O93c6kC">The Empire Stops Here: A Journey Along the Frontiers of the Roman World</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1632-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1632-8"><bdi>978-1-4090-1632-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+Stops+Here%3A+A+Journey+Along+the+Frontiers+of+the+Roman+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4090-1632-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6E2-0O93c6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPârvan1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasile_P%C3%A2rvan" title="Vasile Pârvan">Pârvan, Vasile</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ynk6AAAAIAAJ">Dacia: An Outline of the Early Civilization of the Carpatho-Danubian Countries</a>. 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Editura Academiei Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-27-1999-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-27-1999-2"><bdi>978-973-27-1999-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dacia+%E2%80%93+Un+mileniu+de+istorie&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-973-27-1999-2&rft.aulast=Petolescu&rft.aufirst=Constantin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVTjygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Pohl, Walter</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzlEdQRYB4IC">Die Awaren</a> (in German). München: C.H.Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-68426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-68426-5"><bdi>978-3-406-68426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Awaren&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-406-68426-5&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzlEdQRYB4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop1999" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEFpAAAAMAAJ">Romanians and Romania: A Brief History</a>. East European monographs. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-440-2"><bdi>978-0-88033-440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanians+and+Romania%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.series=East+European+monographs&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-440-2&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan+Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1998/123pdf/123270.pdf">"Procurators in Asia and Dacia under Marcus Aurelius: A Case Study of Imperial Initiative in Government"</a> (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (123). University of Michigan: Habelt: 270–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Procurators+in+Asia+and+Dacia+under+Marcus+Aurelius%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Imperial+Initiative+in+Government&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=270-274&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2Fphil-fak%2Fifa%2Fzpe%2Fdownloads%2F1998%2F123pdf%2F123270.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC">Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22039-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22039-8&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29BAeKHwvuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swDMiX4_9GIC">The Dacian Threat 101–106 AD</a>. Enemies of Rome Monograph Series. <a href="/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Armidale, New South Wales">Armidale, New South Wales</a>: Caeros Pty, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9758445-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9758445-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9758445-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dacian+Threat+101%E2%80%93106+AD&rft.place=Armidale%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.series=Enemies+of+Rome+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Caeros+Pty%2C+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9758445-0-2&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswDMiX4_9GIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Andrew G. 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London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23943-1"><bdi>978-0-415-23943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23943-1&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZWY93Bph9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthernDixon1996" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat; Dixon, Karen R. 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Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSNpAAAAMAAJ">A History of Romania</a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-345-0"><bdi>978-0-88033-345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Romania&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-345-0&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rft.au=Bolovan%2C+Ioan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVékony2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_V%C3%A9kony" title="Gábor Vékony">Vékony, Gábor</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko">Dacians, Romans, Romanians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and Buffalo: Matthias Corvinus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-13-1"><bdi>978-1-882785-13-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dacians%2C+Romans%2C+Romanians&rft.place=Toronto+and+Buffalo&rft.pub=Matthias+Corvinus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-882785-13-1&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9kony&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaciansromansrom0000veko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4964-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-4964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+peoples%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4964-6&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alaric (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukf-lEYl3FUC">Aurelian and the Third Century</a>. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30187-9"><bdi>978-0-415-30187-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30187-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dukf-lEYl3FUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Selby_Watson" title="John Selby Watson">Watson, John Selby</a>; <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWINAAAAYAAJ">Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: literally translated, with notes and a general index</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bohn%27s_Classical_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohn's Classical Library">Bohn's Classical Library</a>. trans. Rev. John Selby Watson. London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Bohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry G. Bohn">Henry G. Bohn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justin%2C+Cornelius+Nepos%2C+and+Eutropius%3A+literally+translated%2C+with+notes+and+a+general+index&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bohn%27s+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=John+Selby&rft.au=Justin&rft.au=Cornelius+Nepos&rft.au=Eutropius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWINAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Webb, Percy Henry (1927). Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward Allen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOJbzgAACAAJ">The Roman Imperial Coinage: Valerian – Florian</a>. Vol. 5, Part 1. Spink & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Coinage%3A+Valerian+%E2%80%93+Florian&rft.pub=Spink+%26+Son&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Percy+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOJbzgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1998" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Graham (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0f4SEf7rosC">The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D.</a> University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3000-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-3000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Army+of+the+first+and+second+centuries+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3000-2&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0f4SEf7rosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitby1998" class="citation book cs1">Whitby, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAcAJfJP9KUC">The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822945-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822945-3"><bdi>0-19-822945-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Maurice+and+his+Historian+%E2%80%93+Theophylact+Simocatta+on+Persian+and+Balkan+Warfare&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-822945-3&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAcAJfJP9KUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (2000). "The Danube Provinces". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacC">The Cambridge ancient history: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192</a>. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26335-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26335-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Danube+Provinces&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+High+Empire%2C+A.D.+70%E2%80%93192&rft.pages=577-603&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26335-1&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhNUGgG2eacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (2005). "Provinces and Frontiers". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC">The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337</a>. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2"><bdi>978-0-521-30199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Provinces+and+Frontiers&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&rft.pages=212-268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30199-2&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cg4GkgAACAAJ">Diocletian and the Roman Recovery</a>. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91827-5"><bdi>978-0-415-91827-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diocletian+and+the+Roman+Recovery&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91827-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcg4GkgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolframDunlap1990" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC">History of the Goths</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06983-1&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsQxcJvaLjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Dacia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dacia_topics" title="Template talk:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dacia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian tribes">Tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aedi" title="Aedi">Aedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albocenses" title="Albocenses">Albocenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuli" title="Apuli">Apuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biephi" title="Biephi">Biephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bessoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessoi">Bessoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)" title="Burs (Dacia)">Burs (Dacia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi people">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaginsi" title="Ciaginsi">Ciaginsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clariae" title="Clariae">Clariae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crobidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crobidae">Crobidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Daci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukini">Peukini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piephigi" title="Piephigi">Piephigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulatenses" title="Potulatenses">Potulatenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predasenses" title="Predasenses">Predasenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadacenses" title="Rhadacenses">Rhadacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldenses" title="Saldenses">Saldenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaugdae" title="Scaugdae">Scaugdae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senses_(tribe)" title="Senses (tribe)">Senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suci" title="Suci">Suci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terizi" title="Terizi">Terizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teurisci" title="Teurisci">Teurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trixae" title="Trixae">Trixae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyragetae" title="Tyragetae">Tyragetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglodytae#In_Strabo" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian kings">Kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coson" class="mw-redirect" title="Coson">Coson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cothelas" title="Cothelas">Cothelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskon" title="Moskon">Moskon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroles" title="Oroles">Oroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhemaxos" title="Rhemaxos">Rhemaxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubobostes" title="Rubobostes">Rubobostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmodegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalmodegicus">Zalmodegicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> (82/61–44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a> (44 BC–???)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comosicus" title="Comosicus">Comosicus</a> (9 BC(?)–30s AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorilo" title="Scorilo">Scorilo</a> (c. 30s–70 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duras_(Dacian_king)" title="Duras (Dacian king)">Duras</a> (c. 69–87 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> (87–106 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotiso" title="Cotiso">Cotiso</a> (c. 40–c. 9 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapyx" title="Dapyx">Dapyx</a> (1st-century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rholes" title="Rholes">Rholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyraxes" title="Zyraxes">Zyraxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and southern Moldavia and Transylvania1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicomes" title="Dicomes">Dicomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Culture and civilization</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koson_(coin)" title="Koson (coin)">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dacia_and_Dacians" class="extiw" title="commons:Dacia and Dacians">Art, jewellery, treasures, tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_bracelets" title="Dacian bracelets">bracelets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_clothing" title="Thracian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belagines" title="Belagines">Belagines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin">Words of possible Dacian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_plant_names" title="List of Dacian plant names">Dacian plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_names" title="List of Dacian names">Dacian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian script">Dacian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaia_lead_plates" title="Sinaia lead plates">Sinaia lead plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeleizis" title="Gebeleizis">Gebeleizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys_(Thracian_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotys (Thracian goddess)">Kotys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Seirenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogaionon" title="Kogaionon">Kogaionon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Settlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_towns_and_fortresses" title="List of Dacian towns and fortresses">Fortresses</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argidava" title="Argidava">Argidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buridava" title="Buridava">Buridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumidava" title="Cumidava">Cumidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroboridava" title="Piroboridava">Piroboridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)" title="Dava (Dacian)">Davae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Dacicus" title="Murus Dacicus">Murus Dacicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Foreign relations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#West_Thracian_and_Dacian_coast" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Celtic" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Dionysopolis" title="Decree of Dionysopolis">Romans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Warfare</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">First Battle of Tapae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dacian War">First War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tapae" title="Second Battle of Tapae">Second Battle of Tapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adamclisi" title="Battle of Adamclisi">Battle of Adamclisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Second War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmizegetusa" title="Battle of Sarmizegetusa">Battle of Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Dacia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Traiana">Dacia Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Column</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Roman" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Towns and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_in_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of castra in Dacia">Castra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Porolissensis" title="Limes Porolissensis">Porolissensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus" title="Limes Transalutanus">Transalutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazda_lui_Novac" title="Brazda lui Novac">Brazda lui Novac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance substratum">Eastern Romance substratum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dacian_archaeology" title="Category:Dacian archaeology">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Romania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Romania">sites in Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Dacia" title="Category:Books about Dacia">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dacia" title="Category:Dacia">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WikiProject_Dacia" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:WikiProject Dacia">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia">WikiProject</a></li> <li>1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template talk:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#The_Roman_provinces_in_117" title="Roman province">Provinces of the early Roman Empire (117 AD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>† Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template talk:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bulgaria">Bulgaria (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">High Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Crimea (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia#Roman_provinces_of_Pannonia_and_Dalmatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_period" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica#Eastern_Imperial_suzerainty" title="Medieval Corsica">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey#Prehistory" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq#History" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Sicily">Sicily (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Medieval)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Sardinia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey#Early_history" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template talk:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories with limited <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> occupation and contact</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied partially or temporarily</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Persia" title="Romans in Persia">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Nubian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Nubian relations">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/100px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/200px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts & explorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times#Historical_background" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Roman_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Roman relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-Roman_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-Roman contacts">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile river">Equatorial Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romania_topics" title="Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romania_topics" title="Template talk:Romania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Romania" title="Timeline of ancient Romania">ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Romania">Prehistoric Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Romania" title="List of earthquakes in Romania">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Romania" title="Flora of Romania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Romania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Romania" title="List of exports of Romania">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Romania" title="Foreign direct investment in Romania">Foreign investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Romania" title="Industry of Romania">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Romania" title="Mining industry of Romania">mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">petrochemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_in_Romania" title="Services in Romania">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Romania" title="Squatting in Romania">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Romania" title="Category:Society of Romania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Romania" title="Crime in Romania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Romania" title="Public holidays in Romania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Romania" title="Refugees in Romania">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Gypsies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_architecture" title="Romanian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_humour" title="Romanian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Romania" title="Mass media in Romania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania" title="Category:Romania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86060266">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/981518">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Dacia&params=45.7000_N_26.5000_E_source:wikidata">45°42′00″N 26°30′00″E / 45.7000°N 26.5000°E / 45.7000; 26.5000</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&oldid=1245662546#Consolidation_(138–161)">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Dacia&oldid=1245662546#Consolidation_(138–161)</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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