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href="#Service_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Service organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Management organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_Org" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_Org"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sea Org </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_Org-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Technology_Center_(RTC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Technology_Center_(RTC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religious Technology Center (RTC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Technology_Center_(RTC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology_Missions_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology_Missions_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Scientology Missions International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology_Missions_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_and_media_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_and_media_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Publishing and media organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publishing_and_media_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publishing and media organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publishing_and_media_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golden_Era_Productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Era_Productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Golden Era Productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Era_Productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology_Media_Productions_and_Scientology_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology_Media_Productions_and_Scientology_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Scientology Media Productions and Scientology Network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology_Media_Productions_and_Scientology_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridge_Publications_and_New_Era_Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge_Publications_and_New_Era_Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bridge Publications and New Era Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridge_Publications_and_New_Era_Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author_Services_Inc._and_Galaxy_Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author_Services_Inc._and_Galaxy_Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Author Services Inc. and Galaxy Press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author_Services_Inc._and_Galaxy_Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissemination_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissemination_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dissemination organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dissemination_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dissemination organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dissemination_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education_(ABLE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education_(ABLE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education_(ABLE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights_(CCHR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights_(CCHR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights_(CCHR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteer_Ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteer_Ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Volunteer Ministers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteer_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises_(WISE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises_(WISE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises_(WISE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Front groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bases_and_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bases_and_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bases and campuses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bases_and_campuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bases and campuses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bases_and_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saint_Hill,_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Hill,_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Saint Hill, England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Hill,_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_Land_Base,_Clearwater,_Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_Land_Base,_Clearwater,_Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Flag Land Base, Clearwater, Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_Land_Base,_Clearwater,_Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAC_Base_and_Hollywood,_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAC_Base_and_Hollywood,_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 PAC Base and Hollywood, California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAC_Base_and_Hollywood,_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_Base,_Riverside_County,_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_Base,_Riverside_County,_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Gold Base, Riverside County, California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_Base,_Riverside_County,_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trementina_Base,_New_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trementina_Base,_New_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Trementina Base, New Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trementina_Base,_New_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Membership statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideal_Orgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideal_Orgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ideal Orgs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideal_Orgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Celebrities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_opinions_of_Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_opinions_of_Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Government opinions of Scientology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_opinions_of_Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Illegal activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members'_health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members'_health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Members' health and safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members'_health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissemination_and_recruiting_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissemination_and_recruiting_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Dissemination and recruiting practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissemination_and_recruiting_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_waivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_waivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Legal waivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_waivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Church of Scientology</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerk_van_Sci%C3%ABntologie" title="Kerk van Sciëntologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kerk van Sciëntologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة العلموية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة العلموية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_d%27a_Ciencioloch%C3%ADa" title="Ilesia d'a Cienciolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia d'a Cienciolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_de_la_Cienciolox%C3%ADa" title="Ilesia de la Ciencioloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia de la Ciencioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_kan_Siyentolohiya" title="Simbahan kan Siyentolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan kan Siyentolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology-Kirche" title="Scientology-Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scientology-Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saientoloogia_Kirik" title="Saientoloogia Kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saientoloogia Kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B7%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εκκλησία της Σαηεντολογίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκλησία της Σαηεντολογίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Cienciolog%C3%ADa" title="Iglesia de la Cienciología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia de la Cienciología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklezio_de_Scientologio" title="Eklezio de Scientologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eklezio de Scientologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientziologiaren_Eliza" title="Zientziologiaren Eliza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientziologiaren Eliza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="کلیسای ساینتولوژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای ساینتولوژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_scientologie" title="Église de scientologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église de scientologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_da_Cienciolox%C3%ADa" title="Igrexa da Ciencioloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa da Ciencioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%ED%86%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%90" title="사이언톨로지교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이언톨로지교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Scientology" title="Gereja Scientology – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Scientology" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilisia_de_la_Sensiolojiya" title="Kilisia de la Sensiolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kilisia de la Sensiolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Скиентолошка црква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скиентолошка црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كنيسه السيونتولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسه السيونتولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Scientology" title="Gereja Scientology – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Scientology" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientologykerk" title="Scientologykerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scientologykerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientologi" title="Scientologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Scientologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Cientologia" title="Igreja de Cientologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja de Cientologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the institution behind Scientology. For the ideology itself, see <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Church of Scientology</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles,_Fountain_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/220px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/330px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/440px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Scientology building in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>, California</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman of the Board <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">RTC</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientology.org">scientology.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="PAC Base, Los Angeles"><img alt="PAC Base, Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/110px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/165px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/220px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>General</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Beliefs and practices</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge to Total Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials and staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Controversies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law" title="Scientology and law">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">RPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">War on psychiatry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">More</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, which is variously defined as a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">business</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-defin-7">[7]</a> The movement has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">a number of controversies</a>, and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, <a href="/wiki/Law_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Law lords">law lords</a>, and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative <a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">profit-making business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1979, several executives of the organization were <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses</a> by a U.S. Federal Court.<a href="#cite_note-HeldtAppeal-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 168  The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-TorygrFraud13-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Germany" title="Scientology in Germany">German</a> government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel.de-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-assemblee-nationale.fr-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">France</a>, it has been classified as a dangerous <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lobs-19">[19]</a> In some countries, it has attained <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">legal recognition as a religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postweird-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 172  Its international headquarters are located at the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 275  The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a> All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a>, which is a paramilitary organization for the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists".<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrmarlia2003-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History of Dianetics and Scientology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg/220px-L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg/330px-L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg/440px-L._Ron_Hubbard_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4136" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, founder of the Church of Scientology</figcaption></figure> In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard established organizations to manage activities related to his invention of <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>; the organizations went bankrupt and Hubbard moved to Arizona where he started <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>. In 1952, Hubbard established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), a secular organization, and in 1953 the first Church of Scientology organization was incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 158 <a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 138  The HAS was dissolved and the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">Hubbard Association of Scientologists International</a> (HASI), a religious fellowship, was established to be the managing umbrella organization over all other organizations.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 158  In late 1954, Hubbard made the official announcement that Scientology was a religion.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 218  In 1954, the first Church of Scientology was incorporated in California, which in 1956 was renamed to the Church of Scientology of California.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 159  That organization was to become the 'mother church' over hundreds of smaller churches and missions of Scientology until 1981 when that status was passed to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 270  Hubbard had official control of the organizations until 1966 when he publicly resigned, though he continued to give orders to executives, secretly running the organizations. Although Hubbard maintained no formal position within Scientology's management structure, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations, often using code names and code words to obscure his involvement.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> When some of the top ranking staff, including Hubbard's wife, were <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">indicted for infiltrating the US government</a> in their actions of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>, Hubbard went into deep hiding though continued to manage control over the organizations but this time through intermediaries—predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pat_Broeker" title="Pat Broeker">Pat Broeker</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 257ff  After the convictions in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a>, there was a flurry of activity creating new corporations in the early 1980s to avoid further government scrutiny and to limit and compartmentalize liabilities. The Guardian's Office was replaced with the Office of Special Affairs; Religious Technology Center (RTC) was created, and numerous other corporations sprang up during this period, which acquired the name "corporate sort out" (CSO).<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 129  The idea was to "create a legally defensible structure that would give Hubbard and the Commodore's Messenger Organization full legal control over Scientology while at the same time insulating both Hubbard and the CMO from any legal liability for running the organizations of Scientology by lying about the level of control they really had."<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 129–130  In 1986, after the death of L. Ron Hubbard, Pat and Annie Broeker presented documents from Hubbard showing they had been promoted to "Loyal Officers" and were named as Hubbard's successors in managing the Sea Org. However, a year later <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> had wrested power from the Broekers and became the leader of the Scientology organization.<a href="#cite_note-TruthRunDown-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 362 <a href="#cite_note-wright-26">[26]</a>: 190–3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hierarchy_of_organizations">Hierarchy of organizations</h2></div> The Church of Scientology network operates as a multinational <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> of companies with personnel, <a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">executives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational charts">organizational charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chains of command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a> and orders:<a href="#cite_note-kent1999-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-wallis-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Today, what we call "Scientology" is in reality a remarkably complex network of ostensibly independent but clearly interconnected corporate entities. ... with a centralized bureaucracy and hierarchical structure. ... <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">[Religious Technology Center]</a> is the most powerful executive organization within the Scientology empire, and its current chairman, <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a>, is widely recognized as the effective head of the church.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hugh Urban <a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 131-2 </cite></div></blockquote> The main types of organizations within the Scientology network are: <ul><li><a href="#Service_organizations">Service organizations</a> are the public-facing organizations</li> <li><a href="#Management_organizations">Management organizations</a></li> <li><a href="#Publishing_and_media_organizations">Publishing and media organizations</a></li> <li><a href="#Dissemination_organizations">Dissemination organizations</a> such as marketing and outreach.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_organizations">Service organizations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations#Service_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations § Service organizations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG/117px-Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG/176px-Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG/234px-Olbia_%28Sardaigne%2C_Italie%29_en_juillet_2018_-_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam,_Holland_(_Ank_Kumar_)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg/117px-Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg/176px-Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg/234px-Amsterdam%2C_Holland_%28_Ank_Kumar_%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG/78px-London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="78" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG/117px-London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG/156px-London_Mar_15_2008_CoS_protest_AB_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG/156px-ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG/234px-ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG/312px-ScientologyBuildingAustinTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg/161px-Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg/242px-Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg/322px-Portland_Church_of_Scientology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aosheu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aosheu.jpg/73px-Aosheu.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aosheu.jpg/110px-Aosheu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aosheu.jpg/146px-Aosheu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A mission, a Dianetics center, a life improvement center, a Class V org, an Ideal org, an advanced org</div></div></div></div> Church of Scientology organizations that are public-facing are called "service orgs".<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-admindict-29">[29]</a>: 476  The two main types of services offered to the public are <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a> and auditor training. Auditing is the 'counseling', and training teaches how to audit. The levels of auditing and training are charted and described on <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">The Bridge to Total Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thebridge-30">[30]</a> All service organizations are separate corporate entities, are licensed as franchises, and pay a percentage of their gross revenues to International Management.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-ch4-31">[31]</a>: 98  Hubbard's image and writing are ubiquitous in service orgs, and each maintains a corporate-style office set aside for Hubbard's reincarnation, with a plaque on the desk bearing his name, and a pad of paper with a pen for him to continue writing.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-wright-26">[26]</a>: 200  <dl><dt>Missions of Scientology</dt> <dd>Business-wise, missions operate like <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchises</a>. They are independently owned by a "mission holder" and licensed to operate by the Church of Scientology. These offer beginning services to newcomers to Scientology, then push their clients to higher level service orgs.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-admindict-29">[29]</a>: 334  Missions are managed by <a href="#SMI">Scientology Missions International</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Scientology Life Improvement Centers and Dianetics Centers</dt> <dd>These centers are operated by a local Church of Scientology and are small "store front" locations with the purpose of selling books and offering very basic services to get people interested in Scientology.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Central org, Class V org</dt> <dd>This organization is what most people think of as "a Church of Scientology". It offers a full range of auditing and auditor training services up to the level of <a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">Clear</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">The Bridge to Total Freedom</a>. They were called Class V orgs because the auditor training level up to Clear was called the "Class V auditor course".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-thebridge-30">[30]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ideal org</dt> <dd>An <a href="#Ideal_Org">Ideal Org</a> is a special class of Class V org where a new large building has been acquired, renovated, and outfitted to David Miscavige's "ideal org" standards.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Saint Hill org and Advanced org</dt> <dd>A Saint Hill org is a type of service org which trains up through the Class VI course—the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course. Named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a>. An Advanced org offers the advanced levels above Clear, including the <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#OT_levels" title="Operating Thetan">OT levels I through V</a>. Several organizations operate the function of a Saint Hill org coupled with an Advanced org in a single corporation, such as: <a href="#Saint_Hill">East Grinstead, United Kingdom</a>; Copenhagen, Denmark; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Sydney, Australia. <a href="#PAC_Base">Los Angeles, California</a> has a separate Saint Hill org and an Advanced org.<a href="#cite_note-irsapplic-35">[35]</a>: 49–50 </dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Flag Service Org</a> (FSO)</dt> <dd>Also known as "Flag". Located in the <a href="#Flag_Land_Base">Clearwater, Florida campus</a>, audits specialty rundowns such as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Power_Rundown" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Power Rundown">Super Power Rundown</a> and the L's rundowns. It is also the chief training organization for Class V org staff to train for their posts (these students are called "outer org trainees"). FSO also operates an Advanced org which offers the <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#OTVI" title="Operating Thetan">OT levels VI and VII</a>, and trains <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a> staff for the confidential upper levels to audit and supervise others on OT levels V-VIII.<a href="#cite_note-irsapplic-35">[35]</a>: 52ff </dd></dl> <dl><dt>Flag Ship Service Org (FSSO)</dt> <dd>The name of the service org that operates aboard the <a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a> ship in the Caribbean. It offers the <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#OTVIII" title="Operating Thetan">OT level VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irsapplic-35">[35]</a>: 55ff </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_organizations">Management organizations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations#Management_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations § Management organizations</a></div> All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the <a href="#Sea_Org">Sea Org</a>—which is not a corporation—consisting of the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists" run as a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary organization">paramilitary organization</a>:<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrmarlia2003-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.<a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 270 <a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 172  The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a> There are numerous other management organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Commodore%27s_Messenger_Organization" title="Commodore's Messenger Organization">Commodore's Messenger Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchdog Committee">Watchdog Committee</a>, Continental Liaison Offices, and the organizations that manage the <a href="#Dissemination_organizations">dissemination and outreach activities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-commandchannels-36">[36]</a>: 9, 10, 26  In the 1950s and 1960s, management was operated from the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">Hubbard Association of Scientologists International</a> (HASI), and from 1966 until the 1980s it was the Church of Scientology of California (CSC).<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 131  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_Org">Sea Org</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Org&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The Sea Organization or <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a> is the senior-most status of <a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">staff</a> within the Church of Scientology network of corporations, but is not itself incorporated. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Sea Org was started as <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>'s private navy, and adopted naval uniforms and ranks.<a href="#cite_note-miller-37">[37]</a>: 263 <a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 124  Today, all Scientology management organizations are exclusively staffed with Sea Org members.<a href="#cite_note-nrmarlia2003-22">[22]</a> The Sea Org maintains strict codes for its members, beginning with a billion-year pledge of service to <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> upon initiation.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 125  <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a>, the leader of Scientology, is the highest-ranking Sea Org officer with the rank of captain. The rank of commodore is permanently reserved for the late L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology.<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 139  Some ex-members and scholars have described the Sea Org as a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> organization marked by intensive surveillance and lack of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 125 </div></div> Critics of Scientology have spoken out against the disciplinary procedures and policies of the Sea Org, which have been <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">a source of controversy</a> since its inception and variously described as abusive and illegal. Former Sea Org members have stated that punishments in the late 1960s and early 1970s included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1974, Hubbard established the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Rehabilitation Project Force</a> (or RPF), a forced labour and re-education program against reputedly delinquent members of the Sea Org,<a href="#cite_note-Ke03-39">[39]</a> which involves long days of hard labor, restricted food, and substandard living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Hellesoy2014-40">[40]</a> Ex-members have reported physical abuse and that members are prevented from leaving with threats and coercion.<a href="#cite_note-Hellesoy2014-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lippard2013-41">[41]</a> Teenagers as young as twelve years old have been assigned to the RPF, and there have been reports of children laboring for considerably longer than eight hours a day, and physical and sexual abuse of minors.<a href="#cite_note-Kent2021_IR-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ortega2012VV-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-McManus2019_TBT-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Miscavige_Hill" title="Jenna Miscavige Hill">Jenna Miscavige Hill</a>, niece of David Miscavige and author of Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape, stated that as a child she often worked 14 hours a day and only got to see her parents once a week, if that.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Technology_Center_(RTC)">Religious Technology Center (RTC)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a></div> The highest authority in the Church of Scientology network is <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a> (RTC). The RTC claims to only be the "holder of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks", but is in fact the main Scientology executive organization.<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a> RTC chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> is widely seen as the effective head of Scientology.<a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a> is the organization at the top of the Scientology hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 303  RTC was established in 1982, and controls the Dianetics and Scientology trademarks.<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 23  In 1987, David Miscavige took over control of RTC and is the head of RTC; officially Chairman of the Board, or COB.<a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 122  RTC employs lawyers and has pursued individuals and groups who have legally attacked Scientology or who are deemed to be a legal threat to Scientology. This has included breakaway Scientologists who practice Scientology outside the central organization, and critics, as well as numerous government and media organizations.<a href="#cite_note-atack-23">[23]</a>: 284 <a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 182–185  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientology_Missions_International">Scientology Missions International</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_Missions_International" title="Scientology Missions International">Scientology Missions International</a></div> Scientology Missions International is the management organization over the mission network. Missions are small Scientology organizations which recruit new people and deliver basic services and <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a>. These were the feeder organizations which sent people into the main Scientology orgs. Previously called franchises and running semi-autonomously under the wing of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian's Office">Guardian's Office</a>, they were considered "Scientology's life blood" until <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> and his International Finance Police gutted the network in the early 1980s. Missions were operated by a mission holder who paid 10% license fees to the Church of Scientology but kept the bulk of their income to themselves. The new policy was that missions paid a higher percentage to the new <a href="/wiki/Scientology_Missions_International" title="Scientology Missions International">Scientology Missions International</a> (SMI), established 1981, and anyone who objected was <a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice#SP" title="Scientology ethics and justice">declared suppressive</a> and their bank accounts seized. Hundreds of mission holders lost or closed their missions and in 1983 there were just forty missions left in the US. Until the 1990s, few people opened new missions and the push was directed towards celebrities to open missions: <a href="/wiki/Kirstie_Alley" title="Kirstie Alley">Kirstie Alley</a> opened a mission in Wichita, Kansas in 1995, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> opened one in Memphis in 1997, and <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Elfman" title="Jenna Elfman">Jenna Elfman</a> opened one in San Francisco in 2001. According to the Church of Scientology, by 2002 there were 197 missions in the US, and by 2008 there were internationally 3,200 missions across 129 countries.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 137–139, 159 <a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 95–97, 157, 300  (Note: A <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology#missionaire" title="Glossary of Scientology">Sea Org missionaire</a></dfn> is a person with a job completely unrelated to the mission network.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-admindict-29">[29]</a>: 335 ) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing_and_media_organizations">Publishing and media organizations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations#Publishing_houses_and_media" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations § Publishing houses and media</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Era_Productions">Golden Era Productions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a></div> Golden Era Productions is a 500+ acre property in California also known as <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a>, occupied by the Church of Scientology since 1979. It is where they make Scientology films, reproduce audio recordings of Hubbard's lectures, and assemble <a href="/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter">E-meters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 80–81  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientology_Media_Productions_and_Scientology_Network">Scientology Media Productions and Scientology Network</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_Network" title="Scientology Network">Scientology Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/KCET_Studios" title="KCET Studios">KCET Studios</a></div> In 2011, the Church of Scientology purchased <a href="/wiki/KCET_Studios" title="KCET Studios">KCET-TV's studio facilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thr2011-50">[50]</a> After five years of renovations and upgrades, the 4.5-acre property was reopened in 2016 as "Scientology Media Productions".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The facilities included "three soundstages, postproduction tools, control rooms, music studios, mixing rooms, art departments, scene shops, radio booths, screening rooms, a magazine production space, a live-events hub" and 136,000 square feet of space.<a href="#cite_note-thr2021-52">[52]</a> In 2018, they launched the <a href="/wiki/Scientology_Network" title="Scientology Network">Scientology Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_Publications_and_New_Era_Publications">Bridge Publications and New Era Publications</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-Scientology_Disseminations_Distribution_Center_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Print and distribution center, California</figcaption></figure> Bridge Publications, Inc. (incorporated 1981 in California) is the publisher for Scientology books and magazines in the United States, and New Era Publications International, Aps is the publisher in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-handbookofscientology2016-54">[54]</a>: 211  Past publications organizations include Distribution Center Inc. (Maryland 1955), Publications Organization United States (California 1971), and Scientology Publications Limited (UK 1991).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-bridgepubabout-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-emetercase1969-57">[57]</a> As of 2023, the Bridge Publications print and distribution center, located at 5600 E Olympic Blvd, Commerce, California, occupies 185,000 square feet and prints the organization's magazines and other Scientology materials. The center's <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing#Web-fed_offset" title="Offset printing">press</a> has the capacity to print 55,000 pages per hour. The warehousing and shipping department is fully automated, with the capability of handling half a million items per week.<a href="#cite_note-prnewswire2016-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-bridgepubabout-56">[56]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprints</a> from across the entire Scientology network which are printed at the main print center, including <a href="/wiki/Effective_Education_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective Education Publishing">Effective Education Publishing</a>, Freedom Publishing, and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author_Services_Inc._and_Galaxy_Press">Author Services Inc. and Galaxy Press</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg/220px-2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg/330px-2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg/440px-2005_11_L._Ron_Hubbard_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">Author Services building</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Author_Services_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Author Services Inc.">Author Services Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Author_Services_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Author Services Inc.">Author Services Inc.</a> (ASI) represents the literary, theatrical and musical works of L. Ron Hubbard.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It is wholly owned by <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Author Services runs the contests <a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers of the Future</a> and Illustrators of the Future. <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a> of Author Services, spun off from Bridge Publications in 2002. Author Services and Galaxy Press are located at <a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">7051 Hollywood Blvd, Hollywood, CA 90028</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissemination_organizations">Dissemination organizations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations#Secular_and_social_management_entities" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations § Secular and social management entities</a></div> There are many independently chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and pay license fees for the use of Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology and operate as <a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">front groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sydney-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education_(ABLE)">Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a></div> Founded in 1989, the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) is an umbrella organization that administers six of Scientology's social programs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Scholastics" title="Applied Scholastics">Applied Scholastics</a>, educational programs based on Hubbard's "Study Tech".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminon" title="Criminon">Criminon</a> prisoner rehabilitation programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Human_Rights_and_Tolerance" title="International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance">International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance</a>, which has a particular interest in religious freedom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narconon" title="Narconon">Narconon</a> drug rehabilitation centers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness</a> Foundation, dedicated to disseminating Hubbard's non-religious moral code.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Human_Rights_International" title="Youth for Human Rights International">Youth for Human Rights International</a>, the youth branch of The Way to Happiness.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights_(CCHR)">Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">anti-psychiatry</a> lobby organization whose stated mission is to "eradicate abuses committed under the guise of mental health."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It operates the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry:_An_Industry_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatry: An Industry of Death">Psychiatry: An Industry of Death</a> exhibit which is open to the public in CCHR's building on Sunset Boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-wright-26">[26]</a>: 293  It has been described by critics as a <a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Scientology front group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-one-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-three-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volunteer_Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Ministers" title="Volunteer Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</a></div> The Church of Scientology began its "<a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Ministers" title="Volunteer Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</a>" program as a way to participate in community outreach projects. Volunteer Ministers travel to the scenes of major disasters to provide assistance with relief efforts. According to critics, these relief efforts consist of passing out copies of a pamphlet authored by Hubbard entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness</a>, and engaging in a method said to calm panicked or injured individuals known in Scientology as a "<a href="/wiki/Touch_assist" title="Touch assist">touch assist</a>". Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises_(WISE)">World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises" title="World Institute of Scientology Enterprises">World Institute of Scientology Enterprises</a></div> Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_College_of_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubbard College of Administration">Hubbard College of Administration</a>, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree: <ul><li>One of the best-known WISE-affiliated businesses is <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Management_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Management Systems">Sterling Management Systems</a>, which offers Hubbard's management "technology" to professionals such as dentists and chiropractors.</li> <li>Another well-known WISE-affiliated business is <a href="/wiki/E.Republic" title="E.Republic">e.Republic</a>, a publishing company based in Folsom, California.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> e.Republic publications include Government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Government is a division of e. Republic that was founded in 1999.</li> <li>Internet ISP <a href="/wiki/EarthLink" title="EarthLink">EarthLink</a> was founded by Scientologists <a href="/wiki/Sky_Dayton" title="Sky Dayton">Sky Dayton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reed_Slatkin" title="Reed Slatkin">Reed Slatkin</a> as a Scientology enterprise. The company now distances itself from the views of its founder, who moved on to become CEO of <a href="/wiki/Helio_(wireless_carrier)" title="Helio (wireless carrier)">Helio (wireless carrier)</a>, formerly known as SK-EarthLink.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front_groups">Front groups</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Scientology front groups</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientology_front_groups&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Scientology front groups</a> are those groups named or operated in such a way as to disguise their association with the Church of Scientology (COS). COS uses <a href="/wiki/Front_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Front groups">front groups</a> to promote its interests in politics, to make itself appear legitimate, and to recruit. The Times published, "[The church attracts] the unwary through a wide array of front groups in such businesses as publishing, consulting, health care and even remedial education." Many of the groups are founded on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, named disingenuously, and underplay their links to Scientology.<a href="#cite_note-behar-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientology_front_groups_stark-73">[73]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bases_and_campuses">Bases and campuses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_properties" title="Scientology properties">Scientology properties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoSmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CoSmap.png/220px-CoSmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CoSmap.png/330px-CoSmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CoSmap.png/440px-CoSmap.png 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Locations of major Scientology centers in the United States and the United Kingdom: 1. <a href="#Saint_Hill">Saint Hill Manor</a> 2. <a href="#Flag_Land_Base">Flag Land Base</a> 3. <a href="#PAC_Base">PAC Base</a> 4. <a href="#Gold_Base">Gold Base</a> 5. <a href="#Trementina_Base">Trementina Base</a> 6. Flag ship, <a href="#FSSO">Freewinds</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The church owns a staggering array of properties, from a college on 55 acres in England to a luxury cruise ship. The church often buys historic buildings and refurbishes them in grand fashion. —St. Petersburg Times, 2009 <a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Hill,_England">Saint Hill, England</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg/238px-Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg/357px-Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg/476px-Saint_Hill_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="459" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Hill,_East_Grinstead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg/238px-Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg/357px-Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg/476px-Saint_Hill%2C_East_Grinstead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some of the Saint Hill campus</div></div></div></div> Hubbard moved to England shortly after founding Scientology, where he oversaw its worldwide development from an office in London for most of the 1950s. In 1959, he bought <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a>, a Georgian manor house near the <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> town of <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a>. During Hubbard's years at Saint Hill, he traveled extensively, providing lectures and training in Australia, South Africa in the United States, and developing materials that would eventually become Scientology's "core systematic theology and praxis".<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a> While in Saint Hill, Hubbard worked with a staff of nineteen and urged others to join. On September 14, 1959, he wrote: "Here, on half a hundred acres of lovely grounds in a mansion where we have not yet found all the bedrooms, we are handling the problems of administration and service for the world of Scientology. We are not very many here and as the sun never sets on Scientology we are very busy thetans."<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a> The most important achievement of the Saint Hill period was Hubbard's execution of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course (SHBC). It was delivered by Hubbard from March 1951 to December 1966 and, within the Church of Scientology, is considered the best training course for budding "auditors" in the organization. Scientology groups called "Saint Hill Organizations" located in Los Angeles, Clearwater (Florida), Copenhagen and Sydney still teach this course.<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a> This became the worldwide headquarters of Scientology through the 1960s and 1970s. Hubbard declared Saint Hill to be the organization by which all other organizations would be measured, and he issued a general order (still followed today) for all organizations around the world to expand and reach "Saint Hill size". The Church of Scientology has announced that the next two levels of <a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Scientology teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#OT_IX_to_OT_XV" title="Operating Thetan">OT IX and X</a>, will be released and made available to the organization's members when all the major organizations in the world have reached Saint Hill size.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_Land_Base,_Clearwater,_Florida">Flag Land Base, Clearwater, Florida</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison_Hotel" title="Fort Harrison Hotel">Fort Harrison Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg/238px-Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg/357px-Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg/476px-Scientology_Superpower_Building_Ribbon_Cutting_17_November_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Clearwater,_Florida,_080417_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg/238px-Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg/357px-Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg/476px-Clearwater%2C_Florida%2C_080417_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some of the Flag Land Base buildings: The Super Power Building (top, background) and Fort Harrison Hotel (top, foreground), Clearwater Bank building (bottom)</div></div></div></div> The "worldwide spiritual headquarters" of the Church of Scientology is known as Flag Land Base, located in <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater, Florida</a>. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc.">Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc.</a>, a Florida corporation. The organization was founded in 1975 when a Scientology-founded group called "Southern Land Development and Leasing Corp" purchased the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison_Hotel" title="Fort Harrison Hotel">Fort Harrison Hotel</a> for $2.3 million. Because the reported tenant was the "United Churches of Florida" the citizens and City Council of Clearwater did not realize that the building's owners were actually the Church of Scientology until after the building's purchase. Clearwater citizens' groups, headed by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cazares" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Cazares">Gabriel Cazares</a>, rallied strongly against Scientology establishing a base in the city (repeatedly referring to the organization as a cult), but Flag Base was established nonetheless.<a href="#cite_note-sptimes1979-77">[77]</a> In the years since its foundation, the Flag Land Base has expanded as the Church of Scientology has gradually purchased large amounts of additional property in the downtown and waterfront Clearwater area. Scientology's largest project in Clearwater has been the construction of a high-rise complex called the "<a href="/wiki/Super_Power_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Power Building">Super Power Building</a>", or Flag Building, which "is the centerpiece of a 160-million construction campaign."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Church of Scientology's CST chairman of the board, David Miscavige, led the opening and dedication of the 377,000-square-foot Flag Building on November 17, 2013. The multi-million cathedral is the new spiritual headquarters of Scientology. The fifth and sixth floor contain the "Super Power Program", which includes specially designed machines that Scientologists believe allow users to develop new abilities and experience enlightenment. The building also includes a dining facility, course rooms, offices and small rooms for "<a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a>" purposes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAC_Base_and_Hollywood,_California">PAC Base and Hollywood, California</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg/113px-Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg/170px-Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg/226px-Church-of-Scientology-Los-Angeles-night-shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2232" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CelebrityCentre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CelebrityCentre.jpg/121px-CelebrityCentre.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CelebrityCentre.jpg/182px-CelebrityCentre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CelebrityCentre.jpg/242px-CelebrityCentre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg/117px-Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg/176px-Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg/234px-Guaranty_Building_79000481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._(2746273728).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg/117px-Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg/176px-Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg/234px-Scientology_Center_on_Hollywood_Blvd._%282746273728%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg/238px-Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg/357px-Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg/476px-Scientology_building_east_hollywood_los_angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2223" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Los Angeles Org, <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centre" title="Celebrity Centre">Celebrity Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Hollywood Guaranty Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christie_Hotel" title="Christie Hotel">Information Center</a>, "Big Blue"</div></div></div></div> Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related organizations in the world, with the Church of Scientology's most visible presence being in the Hollywood district of the city.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The organization owns a former hospital on Fountain Avenue which houses Scientology's <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> headquarters,<a href="#cite_note-BI-83">[83]</a> the Pacific Area Command Base – often referred to as "PAC Base" or "Big Blue", after its blue paint job. Adjacent buildings include headquarters of several internal Scientology divisions,<a href="#cite_note-BI-83">[83]</a> including the American Saint Hill Organization, the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, and the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles. All these organizations are integrated within the corporation <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Western_United_States" title="Church of Scientology Western United States">Church of Scientology Western United States</a>. The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through their complex "L. Ron Hubbard Way". The street has been paved in brick.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Scientology's <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity Centres">Celebrity Center International</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_(Los_Angeles)" title="Franklin Avenue (Los Angeles)">Franklin Avenue</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Author_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Author Services">Author Services</a>, the Test Center, and the official headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Hollywood Guaranty Building)</a> are all located on <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-85">[85]</a> The ground floor of the Guaranty Building also features the L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition, a museum detailing his life that is open to the general public. The Celebrity Centre was acquired by the organization as the Chateau Elysee in 1973, built to accommodate members in the arts, sports and government.<a href="#cite_note-miller-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_Base,_Riverside_County,_California">Gold Base, Riverside County, California</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg/220px-Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg/330px-Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg/440px-Gold_Base_aerial_view_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Gold Base aerial view from west</figcaption></figure> The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a>, the entity that oversees Scientology operations worldwide, is located in <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto,_California" title="San Jacinto, California">San Jacinto</a>. The facility, known as <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a> or "Int", is owned by <a href="/wiki/Golden_Era_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Era Productions">Golden Era Productions</a> and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios. Several Scientology executives, including David Miscavige, live and work at the base.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-86">[86]</a> Therefore, Gold Base is Scientology's international administrative headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScientInland-90">[90]</a> The Church of Scientology bought the former <a href="/wiki/Gilman_Hot_Springs" title="Gilman Hot Springs">Gilman Hot Springs resort</a>, which had been popular with Hollywood figures, in 1978; the resort became Gold Base.<a href="#cite_note-ScientInland-90">[90]</a> The facilities are surrounded by floodlights and video observation cameras,<a href="#cite_note-latimes-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-stone-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and the compound is protected by razor wire.<a href="#cite_note-laweekly-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trementina_Base,_New_Mexico">Trementina Base, New Mexico</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Trementina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scientology_Trementina.jpg/170px-Scientology_Trementina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scientology_Trementina.jpg/255px-Scientology_Trementina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scientology_Trementina.jpg/340px-Scientology_Trementina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Trementina Base</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trementina_Base" title="Trementina Base">Trementina Base</a></div> The Church of Scientology maintains a large base on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Trementina,_New_Mexico" title="Trementina, New Mexico">Trementina, New Mexico</a>, for the purpose of storing their archiving project: engraving Hubbard's writings on stainless steel tablets and encasing them in titanium capsules underground. An aerial photograph showing the base's enormous <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> symbols on the ground caused media interest and a local TV station broke the story in November 2005. According to a report in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, the organization unsuccessfully attempted to coerce the station not to air the story.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership_statistics">Membership statistics</h2></div> It is difficult to obtain reliable membership statistics. In the US, the 2008 <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a> found that there were 25,000 Scientologists in the US. Some of these were not considered to be members of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-villagevoice.com-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A 2008 Trinity College survey similarly concluded there were 25,000 Scientologists.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientologists" title="International Association of Scientologists">International Association of Scientologists</a> (IAS), the official Church of Scientology membership system since 1984, has never released figures.<a href="#cite_note-wright-26">[26]</a>: ix  The organization's spokespersons either give numbers for their countries or a worldwide figure.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The organization has said that it has eight to fifteen million members worldwide, but this figure is known to be an aggrandizing fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flinn-WashingtonPost-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-deseret-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Religious scholar <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> has said that the organization's estimates of its membership numbers are exaggerated: "You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church again." Melton has stated that if the claimed figure of 4 million American Scientologists were correct, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Statistics from other sources: <ul><li>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey_(ARIS)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)">American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)</a> reported that there were 55,000 adults in the United States who consider themselves Scientologists.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A 2008 survey of American religious affiliations by the US Census Bureau estimated there to be 25,000 Americans identifying as Scientologists.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>The 2001 United Kingdom census contained a voluntary question on religion, to which approximately 48,000,000 chose to respond. Of those living in England and Wales who responded, a total of 1,781 said they were Scientologists.<a href="#cite_note-lewis2004-114">[114]</a></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, the national census agency, reported a total of 1,745 Scientologists nationwide,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> up from 1,525 in 2001<a href="#cite_note-lewis2004-114">[114]</a> and 1,220 in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Verfassungsschutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfassungsschutz">German Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> estimated a total of 5,000 – 6,000 Scientologists in that country, and mentioned a count of 12,000 according to Scientology Germany.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>In the 2006 New Zealand census, 357 people identified themselves as Scientologists, although a spokesperson for the organization said there were between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in the country.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Earlier census figures were 207 in the 1991 census, 219 in 1996, and 282 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-lewis2004-114">[114]</a></li> <li>In 2006, Australia's national census recorded 2,507 Scientologists nationwide, up from 1,488 in 1996, and 2,032 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-lewis2004-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The 2011 census however found a decrease of 13.7 percent from the 2006 census.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/SonntagsZeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="SonntagsZeitung">SonntagsZeitung</a> reported that support for Scientology in Switzerland had experienced a steady decline from 3,000 registered members in 1990 to 1,000 members and the organization was said to be facing extinction in the country. A Church of Scientology spokesperson rejected the figures claiming that the organization had 5,000 "passive and active members in Switzerland".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>In 2011, the "Scientology Association of Finland" had approximately 120 members.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_Finance" title="Scientology Finance">Scientology Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_status_of_Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Tax status of Scientology in the United States">Tax status of Scientology in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations#Financial_trusts" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations § Financial trusts</a></div> In 2008, the Church of Scientology and its large network of corporations, nonprofits and other legal entities were estimated to bring in around 500 million US dollars in annual revenue.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Scientologists can attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions for a set range of "fixed donations"; however, membership without courses or auditing is possible. According to a sociological report entitled "Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear", progression between levels above "clear" status cost $15,760.03 in 1980 (equivalent to $58,279 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-stark-124">[124]</a> Scientologists can choose to be audited by a fellow Scientologist rather than by a staff member.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Critics say it is improper to fix a donation for religious service; therefore the activity is non-religious. Scientology points out many classes, exercises and counseling may also be traded for <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">"in kind"</a> or performed cooperatively by students for no cost, and members of its most devoted orders can make use of services without any donations bar that of their time. A central tenet of Scientology is its <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Exchange">Doctrine of Exchange</a>, which dictates that each time a person receives something, he or she must give something back. By doing so, a Scientologist maintains "inflow" and "outflow", avoiding spiritual decline.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideal_Orgs">Ideal Orgs</h2></div> Starting in 2003 Miscavige began pressuring local Churches of Scientology to purchase larger facilities to use as Scientology centers which would be renovated to become "Ideal Orgs".<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.com-127">[127]</a> The theory was "If you build it they will come."<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 348  This push has included the acquisition of many historic buildings, a plan which professor of religious studies <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Urban" title="Hugh Urban">Hugh Urban</a> believes has been pursued to imbue the Church with historical significance and distract from its controversies.<a href="#cite_note-miller-37">[37]</a> For renovations of these buildings, the Church of Scientology has relied heavily on manual labor from <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a> members in the organization's <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Rehabilitation Project Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miller-37">[37]</a> As of 2018, the Church of Scientology claims it had purchased 70 buildings and opened 60 Ideal Orgs around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-peters-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> With its membership numbers dwindling, Scientology's ideal org campaign has been called "a real estate scam", a "money-making scam", and "Scientology's principle cash cow".<a href="#cite_note-peters-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 347  Scientologists were heavily pressured during lengthy fundraising sessions to donate all their money and even open new credit lines to help fund the several million dollar building purchases. This resulted in less money to spend on normal services like training and auditing, so the new orgs became desolate. Staff pay, which is dependent upon weekly org income, was often reduced to a few dollars a week.<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.com-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-peters-128">[128]</a> A 2010 survey of former Scientologists by former Church of Scientology executive <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Mike Rinder</a> found that the most cited reason for leaving the Church was the unrelenting pressure to donate to programs such as the Ideal Org program.<a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 349  Some of the buildings purchased for Ideal Orgs remained vacant and unrenovated for years. For example, in the UK, delayed Ideal Orgs included <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (purchased in 2007 and finally opened in 2017),<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> (purchased 2007),<a href="#cite_note-cooper-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> (purchased 2006),<a href="#cite_note-cooper-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> (purchased 2009).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The delays prompted calls from locals for a <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_purchase_in_England_and_Wales" title="Compulsory purchase in England and Wales">compulsory purchase</a> of the historically significant buildings, which had remained largely vacant and undeveloped since their purchase.<a href="#cite_note-croucher-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrities">Celebrities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_celebrities" title="Scientology and celebrities">Scientology and celebrities</a></div> In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the organization has made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or respected people.<a href="#cite_note-laceleb-136">[136]</a> Scientology has had a written program governing <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> recruitment since at least 1955, when L. Ron Hubbard created "Project Celebrity", offering rewards to Scientologists who recruited targeted celebrities, and another church document pointed to the importance of "using Scientology celebrities to mold the opinions of their publics."<a href="#cite_note-urban-15">[15]</a>: 139–141  According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vaughn_Young" title="Robert Vaughn Young">Robert Vaughn Young</a>, "one of my jobs was to get celebrities active, to convince them to hustle and promote Scientology."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The Church of Scientology operates <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity Centres">Celebrity Centres</a> for the use of artists, politicians, leaders of industry, sports figures, and other prominent individuals.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_opinions_of_Scientology">Government opinions of Scientology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country</a></div> While some governments now give the Church of Scientology protections and tax relief,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_religious_recognition-140">[140]</a> other sources describe the organization as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoreligion" title="Pseudoreligion">pseudoreligion</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-141">[141]</a> Early official reports in countries such as the United Kingdom (1971), South Africa (1972), Australia (1965) and New Zealand (1969) have yielded unfavorable observations and conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1965-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Sociologist Stephen Kent published at a Lutheran convention in Germany that he likes to call it a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">transnational corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marburg-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology controversies</a></div> Though it has attained some <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">credibility as a religion</a> in many countries, Scientology has also been described as both a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> and a commercial enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-timecult2-1">[1]</a> Some of the organization's actions also brought scrutiny from the press and law enforcement. For example, it has been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as <a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">fair game</a> people it perceives as its enemies.<a href="#cite_note-The_Church's_War-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the organization's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>, the largest theft of government documents in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-ortega19991223-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-lawhite-149">[149]</a> Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".<a href="#cite_note-Neusner-154">[154]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(film)" title="Going Clear (film)">Going Clear</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(book)" title="Going Clear (book)">the book by the same name</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wright-26">[26]</a> also documents controversies surrounding the organization and its treatment of former members.<a href="#cite_note-Beaumont2015_Guardian-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins2015_RS-156">[156]</a> Criticism has also come from within the Church. <a href="/wiki/Marty_Rathbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Marty Rathbun">Marty Rathbun</a>, the former inspector general of the Religious Technology, has spoken out against church activities. He has called for a "Scientology Reformation" to eliminate corruption and bring back the original teachings of L. Ron Hubbard.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists">Hubbard Association of Scientologists</a> (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring the organization's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the organization in those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New facilities were formed in Paris (1959), Denmark (1968), Sweden (1969), and Germany (1970). In the 1970s the religion spread through Europe: in Austria (1971), Holland (1972), Italy (1978), and Switzerland (1978). Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The organization sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the organization paid $12.5 million to the IRS—greatly less than IRS had initially demanded—and the IRS recognized the organization as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The U.S. State Department has criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based on the <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Act_of_1998" title="International Religious Freedom Act of 1998">International Religious Freedom Act of 1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In some countries, such as Israel, Scientology is treated legally as a commercial enterprise, and not as a religion or charitable organization.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-141">[141]</a>: 12  In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. Unlike many well-established religious organizations, Scientology maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word Scientology (and many <a href="/wiki/List_of_trademarks_owned_by_the_Church_of_Scientology_and_its_affiliates" title="List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates">related terms</a>, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a registered trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the Church of Scientology (see <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology and the legal system">Scientology and the legal system</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_activities">Illegal activities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology controversies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game (Scientology)</a></div> L. Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the organization in 1968, and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a> or OSA), organization members and contracted staff later organized and committed one of the largest penetrations of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>). This operation was named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a> by Hubbard.<a href="#cite_note-lawhite-149">[149]</a> In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The crime committed by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds. The tools of their trade were miniature transmitters, lock picks, secret codes, forged credentials and any other device they found necessary to carry out their conspiratorial schemes.<a href="#cite_note-lawhite-149">[149]</a> </blockquote> The organization has also in the past made use of aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as trying to suppress them, known as <a href="/wiki/Suppressive_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressive Person">Suppressive Persons</a> (SPs) first outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called <a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">fair game</a>. It was under this policy that <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Cooper" title="Paulette Cooper">Paulette Cooper</a> was targeted for having authored <a href="/wiki/The_Scandal_of_Scientology" title="The Scandal of Scientology">The Scandal of Scientology</a>, a 1970 exposé book about the organization and its founder. This action was known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a>. Using blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name.<a href="#cite_note-lawhite-149">[149]</a> When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The organization's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed. All charges against Cooper were dismissed, though she had spent more than $20,000 on legal fees for her defense.<a href="#cite_note-lawhite-149">[149]</a> On January 22, 2013, attorneys for the organization, as well as some of its members, reacted toward the CNN News Group for its airing of a story covering the release of a book published by a former member, entitled 'Going Clear', published earlier the same year. CNN News Group then chose to publish the reactionary correspondence, with confidential information redacted, on its web site. According to a 1990 Los Angeles Times article, in the 1980s the Los Angeles branch largely switched from using the organization's members in harassment campaigns to using private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers. The reason seemed to be that this gave the organization a layer of protection.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_Offensive_Against_an_Array_of_Suspected_Foes,_''Los_Angeles_Times'',_June_29,_1990-165">[165]</a> The Scientology organization has continued to aggressively target people it deems suppressive. In 1998, regarding its announcement that it had hired a private investigator to look into the background of a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a> writer who had written a series on the organization, Robert W. Thornburg, dean of Marsh Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, said, "No one I know goes so far as to hire outsiders to harass or try to get intimidating data on critics. Scientology is the only crowd that does that."<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Herald-166">[166]</a> It has apparently continued as recently as 2010. In 2007, when <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(journalist)" title="John Sweeney (journalist)">John Sweeney</a> was making <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_Me" title="Scientology and Me">Scientology and Me</a>, an investigative report about the organization, he was subjected to harassment: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In LA, the moment our hire car left the airport we realised we were being followed by two cars. In our hotel a weird stranger spent every breakfast listening to us.<a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-167">[167]</a></blockquote> Sweeney subsequently made a follow-up documentary, <a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Scientology" title="The Secrets of Scientology">The Secrets of Scientology</a>, in 2010 during which he was followed and filmed on multiple occasions and one of his interviewees was followed back to his home.<a href="#cite_note-Sweeny_Followed_2010-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members'_health_and_safety">Members' health and safety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_McPherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa McPherson">Lisa McPherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elli_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Elli Perkins">Elli Perkins</a></div> The deaths of some Scientologists have brought attention to the organization, both due to the circumstances of their demises and their relationship with Scientology being a factor.<a href="#cite_note-timecult1-169">[169]</a> In 1995, Lisa McPherson was involved in a minor automobile accident while driving on a <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a> street. Following the collision, she exited her vehicle, stripped naked and showed further signs of mental instability, as noted by a nearby ambulance crew that subsequently transported her to a nearby hospital. Hospital staff decided that she had not been injured in the accident, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation. Following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out against medical advice after a short evaluation. She was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison_Hotel" title="Fort Harrison Hotel">Fort Harrison Hotel</a>, a Scientology retreat, to receive a treatment sanctioned by the organization called <a href="/wiki/Introspection_Rundown" title="Introspection Rundown">Introspection Rundown</a>. She had previously received the Introspection Rundown in June of that year. She was locked in a room for 17 days, where she died. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for quite some time, being both underweight and severely dehydrated. Additionally, her skin was covered with over one hundred insect bites, presumably from cockroaches. The state of Florida pursued criminal charges against the Church of Scientology. The organization has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing, and now makes members sign a waiver before Introspection Rundown specifically stating that they (or anyone on their behalf) will not bring any legal action against the organization over injury or death.<a href="#cite_note-nytflchgscos-170">[170]</a> These charges attracted press coverage and sparked lawsuits. Eight years later, <a href="/wiki/Elli_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Elli Perkins">Elli Perkins</a>, another adherent to Scientology's beliefs regarding <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, was stabbed to death by her mentally disturbed son. Though Elli Perkins's son had begun to show symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> as early as 2001, the Perkins family chose not to seek psychiatric help for him and opted instead for <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative remedies</a> sanctioned by Scientology. The death of Elli Perkins at the hands of a disturbed family member, one whose disease could have been treated by methods and medications banned by Scientology, again raised questions in the media about the organization's methods.<a href="#cite_note-nypost-171">[171]</a> In addition, the organization has been implicated in kidnapping members who have recently left the organization. In 2007, Martine Boublil was kidnapped and held for several weeks against her will in Sardinia by four Scientologists. She was found on January 22, 2008, clothed only in a shirt. The room she was imprisoned in contained refuse and an insect infested mattress.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> On Friday March 28, 2008, Kaja Bordevich Ballo, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Olav_Gunnar_Ballo" title="Olav Gunnar Ballo">Olav Gunnar Ballo</a>, Norwegian parliament member and vice president of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Odelsting#Qualified_unicameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Odelsting">Odelsting</a>, took a Church of Scientology <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">personality test</a> while studying in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. Her friends and co-inhabitants claim she was in good spirits and showed no signs of a mental breakdown, but the report from the organization said she was "depressed, irresponsible, hyper-critical and lacking in harmony". A few hours later she committed suicide by jumping from her balcony at her dorm room leaving a note telling her family she was sorry for not "being good for anything". The incident has brought forward heavy criticism of the organization from friends, family and prominent Norwegian politicians.<a href="#cite_note-dgbtkbb-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inga_Marte_Thorkildsen" title="Inga Marte Thorkildsen">Inga Marte Thorkildsen</a>, parliament member, went as far as to say "Everything points to the Scientology cult having played a direct role in making Kaja choose to take her own life".<a href="#cite_note-dgbtkbb-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissemination_and_recruiting_practices">Dissemination and recruiting practices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/220px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/330px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/440px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Scientologist administers a stress test using an <a href="/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter">e-meter</a>.</figcaption></figure> Members of the public entering a Scientology center or <a href="#Mission_network">mission</a> are offered a "free personality test" called the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">Oxford Capacity Analysis</a> by Scientology literature. The test, despite its name and the claims of Scientology literature, has no connection to Oxford University or any other research body. Scientific research into three test results came to the conclusion that "we are forced to a position of skepticism about the test's status as a reliable psychometric device" and called its scientific value "negligible".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Further recruitment practices — called dissemination in Scientology – include information booths, flyers and advertisement for free seminars and Sunday Services in regular newspapers and magazines, personal contacts, sales of books, and acting classes.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: ix, 71  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_waivers">Legal waivers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Working with lawyer Bill Drescher, we drafted and implemented one-sided agreements that everyone who partakes in scientology services is required to sign—forfeiting the right to sue and any rights to access the records of scientology services, and even giving scientology authorization to hold the signee against their will should they have a psychotic episode so they can participate in the Introspection Rundown.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Mike Rinder</a> <a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 176 </cite></div></blockquote> Due to previous litigation against the Church of Scientology, and particularly the civil and criminal cases surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lisa_McPherson" title="Death of Lisa McPherson">death of Lisa McPherson</a>, COS drafted several contracts, releases and waivers which all individuals must sign in order to start any service with COS, no matter how small or introductory. They must be signed again before any major service, and new contracts signed for each Scientology corporate entity the individual visits. One particular waiver—called the "Lisa Clause" by critics of Scientology—states that a member will not seek any psychiatric treatment, and gives permission for the Church of Scientology to detain any member suspected of a psychotic break or other serious mental breakdown. Such detention is to provide the <a href="/wiki/Introspection_Rundown" title="Introspection Rundown">Introspection Rundown</a>, a procedure where an individual is kept isolated from everyone, with no communication. This controversial procedure was considered to be the cause of McPherson's death and, in order to prevent future lawsuits, the Church of Scientology compiled these one-sided contracts.The contracts also prohibit the individual from obtaining any copies of records related to them while granting COS the exclusive right to retain the documents. Individuals waive the right to sue COS in a court of law, and instead they must use Scientology's version of an arbitration (which L. Ron Hubbard never wrote about).<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-rinder-46">[46]</a>: 176 <a href="#cite_note-reitman-21">[21]</a>: 248  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2></div> The Church of Scientology denies the legitimacy of any splinter groups and factions outside the official organization, and has tried to prevent independent Scientologists from using officially trademarked Scientology materials. Independent Scientologists, also known collectively as the "<a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">Free Zone</a>" are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Squirreling" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirreling">squirrels</a> within the organization. They are also classified by the Church of Scientology as <a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">suppressive persons</a> ("SPs")—opponents or enemies of Scientology. Hubbard himself stated in Ron's Journal '67 "That there were only seven or eight Suppressive Persons on the planet". In 2010, an exception to the rule was made specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, which is the only officially sanctioned external Dianetics organization and the first official non-Scientology Dianetics org since 1953. Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> publicly announced his embracement of Dianetics, and has been actively promoting Dianetics, while stating he has not become a Scientologist. He has courted a relationship with the Church of Scientology, and materials and certifications are still required to be purchased from the organization, and are not independently produced.<a href="#cite_note-Auditing-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">List of Scientology organizations</a> – Current and past corporations of Scientology conglomerate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a> – Religious community or spiritual group of modern origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Scientology front groups</a> – Organizations pretending to be not-Scientology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Scientology officials</a> – Staff hierarchy, practices, personnel of Scientology network</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-timecult2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timecult2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timecult2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timecult2_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBehar1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html">"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618035509/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Thriving+Cult+of+Greed+and+Power&rft.date=1991-05-06&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C972865-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Kent, Stephen A.</a> (2001). "Brainwashing Programs in The Family/Children of God and Scientology". In <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, Benjamin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Robbins, Thomas</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 349–358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brainwashing+Programs+in+The+Family%2FChildren+of+God+and+Scientology&rft.btitle=Misunderstanding+Cults%3A+Searching+for+Objectivity+in+a+Controversial+Field&rft.pages=349-358&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson1965-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1965_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1965_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1965_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1965" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Victor_Anderson" title="Kevin Victor Anderson">Anderson, Kevin Victor</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized/mode/1up?view=theater">Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology</a> (Report). State of Victoria, Australia. p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175651/http://www.apologeticsindex.org/The%20Anderson%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2019. <q>In reality it is a dangerous medical cult</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Board+of+Enquiry+into+Scientology&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=State+of+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html">Alternative link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204012057/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html">Archived</a> February 4, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edge2006-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edge2006_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edge2006_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge2006" class="citation book cs1">Edge, Peter W. (2006). Religion and law: an introduction. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3048-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-3048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+law%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3048-7&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECRec1178-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECRec1178_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECRec1178_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntde_PuigEspersen1992" class="citation report cs1">Hunt, John; de Puig, Luis; Espersen, Ole (February 5, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668">European Council, Recommendation 1178: Sects and New Religious Movements</a> (Report). Council of Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111023/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2019. <q>It is a cool, cynical, manipulating business and nothing else.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=European+Council%2C+Recommendation+1178%3A+Sects+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1992-02-05&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=de+Puig%2C+Luis&rft.au=Espersen%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRPz4_u7AxMC%26pg%3DPA668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban2015-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban2015_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Urban" title="Hugh Urban">Urban, Hugh B.</a> (2015). New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America. Univ of California Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520281172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520281172"><bdi>978-0520281172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age%2C+Neopagan%2C+and+New+Religious+Movements%3A+Alternative+Spirituality+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0520281172&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defin-7"><a href="#cite_ref-defin_7-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-timecult2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1965-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edge2006-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECRec1178-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-urban2015-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology">"Scientology (Written answer)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. United Kingdom: House of Commons. July 25, 1968. col. 189–191W.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientology+%28Written+answer%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-189-191W&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1968-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fwritten-answers%2F1968%2Fjul%2F25%2Fscientology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033240/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology">Archived</a> July 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell1999" class="citation report cs1">Cottrell, Richard (1999). Recommendation 1412: Concernant les activités illégales des sectes (Report). Conseil d'Europe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Recommendation+1412%3A+Concernant+les+activit%C3%A9s+ill%C3%A9gales+des+sectes&rft.pub=Conseil+d%27Europe&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology">"Church of Scientology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. United Kingdom: House of Lords. December 17, 1996. col. 1392–1394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-1392-1394&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1996-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1996%2Fdec%2F17%2Fchurch-of-scientology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033228/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology">Archived</a> July 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite>Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html"> 1 All ER 1023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a> November 19, 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005213729/http://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite>RE B & G (Minors: Custody)</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html"> F.L.R. 493</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a> September 19, 1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519194703/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-timecult2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1965-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edge2006-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECRec1178-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeldtAppeal-14"><a href="#cite_ref-HeldtAppeal_14-0">^</a> <cite>United States v. Heldt</cite>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)">668 F.2d 1238</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> October 2, 1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103163947/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-urban-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_15-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Urban" title="Hugh Urban">Urban, Hugh B.</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Scientology:_A_History_of_a_New_Religion" title="The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion">The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691146089" title="Special:BookSources/9780691146089"><bdi>9780691146089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Scientology%3A+A+History+of+a+New+Religion&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780691146089&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TorygrFraud13-16"><a href="#cite_ref-TorygrFraud13_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html">"Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France Presse">AFP</a>. October 17, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+fraud+conviction+upheld+in+France&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F10384877%2FScientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel.de-17"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel.de_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html">"Hubbard's Church 'Unconstitutional': Germany Prepares to Ban Scientology – SPIEGEL ONLINE"</a>. Der Spiegel. December 7, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144219/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Hubbard%27s+Church+%27Unconstitutional%27%3A+Germany+Prepares+to+Ban+Scientology+%E2%80%93+SPIEGEL+ONLINE&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fhubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-assemblee-nationale.fr-18"><a href="#cite_ref-assemblee-nationale.fr_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp">"National Assembly of France report No. 2468"</a>. assemblee-nationale.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144222/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Assembly+of+France+report+No.+2468&rft.pub=assemblee-nationale.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Frap-enq%2Fr2468.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lobs-19"><a href="#cite_ref-lobs_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090525.OBS8000/le-point-sur-l-eglise-de-scientologie.html">"Le point sur l'Eglise de Scientologie"</a> [Update on the Church of Scientology]. <a href="/wiki/L%27Obs" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Obs">L'Obs</a> (in French). May 26, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307031140/https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090525.OBS8000/le-point-sur-l-eglise-de-scientologie.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023. <q>(translated) In France, it was classified as a "sect" in a 1995 <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">parliamentary</a> report; never updated since. As a "sect", it has had numerous disputes with the French justice system. The authorities accused it of practicing "mental destabilization", and in 1995 the first French association of the Church of Scientology was liquidated for not paying its taxes to the tax authorities which had refused it the status of a church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Obs&rft.atitle=Le+point+sur+l%27Eglise+de+Scientologie&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nouvelobs.com%2Fsociete%2F20090525.OBS8000%2Fle-point-sur-l-eglise-de-scientologie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809193839/http://www.miviludes.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Report_Miviludes_2006.pdf">"Miviludes 2006 report (English translation)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miviludes.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Report_Miviludes_2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIVILUDES&rft.atitle=Miviludes+2006+report+%28English+translation%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miviludes.gouv.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FReport_Miviludes_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/publications-de-la-miviludes/rapports-annuels/rapport-annuel-2006">"Rapport annuel 2006 (official French version)"</a> [Annual Report 2006]. <a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a> (in French). 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502175751/https://www.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/publications-de-la-miviludes/rapports-annuels/rapport-annuel-2006">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIVILUDES&rft.atitle=Rapport+annuel+2006+%28official+French+version%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fpublications-de-la-miviludes%2Frapports-annuels%2Frapport-annuel-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-postweird-20"><a href="#cite_ref-postweird_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html">Weird, Sure. A Cult, No.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107231611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Washington Post By Mark Oppenheimer, August 5, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-reitman-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reitman_21-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Reitman">Reitman, Janet</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Inside_Scientology:_The_Story_of_America%27s_Most_Secretive_Religion" title="Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion">Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618883028" title="Special:BookSources/9780618883028"><bdi>9780618883028</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24881847M">24881847M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Scientology%3A+The+Story+of+America%27s+Most+Secretive+Religion&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24881847M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780618883028&rft.aulast=Reitman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrmarlia2003-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrmarlia2003_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrmarlia2003_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrmarlia2003_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisHankins2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligiousmove00davi_804">New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America</a>. Baylor University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligiousmove00davi_804/page/n56">48</a>–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0918954924" title="Special:BookSources/0918954924"><bdi>0918954924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements+and+Religious+Liberty+in+America&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0918954924&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Hankins%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreligiousmove00davi_804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atack-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atack_23-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtack1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Atack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Atack">Atack, Jon</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieceofblueskysc00atac/">A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Stuart" title="Lyle Stuart">Lyle Stuart Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081840499X" title="Special:BookSources/081840499X"><bdi>081840499X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9429654M">9429654M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Piece+of+Blue+Sky%3A+Scientology%2C+Dianetics+and+L.+Ron+Hubbard+Exposed&rft.pub=Lyle+Stuart+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9429654M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=081840499X&rft.aulast=Atack&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpieceofblueskysc00atac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1980" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, John (January 24, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/386965976">"Hubbard still gave orders, records show"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Canada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/386965976">386965976</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111011/https://www.proquest.com/docview/386965976">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Hubbard+still+gave+orders%2C+records+show&rft.date=1980-01-24&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F386965976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TruthRunDown-25"><a href="#cite_ref-TruthRunDown_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg Times">St Petersburg Times</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805173806/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012148.ece">"Scientology: The Truth Rundown, Part 1 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology"</a>. June 21, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/scientology-the-truth-rundown/">the original</a> on August 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology%3A+The+Truth+Rundown%2C+Part+1+of+3+in+a+special+report+on+the+Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fspecial-reports%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fscientology-the-truth-rundown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810224049/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012234.ece">"Death in slow motion: Part 2 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology"</a>. June 22, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-2-of-3-death-in-slow-motion/">the original</a> on August 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+in+slow+motion%3A+Part+2+of+3+in+a+special+report+on+the+Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fspecial-reports%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fthe-truth-rundown-part-2-of-3-death-in-slow-motion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809103436/http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece">"Scientology: Ecclesiastical justice, Part 3 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology"</a>. June 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-3-of-3-ecclesiastical-justice/">the original</a> on August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology%3A+Ecclesiastical+justice%2C+Part+3+of+3+in+a+special+report+on+the+Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fspecial-reports%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fthe-truth-rundown-part-3-of-3-ecclesiastical-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102070229/http://www.tampabay.com/specials/2009/reports/project/">"Index of Truth Rundown and related articles and videos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/specials/2009/reports/project/">the original</a> on January 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+Truth+Rundown+and+related+articles+and+videos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fspecials%2F2009%2Freports%2Fproject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wright_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright_26-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Wright, Lawrence</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(book)" title="Going Clear (book)">Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. 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Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307700667" title="Special:BookSources/9780307700667"><bdi>9780307700667</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25424776M">25424776M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Clear%3A+Scientology%2C+Hollywood+and+the+Prison+of+Belief&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25424776M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780307700667&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kent1999-27"><a href="#cite_ref-kent1999_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Kent, Stephen A.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3754">"Scientology — Is this a Religion?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a>. 4 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>: 1–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.1999.4.3754">10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185820/https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3754">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Scientology+%E2%80%94+Is+this+a+Religion%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-56&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17192%2Fmjr.1999.4.3754&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-marburg.de%2Fep%2F0004%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallis-28"><a href="#cite_ref-wallis_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wallis" title="Roy Wallis">Wallis, Roy</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Road to Total Freedom">The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231042000" title="Special:BookSources/0231042000"><bdi>0231042000</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4596322M">4596322M</a>. <q>Hubbard was well aware of the value of corporate structures as weapons in the control of both his movement and its environment. A complex corporate structure maximizes the difficulty of surveillance, or investigation of the movement's affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Total+Freedom%3A+A+Sociological+Analysis+of+Scientology&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4596322M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0231042000&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hubbard-admindict-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard-admindict_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard-admindict_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard-admindict_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">Hubbard, L. Ron</a> (1976). Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management. Church of Scientology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884040402" title="Special:BookSources/0884040402"><bdi>0884040402</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8192738M">8192738M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Management+Technology+Defined%3A+Hubbard+dictionary+of+administration+and+management&rft.pub=Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8192738M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0884040402&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebridge-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thebridge_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thebridge_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatisscientology.org/html/Part02/Chp06/img/grdchart.gif">"The Bridge to Total Freedom : Scientology Classification Gradation and Awareness Chart of Levels and Certificates"</a> (Chart). Church of Scientology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073924/https://www.whatisscientology.org/html/Part02/Chp06/img/grdchart.gif">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bridge+to+Total+Freedom+%3A+Scientology+Classification+Gradation+and+Awareness+Chart+of+Levels+and+Certificates&rft.pub=Church+of+Scientology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatisscientology.org%2Fhtml%2FPart02%2FChp06%2Fimg%2Fgrdchart.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-ch4-31"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis-ch4_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a> (2009). "Making Sense of Scientology: Prophetic, Contractual Religion". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Scientology_(Lewis_book)" title="Scientology (Lewis book)">Scientology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 83–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195331493.003.0005">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199852321" title="Special:BookSources/9780199852321"><bdi>9780199852321</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16943235M">16943235M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Scientology%3A+Prophetic%2C+Contractual+Religion&rft.btitle=Scientology&rft.pages=83-102&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL16943235M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195331493.003.0005&rft.isbn=9780199852321&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1997" class="citation news cs1">Boyd, Joe (January 4, 1997). "A Mind-bending experience". <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+Mind-bending+experience&rft.date=1997-01-04&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1969" class="citation cs2">Hubbard, L. 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The Underground Bunker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923021636/https://tonyortega.org/2021/12/23/insider-how-scientologys-ideal-org-scam-works-and-how-members-are-victimized-by-it/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Underground+Bunker&rft.atitle=INSIDER%3A+How+Scientology%27s+%27Ideal+Org%27+scam+works%2C+and+how+members+are+victimized+by+it&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft.au=An+Insider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonyortega.org%2F2021%2F12%2F23%2Finsider-how-scientologys-ideal-org-scam-works-and-how-members-are-victimized-by-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irsapplic-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irsapplic_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irsapplic_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irsapplic_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">Form 1023 – Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code – Church of Scientology International, Washington, DC, August 18, 1993</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Stop-Narconon/Documents/irs-1023-attachment.pdf">"Attachment to form 1023 by Church of Scientology International"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325151404/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Stop-Narconon/Documents/irs-1023-attachment.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/David_S._Touretzky" title="David S. Touretzky">David S. 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Retrieved February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+Hollywood+Real+Estate+Empire&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-news%2Fscientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Wakefield, Margery. Understanding Scientology, Chapter 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us-09.html">Reproduced</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930172624/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us-09.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/David_S._Touretzky" title="David S. Touretzky">David S. Touretzky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon">Carnegie Mellon</a> site. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ke03-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ke03_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Kent, Stephen</a> (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3725">"Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate: A Reply to Leisa Goodman, J. Gordon Melton, and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a>. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.2003.8.3725">10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3725</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629063543/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent3.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Scientology+and+the+European+Human+Rights+Debate%3A+A+Reply+to+Leisa+Goodman%2C+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+and+the+European+Rehabilitation+Project+Force+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17192%2Fmjr.2003.8.3725&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-marburg.de%2Fep%2F0004%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellesoy2014-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellesoy2014_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellesoy2014_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellesøy2014" class="citation book cs1">Hellesøy, Kjersti (2014). "Scientology: The Making of a Religion". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a>; Petersen, Jesper Aa. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Controversial_New_Religions" title="Controversial New Religions">Controversial New Religions</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 257–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199315314.003.0015">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199315314.003.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931531-4"><bdi>978-0-19-931531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+The+Making+of+a+Religion&rft.btitle=Controversial+New+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=257-269&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199315314.003.0015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931531-4&rft.aulast=Helles%C3%B8y&rft.aufirst=Kjersti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippard2013-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Lippard2013_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lippard, Jim (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A335733126/AONE">"Scientology Exposed"</a>. Skeptic. 18 (2): 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111032/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&id=GALE%7CA335733126&v=2.1&it=r&userGroupName=anon%7Ecebb2fcc&aty=open-web-entry">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=Scientology+Exposed&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lippard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA335733126%2FAONE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent2021_IR-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Kent2021_IR_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Stephen A. (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161">"Studying Scientology as an Anti-Democratic Institution: Suggestions and Cautions to Future Researchers"</a>. Implicit Religion. 23 (2): 167–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fimre.19161">10.1558/imre.19161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233598724">233598724</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104223127/https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Implicit+Religion&rft.atitle=Studying+Scientology+as+an+Anti-Democratic+Institution%3A+Suggestions+and+Cautions+to+Future+Researchers&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-174&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fimre.19161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233598724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.equinoxpub.com%2FIR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F19161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortega2012VV-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2012VV_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega2012" class="citation news cs1">Ortega, Tony (February 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/">"Scientology's Shocking Treatment of Children Held in a Suburban Labor Camp"</a>. The Village Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125351/https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021. 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Tampa Bay Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812145618/https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2019/09/19/scientology-policy-enabled-years-of-child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-says/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2020. 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In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195331493.003.0017">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199887118" title="Special:BookSources/9780199887118"><bdi>9780199887118</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925185007/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtW90YkkB3gC&dq=Scientology+Missions+International+(SMI):+An+Immutable+Model+of+Technological+Missionary+Activity&pg=PA325">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2023. 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Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Church+of+Scientology+Doing+With+This+Los+Angeles+Movie+Studio%3F&rft.pub=LA+Weekly&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-is-the-church-of-scientology-doing-with-this-los-angeles-movie-studio-7293993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thr2021-52"><a href="#cite_ref-thr2021_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuba2021" class="citation web cs1">Chuba, Kirsten (April 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/scientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250/">""The Means of Getting Someone in the Door": An Inside Look at Scientology's Lavish Production Facilities and Actor Recruitment Strategy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308032117/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/scientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Means+of+Getting+Someone+in+the+Door%22%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+Scientology%27s+Lavish+Production+Facilities+and+Actor+Recruitment+Strategy&rft.pub=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.aulast=Chuba&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Ftv%2Ftv-news%2Fscientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2018" class="citation web cs1">Burton, Tara Isabella (March 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/3/22/17144710/church-of-scientology-channel-tv">"The Church of Scientology Has Launched a TV Channel. It's Weirdly Familiar"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151712/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/22/17144710/church-of-scientology-channel-tv">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Scientology+Has+Launched+a+TV+Channel.+It%27s+Weirdly+Familiar.&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Tara+Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F3%2F22%2F17144710%2Fchurch-of-scientology-channel-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbookofscientology2016-54"><a href="#cite_ref-handbookofscientology2016_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainson2016" class="citation book cs1">Swainson, Michelle (2016). "The Price of Freedom: Scientology and Neoliberalism". In Lewis, James R.; Hellesøy, Kjersti (eds.). Handbook of Scientology. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004330542" title="Special:BookSources/9789004330542"><bdi>9789004330542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Freedom%3A+Scientology+and+Neoliberalism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Scientology&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004330542&rft.aulast=Swainson&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1971" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">Foster, John</a> (December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FosterReportEnquiryIntoThePracticeAndEffectsOfScientology">"Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>, London. 70(v). <q>Scientology Publications Limited was incorporated as long ago as 30th January 1954. Mr. Hubbard holds 51 out of 57 £1 shares issued. Both he and his wife were appointed directors on 24th November 1955. He - but not she - resigned on 30th December 1966. No annual returns have been filed since 31st December 1967.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enquiry+into+the+Practice+and+Effects+of+Scientology&rft.pages=70%28v%29&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%2C+London&rft.date=1971-12&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFosterReportEnquiryIntoThePracticeAndEffectsOfScientology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> UK National Archive piece reference <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8070954&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1">MH 153/606</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111226/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8070954&catln=6">Archived</a> May 3, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bridgepubabout-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bridgepubabout_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridgepubabout_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bridgepub.com/about/">"About Bridge Publications, Inc"</a>. Bridge Publications, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313014217/https://www.bridgepub.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bridge+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=Bridge+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgepub.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emetercase1969-57"><a href="#cite_ref-emetercase1969_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_21483_founding_church_scientology_dc_et_al_v_us/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., et al v. United States, 409 F.2d 1146 (D.C. Cir. 1969) - Transcript of Record"</a>. June 24, 1968 – via archive.org. <q>The Distribution Center is the organization that sells books, booklets including back issues of Ability, etc., and the E-meter device. The Distribution Center is the only organization from which the books, booklets, etc. and the Emeter can be bought. (JA 35) The Distribution Center is a separate corporation ... owned by the Founding Church of Scientology. (JA 99) Orders are sent to Box 242, Silver Spring, Maryland. (JA 163) The premises of the Distribution Center, Inc., 1812 19th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. (JA 3)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Church+of+Scientology+of+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+et+al+v.+United+States%2C+409+F.2d+1146+%28D.C.+Cir.+1969%29+-+Transcript+of+Record&rft.date=1968-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdc_circ_1968_21483_founding_church_scientology_dc_et_al_v_us%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prnewswire2016-58"><a href="#cite_ref-prnewswire2016_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/church-of-scientology-flips-the-switch-on-185000-square-foot-dissemination-and-distribution-center-114735574.html">"Press release: Church of Scientology Flips the Switch on 185,000-Square-Foot Dissemination and Distribution Center"</a>. PR Newswire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220149/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/church-of-scientology-flips-the-switch-on-185000-square-foot-dissemination-and-distribution-center-114735574.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Press+release%3A+Church+of+Scientology+Flips+the+Switch+on+185%2C000-Square-Foot+Dissemination+and+Distribution+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fchurch-of-scientology-flips-the-switch-on-185000-square-foot-dissemination-and-distribution-center-114735574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authorservicesinc.com/">"Author Services"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030426/https://www.authorservicesinc.com/">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Author+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorservicesinc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426072259/http://www.sc-i-r-s-ology.pair.com/documents/1993-10-01closingagrmt.html#irsorder">"IRS-Scientology Closing Agreement"</a>. October 1, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc-i-r-s-ology.pair.com/documents/1993-10-01closingagrmt.html#irsorder">the original</a> on April 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRS-Scientology+Closing+Agreement&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc-i-r-s-ology.pair.com%2Fdocuments%2F1993-10-01closingagrmt.html%23irsorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authorservicesinc.com/galaxy-press/">"Galaxy Press"</a>. Author Services, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030425/https://www.authorservicesinc.com/galaxy-press/">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Author+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorservicesinc.com%2Fgalaxy-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sydney-62"><a href="#cite_ref-sydney_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/unwitting-highschoolers-lured-to-forum-run-by-scientologists/2007/03/27/1174761471748.html">"Unwitting highschoolers lured to forum by Scientologists"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. March 27, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082052/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/unwitting-highschoolers-lured-to-forum-run-by-scientologists/2007/03/27/1174761471748.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Unwitting+highschoolers+lured+to+forum+by+Scientologists&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Funwitting-highschoolers-lured-to-forum-run-by-scientologists%2F2007%2F03%2F27%2F1174761471748.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen2004" class="citation news cs1">McEwen, Alan (March 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122551/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=314912004">"Scientology-link group is banned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News" title="Edinburgh Evening News">Edinburgh Evening News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=314912004">the original</a> on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Scientology-link+group+is+banned&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedinburghnews.scotsman.com%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D314912004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cchrint.org/about-us/">"About CCHR"</a>. CCHR International. Citizens Commission on Human Rights International. May 5, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628025344/http://www.cchrint.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCHR+International&rft.atitle=About+CCHR&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cchrint.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-65"><a href="#cite_ref-one_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615190228/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=9b10ee7c-3c02-4092-8c2b-3fd45be37b85&k=0">"Industry of Death exhibition on psychiatry walks a fine line"</a>. Canada.com. August 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=9b10ee7c-3c02-4092-8c2b-3fd45be37b85&k=0">the original</a> on June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2012. <q>"A major purpose of Scientology is to destroy psychiatry and replace it with its own pseudo-counselling techniques. And CCHR is one of Scientology's front-group weapons attempting to achieve that goal," says Stephen Kent, a University of Alberta sociologist specializing in new religions and cults. Scientology holds that psychiatrists are "cosmic demons", he says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Industry+of+Death+exhibition+on+psychiatry+walks+a+fine+line&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D9b10ee7c-3c02-4092-8c2b-3fd45be37b85%26k%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-66"><a href="#cite_ref-two_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsten_Stewart2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirsten Stewart (July 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131850/http://www.sltrib.com/lifestyle/ci_2836269">"Scientology's political presence on the rise"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/lifestyle/ci_2836269">the original</a> on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2012. <q>The church [of Scientology] kept a low profile, paying professional lobbyists to press its cause or relying on CCHR, which skeptics call a front group designed to recruit Scientologists and replace psychiatry with Dianetics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+political+presence+on+the+rise&rft.date=2005-07-02&rft.au=Kirsten+Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Flifestyle%2Fci_2836269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-three-67"><a href="#cite_ref-three_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"[ Fence Post ]". Chicago Daily Herald (Letters to the Editor). January 4, 2001. <q>Dangerous program / In a letter to Fence Post (Dec. 12), Susan Stozewski of the Chicago Church of Scientology attempts to promote a drug rehab program called Narconon. I wish to warn readers that Narconon is a front group for the Church of Scientology. I found from personal experience that Narconon is a sham and is, in fact, a slick device to lure unsuspecting people into Scientology. An acquaintance of mine recently discovered that she had serious liver damage from Narconon's bogus "purification" program and she now cannot get health insurance coverage. Another Scientology front group to beware of is the CCHR or Citizens Commission on Human Rights. The CCHR is using tax-exempt funds in a covert campaign to discredit psychiatric-psychology treatment. The CCHR has an extensive network of agents that are distributing distortions about psychiatric treatment and medications such as Prozac and Ritalin. This is a very dangerous thing and people should be aware that it is going on. / Jim Beebe / Northbrook</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=%5B+Fence+Post+%5D&rft.date=2001-01-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSly2010" class="citation news cs1">Sly, Randy (September 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/news/international/americas/story.php?id=35377">"Updated: Scientologists in Haiti: Volunteers or Vultures?"</a>. Catholic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110105/http://www.catholic.org/news/international/americas/story.php?id=35377">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic.org&rft.atitle=Updated%3A+Scientologists+in+Haiti%3A+Volunteers+or+Vultures%3F&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft.aulast=Sly&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Famericas%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D35377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2015" class="citation news cs1">Winn, Patrick (May 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/article/6550051/2015/05/15/scientologists-are-nepal-trying-heal-trauma-victims">"Scientologists are in Nepal trying to 'heal' trauma victims"</a>. Global Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113230/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6550051/2015/05/15/scientologists-are-nepal-trying-heal-trauma-victims">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Post&rft.atitle=Scientologists+are+in+Nepal+trying+to+%27heal%27+trauma+victims&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Farticle%2F6550051%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2Fscientologists-are-nepal-trying-heal-trauma-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2011" class="citation news cs1">Winn, Patrick (April 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/global-post/2011/04/scientology%E2%80%99s-global-disaster-squad">"Scientology's global disaster squad"</a>. MinnPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105014/https://www.minnpost.com/global-post/2011/04/scientology%E2%80%99s-global-disaster-squad">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+global+disaster+squad&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fglobal-post%2F2011%2F04%2Fscientology%25E2%2580%2599s-global-disaster-squad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsreview.com/issues/sacto/2001-08-23/cover.asp">"Scientology Inc."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515075237/http://www.newsreview.com/issues/Sacto/2001-08-23/cover.asp">Archived</a> May 15, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Newsreview.com </li> <li id="cite_note-behar-72"><a href="#cite_ref-behar_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar1991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Behar" title="Richard Behar">Behar, Richard</a> (May 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html">"Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200902/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+The+Thriving+Cult+of+Greed+and+Power&rft.date=1991-05-06&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C156952%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientology_front_groups_stark-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Scientology_front_groups_stark_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (1987). A Theory of Religion. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820403563" title="Special:BookSources/0820403563"><bdi>0820403563</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2375931M">2375931M</a>. <q>We know many cult movements that maintain client services as front organizations facilitating recruitment to the sponsoring movement. Examples include Scientology...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Religion&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2375931M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0820403563&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225094629/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece">"Scientology: Origins, celebrities and holdings § Scientology's properties"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. June 21, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece">the original</a> on December 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+Origins%2C+celebrities+and+holdings+%C2%A7+Scientology%27s+properties&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Farticle1012139.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestbrook2015" class="citation journal cs1">Westbrook, Donald A. (2015). "Saint Hill and the Development of Systematic Theology in the Church of Scientology (1959–1967)". 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Retrieved November 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+Dedicates+%24145+Million+%27Super+Power%27+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F11%2Fchurch-of-scientology-dedicates-145-million-super-power-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-cruise-attends-unveiling-scientology-657211">"Tom Cruise Attends Unveiling of Scientology 'Super Power' Building"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. November 18, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122011925/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-cruise-attends-unveiling-scientology-657211">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Tom+Cruise+Attends+Unveiling+of+Scientology+%27Super+Power%27+Building&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Ftom-cruise-attends-unveiling-scientology-657211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/celebrities-hand-open-scientology-cathedral-5716402">"Celebrities on hand to open Scientology 'cathedral'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122031950/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/celebrities-hand-open-scientology-cathedral-5716402">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrities+on+hand+to+open+Scientology+%27cathedral%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Fworld-news%2Fcelebrities-hand-open-scientology-cathedral-5716402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html">"Trump won this little chunk of Los Angeles, where half of voters are linked to Scientology"</a>. Los Angeles Times. January 24, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111926/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+won+this+little+chunk+of+Los+Angeles%2C+where+half+of+voters+are+linked+to+Scientology&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BI-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BI_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BI_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/take-a-tour-of-scientologys-massive-los-angeles-real-estate-empire/slidelist/46934412.cms">"Take a tour of Scientology's massive Los Angeles real estate empire"</a>. Business Insider. 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Retrieved September 17, 2008. <q>Scientology president Heber Jentszch admitted several years ago that the six million number does not represent current membership but the total amount of people who have ever, since the founding in 1954, taken even a single Scientology course.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+Crushing+Defeat&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2008-06-24%2Fnews%2FScientologys-Crushing-Defeat%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromleyCowan" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, David; Cowan, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801074435/http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161272.html">Cults and new religions: a brief history</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161272.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+and+new+religions%3A+a+brief+history&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-1405161272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flinn-WashingtonPost-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Flinn-WashingtonPost_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn2005" class="citation news cs1">Flinn, Frank K. (July 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/06/30/DI2005063001394.html">"Scientology"</a>. Live discussion. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409210227/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/06/30/DI2005063001394.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+discussion&rft.atitle=Scientology&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Frank+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fdiscussion%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2FDI2005063001394.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deseret-104"><a href="#cite_ref-deseret_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvik2004" class="citation web cs1">Jarvik, Elaine (September 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616032022/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595091823,00.html">"Scientology: Church now claims more than 8 million members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595091823,00.html">the original</a> on June 16, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2007. <q>Melton, who has been criticized by some for being too easy on Scientology, and has been criticized by the church [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] for being too harsh, says that the church's [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] estimates of its membership numbers – 4 million in the United States, 8 to 9 million worldwide – are exaggerated. "You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] again." If the church [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] indeed had four million members in the United States, he says, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey" such as the Harris poll.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+Church+now+claims+more+than+8+million+members&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft.aulast=Jarvik&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fdn%2Fview%2F0%2C1249%2C595091823%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229225723/http://www.scientologytoday.org/News/2002/020511.htm">"Statement of Scientology Media Relations Director Linda Simmons Hight"</a>. scientologytoday.org. May 11, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientologytoday.org/News/2002/020511.htm">the original</a> on December 29, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Scientology+Media+Relations+Director+Linda+Simmons+Hight&rft.pub=scientologytoday.org&rft.date=2002-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientologytoday.org%2FNews%2F2002%2F020511.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Statement of Celebrity Centre Vice President Greg LaClaire, August 7, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831150421/http://www.scientology.org/en_US/news-media/news/2004/040807.html">"Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International Hosts 35th Anniversary Gala"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/en_US/news-media/news/2004/040807.html">the original</a> on August 31, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Scientology+Celebrity+Centre+International+Hosts+35th+Anniversary+Gala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fen_US%2Fnews-media%2Fnews%2F2004%2F040807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Spokesperson Beth Akiyama in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05205/542895.stm">Scientology comes to town</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505050603/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05205/542895.stm">Archived</a> May 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 24, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Ron_Hubbard1970" class="citation book cs1">L. Ron Hubbard (1970). Final Blackout. Leisure Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8439-0003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8439-0003-3"><bdi>978-0-8439-0003-3</bdi></a>. <q>HE IS ALSO renowned as the founder of Scientology and the creator of "Dianetics," with an estimated 15 million adherents around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Blackout&rft.pub=Leisure+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8439-0003-3&rft.au=L.+Ron+Hubbard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvik2004" class="citation news cs1">Jarvik, Elaine (September 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616032022/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C595091823%2C00.html">"Scientology: Church now claims more than 8 million members"</a>. 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Retrieved February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+Church+now+claims+more+than+8+million+members&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft.aulast=Jarvik&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fdn%2Fview%2F0%2C1249%2C595091823%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvik2004" class="citation web cs1">Jarvik, Elaine (September 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212145039/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C595091823%2C00.html">"Scientology: Church now claims more than 8 million members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. 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The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703045530/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/02/14/110214fa_fact_wright">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Apostate&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2F110214fa_fact_wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231342/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/tables/10s0075.xls">"Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/tables/10s0075.xls">the original</a> on September 23, 2015. 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Retrieved February 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=New+Religion+Adherents%3A+An+Overview+of+Anglophone+Census+and+Survey+Data&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uni-marburg.de%2Freligionswissenschaft%2Fjournal%2Fmjr%2Fpdf%2F2004%2Flewis2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada,_Statistics2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics (May 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"</a>. 12.statcan.gc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231174104/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2017. 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Retrieved November 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Branch+of+Scientology+Convicted+of+Fraud&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514055547/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1995/1995rcs2-1130/1995rcs2-1130.html">"Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto"</a>. 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Retrieved December 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Panorama&rft.atitle=Reporter+John+Sweeney+followed+on+Scientology+story&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fpanorama%2Fhi%2Ffront_page%2Fnewsid_9030000%2F9030402.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timecult1-169"><a href="#cite_ref-timecult1_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar1991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Behar" title="Richard Behar">Behar, Richard</a> (May 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209122905/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html">"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008. <q>By all appearances, Noah Lottick of Kingston, Pa., had been a normal, happy 24-year-old who was looking for his place in the world ... his fingers were still clutching $171 in cash, virtually the only money he hadn't yet turned over to the Church of Scientology, the self-help 'philosophy' group he had discovered just seven months earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Thriving+Cult+of+Greed+and+Power&rft.date=1991-05-06&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C972865-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytflchgscos-170"><a href="#cite_ref-nytflchgscos_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz1998" class="citation news cs1">Frantz, Douglas (November 14, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html">"Florida Charges Scientology In Church Member's Death"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231959/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Florida+Charges+Scientology+In+Church+Member%27s+Death&rft.date=1998-11-14&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F14%2Fus%2Fflorida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nypost-171"><a href="#cite_ref-nypost_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStasi2006" class="citation news cs1">Stasi, Linda (October 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210195022/http://www.nypost.com/seven/10272006/tv/scientology_schizo_tv_linda_stasi.htm">"Scientology Schizo: His Mom's Religion Said, No Meds. That Edict May Have Cost Her Life"</a>. New York Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/seven/10272006/tv/scientology_schizo_tv_linda_stasi.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Scientology+Schizo%3A+His+Mom%27s+Religion+Said%2C+No+Meds.+That+Edict+May+Have+Cost+Her+Life&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft.aulast=Stasi&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fseven%2F10272006%2Ftv%2Fscientology_schizo_tv_linda_stasi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiva.dalje.com/en-world/french-scientologists-arrested-in-italy/116530">"French Scientologists Arrested in Italy"</a>. arhiva.dalje.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164022/http://arhiva.dalje.com/en-world/french-scientologists-arrested-in-italy/116530">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=arhiva.dalje.com&rft.atitle=French+Scientologists+Arrested+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farhiva.dalje.com%2Fen-world%2Ffrench-scientologists-arrested-in-italy%2F116530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliet" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juliet, Anne-Cécile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bellaciao.org/fr/spip.php?article62595">"L'étrange séquestration qui embarrasse la Scientologie"</a> [The strange kidnapping that embarrasses Scientology] (in French). Bellaciao.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165100/http://bellaciao.org/fr/spip.php?article62595">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9trange+s%C3%A9questration+qui+embarrasse+la+Scientologie&rft.pub=Bellaciao.org&rft.aulast=Juliet&rft.aufirst=Anne-C%C3%A9cile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbellaciao.org%2Ffr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle62595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dgbtkbb-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dgbtkbb_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dgbtkbb_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/04/15/532571.html">""Ville vært i live i dag hvis hun ikke hadde gått til scientologene" – Innenriks – Dagbladet.no"</a>. FR: Dagbladet.no<!. April 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201173725/http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/04/15/532571.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ville+v%C3%A6rt+i+live+i+dag+hvis+hun+ikke+hadde+g%C3%A5tt+til+scientologene%22+%E2%80%93+Innenriks+%E2%80%93+Dagbladet.no&rft.place=FR&rft.pub=Dagbladet.no%3C%21&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fnyheter%2F2008%2F04%2F15%2F532571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foster_Report" title="Foster Report">Foster Report</a>. Chapter 5, "The Practices of Scientology;" section (a), "Recruitment;" pages 75–76. "a systematic approach to answering the questions should yield systematic variations in the conclusions derived from an analysis of the test scores ... these two methods [for answering the questions of the test] would be expected to produce different, if not complementary, profiles ... These variations in answering the questions did not seem to affect the Oxford Capacity Analysis as the three methods produced remarkably similar profiles ... when each of two diametrically opposed methods of response produces the same extreme deviant scores as the other and as a third "random" response style, we are forced to a position of scepticism about the test's status as a reliable psychometric device." </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2015" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Lawrence (March 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/going-clear-excerpt-2015-3">"How Scientology's classic 4-step recruiting process convinced one 21-year-old to join"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630012916/https://www.businessinsider.com/going-clear-excerpt-2015-3">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Scientology%27s+classic+4-step+recruiting+process+convinced+one+21-year-old+to+join&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgoing-clear-excerpt-2015-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuba2021" class="citation web cs1">Chuba, Kirsten (April 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/scientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250/">""The Means of Getting Someone in the Door": An Inside Look at Scientology's Lavish Production Facilities and Actor Recruitment Strategy"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308032117/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/scientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Means+of+Getting+Someone+in+the+Door%22%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+Scientology%27s+Lavish+Production+Facilities+and+Actor+Recruitment+Strategy&rft.pub=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.aulast=Chuba&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Ftv%2Ftv-news%2Fscientology-tv-recruitment-leah-remini-4174250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1959" class="citation cs2">Hubbard, L. Ron (September 15, 1959), HCOB 15 Sept 59, Dissemination Tips, Church of Scientology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HCOB+15+Sept+59%2C+Dissemination+Tips&rft.pub=Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=1959-09-15&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scientology-research.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/HCOPL-Dissemination-Tips.pdf">Courtesy link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630012919/https://scientology-research.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/HCOPL-Dissemination-Tips.pdf">Archived</a> June 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103210/https://jeta.home.xs4all.nl/scn/scans/Introspection-Release.html">"Reproduced version of Introspection Rundown Release Contract"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~jeta/scn/scans/Introspection-Release.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reproduced+version+of+Introspection+Rundown+Release+Contract&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Church+of+Scientology+Flag+Service+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xs4all.nl%2F~jeta%2Fscn%2Fscans%2FIntrospection-Release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auditing-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Auditing_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2013" class="citation web cs1">Mohammed, Asahed (February 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/article_9651.shtml">"Nation of Islam Auditors graduation held for third Saviours' Day in a row"</a>. Final Call. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329231242/http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/article_9651.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nation+of+Islam+Auditors+graduation+held+for+third+Saviours%27+Day+in+a+row&rft.pub=Final+Call&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Asahed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finalcall.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2FNational_News_2%2Farticle_9651.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2012" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Eliza (October 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/108205/scientology-joins-forces-with-nation-of-islam">"The Mothership of All Alliances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012004247/http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/108205/scientology-joins-forces-with-nation-of-islam">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Mothership+of+All+Alliances&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fmagazine%2F108205%2Fscientology-joins-forces-with-nation-of-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetterTobin2012" class="citation news cs1">Rossetter, Shelley; Tobin, Thomas C. (October 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105093720/http://www.tampabay.com/news/religion/louis-farrakhan-renews-call-for-self-determination-among-nation-of-islam/1128781">"Louis Farrakhan renews call for self-determination among Nation of Islam followers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/news/religion/louis-farrakhan-renews-call-for-self-determination-among-nation-of-islam/1128781">the original</a> on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Louis+Farrakhan+renews+call+for+self-determination+among+Nation+of+Islam+followers&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.aulast=Rossetter&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=Tobin%2C+Thomas+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Flouis-farrakhan-renews-call-for-self-determination-among-nation-of-islam%2F1128781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont1986" class="citation book cs1">Lamont, Stewart (1986). <a href="/wiki/Religion_Inc." title="Religion Inc.">Religion Inc.: The Church of Scientology</a>. London: Harrap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-54334-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-245-54334-1"><bdi>0-245-54334-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23079677">23079677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+Inc.%3A+The+Church+of+Scientology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23079677&rft.isbn=0-245-54334-1&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+Scientology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> Church of Scientology at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Church_of_Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Church of Scientology">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Scientology">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Scientology">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="q:Scientology">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Scientology">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="v:Scientology">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820380" class="extiw" title="d:Q1820380">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Church%20of%20Scientology">Church of Scientology companies</a> grouped at <a href="/wiki/OpenCorporates" title="OpenCorporates">OpenCorporates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=hemet,+ca&ll=33.834490,-116.987872&spn=0.007772,0.015044&t=k">Satellite Image of the Gold Base</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientology" title="Template:Scientology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientology" title="Template talk:Scientology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Beliefs and practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics (book)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter">E-meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engram_(Dianetics)" title="Engram (Dianetics)">Engram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_terminology" title="Scientology terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implant_(Scientology)" title="Implant (Scientology)">Implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_(Scientology)" title="Incident (Scientology)">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Scientology_Working" title="Keeping Scientology Working">Keeping Scientology Working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcab_Confederacy" title="Marcab Confederacy">Marcab Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEST_(Scientology)" title="MEST (Scientology)">MEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">Operating Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT_VIII" title="OT VIII">OT VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_mind" title="Reactive mind">Reactive mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_religious_groups" title="Scientology and religious groups">Scientology and religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Scientology" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_security_checks" title="List of Scientology security checks">Sec Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_sex" title="Scientology and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_gender" title="Scientology and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_homosexuality" title="Scientology and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_Technology" title="Study Technology">Study Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_routines_(Scientology)" title="Training routines (Scientology)">Training routines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Mental_Health_Enabling_Act" title="Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act">Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Hearings" title="Clearwater Hearings">Clearwater Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Elli_Perkins" title="Murder of Elli Perkins">Death of Elli Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Kaja_Ballo" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Kaja Ballo">Death of Kaja Ballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lisa_McPherson" title="Death of Lisa McPherson">Death of Lisa McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Fishman Affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Henson" title="Keith Henson">Keith Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">The Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clambake" title="Operation Clambake">Operation Clambake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Chanology" title="Project Chanology">Project Chanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Normandy" title="Project Normandy">Project Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R2-45" title="R2-45">R2-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_Me" title="Scientology and Me">Scientology and Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">Scientology as a business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Scientology" title="The Secrets of Scientology">The Secrets of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_status_of_Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Tax status of Scientology in the United States">Tax status in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law" title="Scientology and law">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Registrar_General,_ex_p_Segerdal" title="R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal">R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_v_Vosper" title="Hubbard v Vosper">Hubbard v Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X._and_Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden">X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="Church of Scientology v. Sweden">Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollersheim_v._Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology">Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Commissioner" title="Hernandez v. Commissioner">Hernandez v. Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Era_Publications_International_ApS_v._Carol_Publishing_Group_and_Jonathan_Caven-Atack" title="New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack">New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_of_California_v._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong">Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="R v Church of Scientology of Toronto">R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Technology Center v Lerma">Religious Technology Center v Lerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Netcom_On-Line_Communication_Services,_Inc." title="Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.">Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenz,_R%C3%B6der_and_Dagmar_v._Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany">Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Moscow_v._Russia" title="Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia">Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headley_v._Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Headley v. Church of Scientology International">Headley v. Church of Scientology International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">Organizations</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_properties" title="Scientology properties">properties</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Org" title="Cadet Org">Cadet Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centre" title="Celebrity Centre">Celebrity Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" title="Château Élysée">Château Élysée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Guaranty Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trementina_Base" title="Trementina Base">Trementina Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Flag Service Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Building" title="Flag Building">Flag Building/Super Power Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Ship_Service_Org" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Ship Service Org">Flag Ship Service Org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Church of Scientology">Founding Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">Author Services building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">Hubbard Association of Scientologists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientologists" title="International Association of Scientologists">International Association of Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Rehabilitation Project Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_Missions_International" title="Scientology Missions International">Scientology Missions International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_by_country" title="Category:Scientology by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Australia" title="Scientology in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Belgium" title="Scientology in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada" title="Scientology in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Germany" title="Scientology in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_Netherlands" title="Scientology in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_New_Zealand" title="Scientology in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Norway" title="Scientology in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Pakistan" title="Scientology in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Russia" title="Scientology in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Scientology in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Hubbard" title="Mary Sue Hubbard">Mary Sue Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Miscavige" title="Shelly Miscavige">Shelly Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Adams_(American_football)" title="Bob Adams (American football)">Bob Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmichael_(Scientology)" title="John Carmichael (Scientology)">John Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Davis_(Scientology)" title="Tommy Davis (Scientology)">Tommy Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Feshbach" title="Jessica Feshbach">Jessica Feshbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gaiman" title="David Gaiman">David Gaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisa_Goodman" title="Leisa Goodman">Leisa Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_Jentzsch" title="Heber Jentzsch">Heber Jentzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Moxon" title="Kendrick Moxon">Kendrick Moxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Pouw" title="Karin Pouw">Karin Pouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rathbun" title="Mark Rathbun">Mark Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Mike Rinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Stith" title="Michelle Stith">Michelle Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weiland" title="Kurt Weiland">Kurt Weiland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_organizations" title="Category:Scientology organizations">Affiliated organizations and recruitment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Scholastics" title="Applied Scholastics">Applied Scholastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_celebrities" title="Scientology and celebrities">Celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Businessmen%27s_Association_of_America" title="Concerned Businessmen's Association of America">Concerned Businessmen's Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminon" title="Criminon">Criminon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cult_Awareness_Network" title="New Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Delphian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Delphian School">The Delphian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Front groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxon_%26_Kobrin" title="Moxon & Kobrin">Moxon & Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narconon" title="Narconon">Narconon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Rescue_Workers_Detoxification_Project" title="New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project">New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">Oxford Capacity Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Environment_Fund" title="Safe Environment Fund">Safe Environment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_Program" title="Second Chance Program">Second Chance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trademarks_owned_by_the_Church_of_Scientology_and_its_affiliates" title="List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Ministers" title="Volunteer Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises" title="World Institute of Scientology Enterprises">World Institute of Scientology Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Human_Rights_International" title="Youth for Human Rights International">Youth for Human Rights International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_popular_culture" title="Scientology in popular culture">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali%27s_Smile:_Naked_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology">Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_Tom_Cruise" title="Being Tom Cruise">Being Tom Cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowfinger" title="Bowfinger">Bowfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(2006_drama_film)" title="The Bridge (2006 drama film)">The Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(book)" title="Going Clear (book)">Going Clear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(film)" title="Going Clear (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Remini:_Scientology_and_the_Aftermath" title="Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath">Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Scientology_Movie" title="My Scientology Movie">My Scientology Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_(2012_film)" title="The Master (2012 film)">The Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Profit_(film)" title="The Profit (film)">The Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Closet_(South_Park)" title="Trapped in the Closet (South Park)">South Park</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Token_of_My_Extreme" title="A Token of My Extreme">A Token of My Extreme</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Merry_Unauthorized_Children%27s_Scientology_Pageant" title="A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant">A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Stand_Tall" title="We Stand Tall">We Stand Tall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Scientology">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scientology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Scientology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Scientology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Scientology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Church of Scientology">Wikiversity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Scientology">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="L._Ron_Hubbard" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Template:L. Ron Hubbard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Template talk:L. Ron Hubbard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:L. Ron Hubbard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="L._Ron_Hubbard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biographies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life of L. Ron Hubbard">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard_from_1911_to_1950" title="Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1911 to 1950">1911–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard_from_1950_to_1953" title="Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953">1950–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard_from_1953_to_1967" title="Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1953 to 1967">1953–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard_from_1967_to_1975" title="Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1967 to 1975">1967–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_L._Ron_Hubbard_from_1975_to_1986" title="Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1975 to 1986">1975–1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobiography_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Pseudobiography of L. Ron Hubbard">Pseudobiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard_bibliography" title="L. Ron Hubbard bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_works_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Written works of L. Ron Hubbard">written works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Military career of L. Ron Hubbard">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_PC-815" title="USS PC-815">USS PC-815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_YP-422" title="USS YP-422">USS YP-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard_House" title="L. Ron Hubbard House">L. Ron Hubbard House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard_and_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ron Hubbard and psychiatry">Relationship with psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Timeline of L. Ron Hubbard">Timeline of L. Ron Hubbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of Scientology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">beliefs and practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_by_L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Category:Novels by L. Ron Hubbard">Novels and novellas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(novel)" title="Battlefield Earth (novel)">Battlefield Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branded_Outlaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Outlaw">Branded Outlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_Brigades" title="Buckskin Brigades">Buckskin Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death%27s_Deputy" title="Death's Deputy">Death's Deputy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(L._Ron_Hubbard)" title="Excalibur (L. Ron Hubbard)">Excalibur (unpublished)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_(Hubbard_novella)" title="Fear (Hubbard novella)">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Blackout" title="Final Blackout">Final Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_I_Were_You_(Hubbard_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="If I Were You (Hubbard novel)">If I Were You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Earth_(novel_series)" title="Mission Earth (novel series)">Mission Earth series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_Sleep" title="Slaves of Sleep">Slaves of Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Stars_(novel)" title="To the Stars (novel)">To the Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Duke_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iron Duke (novel)">The Iron Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typewriter_in_the_Sky" title="Typewriter in the Sky">Typewriter in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingslayer" title="The Kingslayer">The Kingslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Doc_Methuselah" title="Ole Doc Methuselah">Ole Doc Methuselah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Fantasy_Quintette" title="Science-Fantasy Quintette">Science-Fantasy Quintette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(collection)" title="Triton (collection)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Treasure_Island" title="The Secret of Treasure Island">The Secret of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(film)" title="Battlefield Earth (film)">Battlefield Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Stars" title="Revolt in the Stars">Revolt in the Stars</a> (screenplay)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dianetics and Scientology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmations_(L._Ron_Hubbard)" title="Affirmations (L. Ron Hubbard)">Affirmations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Evolution_of_a_Science" title="Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science">Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Survival" title="Science of Survival">Science of Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology:_A_History_of_Man" title="Scientology: A History of Man">Scientology: A History of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_You_Lived_Before_This_Life%3F" title="Have You Lived Before This Life?">Have You Lived Before This Life?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_About_Radiation" title="All About Radiation">All About Radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:L._Ron_Hubbard_albums" title="Category:L. Ron Hubbard albums">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Jazz" title="Space Jazz">Space Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Earth_(album)" title="Mission Earth (album)">Mission Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Freedom_(L._Ron_Hubbard_album)" title="The Road to Freedom (L. Ron Hubbard album)">The Road to Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare-faced_Messiah" title="Bare-faced Messiah">Bare-faced Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard,_Messiah_or_Madman%3F" title="L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?">L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard#Biographies" title="L. Ron Hubbard">The L. Ron Hubbard Series</a> (official church biography)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers' sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Publications_(Scientology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge Publications (Scientology)">Bridge Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Illustrators_of_the_Future" title="Writers and Illustrators of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Grubb" title="Margaret Grubb">Margaret Grubb</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Northrup_Hollister" title="Sara Northrup Hollister">Sara Northrup Hollister</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Hubbard" title="Mary Sue Hubbard">Mary Sue Hubbard</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_DeWolf" title="Ronald DeWolf">Ronald DeWolf</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Hubbard" title="Quentin Hubbard">Quentin Hubbard</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_DeWolf" title="Jamie DeWolf">Jamie DeWolf</a> (great-grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientology_properties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientology_properties" title="Template:Scientology properties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientology_properties" title="Template talk:Scientology properties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology_properties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology properties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientology_properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_properties" title="Scientology properties">Scientology properties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Florida, USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Building" title="Flag Building">Flag Building (Super Power Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Land_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Land Base">Flag Land Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison_Hotel" title="Fort Harrison Hotel">Fort Harrison Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ybor_Factory_Building" title="Ybor Factory Building">Ybor Factory Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California, USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" title="Château Élysée">Château Élysée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Hotel" title="Christie Hotel">Christie Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Guaranty Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Congregational_Church" title="Hollywood Congregational Church">Hollywood Congregational Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCET_Studios" title="KCET Studios">KCET Studios</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PAC_Base">PAC Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Shoes_Building" title="Regal Shoes Building">Regal Shoes Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">Security Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA, other</th><td 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Ron Hubbard House">L. Ron Hubbard House</a> (D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard_Residence_at_Bay_Head" title="L. Ron Hubbard Residence at Bay Head">L. Ron Hubbard Residence at Bay Head</a> (NJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Griswold_Street" title="One Griswold Street">One Griswold Street</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trementina_Base" title="Trementina Base">Trementina Base</a> (NM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Cinema_(Israel)" title="Alhambra Cinema (Israel)">Alhambra Cinema (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Kyalami" title="Castle Kyalami">Castle Kyalami</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a> (ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley_Highlands_Inn" title="Hockley Highlands Inn">Hockley Highlands Inn</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_properties" title="Category:Scientology properties">Category:Scientology properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820380#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115078028">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132090559">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2128442-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93041361">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00734656">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20140910009&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/904910">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90765121">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000178184&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000256574&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811987631305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007601232905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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