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Lewis (scholar)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Author and academic (1949–2022)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/James_Lewis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James Lewis (disambiguation)">James Lewis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James R. Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_R._Lewis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/James_R._Lewis.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lewis, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2022</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Roger Lewis</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1949-11-03</span>)</span>November 3, 1949<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leonardtown,_Maryland" title="Leonardtown, Maryland">Leonardtown, Maryland</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 11, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-10-11)</span> (aged 72)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Academic, sociologist of religion, researcher, and writer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="B.A.">B.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph.D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D">Ph.D</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesrlewis.info">www<wbr />.jamesrlewis<wbr />.info</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Roger Lewis</b> (November 3, 1949 – October 11, 2022) was an American philosophy professor at <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> scholar, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociologist of religion</a>, and writer, who specialized in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">academic study</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Roger Lewis was born November 3, 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Leonardtown,_Maryland" title="Leonardtown, Maryland">Leonardtown, Maryland</a>, and raised in <a href="/wiki/New_Port_Richey,_Florida" title="New Port Richey, Florida">New Port Richey, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his youth, in the early and mid-seventies, he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Bhajan" title="Yogi Bhajan">Yogi Bhajan's</a> <a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a>, a new religious movement combining the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">kundalini yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. Feeling disenchanted with the organization, he formed a small and short-lived breakaway movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He graduated <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a> from <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a> in 1981, with a <a href="/wiki/B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="B.A.">B.A.</a> in Philosophy and Religious Studies, later graduating from <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> with a Master's degree in Religious Studies in 1987. Lewis received his Ph.D. in Religious Studies from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pursued a career as a professional reference book writer in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, he formed an academic association called AWARE, with the primary goal "to promote intellectual and religious freedom by educating the general public about existing religions and cultures, including, but not limited to, alternative religious groups." Describing its outlook as "scholarly and non-sectarian", AWARE stated that it sought to educate scholars and the general public about the persecution of religious and cultural minorities in the United States and abroad, and to assist the United States in its efforts to counter prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars involved in the formulation of AWARE as an "anti-anti-cult organization" included <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">David G. Bromley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hadden" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Hadden">Jeffrey Hadden</a>, who felt a need for an organization of academics prepared to appear as expert witnesses in court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AWARE proved controversial; critics complained that Lewis associated too closely with NRM members, and Lewis dissolved the body in December 1995 after concerns from members of its advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 he became an Assistant Professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a>, and in 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David" title="University of Wales Trinity Saint David">University of Wales Trinity Saint David</a>, where he became an Honorary Senior Research Fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_System" title="University of Wisconsin System">University of Wisconsin System</a>, and, on an adjunct basis, at <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a>. Lewis was an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a> from 2013 to 2013 before becoming a professor at <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obrel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some months prior, in May 1995, Lewis, fellow scholar <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> and religious freedom lawyer Barry Fisher had flown to Japan in the early stages of investigations into the <a href="/wiki/Sarin_gas_attack_on_the_Tokyo_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway">sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway</a> to voice their concern that police behaviour, including mass detentions without charge and the removal of practitioners' children from the group, might be infringing the civil rights of <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reader2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had travelled to Japan at the invitation and expense of Aum Shinrikyo after they had contacted the group to express concern over developments, and met with officials over a period of three days.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1995_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not having been given access to the group's chemical laboratories, they held press conferences in Japan stating their belief, based on the documentation they had been given by the group, that the group did not have the ability to produce sarin and was being scapegoated.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1995_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reader2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis likened the group's treatment to a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholars' defense of Aum Shinrikyo led to a crisis of confidence in religious scholarship when the group turned out to have been responsible for the attack after all.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a December 2017 conference, Lewis was quoted by <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> as claiming that <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>-founded media <a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Hope" title="Sound of Hope">Sound of Hope</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Tang_Dynasty_Television" title="New Tang Dynasty Television">New Tang Dynasty Television</a> "are in fact manipulated and sponsored by international anti-China forces".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis himself criticized his prior, initially sympathetic approach to the Falun Gong organization, saying he had been "naive" about the group and that after contacting ex-members and Chinese critics of the organization he believed his old feelings of outrage over treatment of the Falun Gong to be "naive and foolish".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis edited a series on Contemporary Religions for Brill, and co-edited a series on Controversial New Religions for <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a co-founder of the <i>International Society for the Study of New Religions</i> and editor-in-chief of the <i>Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review</i> (ASRR).<sup id="cite_ref-Obrel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in China, he studied Chinese new religious movements (NRMs) and founded the <i>Wuhan Journal of Cultic Studies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works focused on several NRMS, as well as religion and violence, <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He edited several encyclopedias and reference works on these topics.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A prolific author, Lewis won a <a href="/wiki/Choice_Outstanding_Academic_Titles" title="Choice Outstanding Academic Titles"><i>Choice</i> Outstanding Academic Titles</a> award in 1999 for <i>Cults in America</i>. The <i>Choice</i> review described it as a "very readable book" that offered a "balanced overview of controversies centering on cults in America", containing basic information on several dozen groups, as well as the more general conflict between "anti-cultists" seeking government assistance to eliminate cults, and religious "libertarians" defending religious liberty even for disliked groups. The review stated that while Lewis differed with the anti-cult view, he presented "arguments and references from both sides – respectfully and in language free from insinuation or invective. Strongly recommended".<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis won another <i>Choice</i> Outstanding Academic Title award for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Oxford_Handbook_of_New_Religious_Movements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements (page does not exist)">The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</a></i>, with a second edition of this handbook published in 2016 with Inga Tøllefsen as co-editor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of AWARE in the 1990s, led by Lewis, was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Beit-Hallahmi" title="Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi">Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi</a>, who alleged that the organization was disseminating movement "propaganda", and used poor research methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This echoed earlier criticisms in a <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(American_magazine)" title="Skeptic (American magazine)">Skeptic</a></i> article by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Stephen A. Kent</a> and Theresa Krebs, who felt that materials produced by Lewis and <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Church_Universal_and_Triumphant" title="Church Universal and Triumphant">Church Universal and Triumphant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Family International">The Family</a> in their joint work <i><a href="/wiki/Sex,_Slander,_and_Salvation" title="Sex, Slander, and Salvation">Sex, Slander, and Salvation</a></i>, were "as much an apology as a social scientific product".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anson_Shupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anson Shupe">Anson Shupe</a> and Susan E. Darnell in turn characterised Kent's and Krebs' paper as an ad-hominem attack, and part of a pattern of accusing scholars of bias when their field research produced findings at variance with anti-cult stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Shupe2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shupe2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melton defended their joint work, stating that far from being a public relations exercise, the AWARE report on the Church Universal and Triumphant had "startled and upset" the group's leadership, and led to wide-ranging changes in the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Jeffrey Kaplan</a> stated that the aims of AWARE had been "laudable", but that the risks involved for academics in joining the "cult wars", as well as the organization's apparently unsuccessful appeals for funding from new religious movements, led to controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan1997_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further criticism was directed at Lewis from Kent and Kayla Swanson, who accused him of falsely claiming to have earned a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Lewis authored <i>Falun Gong: Spiritual Warfare and Martyrdom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavan2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book covers various aspects of the group, focusing primarily on the more controversial teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a>, including the group's pattern of targeting critics and Lewis's changing opinions on the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavan2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewer Huang Chao praised the book, positively comparing it to David Ownby's work on the group, <i><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong_and_the_Future_of_China" title="Falun Gong and the Future of China">Falun Gong and the Future of China</a></i>, which Chao argued downplayed negative aspects of the Falun Gong. He said that Lewis's book was important in correcting these weaknesses "by highlighting these aspects without degenerating into an anti-cult diatribe." Chao did criticize Lewis's treatment of Hongzhi's "self-aggrandizing assertions", which he thought was overly lengthy and did not contribute much to the stated purpose of the book (the violent side of the group), though he described his criticisms of the book overall as "relatively minor".<sup id="cite_ref-Huang2018_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reviewer, Heather Kavan, praised the book for its content and style. Kavan argued that supporters of the group may find the book "confronting", saying that though Lewis did not support the treatment of the group, he did not whitewash the harmful beliefs of the group; she noted the book could have been subtitled "Why it is unwise to join Falun Gong."<sup id="cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavan2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis edited <i>Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong</i> (2019), alongside Huang Chao.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cusack2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusack2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis argues in the book's final chapter that due to the media strategies of the group, they were presented largely sympathetically, but the tides were turning and they would soon be viewed as a dangerous group.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2020_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewer <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Carole M. Cusack</a> recommended the book, though described the chapters as "of uneven quality". She described the book as timely due to the change in public opinion of the group at the time of its publication, with more coverage of the leader and the group's beliefs instead of previously sympathetic stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Cusack2020_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusack2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis died on October 11, 2022, after suffering a head injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2023_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (1994). <a href="/wiki/From_the_Ashes:_Making_Sense_of_Waco" title="From the Ashes: Making Sense of Waco"><i>From the Ashes: Making Sense of Waco</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-7915-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-7915-2"><bdi>0-8476-7915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ashes%3A+Making+Sense+of+Waco&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8476-7915-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMelton1994" class="citation book cs1">——; <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, eds. (1994). <a href="/wiki/Sex,_Slander,_and_Salvation" title="Sex, Slander, and Salvation"><i>Sex, Slander, and Salvation: Investigating The Family/Children of God</i></a>. Center for Academic Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9639501-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9639501-2-6"><bdi>0-9639501-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Slander%2C+and+Salvation%3A+Investigating+The+Family%2FChildren+of+God&rft.pub=Center+for+Academic+Publication&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9639501-2-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (1998). <i>Cults in America: A Reference Handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-031-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-031-X"><bdi>1-57607-031-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+in+America%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57607-031-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisPetersen2004" class="citation book cs1">——; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard, eds. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Controversial_New_Religions" title="Controversial New Religions"><i>Controversial New Religions</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515682-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversial+New+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515682-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span>, second edition with different content published in 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_the_Solar_Temple:_The_Temple_of_Death" title="The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death"><i>The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5285-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5285-8"><bdi>0-7546-5285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Solar+Temple%3A+The+Temple+of+Death&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7546-5285-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (2008). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6"><bdi>0-19-514986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-19-514986-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (2009). <a href="/wiki/Scientology_(Lewis_book)" title="Scientology (Lewis book)"><i>Scientology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-533149-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-533149-4"><bdi>0-19-533149-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-533149-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/Violence_and_New_Religious_Movements" title="Violence and New Religious Movements"><i>Violence and New Religious Movements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1"><bdi>978-0-19-973563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973563-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisCusack2014" class="citation book cs1">——; <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>, eds. (2014). <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Suicide" title="Sacred Suicide"><i>Sacred Suicide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5086-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5086-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-5086-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Suicide&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-5086-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisTøllefsen2016" class="citation book cs1">——; Tøllefsen, Inga B., eds. (2016). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements: Volume II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046617-6"><bdi>978-0-19-046617-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-046617-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2018" class="citation book cs1">—— (2018). <i>Falun Gong: Spiritual Warfare and Martyrdom</i>. Cambridge Elements. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-44565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-44565-8"><bdi>978-1-108-44565-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2514-3786">2514-3786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falun+Gong%3A+Spiritual+Warfare+and+Martyrdom&rft.series=Cambridge+Elements&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2514-3786&rft.isbn=978-1-108-44565-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisChao2019" class="citation book cs1">——; Chao, Huang, eds. (2019). <i>Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong</i>. <a href="/wiki/Equinox_Publishing_(Sheffield)" title="Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)">Equinox Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-499-9"><bdi>978-1-78179-499-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightened+Martyrdom%3A+The+Hidden+Side+of+Falun+Gong&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78179-499-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwanLewis2024" class="citation book cs1">Awan, Akil N.; ——, eds. (2024). <i>Radicalisation: A Global and Comparative Perspective</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-777126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-777126-6"><bdi>978-0-19-777126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicalisation%3A+A+Global+and+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-777126-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span> (published posthumously)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Butler2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2023_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2023" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Jenny (February 1, 2023). "James R. Lewis: 1949–2022". <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i>. <b>26</b> (3): 150–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2023.26.3.150">10.1525/nr.2023.26.3.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6690">1092-6690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=James+R.+Lewis%3A+1949%E2%80%932022&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=150-152&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2023.26.3.150&rft.issn=1092-6690&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesrlewis.info/about">"About"</a>. <i>James R. Lewis Memorial website</i>. Department of Religious Studies, Wuhan University, China. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+R.+Lewis+Memorial+website&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesrlewis.info%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, James R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3422/3388">"Autobiography of a Schism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.2010.15.3422">10.17192/mjr.2010.15.3422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-2941">1612-2941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Autobiography+of+a+Schism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17192%2Fmjr.2010.15.3422&rft.issn=1612-2941&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-marburg.de%2Fep%2F0004%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3422%2F3388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Beit-Hallahmi" title="Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi">Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin</a> (2001). 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New Brunswick (US), London (UK): <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 135, 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0323-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0323-2"><bdi>0-7658-0323-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agents+of+Discord&rft.place=New+Brunswick+%28US%29%2C+London+%28UK%29&rft.pages=135%2C+158&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7658-0323-2&rft.aulast=Shupe&rft.aufirst=Anson&rft.au=Darnell%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton1999" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mea+Culpa%21+Mea+Culpa%21&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-17&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesnur.org%2Ftesti%2Fmelton98.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentSwanson2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2024</span> – via skent.ualberta.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Credibility+Attacks+Against+Former+Cult+Members&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-14%2C+including+footnote+14&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Kayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskent.ualberta.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2FIJCS_Kent_-_Swanson_monograph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2018_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2018_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2018_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Chao (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/temenos/article/download/77352/38452">"Book Review of James R. Lewis: Falun Gong: Spiritual Warfare and Martyrdom"</a>. <i>Temenos</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 213–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33356%2Ftemenos.77352">10.33356/temenos.77352</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Temenos&rft.atitle=Book+Review+of+James+R.+Lewis%3A+Falun+Gong%3A+Spiritual+Warfare+and+Martyrdom&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-215&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33356%2Ftemenos.77352&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Ftemenos%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F77352%2F38452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kavan2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kavan2022_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kavan, Heather (2022). 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"Review: Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong, edited by James R. Lewis and Huang Chao". <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 112–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2020.24.2.112">10.1525/nr.2020.24.2.112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6690">1092-6690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Enlightened+Martyrdom%3A+The+Hidden+Side+of+Falun+Gong%2C+edited+by+James+R.+Lewis+and+Huang+Chao&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-114&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2020.24.2.112&rft.issn=1092-6690&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Na&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cusack2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cusack2020_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusack2020_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a> (November 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.equinoxpub.com/FIR/article/view/18372">"Lewis, James R. and Huang Chao (eds) 2019. Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong"</a>. <i>Fieldwork in Religion</i>. <b>15</b> (1–2): 218–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Ffirn.18372">10.1558/firn.18372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-0623">1743-0623</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fieldwork+in+Religion&rft.atitle=Lewis%2C+James+R.+and+Huang+Chao+%28eds%29+2019.+Enlightened+Martyrdom%3A+The+Hidden+Side+of+Falun+Gong.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=218-219&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Ffirn.18372&rft.issn=1743-0623&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.equinoxpub.com%2FFIR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F18372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Lewis+%28scholar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Lewis_(scholar)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100293966">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1443569/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrck6pTwpfBcmFVTKcwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130134112">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80025576">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12463422h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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