CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anosy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c346f709-a441-4473-860b-f04faf6fd210","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anosy","wgTitle":"Anosy","wgCurRevisionId":1257886824,"wgRevisionId":1257886824,"wgArticleId":16041969,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2016","Articles with dead external links from June 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2019","Articles containing French-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Anosy","Regions of Madagascar"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anosy","wgRelevantArticleId":16041969,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-24.1,"lon":46.3},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16045730","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/1200px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="782"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/800px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="522"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/640px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="417"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anosy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anosy rootpage-Anosy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anosy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anosy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anosy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anosy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zafiraminia_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zafiraminia_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Zafiraminia dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zafiraminia_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact_and_Jesuit_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact_and_Jesuit_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>European contact and Jesuit mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact_and_Jesuit_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_French_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_French_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early French settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_French_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Feudal rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imerina_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imerina_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Imerina control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imerina_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Malagasy_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Malagasy_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Franco-Malagasy Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Malagasy_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>French colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Madagascar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration,_services_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration,_services_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration, services and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration,_services_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration, services and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration,_services_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Electrical infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cash_crops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_crops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cash crops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_crops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mining-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mining subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uranium_ores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_ores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Uranium ores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_ores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titanium_ores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titanium_ores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Titanium ores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titanium_ores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-precious_stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-precious_stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Semi-precious stones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-precious_stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unexploited_mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unexploited_mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Unexploited mineral resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unexploited_mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anosy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="منطقة أنوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة أنوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_Khu" title="Anosy Khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Anosy Khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Аноси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аноси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_Region" title="Anosy Region – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anosy Region" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_piirkond" title="Anosy piirkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anosy piirkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Ανόσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανόσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_de_Anosy" title="Región de Anosy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región de Anosy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="آنوسی (ماداگاسکار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنوسی (ماداگاسکار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%B4sy" title="Anôsy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anôsy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B5%AC" title="아노시구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아노시구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanosi" title="Antanosi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antanosi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Anosy" title="Region Anosy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Region Anosy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_Region" title="Anosy Region – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Anosy Region" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_di_Anosy" title="Regione di Anosy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regione di Anosy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faritra_Anosy" title="Faritra Anosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faritra Anosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_(regio)" title="Anosy (regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anosy (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiunea_Anosy" title="Regiunea Anosy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regiunea Anosy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosi" title="Anosi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anosi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anosy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Анузі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анузі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="آنوسی علاقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آنوسی علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="阿诺西大区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿诺西大区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16045730#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anosy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anosy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anosy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anosy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anosy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&oldid=1257886824" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anosy&id=1257886824&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnosy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnosy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anosy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anosy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16045730" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anosy&params=24_06_S_46_18_E_region:MG_type:adm2nd_source:geonames"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°06′S</span> <span class="longitude">46°18′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.100°S 46.300°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-24.100; 46.300</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative region of Madagascar</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Madagascar</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Anosy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_Saint-Louis_(9592460866).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nahampoana Reserve"><img alt="Nahampoana Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/250px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/375px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg/500px-Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Nahampoana Reserve</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Anosy"><img alt="Coat of arms of Anosy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png/100px-Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png/150px-Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png/200px-Region-An%C3%B4sy-Mg-shield_03.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2650" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Madagascar"><img alt="Location in Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg/180px-Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg/270px-Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg/360px-Madagascar-Anosy-2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1458" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Madagascar</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anosy&params=24_06_S_46_18_E_region:MG_type:adm2nd_source:geonames"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°06′S</span> <span class="longitude">46°18′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.100°S 46.300°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-24.100; 46.300</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-geonames_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geonames-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort-Dauphin_(Madagascar)" title="Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)">Fort Dauphin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Jocelyn Raharimbola</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-doc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,731 km<sup>2</sup> (9,935 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-geonames_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geonames-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">327 m (1,073 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-recensement2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recensement2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">809,313</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">31/km<sup>2</sup> (81/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC3">UTC3</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">603, 613 and 614</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.428<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#900">low</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Madagascar_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Madagascar by Human Development Index">19th of 22</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anosy</b> is one of the 23 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Regions of Madagascar">regions of Madagascar</a>. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the eastern side of what was once the <a href="/wiki/Toliara_Province" title="Toliara Province">Toliara Province</a>. The name <i>Anosy</i> means "island(s)" in <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>. </p><p>Due to a strategic sea route running along its coast, Anosy had been an important crossroads for the Malagasy, Muslims, and Europeans. In the mid-1600s, it was the location of the first <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial</a> settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The region was part of the I<a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">merina Kingdom</a> for much of the 1800s and part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#French_colonization" title="History of Madagascar">French colony of Madagascar</a> from the late 1800s to 1960. </p><p>Its exports have included <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">human slaves</a> (shipped to the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a> and the United States in the 1700s), live <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> (exported to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> for almost 300 years), <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosy_periwinkle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosy periwinkle">rosy periwinkle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranothorianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranothorianite">uranothorianite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>. Due to its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and unique <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Madagascar" title="Wildlife of Madagascar">wildlife</a>, efforts commenced in the 1980s to promote <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Madagascar" title="Tourism in Madagascar">tourism</a> in the region. </p><p>The region suffers from poverty; 80% of inhabitants lack access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">clean water</a>, 16% suffer from serious respiratory illnesses, and <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> is less than 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-DiBoscio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiBoscio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">History of Madagascar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early history of Anosy is based primarily on archeological digs in the Efaho valley, just west of Fort-Dauphin. These 11th–13th century sites on the coastal dunes were small (0.5 ha [1.2 acres] in size) and seasonal or temporary, based on the need to move to find food. Activities focused on fishing, cultivation of tubers and hunting. Iron working was also present. Trade was limited to the northeast, along the coast, and formed a very simple economic and social system.<sup id="cite_ref-mille.ans_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mille.ans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that between the 13th and 15th centuries, those living in Anosy were working <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">chlorite schist</a> which was exchanged through the trade network for Chinese <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">greenware</a> pottery. A Chinese nautical map from 1315 shows Madagascar's coastline, winds and currents. Settlements grew slightly, primarily located on the flood plains and coastal lagoons, with cultivation of sweet potatoes and further development of iron working.<sup id="cite_ref-mille.ans_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mille.ans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 14th century, a <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> ship wrecked off the Anosy coast; it has been theorized that the stranded <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> went north to found the Zarabehava dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Antesaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Antesaka">Antesaka</a>, though some scholars disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 857">: 857 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zafiraminia_dynasty">Zafiraminia dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zafiraminia dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Zafiraminia" title="Zafiraminia">Zafiraminia</a> (descendants of the Muslim Ramini) arrived in present-day Anosy and moved into the Efaho valley after being defeated by the Antambahoaka people to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zafiraminia had lived in Madagascar from about the 13th century and had assimilated into the Malagasy population; they did not have Islamic institutions though they retained Arabic script and several socio-religious practices. The Zafiraminia introduced the use of wooden huts, owning cattle as a sign of wealth, and established a dynasty that lasted 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 857">: 857 </span></sup> </p><p>The Zafiraminia established a stratified society with elaborate rituals, aided by their literacy, which was viewed as a kind of magic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their settlements were further inland, 2 to 7.5 ha (5 to 19 acres) in size, and may have been fortified with ditches and wooden palisades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact_and_Jesuit_mission">European contact and Jesuit mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European contact and Jesuit mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Zafiraminia moved into Anosy from the north, Europeans began arriving from the south. On 10 August 1500, a Portuguese crew – whose ship had been separated from the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada">2nd Portuguese India Armada</a> during a storm – became the first Europeans to see Madagascar, at the southern coast near present-day Fort-Dauphin. They named it Ilha de São Lourenço ("Saint-Laurent" in French). There were at least five shipwrecks on this coast between 1504 and 1507, and historian Mike Pearson believes some of the Portuguese survivors built the fort <i>Tranovato</i> (English: house of stone), a 10-metre-square (33 ft) stone blockhouse located on a hill 9 km (5.6 mi) west of present-day Fort-Dauphin.<sup id="cite_ref-pearson.1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson.1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe it was erected a generation later, but it is likely the first European building on Madagascar, and sheltered shipwrecked sailors awaiting rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-canitrot.1921_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canitrot.1921-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tranovato.map_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tranovato.map-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other shipwrecked sailors were able to assimilate, possibly aided by being light-skinned like the ruling Zafiraminia who claimed to be descended from Arabs. On 4 August 1508, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> arrived on a Portuguese trade mission, recovering two shipwreck survivors who served as a Malagasy translators for contact and resupply. Trading colonies were attempted by the Portuguese and the French, but initial efforts were short-lived and abandoned. Shipwrecks continued and conditions at Anosy led cartographer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parmentier_(explorer)" title="Jean Parmentier (explorer)">Jean Parmentier</a> to describe the waters as "the ocean without reason". </p><p>In 1613, a Portuguese expedition to Madagascar visited the stone fort at Travovato, which was occupied by a local king, Chambanga.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A treaty of friendship was agreed, trade was opened, and a church was built for <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit missionaries</a> to begin evangelism. A dispute broke out when the king apparently refused an offer to send his son Drian-Ramaka to <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> for Catholic education; the sailors seized the boy by force and their ship was briefly attacked before sailing to Goa. In April 1616 the Jesuits returned to Anosy to exchange Drian-Ramaka for Chambanga's other sons, which the king refused; following accusations, and realizing their missionary work was in jeopardy, the Jesuits settled for a distant relation of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-tranovato.map_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tranovato.map-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambanga became further distrustful when the Portuguese began prospecting for gold and silver; he suspended trade, attempting to starve them out of Anosy. This continued when Drian-Ramaka succeeded his father, and respected the folk religion instead of embracing Catholicism. Suffering in isolation and having baptized only one Malagasy person over a year, the Jesuits left Anosy in 1617.<sup id="cite_ref-camboue.1910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camboue.1910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_French_settlements">Early French settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early French settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <p>Beginning in 1604, French King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> began sending ships to Madagascar to compete with the Dutch colonies at the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a> of Africa. In 1642, Cardinal Richelieu sought possession of Madagascar for France, granting trading rights to Captain Rigault and associates who created the first <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>. A French settlement was established at Manafiafy in Anosy. There were many deaths in the first months, likely due to malaria and dysentery in the swampy area, and the settlement was moved 40 km (25 mi) southwest to the peninsula of Taolanara where they built what was later named Fort Dauphin, France's first colony in the Indian Ocean. The site was 46 metres (150 ft) above sea level, and with a redoubt built across the peninsula was defensible from sea and land.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French found Dian Ramaka to be friendly; their settlement sites were at the edge of the Zafiraminia's world and did not cause an affront. Sieur Jacques de Pronis, the first governor of the French East India Company, married a Zafindraminia noblewoman. However, Pronis angered the colonists who put him in chains; following his rescue, the rebels – both French and Malagasy – were banished to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> Island. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Flacourt" title="Étienne de Flacourt">Étienne de Flacourt</a> took over as governor, and sought to establish several colonies in Madagascar to resupply European ships travelling to the Indies, obtaining food from the Malagasy through trade or by force, and selling indigo, tobacco and sugarcane to fund colonial expansion. By this time, rice and cattle had become the primary food sources. According to historian R. K. Kent, Anosy was one of the most-densely populated parts of Madagascar with considerable agricultural surpluses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malagasy traded for ceramics from China, England, France and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-mille.ans_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mille.ans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive governors of Fort Dauphin in the mid-17th century sought to conquer Anosy by wresting control from the Zafiraminia kings, who had united under Dian Ramack (and later, his son Andriampanolahy). Several military campaigns pillaged and burned villages, killed and enslaved Malagasy, and stole tens of thousands of cattle. The Malagasy made reprisals with massacres, poisonings, and captured and burned Fort Dauphin. During the same period, missionary work was conducted by the Lazarist <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Congregation of the Mission</a>. In 1674, after the French East India Company had twice been reorganized due to poor profits, the rebuilt Fort Dauphin was evacuated and the colony abandoned. The colonial failure was a bitter experience for the French, who left behind as many as 4,000 French casualties, and was a source of political embarrassment for 200 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_rule">Feudal rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feudal rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conflict continued in Anosy following the French evacuation. When shipwrecked pirates took shelter at Fort Dauphin in 1697, their leader, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a>, a mulatto from Martinique, was installed as a king. Until his death in 1705, Samuel led pirate–Anosy forces in constant warfare with Antanosy king Diamarang Diamera. The Zafiraminia also attempted to regain control, without success; they faced a number of revolts. The number and size of settlements shrank, and moved further inland.<sup id="cite_ref-mille.ans_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mille.ans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frenchman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Laurent_de_Maudave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Laurent de Maudave (page does not exist)">Louis Laurent de Maudave</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayd%27herbe_de_Maudave" class="extiw" title="fr:Fayd'herbe de Maudave">fr</a>]</span> arrived to rebuild Fort Dauphin as a supply base in 1768. He found that there were 35 rulers in Anosy, many of whom were at war with one another, and none of whom governed more than 3,000 people. He signed 30 treaties with local kings, making alliances by supplying them with muskets (over 10,000 muskets and 50 tons of gunpowder were sold). However, the French government abolished the French East India Company the following year, and Maudave's trading settlement was abandoned. At about the time of the French departure, the Zafiriminia kingdom also fell, having been ravaged by warfare since the mid-1600s. </p><p>In 1819, the French again reopened Fort Dauphin, after negotiating with the Zafiraminia chief Rabefania. The chief sought French protection from the I<a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">merina Kingdom</a> which was seeking to conquer the whole of Madagascar. Fort Dauphin continued to export cattle, and also became a slaving base and operated a rum distillery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imerina_control">Imerina control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imerina control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An army of the I<a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">merina Kingdom</a> of central Madagascar, numbering 3,000–4,000 soldiers, moved down the coast of Anosy and took Fort Dauphin on 14 March 1825, at which point the Imerina Kingdom controlled the entire eastern coast of Madagascar. The fort was garrisoned by 800 Imerina troops armed with muskets which, along with garrisons at other coastal towns, controlled shipping & trade. Most of Anosy, however, resisted the brutal treatment by the Imerina and was effectively self-ruled. The Imerina pursued a policy of isolationism and dismantled treaties with England and France. </p><p>Successive Imerina monarchs were alternately influenced by the French and English. In 1869, Imerina Queen <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_II" title="Ranavalona II">Ranavalona II</a> converted to Christianity. A church was built at Fort Dauphin and attendance made mandatory. Evangelists from the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> later took leadership of the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Malagasy_Wars">Franco-Malagasy Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Franco-Malagasy Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Malagasy_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Malagasy Wars">Franco-Malagasy Wars</a></div> <p>France invaded Madagascar in 1883, to counter the growing British influence in the Indian Ocean. This <a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">first Madagascar expedition</a> concentrated mainly on the north of Madagascar, where Imerina power was centered. This created an opportunity for the Antanosy to revolt and seize Fort Dauphin, though the Imerina reclaimed it in 1884. In 1885, the fort was bombarded by a French warship and evacuated. </p><p>In 1887–88, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Missionary_Society" title="Norwegian Missionary Society">Norwegian missionary</a> Nielsen-Lund described the Antanosy population as "very scattered" and ruled by 30 feudal kings, and that northern Anosy was a lawless place. A Lutheran church and school was established outside Fort Dauphin, but the support given by the Queen of Imerina caused the missionaries to be viewed as collaborators by the Antanosy. In the following years, additional churches were established at Evatraha, Mandromondromotry, and Mahatalaky.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, natural rubber was discovered in western Anosy, and within a year 1,680 tons were exported. </p><p>The strategic importance of Madagascar had declined following the opening of the Suez Canal. Britain and France redefined their spheres of influence in Africa; Britain gained control of Zanzibar in return for recognizing Madagascar as a French protectorate. The French then launched the <a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">second Madagascar expedition</a> in 1894. Again, the invaders concentrated themselves mainly on the Imerina strongholds, and conquered north and central Madagascar in 1895. In Anosy, the Antandroy overran a number of European trading stations, forcing the foreigners out and plundering their stores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colony">French colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <p>Madagascar officially became a French colony on 6 August 1896, and French troops took control of Fort Dauphin. Europeans reported a great deal of insecurity elsewhere in southern Madagascar. The interior of Anosy was ruled by Antanosy king Rabefagnatrika, who was a rival of pro-French Manambaro king Rabefially. Southern Madagascar was conquered by the French in 1898, using counter-insurgency methods developed in Indochina. </p><p>In 1897, the French governor reintroduced the Imerina labour tax, requiring every able-bodied male to provide 50 days of unpaid labour per year. Head taxes were also imposed, under penalty of forced labour, in efforts to increase agricultural production and tax revenues. Roads were built and plantations established for European companies and settlers. Many villages were relocated along the new highways. Activities of Roman Catholic and Lutheran missionaries increased. </p><p>The harsh regime and disregard for Malagasy culture were met by a number of small revolts and raids, which culminated in a <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_uprising_in_Madagascar" title="1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar">general uprising in 1904–1905</a>. While the uprising was sparked in the north, the southeast had become fertile ground for revolution. Antanosy king king Befanatrika led rebels south into Anosy, and in December 1904 captured <a href="/wiki/Esira" title="Esira">Esira</a>, Fort Dauphin, and <a href="/wiki/Manambaro" title="Manambaro">Manambaro</a>, with widespread looting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Protestants generally supported the uprising, Catholics opposed it and a number of Catholic churches were burned by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the revolt, the French closed the Lutheran schools and churches, believing them complicit. The region also suffered from smallpox and locusts during this time. </p><p>In 1926–27, the head tax was almost doubled and a three-year conscription system instituted to provide more labour for colony construction projects. The government also continued to seize lands for these projects, plantations, and French settlers. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">World War II</a>, Madagascar was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">1942 campaign</a> between <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> forces. The fighting was concentrated in the north and central regions; the Vichy governor-general had retreated steadily southward, and surrendered rather than enter Anosy. These incidents and the British occupation further tarnished the prestige of the French colonial government. Nationalist and pro-independence sentiments strengthened following the return of men forced into conscription, the continuation of forced labour, and the absence of reforms promised by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. When the French government refused to support a democratic process toward Madagascar independence, militant independence leaders gained ground and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> (1947–1949). </p><p>The uprising began in the east and was immediately followed by the south where it enjoyed particularly strong support and attracted as many as one million peasants to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">: 207 </span></sup> The southern rebels were led by <a href="/wiki/Betsileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Betsileo">Betsileo</a> former-teacher Michel Radaoroson.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> His leadership was usurped in August 1947 by Lehoaha, whose insurgents were better armed.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> The intensity and cruelty of the French response was unprecedented in French colonial history,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and military records of the conflict were classified.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar_Republic">Madagascar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Madagascar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Republic" title="Malagasy Republic">Malagasy Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Democratic Republic of Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Third Republic of Madagascar">Third Republic of Madagascar</a></div> <p>Madagascar gained independence by referendum in 1958. Political power of the new government was consolidated amongst the Imerina middle-class, and was challenged in 1971 by a peasant uprising in <a href="/wiki/Toliara_Province" title="Toliara Province">Toliara Province</a> (which included the Anosy Region). Sisal production in Anosy peaked in 1964 but rapidly declined thereafter. Periwinkle plantations began, as did exports of seaweed to Japan and live lobsters to Europe. </p><p>Student protests joined by a general strike and rioting led to a state of emergency, a military government fraught with ethnic coups, and the 1975 establishment of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. This second republic pursued <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Malagasy_Socialist_Revolution" title="Charter of the Malagasy Socialist Revolution">socialist reforms</a> with the aims of achieving rapid economic and cultural development. In the 1980s, the rapid growth of Fort-Dauphin created deforestation in Anosy, which became a high-priority area for international conservation efforts. The World Wildlife Fund began working in <a href="/wiki/Andohahela_National_Park" title="Andohahela National Park">Andohahela National Park</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/QIT-Fer_et_Titane" title="QIT-Fer et Titane">QIT-Fer et Titane</a> established an office in Fort-Dauphin and began a joint venture to mine ilmenite. </p><p>Politically weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the socialist regime transitioned to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Third Republic of Madagascar">Third Republic of Madagascar</a> in 1992. Ecotourism in Anosy grew rapidly in the early and mid-1990s, but temporarily collapsed during 2007–2009 due to the complete booking of Fort-Dauphin hotels for QMM employees and contractors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg/220px-MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg/330px-MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg/440px-MG-ehoala-hafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_d%27Ehola" class="mw-redirect" title="Port d'Ehola">Port d'Ehola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fort-Dauphin suffered a cholera outbreak in 2000–2001 and syphilis outbreak in 2007, the later resulting in a state of emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Bank named the town as one of three sites for its Integrated Growth Poles project.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Port_d%27Ehola" class="mw-redirect" title="Port d'Ehola">Port d'Ehola</a> is completed in 2009, enabling QMM to export Ilmenite to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Vera_Ramampiandra_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vera_Ramampiandra-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, QMM takes over electricity production for Fort-Dauphin. Vigilantism rises in Anosy in response to banditry, with over 100 extralegal executions in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Geography of Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Madagascar" title="Geology of Madagascar">Geology of Madagascar</a></div> <p>General references for the geography section: Vincelette et al. (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-riotintomadagascar.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riotintomadagascar.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is primarily about the immediate Fort-Dauphin region.<sup id="cite_ref-HW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anosy is a region in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, which covers 25,731 km<sup>2</sup> (9,935 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-doc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It borders <a href="/wiki/Androy" title="Androy">Androy</a> region to the southwest, across the <a href="/wiki/Mandrare_River" title="Mandrare River">Mandrare River</a>. To the west is <a href="/wiki/Atsimo-Andrefana" title="Atsimo-Andrefana">Atsimo-Andrefana</a>, to the north is <a href="/wiki/Ihorombe" title="Ihorombe">Ihorombe</a> region, and to the northeast is <a href="/wiki/Atsimo-Atsinanana" title="Atsimo-Atsinanana">Atsimo-Atsinanana</a> region. To the east and south is the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The region is approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) wide along its coastline and extends roughly 250 km (160 mi) inland. Anosy's capital and most-populous city is <a href="/wiki/Tolagnaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolagnaro">Tolagnaro</a> (formerly Fort Dauphin), located about halfway along the region's coast and 1,122 km (697 mi) south of the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statistique_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistique-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Anosy</i> means "island" or "islands" in <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>. It may have been named for the island in the Fanjahira river (now Efaho river) where the <a href="/wiki/Zafiraminia" title="Zafiraminia">Zafiraminia</a> first settled when they arrived in the 16th century. Another theory is that the name means "land of the islands" because of the many temporary islands created when the Efaho valley floods during the rainy season. </p><p>Along the ocean are coastal <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> and about 50 km (31 mi) of sandy, rolling coastal hills that butt up against the Vohimana mountains. This mountain range dominates the area, terminating just outside Fort-Dauphin at Mount Bezavona (Pic St. Louis), which stands at 529 metres (1,736 ft). </p><p>The interior bedrock is <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cordierite" title="Cordierite">cordierite</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> exposed where erosion had occurred along the coast. The sand dunes along the coast, which average 18 m (59 ft) in depth, have mineral deposits of ilmenite, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>. </p><p>There are three primary <a href="/wiki/Hydrologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic">hydrologic</a> drainage areas in Anosy: the Mountain Zone, the Bedrock Plain, and the Coastal Sands. The Mountain Zone covers 30% of the total catchment area and is distinguished by steep slopes, rapid <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, and clearly defined rivers. The Bedrock Plain has rolling hills with low relief and several large rivers. The Coastal Sands are dunes at the ocean's edge cut with meandering rivers, ribbon lakes, and a series of lagoons and bays which vary in size from a few to two dozen square kilometres. The Coastal Sands can be further subdivided into the Andriambe, Ebakika, Efaho, Fanjahira, Lakandava, Lanirano, Manampanihy, Mandromodromotra, Vatomena, Vatomirindry and Vatorendrika basins. </p><p>There are three major rivers in Anosy: the <a href="/wiki/Mandrare_River" title="Mandrare River">Mandrare River</a> along the southwestern border, the Efaho (formerly called the Fanjahira) just west of Fort-Dauphin, and the Manampanihy which drains the Ranomafana valley, emptying into the ocean at <a href="/wiki/Manantenina" title="Manantenina">Manantenina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HW_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rivers in the Anosy region include the Isoanala, Manambolo, Mangoky, Menarandra and Isoanala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average temperature in Fort-Dauphin ranges from 26 °C (79 °F) in January–February to 20 °C (68 °F) in July, with ocean temperatures ranging from 25 °C (77 °F) in January–February to 19 °C (66 °F) in June–July. The humidity of Fort-Dauphin ranges from 77 to 84 percent. Rainfall is highest on the eastern side of the mountains. In general, Anosy is very wet and humid in the northeast and becomes increasingly arid as one moves southwest. </p><p>Fort-Dauphin receives 1,800 millimetres (71 in) of annual rainfall. Monthly precipitation is about 150 mm (5.9 in) in November through March, 190 mm (7.5 in)) in April, and less than 100 mm (3.9 in) for September and October. Fort-Dauphin is a windy town, with Force 6 winds (39–49 km/h [24–30 mph]) for 6 to 13 days per month, August through November.<sup id="cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maep.gov.mg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riotintomadagascar.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riotintomadagascar.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is occasionally damaged by cyclones, such as <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season#Intense_Tropical_Cyclone_Robyn–Deborah" title="1974–75 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season">Cyclone Deborah</a> in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Daisy_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone Daisy (1994)">Cyclone Daisy</a> in 1994, and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gretelle" title="Cyclone Gretelle">Cyclone Gretelle</a> in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Madagascar" title="Wildlife of Madagascar">Wildlife of Madagascar</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalambatritra_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalambatritra Reserve">Kalambatritra Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsitongambarika" title="Tsitongambarika">Tsitongambarika</a> New Protected Area</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vohidava_Betsimalaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vohidava Betsimalaho (page does not exist)">Vohidava Betsimalaho</a> New Protected Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambatotsirongorongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambatotsirongorongo">Ambatotsirongorongo</a> Special Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angavo_(mountain)" title="Angavo (mountain)">Angavo New Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andohahela_National_Park" title="Andohahela National Park">Andohahela National Park</a>. In 1932, the Andohahela natural reserve was created.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambatoatsinanana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambatoatsinanana">Ambatoatsinanana</a> New Protected Area</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriky (page does not exist)">Petriky</a> New Protected Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandena">Mandena</a> New Protected Area</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankodida (page does not exist)">Ankodida</a> New Protected Area</li> <li>the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Berenty_Reserve" title="Berenty Reserve">Berenty Reserve</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud" title="Amboasary Sud">Amboasary Sud</a></li></ul> <p>In 1996, Anosy was recognized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as one of the most ecologically diverse regions of Madagascar. In 2014, Fort-Dauphin coast was identified as seriously threatened due to rising sea levels, landslides, and coastal erosion".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region had a population of 809,313 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-recensement2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recensement2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its present growth rate, it is expected to double its population in 15 years. The region is administratively divided into three districts; population densities are 52 inhabitants per square kilometre (130/sq mi) in the Tolagnaro District, 21/km<sup>2</sup> (54/sq mi) in the Amboasary Atsimo District, and 14/km<sup>2</sup> (36/sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Betroka" title="Betroka">Betroka</a> District. </p><p>The people who have historically lived in Anosy are known as the <a href="/wiki/Antanosy_people" title="Antanosy people">Antanosy people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be more accurately described as "those from Anosy" given the region's history. The Antanosy live primarily in the east, along the coast and coastal rivers. There are also <a href="/wiki/Antandroy" title="Antandroy">Antandroy</a> living in the southwest, especially in the Tolagnaro District and in the Amboasary-Sud District, along with other <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> from other parts of Madagascar. The rural interior Betroka District is chiefly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Bara_people" title="Bara people">Bara people</a>. There are also Asians who own many shops in urban centres and Europeans working in conservation, mining, tourism or for the Catholic Church. While there had been many French nationals living in Anosy during the French occupation of Madagascar, most had left by the mid-1970s. </p><p>Most of the people who live in Anosy are very poor, with an estimated GDP per capita in 2004 of just $180, when the national average was $210. Eighty percent of its inhabitants don't have access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">clean water</a>, one in six suffer from serious respiratory illness, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> is less than 20%, and 65% of the watershed slopes are highly degraded.<sup id="cite_ref-DiBoscio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiBoscio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of those living in Anosy practice traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two largest Christian denominations in the Anosy region are the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Madagascar" title="Catholic Church in Madagascar">Roman Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Lutheran_Church" title="Malagasy Lutheran Church">Malagasy Lutheran Church</a>, both established in Fort Dauphin (also called: Tolagnaro) in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Madagascar" title="Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar">Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar</a> (FJKM) has several congregations in the Anosy region as do several other Protestant denominations. There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration,_services_and_infrastructure"><span id="Administration.2C_services_and_infrastructure"></span>Administration, services and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration, services and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anosy Region is divided into three districts, which are sub-divided into 64 communes. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud_District" title="Amboasary Sud District">Amboasary Sud District</a> - 14 communes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betroka_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Betroka District">Betroka District</a> - 20 communes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taolanaro_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Taolanaro District">Taolanaro District</a><sup id="cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maep.gov.mg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 24 communes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Education in Madagascar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamotamo_village_school.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tamotamo_village_school.JPG/220px-Tamotamo_village_school.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tamotamo_village_school.JPG/330px-Tamotamo_village_school.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tamotamo_village_school.JPG/440px-Tamotamo_village_school.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>a rural village school in Tamotamo</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1997–98, literacy at the primary level in Anosy was 22% for boys and 23% for girls. Literacy was below 20% in some rural areas. </p><p>There are 511 public primary schools in the Anosy (2007–2008). 179 are in Amboasary Sud, 171 in Betroka and 161 in Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). Not all of the villages dispose of a school. There are 25 CEGs (college of general education) and 3 <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycées</a>, furthermore 1 technical lycée in <a href="/wiki/Betroka" title="Betroka">Betroka</a>. </p><p>Next to the public schools there were (2008): 68 private primary schools, 12 private colleges and 4 lycées (2 in Amboasary Sud and 2 in Taolagnaro).<sup id="cite_ref-Monographie_Anosy_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monographie_Anosy-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Madagascar" title="Healthcare in Madagascar">Healthcare in Madagascar</a></div> <p>Healthcare is a challenge, as 80% of the population doesn't have access to clean water. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>/<a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimated that only 1 in 10 Malagasy had access to improved sanitation facilities, resulting in high child mortality. 40% of children in rural areas die before age 5.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Madagascar" title="Transport in Madagascar">Transport in Madagascar</a></div> <p>Fort-Dauphin is serviced by <a href="/wiki/Air_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Madagascar">Air Madagascar</a>, with daily flights to and from the national capital, <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tolagnaro_Airport" title="Tolagnaro Airport">Tolagnaro Airport</a>. </p><p>Only 50% of roadways in Anosy were passable in 2009. Many roads are closed during the rainy season, and <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> is recommended. A paved road was built connecting Fort-Dauphin–<a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud" title="Amboasary Sud">Amboasary Sud</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ambovombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambovombe">Ambovombe</a>, but most of the surface has been wrecked. Some road repairs have been conducted with loans from the World Bank, and by international companies seeking access to the region's natural resources. </p><p>Buses run both north and west from Fort-Dauphin. Many are overcrowded and in poor repair, and some are simply trucks with metal benches. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port_d%27Ehola" class="mw-redirect" title="Port d'Ehola">Ehoala Port</a>, opened in 2009, has greatly improved Anosy's shipping, and was developed for export of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a,_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG/220px-Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG/330px-Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG/440px-Madagascar_Route_nationale_12a%2C_ferry_over_the_Esama_river.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_12a_(Madagascar)" title="Route nationale 12a (Madagascar)">National road 12a</a>, ferry over the Esama river</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_12a_(Madagascar)" title="Route nationale 12a (Madagascar)">National Road 12a</a>, from Fort-Dauphin to <a href="/wiki/Vangaindrano" title="Vangaindrano">Vangaindrano</a>.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_13_(Madagascar)" title="Route nationale 13 (Madagascar)">National Road 13</a>, from Fort-Dauphin to <a href="/wiki/Ambovombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambovombe">Ambovombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ihosy" title="Ihosy">Ihosy</a>.</li> <li>the Provincial road <a href="/w/index.php?title=RIP118_(Madagascar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RIP118 (Madagascar) (page does not exist)">RIP118</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to the <a href="/wiki/Andohahela_National_Park" title="Andohahela National Park">Andohahela National Park</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg/220px-Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg/330px-Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg/440px-Air_Madagascar_in_Tolanaro_airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3842" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>Air Madagascar in Tolanaro airport</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betroka_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betroka Airport (page does not exist)">Betroka Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolagnaro_Airport" title="Tolagnaro Airport">Tolagnaro Airport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_infrastructure">Electrical infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Electrical infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only towns in Anosy with electrical power grids are Port-Dauphin, <a href="/wiki/Betroka" title="Betroka">Betroka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud" title="Amboasary Sud">Amboasary Sud</a>. The growth of Port-Dauphin and poor condition of its generators resulted in mining firm <a href="/wiki/QIT_Madagascar_Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="QIT Madagascar Minerals">QIT Madagascar Minerals</a> (QMM) assuming responsibility for production of the town's electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Monographie_Anosy_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monographie_Anosy-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2008, rural electrification in Anosy was only 7%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Madagascar" title="Agriculture in Madagascar">Agriculture in Madagascar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence farming</a> is the primary source of income of most people living in Anosy. Where there is sufficient rainfall, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> is the primary food crop, though in most cases only one crop is grown per year. <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a> is a very important food crop for those who can't afford rice year-round, which includes most of the Malagasy in the region. Yields for most crops are low, primarily due to the traditional methods of farming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cash_crops">Cash crops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cash crops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four major <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> in the Anosy region are <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> (primarily from the Ranomafana area), <a href="/wiki/Rosy_periwinkle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosy periwinkle">rosy periwinkle</a> (southwestern coast of Anosy and coast of Androy), <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a> (Amboasary area) and <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn tree">Peppercorn trees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malagasy rosy periwinkle was researched by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_(industrialist,_born_1885)" title="Eli Lilly (industrialist, born 1885)">Eli Lilly</a> beginning in 1958 for its potential use in preserving <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>. This was unsuccessful, but <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> agents were discovered which have been credited with increasing the survival rate for childhood <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sisal cultivation was tested in 1928 and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> practices were begun in the 1950s, reaching peak production in the mid-1960s. The development of synthetic fibres has largely replaced it in the international market, but sisal remains an important export.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn tree">Peppercorn tree</a> are produced around 280 t in the region of <a href="/wiki/Ifarantsa" title="Ifarantsa">Ifarantsa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Income from fishing is estimated at between 3,000 and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a> (MGA) in 2010, which was then US$1.50–2.50.<sup id="cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maep.gov.mg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Madagascar" title="Mining industry of Madagascar">Mining industry of Madagascar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandidierite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/220px-Grandidierite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/330px-Grandidierite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/440px-Grandidierite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grandidierite" title="Grandidierite">Grandidierite</a> from Tranomaro</figcaption></figure> <p>Mining has been occurring in Anosy beginning with the export of <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> in the early 1900s. <a href="/wiki/Uranothorianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranothorianite">Uranothorianite</a> was mined from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, for several years being Madagascar's second-most valuable export. Sapphires were a major export in the early- to mid-1990s. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a> subsidiary owned QIT Madagascar Minerals (QMM), owned 80 percent by mining giant <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto Group</a> and 20 percent by the Malagasy government, has mined and exported 750,000 tons per year of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, along with 40,000 tons per year of <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>. There are also major deposits of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> which might be developed in the future, and there has been ongoing exploration for uranium and rare earth minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Confex2010_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confex2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCGS2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCGS2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Commdev2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commdev2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1986 opening of the QMM owned <a href="/wiki/Mandena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandena">Mandena</a> mine prompted a boost in employment, migration to the area, development of roads and exacerbation of deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mine contaminated <a href="/wiki/Lake_Besaroy" title="Lake Besaroy">Lake Besaroy</a> in 2014-2015<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was met with mixed reactions from local communities, who held protests in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mica">Mica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mica was discovered near <a href="/wiki/Tranomaro" title="Tranomaro">Tranomaro</a> in 1912, and can be found in crystalline <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fort-Dauphin_(Madagascar)" title="Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)">Fort-Dauphin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ihosy" title="Ihosy">Ihosy</a>. There were 50 different companies mining mica in 1947, but demand fell in 1963. The biggest mine is at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampandandrava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampandandrava (page does not exist)">Ampandandrava</a>, about 250 km (160 mi) from Fort-Dauphin, which exported 1,000 tons of mica in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_ores">Uranium ores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uranium ores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uranothorianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranothorianite">Uranothorianite</a> is a rich and highly radioactive ore of uranium. It was discovered by French surveyors in Anosy in 1953, and considered of great importance by the <a href="/wiki/French_Atomic_Energy_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="French Atomic Energy Commission">French Atomic Energy Commission</a> (CEA). The locals called the dense black rocks <i>vatovy</i> and used them as slingshot ammunition and fishing weights. The CEA established a mining centre at Ambatomika, digging small open-pit mines.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1954 and 1963, almost 4,000 tonnes of uranothorianite was mined and exported to France. By 1964 this was Madagascar's second-most valuable export. In 1963, the original Ambindandrakemba mine was exhausted, and the centre was moved 40 km (25 mi) north to Betioky, near the Belafa ore body which was thought to have between 2,000 and 5,000 tons of uranothorianite. Mining ended in 1968, due to the degradation of equipment and the discovery of larger deposits in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_mining_industry_of_Niger" title="Oil and mining industry of Niger">Niger</a>. </p><p>In 2005, the Malagasy government conducted aerial magnetic and <a href="/wiki/Radiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiometric">radiometric</a> surveys of the area, which found thorium and uranium deposits increased to the west. In 2007, drilling by the Canadian firm Pan African Mining Corporation found a site with "high-grade uranium mineralisation grading 4,329 ppm uranium", with deposits as deep as 60 metres. London-based Bekitoly Resources Ltd. acquired exploration rights which include eight of the historical open-pit deposits, and have conducted airborne radiometrics and <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperspectral">hyperspectral</a> surveys, ground radiometrics and magnetics, mapping, grab sampling, trenching and drilling. These activities identified numerous areas of interest, with uranium and thorium <a href="/wiki/Scintillometer" title="Scintillometer">scintillometer</a> readings of up to 26,257 and 43,215 ppm, respectively. They also discovered numerous rare-earth elements.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titanium_ores">Titanium ores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Titanium ores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2009 and 2011, QMM has mined 750,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> (a titanium ore) per year for export to Canada. The ilmenite-mining operation also produces 25,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> and 15,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> per year. It has the potential to increase production to 2 million tons of ilmenite per year, with an expected operational lifetime of 40 years. Almost $1 billion was spent developing this mine, including the new harbour at Port d'Ehola.<sup id="cite_ref-Vera_Ramampiandra_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vera_Ramampiandra-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-precious_stones">Semi-precious stones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Semi-precious stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandidierite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/220px-Grandidierite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/330px-Grandidierite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grandidierite.jpg/440px-Grandidierite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grandidierite" title="Grandidierite">Grandidierite</a> from Tranomaro</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphires</a> were first documented in Anosy by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Flacourt" title="Étienne de Flacourt">Étienne de Flacourt</a> in 1658, and were described by a French geologist working in the mica mines near <a href="/wiki/Tranomaro" title="Tranomaro">Tranomaro</a> in the 1950s. High-quality blue sapphires of up to 35 carats (7.0 g) were found near the village of Andranondambo in 1991, and in the mid-1990s briefly attracted a rush of almost 10,000 miners. A 2004 environmental impact study found the area "highly degraded" with threatened ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-HW_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> is a semi-precious gemstone which has been found near Ampasimainty, Ianakafy and Iankaroka, all south of Betroka. It has also been found near Behara and Tranomaro, which are both closer to Amboasary. A 7-centimetre (2.8 in) tourmaline crystal found near Tranomaro was sold for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2,250. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unexploited_mineral_resources">Unexploited mineral resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Unexploited mineral resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exploration studies have documented an estimated 100 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (an aluminium ore) in a 40-square-kilometre (15 sq mi) area near Manantenina, 100 km (62 mi) north of Fort-Dauphin. It has not yet been mined, largely due to a lack of infrastructure in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are an estimated 310,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, a reddish-brown <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mineral which contains <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth mineral">rare earth</a> metals, in the beach sands near Fort-Dauphin.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Madagascar" title="Tourism in Madagascar">Tourism in Madagascar</a></div> <p>Anosy has a high potential for tourism with its pleasant climate, sprawling beaches, and nature reserves with distinctive wildlife (several containing lemurs). Fort-Dauphin has a variety of hotels and has promoted itself as the "Malagasy Riviera" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">la cote d'Azur Malgache</i>). As with other industries, tourism has been limited by a lack of infrastructure. Popular places to visit include Evatraha, Libanona beach, Lokaro, Manafiafy, Nahampoana and Vinanibe.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a variety of tourist agencies in Antananarivo<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fort-Dauphin.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-geonames-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geonames_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geonames_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/7670910/anosy-region.html">Anosy Region</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/about.html">Geonames.org (cc-by)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexpress.mg/06/02/2023/developpement-durable-la-conservation-des-aires-protegees-dans-le-sud-est-renforcee/">L'Express de Madagascar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRalison,_Eliane._&Goossens,_Frans._(2008)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ralison, Eliane. &; Goossens, Frans. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212702/http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp086538.pdf">"Madagascar: Profil des marchés pour les évaluations d'urgence de la sécurité alimentaire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Programme Alimentaire Mondial, Service de l’Evaluation des besoins d’urgence (ODAN). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp086538.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+Profil+des+march%C3%A9s+pour+les+%C3%A9valuations+d%27urgence+de+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+alimentaire&rft.pub=Programme+Alimentaire+Mondial%2C+Service+de+l%E2%80%99Evaluation+des+besoins+d%E2%80%99urgence+%28ODAN%29&rft.au=Ralison%2C+Eliane.+%26&rft.au=Goossens%2C+Frans.+%282008%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.wfp.org%2Fstellent%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fena%2Fwfp086538.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recensement2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recensement2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recensement2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118051622/https://www.instat.mg/wp-content/uploads/Rapport-Prelim-2019_ver_final.pdf">"Troisieme Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitation (RGPH-3) Resultats Provisoires"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institut National de la Statistique Madagascar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instat.mg/wp-content/uploads/Rapport-Prelim-2019_ver_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troisieme+Recensement+General+de+la+Population+et+de+L%27Habitation+%28RGPH-3%29+Resultats+Provisoires&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+Madagascar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.mg%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FRapport-Prelim-2019_ver_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiBoscio-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiBoscio_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiBoscio_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Boscio, N. (2010, March). <i>Mining enterprises and regional economic development: An exploratory analysis of the sustainable development model.</i> PhD Dissertation. London School of Economics and Political Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mille.ans-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mille.ans_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mille.ans_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mille.ans_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mille.ans_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=768">Rakotoarlsoa, Jean-Aimé. (1998). <i>Mille ans d'occupation humaine dans le sud-est de Madagascar Anosy, Une île au milieu des terres</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent, R.K. (1992). Madagascar and the islands of the Indian Ocean. In Ogot, B.A. (Ed.), <i>General History of Africa-V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth century.</i> Paris: UNESCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001842/184282eo.pdf#xml=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=&set=4DC2A097_1_13&hits_rec=6&hits_lng=eng">Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, B. (1988). Madagascar. In M. Elfasi (Ed.), General history of Africa * III: Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century. Paris: UNESCO.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent, R.K. (1969). The Anteimoro: A theocracy in southeastern Madagascar. <i>Journal of African History</i>, X(I), 45–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madagascar.softiblog.com/post/2010/01/29/ZafiRaminia">Lynda. (2010). ZafiRaminia.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216003052/http://madagascar.softiblog.com/post/2010/01/29/ZafiRaminia">Archived</a> February 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson.1997-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearson.1997_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker_Pearson_Mike1997" class="citation journal cs1">Parker Pearson Mike (1997). "Close encounters of the worst kind: Malagasy resistance and colonial disasters in Southern Madagascar". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 393–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1997.9980355">10.1080/00438243.1997.9980355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Close+encounters+of+the+worst+kind%3A+Malagasy+resistance+and+colonial+disasters+in+Southern+Madagascar&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-417&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1997.9980355&rft.au=Parker+Pearson+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canitrot.1921-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canitrot.1921_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56101232.r=anosy.langEN.swf">Canitrot. (1921). Les Portugais sur la côte orientale de Madagascar et en Anosy au XVIe siècle (1500-1613-1617). <i>Revue Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre Mer, 04-06</i>, 203–238.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tranovato.map-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tranovato.map_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tranovato.map_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7759710j">"L'Islet ou Fort d'Anossi / levé sur le lieu par le sieur de Flacourt"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=L%27Islet+ou+Fort+d%27Anossi+%2F+lev%C3%A9+sur+le+lieu+par+le+sieur+de+Flacourt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b7759710j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-fort-in-madagascar/">Ramerini, M. & Koster, D. (1998). A Portuguese fort in Madagascar: The fort near Fort-Dauphin.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camboue.1910-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camboue.1910_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09509e.htm">Camboué, P. (1910). Madagascar. In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24stAQAAMAAJ&dq=La+Case+%22Fort+Dauphin%22+Le+Vacher&pg=PA72">Rochon, A. & Brunei, M.I. (1793). <i>A voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies</i>, pp. 64-65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/NORWAY/2001-09/0999885476">(1995). First Norwegian-American Missionaries, 3 of 3. <i>Norwegian-American Studies, 34</i>(10).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vigen, James B. (1991). A historical and missiological account of the pioneer missionaries in the establishment of the American Lutheran mission in southeast Madagascar, 1887–1911: John P. and Oline Hogstad. Doctoral Dissertation. Lutheran School of Theology, Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutibwa1980" class="citation journal cs1">Mutibwa, Phares M. (1980). "Resistance to Colonialism: The Revolt of 1904—5 in South-East Madagascar". <i>Transafrican Journal of History</i>. <b>9</b> (1/2): 134–152. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0251-0391">0251-0391</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328554">24328554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transafrican+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Resistance+to+Colonialism%3A+The+Revolt+of+1904%E2%80%945+in+South-East+Madagascar&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=134-152&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24328554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0251-0391&rft.aulast=Mutibwa&rft.aufirst=Phares+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2007" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Raymond K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BBPAQAAIAAJ"><i>The many faces of an anti-colonial revolt: Madagascar's long journey into 1947</i></a>. Foundation for Malagasy Studies. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+many+faces+of+an+anti-colonial+revolt%3A+Madagascar%27s+long+journey+into+1947&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Malagasy+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Raymond+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BBPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuemeneur2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quemeneur, Tramor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjdTU_B0XeMC"><i>100 fiches d'histoire du XXe siècle</i></a> (in French). Paris: Editions Bréal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7495-0341-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7495-0341-7"><bdi>978-2-7495-0341-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+fiches+d%27histoire+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Br%C3%A9al&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-7495-0341-7&rft.aulast=Quemeneur&rft.aufirst=Tramor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjdTU_B0XeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2013" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Anthony (2013) [1st pub. 1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNcFBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Wars of French Decolonization</i></a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317894865" title="Special:BookSources/9781317894865"><bdi>9781317894865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+French+Decolonization&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317894865&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNcFBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mas, Monique (22 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218195139/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/067/article_37637.asp">"Pour Chirac, la répression de 1947 était "inacceptable"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio France International</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/067/article_37637.asp">the original</a> on 18 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+International&rft.atitle=Pour+Chirac%2C+la+r%C3%A9pression+de+1947+%C3%A9tait+%22inacceptable%22&rft.date=2005-07-22&rft.aulast=Mas&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Factufr%2Farticles%2F067%2Farticle_37637.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandrianarimanana2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Randrianarimanana, Philippe (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slateafrique.com/1127/massacre-1947-malgaches-toujours-divises">"Massacre de 1947: les Malgaches toujours divisés"</a>. <i>SlateAfrique.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SlateAfrique.com&rft.atitle=Massacre+de+1947%3A+les+Malgaches+toujours+divis%C3%A9s&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.aulast=Randrianarimanana&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slateafrique.com%2F1127%2Fmassacre-1947-malgaches-toujours-divises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6905625.stm">"BBC NEWS - Africa - Syphilis emergency in Madagascar"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 18 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+-+Africa+-+Syphilis+emergency+in+Madagascar&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6905625.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madagascar economy: Fostering business recovery. (2005). New York: <i>The Economist Intelligence Unit N.A.</i>, Incorporated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vera_Ramampiandra-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vera_Ramampiandra_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vera_Ramampiandra_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamampiandra" class="citation web cs1">Ramampiandra, Vera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130041500/http://www.ehoalaport.com/">"Port d'Ehoala Madagascar"</a>. <i>ehoalaport.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehoalaport.com/">the original</a> on 2011-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ehoalaport.com&rft.atitle=Port+d%27Ehoala+Madagascar&rft.aulast=Ramampiandra&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehoalaport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riotintomadagascar.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riotintomadagascar.com_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riotintomadagascar.com_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_2.1.pdf">"QIT Madagascar Minerals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.riotintomadagascar.com</i>. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riotintomadagascar.com&rft.atitle=QIT+Madagascar+Minerals&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riotintomadagascar.com%2Fpdf%2FbiodiversityBook%2FMadagascar_2.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HW-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HW_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploration-consultant.com/html/body_stream_sediment__madagascar.html">Hampel, Wolfgang. (n.d.). Stream sediment survey in South-Eastern Madagascar 2005–2006.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo29(7).pdf">Peyrot, Bernard. (1974). Le pays Antanosy: Etude geographie regionale. Bordeaux, Univ. these. (Resume de la these de Doctorat de Troisieme cycle: L'Anosy central et littoral: Le pays Antanosy (sud-est de Madagascar).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175518/http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo29%287%29.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo37(4).pdf">Peyrot, Bernard. (1980, Juillet-Dec). La vie rurale en pays Antanosy-Madagascar. <i>Madagascar Revue de Geo., 37</i>(11), 1–138.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175251/http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo37%284%29.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Verstraeten, I.M. & Mihalasky, F.I. (2006). <i>Monograph on a Study of the Future Impact of Minerals, Hydrology, and Ecology on Integrated Regional Economic Development in the Anosy Region, Madagascar</i>. U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Proprietary Report. Submitted to the Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources Minérales (PGRM), Madagascar and to the World Bank, Reston, Virginia, 551 p. (also published separately in French).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistique-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistique_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institut National de la Statistique, Antananarivo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maep.gov.mg-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maep.gov.mg_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maep.gov.mg/anosy.pdf">Ministere de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et de la Peche. (2003, Juin). Monographie de la Region d'Anosy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175247/http://www.maep.gov.mg/anosy.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo46(3).pdf">Ratsivalaka-Randriamanga S. (1985, Janvier-Juin). Recherches sur le climat de Fort-Dauphin (Extrême Sud de Madagascar). <i>Madagascar: Revue de Géographie, 46</i>, 47 – 67.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425063241/http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/rev-geo46%283%29.pdf">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ratsivalaka-Randriamanga, Simone. (1989). Le climat de Fort Dauphin et son impact sur l'homme et la vegetation. These de Doctorat de IIIe cycle, Antananarivo: Dept de Geographie, L"Universite d'Antananarivo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218110525/http://www.fort-dauphin.org/fort-dauphin#TOC-G-ographie-et-climat">"Fort-Dauphin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fort-dauphin.org/fort-dauphin#TOC-G-ographie-et-climat">the original</a> on 2021-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort-Dauphin.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fort-dauphin.org%2Ffort-dauphin%23TOC-G-ographie-et-climat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrmbulletin.wordpress.com/2008/08/25/the-impact-of-forest-conservation-policies-on-forest-dependent-communities-in-se-madagascar-lessons-for-sustainability-of-madagascars-new-protected-areas/">Gabrielle Smith & Emahalala Rayonné Ellis (Lala). (2008, Aug). The impact of forest conservation policies on forest-dependent communities in SE Madagascar: Lessons for sustainability of Madagascar's new protected areas. <i>WRM Bulletin, 133</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADL907.pdf">Figure G-4. Forest cover in the Anosy region in southern Madagascar (p. 208)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ingram, J.C. (2004). Questioning simplistic representations of environmental change in southeastern Madagascar: An assessment of forest change, condition and diversity of littoral forests. Conference paper presented at "Trees, rain and politics in Africa. The dynamics and politics of climatic and environmental change. 29th Sept - 1st Oct, 2004. St Antony's College Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahobisoa, J.-J., Rambolamanana Ratrimo, V. & Ranaivoarisoa, A. (2014). Mitigating coastal erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar. In Kaneko, N., Yoshiura, S. & Kobayashi, M. (Eds.), <i>Sustainable living with environmental risks</i>, (pp. 147-166). New York: Springer Open.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/13185665/antanosy__peuple_de_madagascar_/">"Antanosy (peuple de Madagascar)"</a>. <i>data.bnf.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Antanosy+%28peuple+de+Madagascar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F13185665%2Fantanosy__peuple_de_madagascar_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandidier1932" class="citation journal cs1">Grandidier, M. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1932_num_2_2_1533?h=anosy">"A Madagascar, anciennes croyances et coutumes. - persee.fr"</a>. <i>Persee.fr</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 153–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjafr.1932.1533">10.3406/jafr.1932.1533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persee.fr&rft.atitle=A+Madagascar%2C+anciennes+croyances+et+coutumes.+-+persee.fr&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-207&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjafr.1932.1533&rft.aulast=Grandidier&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjafr_0037-9166_1932_num_2_2_1533%3Fh%3Danosy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congrégation de la Mission (Lazaristes) (Ed.). (1996). <i>Le Christianisme dans le sud de Madagascar. Mélanges à l'occasion du centenaire de la reprise de l'évangélisation du sud de Madagascar par la congrégation de la Mission (Lazaristes) 1896–1996</i>. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany. [history of Christianity in South Madagascar with chapter on history of American Lutheran missions in the South (1887–1950) by Dr. James B. Vigen, other chapters regarding history of different Catholic congregations and "Bilan du Christianisme dans le Sud de Madagascar" by Mgr Rakotondravahatra, Jean-Guy which describes current context, state and challenges of Christianity in South Madagascar.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhr.revues.org/7307">Galibert, Nivoelisoa. (2007). <i>À l’angle de la Grande Maison. Les Lazaristes de Madagascar: Correspondance avec Vincent de Paul (1648–1661), textes établis, introduits et annotés par Paris. Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropologieenligne.com/pages/lazaristesM.html">n.a. (?). La fonction Missionnaire: Sur la Mission Lazariste à Fort-Dauphin (1648–1674) From AnthropologieEnLigne.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, Andrew. (1932). <i>Zanahary in south Madagascar</i>. Minneapolis: Board of Foreign Missions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/NORWAY/2001-09/0999704086">Vigen, J.B. (1995). The First Norwegian-American Foreign Missionaries: John and Oline Hogstad. From <i>Norwegian-American Studies, 34</i></a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/">naha.stolaf.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monographie_Anosy-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monographie_Anosy_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monographie_Anosy_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/mg_mef_monographie-region-anosy_2014.pdf">Monographie Anosy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Azafady_CLTS_Evaluation.pdf">"Azafady. (2011). Evaluation of community-led, total sanitation...in Mahatalaky rural commune..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azafady.+%282011%29.+Evaluation+of+community-led%2C+total+sanitation...in+Mahatalaky+rural+commune...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communityledtotalsanitation.org%2Fsites%2Fcommunityledtotalsanitation.org%2Ffiles%2FAzafady_CLTS_Evaluation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/cahier_des_charges_environnementales_rip_118_2.pdf">PROJET DE REHABILITATION DE LA RIP 118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(in french) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actu.orange.mg/la-region-anosy-vise-280-tonnes-de-baies-roses-en-2020/">Ansosy vise 280 to Baies Roses</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/Madagascar_periwinkle.htm">Dr. T. Ombrello - UCC Biology Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043914/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/Madagascar_periwinkle.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052261">Neimark, B.D. (2009). Chapter 3 – At the "Pharm" gate: The case study of the rosy periwinkle (pp. 70–112) of <i>Industrial heartlands of nature: The political economy of biological prospecting in Madagascar</i>. PhD Dissertation, Rutgers University.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpma.org/fileadmin/content/Events/Pharma_Forums/11_May_2011/Presentation_Eli_Lilly.pdf">Desai, M.A. (2011). The Rosy Periwinkle: Myth, Fact and the Role of Independent Scientific Research.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419145219/http://www.ifpma.org/fileadmin/content/Events/Pharma_Forums/11_May_2011/Presentation_Eli_Lilly.pdf">Archived</a> April 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/terre-mg13(3).pdf">Guerin, Michel. (1969?). Influences socio-economiques des plantations de sisal de la vallee du Mandrare sur l'environnement paysan. <i>These de Doctorat de 3eme cycle</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175601/http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/terre-mg13%283%29.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groupe-akesson.com/le-sisal.php">Production de SISAL par le Groupe AKESSON – SAGI à Madagascar.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201112817/http://www.groupe-akesson.com/le-sisal.php">Archived</a> February 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ranivoarivelo Lantoasinoro Nirinarisoa. (2007). Essai d’élevage lagunaire de crevette Peneide( Penaeus monodon) dans la region d’Anosy. Exemple de la lagune d’Ambinanibe (Tolagnaro). IH.SM –Universite de Toliara – USAID</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170617/http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_5.2.pdf">"Sabatini, Gino et al. (2008). A review of the Spiny Lobster fishery in the Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin) region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_5.2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabatini%2C+Gino+et+al.+%282008%29.+A+review+of+the+Spiny+Lobster+fishery+in+the+Tolagnaro+%28Fort-Dauphin%29+region.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riotintomadagascar.com%2Fpdf%2FbiodiversityBook%2FMadagascar_5.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s1.e-monsite.com/2009/08/03/75610731prieur-claire-m2-memoire-bibliographique-peche-traditionnelle-sud-madagascar-pdf.pdf">Prieur, Claire. (2009). Peches traditionelle, artisanale et industrielle: Ethnies Antandroy et Antanosy de l'extreme sud de Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confex2010-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confex2010_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010MO/finalprogram/abstract_172216.htm">Carter, J. (2010). The Integration of Ecological Data in a Minerals Assessment in Southeastern Madagascar. Presentation to The 3rd USGS Modeling Conference, 7–11 June 2010, Paper No. 11-7. National Wetlands Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA 70506</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCGS2006-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCGS2006_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mihalasky, M.J., Peters, S.G., Carter, J., Dillingham, W.S., Dobbin, J., Hammarstrom, J.M., Lampietti, F.M.J., Mack, T.J., Sutphin, D.M., Verstraeten I.M. & Mihalasky, F.I. (2006). Anosy Region Dynamic Spatial Analysis GIS, Identification of Three Areas Having Future Mineral Potential & Summary of Socioeconomic Planning (Version 1.1e) (DVD-ROM). For the project <i>Study of the Future Impact of Minerals, Hydrology & Ecology on the Integrated Economic Development in the Anosy Region, Madagascar</i>. U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report. The Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources Minérales and the World.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commdev2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Commdev2007_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commdev.org/files/2068_file_CaseStudy.pdf">Stanley, M. & Harris, D. (2007?). <i>Dynamic Mineral Resources Management: Anosy Case Study</i>. World Bank Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190445/http://commdev.org/files/2068_file_CaseStudy.pdf">Archived</a> July 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerety2019" class="citation web cs1">Gerety, Rowan Moore (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ecologists-and-the-mine/">"The Ecologists and the Mine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611163302/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ecologists-and-the-mine/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Ecologists+and+the+Mine&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=Gerety&rft.aufirst=Rowan+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-ecologists-and-the-mine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/">"Madagascar regulator under scrutiny in breach at Rio Tinto-controlled mine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mongabay" title="Mongabay">Mongabay</a></i>. 2019-11-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421181936/https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Madagascar+regulator+under+scrutiny+in+breach+at+Rio+Tinto-controlled+mine&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2019%2F11%2Fmadagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hatcher, Jessica (2013-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/02/08/the-white-stuff-mining-giant-rio-tinto-unearths-unrest-in-madagascar/">"The White Stuff: Mining Giant Rio Tinto Unearths Unrest in Madagascar"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+White+Stuff%3A+Mining+Giant+Rio+Tinto+Unearths+Unrest+in+Madagascar&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F02%2F08%2Fthe-white-stuff-mining-giant-rio-tinto-unearths-unrest-in-madagascar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2022" class="citation news cs1">Reid, Helen (2022-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/rio-tintos-madagascar-mine-restarts-after-reaching-deal-with-protesters-2022-05-24/">"Rio Tinto's Madagascar mine restarts after reaching deal with protesters"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424022608/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/rio-tintos-madagascar-mine-restarts-after-reaching-deal-with-protesters-2022-05-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rio+Tinto%27s+Madagascar+mine+restarts+after+reaching+deal+with+protesters&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Frio-tintos-madagascar-mine-restarts-after-reaching-deal-with-protesters-2022-05-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobequain,_C.1947" class="citation cs2">Robequain, C. (1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1947_num_56_301_12479?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&">"Le mica de Madagascar"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_G%C3%A9ographie" title="Annales de Géographie">Annales de Géographie</a></i>, <b>56</b> (301): 75–76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgeo.1947.12479">10.3406/geo.1947.12479</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+G%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=Le+mica+de+Madagascar&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=301&rft.pages=75-76&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgeo.1947.12479&rft.au=Robequain%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fgeo_0003-4010_1947_num_56_301_12479%3F_Prescripts_Search_tabs1%3Dstandard%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groupe-akesson.com/le-mica.php">Le Mica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411172655/http://www.groupe-akesson.com/le-mica.php">Archived</a> April 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220005902/http://www.commerce.gov.mg/index.php/revue-de-presse/2572-somida-une-production-annuelle-de-1-000-t-de-mica">Madagascar Matin. (2011, Aout). SOMIDA – Une production annuelle de 1 000 T de Mica.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328045225/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull044/04404702028.pdf">"IAEA Bulletin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>iaea.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull044/04404702028.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iaea.org&rft.atitle=IAEA+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2FPublications%2FMagazines%2FBulletin%2FBull044%2F04404702028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irocks.com/render.html?species=Thorianite">Arkenstone. (2010). Thorianite specimen from Maromby Commune (near Tranomaro)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005507/http://www.irocks.com/render.html?species=Thorianite">Archived</a> October 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lphill.com.au/operations/madagascar.html">Girschik, H.F. (2009, Oct.). Mining History and Geology of the [Uranium & Thorium Exploration] Project.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121233822/http://www.lphill.com.au/operations/madagascar.html">Archived</a> November 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226034815/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hechtg/articles/rupture-talk.pdf">"Hecht, Gabrielle (2002). Rupture-Talk in the Nuclear Age: Conjugating Colonial power in Africa. <i>Social Studies of Science, 32</i>(5/6), 691–727"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hechtg/articles/rupture-talk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hecht%2C+Gabrielle+%282002%29.+Rupture-Talk+in+the+Nuclear+Age%3A+Conjugating+Colonial+power+in+Africa.+Social+Studies+of+Science%2C+32%285%2F6%29%2C+691%E2%80%93727.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~hechtg%2Farticles%2Frupture-talk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226034720/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hechtg/articles/HechtCSSH09.pdf">"Hecht, Gabrielle. (2009). Ambatomika, Southern Madagascar, 1950s–1960s (pp. 903–908). In Africa and the Nuclear World: Labor, Occupational Health, and the Transnational Production of Uranium. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History, 51</i>(4), 896–926"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hechtg/articles/HechtCSSH09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hecht%2C+Gabrielle.+%282009%29.+Ambatomika%2C+Southern+Madagascar%2C+1950s%E2%80%931960s+%28pp.+903%E2%80%93908%29.+In+Africa+and+the+Nuclear+World%3A+Labor%2C+Occupational+Health%2C+and+the+Transnational+Production+of+Uranium.+Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History%2C+51%284%29%2C+896%E2%80%93926.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~hechtg%2Farticles%2FHechtCSSH09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vunacapital.com/?uranium-and-rare-earth-exploration-madagascar,205">Vuna Group. (n.d.). Uranium and Rare Earth exploration—Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lphill.com.au/announcements/38-acquisition.html">Proposed acquisition of Tranomaro Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. by LP Hill Plc</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503024248/http://www.lphill.com.au/announcements/38-acquisition.html">Archived</a> May 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=turn&id=EcoNatRes.MinYB1963v4&entity=EcoNatRes.MinYB1963v4.p0999&isize=text">Murdock, T.G. (1964). The Mineral industry of the Malagasy Republic.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Q83Phc-dq0">Al Jazeera. (?). Rio Tinto Madagascar (YouTube)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PLKdrd1jWs">Al Jazeera. (2009, 10 March). Madagascar mining 'damaging' environment (YouTube).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-141155-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">Campbell, Bonnie. (2009). Conclusion: What Development Model? What Government Agenda? From Bonnie Campbell (Ed.). Chapter 6 of <i>Mining in Africa: Regulation and Development</i>, pp. 150–186. Pluto Press/IDRC.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501232228/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-141155-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">Archived</a> May 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2000&context=isp_collection">Collier, Christopher B. (2011, Spring). The Impact of QMM on Social Relations in Fort-Dauphin. ISP Collection. Paper 997.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Drouot, Andry. (2010, Nov 2). Entre QMM et Fagnomba: Le dialogue repart sur de nouvelles bases. <i>Gazette de la Grande Ile</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/rio_tintos_madagascar_mini_22102007.html">Friends of the Earth. (2007). Rio Tinto's Madagascar mining project.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2009/05/20/let-them-keep-their-millions-should-development-be-refused-in-madagascar/">Glass, Amy. (2009, May 20). Let them keep their millions: should ‘development’ be refused in Madagascar? <i>People & Development</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409222541/http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2009/05/20/let-them-keep-their-millions-should-development-be-refused-in-madagascar/">Archived</a> April 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2009/10/05/rio-tinto%E2%80%99s-biodiversity-accounting-comes-up-short-in-madagascar/">Glass, Amy. ⋅(2009, October 5). Rio Tinto’s biodiversity accounting comes up short in Madagascar. <i>People & Development.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103122014/http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2009/10/05/rio-tinto%E2%80%99s-biodiversity-accounting-comes-up-short-in-madagascar/">Archived</a> January 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2010/01/28/voices-of-change-from-southern-madagascar/">Glass, Amy. (2010, Jan 28). Voices of Change from Southern Madagascar. <i>People & Development</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601091502/http://peopleanddevelopment.weblogs.anu.edu.au/2010/01/28/voices-of-change-from-southern-madagascar/">Archived</a> June 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Navalona, R. (2010, 9 July). Developpement de Taolagnaro: QMM investit plus d'Ar 200 millions pour realiser le programme 'Fagneva' cette annee. <i>Midi Madagasikara.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.recherches.gov.mg/pdfs/randrianarisoatsioryr_eco_m1_06.pdf">RANDRIANARISOA Tsiory Radoniaina. (2006). Le Syndrome Hollandais: Est-ce applicable pour l'economie Malgache. Universite d'Antananarivo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618044353/http://theses.recherches.gov.mg/pdfs/randrianarisoatsioryr_eco_m1_06.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vertigo.revues.org/index2401.html#text">Sarrasin, Bruno. (2006). Economie politique du developpement minier a Madagascar: L' Analyse du projet QMM a Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). <i>VertigO – La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement, 7</i>(2).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://production.investis.com/qmm/siteware/pdfs/WWF_report-July2005.pdf">Sarrasin, Bruno (2007). Le projet minier de QIT Madagascar Mineral à Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar): Quels enjeux de développement?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524101123/http://production.investis.com/qmm/siteware/pdfs/WWF_report-July2005.pdf">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Afrique Contemporaine (Paris), 1</i>(221), 205–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nai.uu.se/publications/download.html/9789171066473.pdf?id=25289">Sarrasin, Bruno. (2009). Mining and protection of the environment in Madagascar. From Bonnie Campbell (Ed.). Chapter 4 of <i>Mining in Africa: Regulation and Development</i>, pp. 150–186. Pluto Press/IDRC.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115112854/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-141153-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">"Chapter 4. Mining and Protection of the Environment in Madagascar: International Development Research Centre"</a>. <i>web.idrc.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-141153-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.idrc.ca&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+Mining+and+Protection+of+the+Environment+in+Madagascar%3A+International+Development+Research+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.idrc.ca%2Fen%2Fev-141153-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Thesis%20Caroline%20Seagle_tcm30-117651.pdf">Seagle, Caroline. (2009). Biodiversity for whom? Local experiences and global strategies of land use and access near the Rio Tinto/QMM ilmenite mine in Fort Dauphin, SE Madagascar. Masters Thesis. VU University Amsterdam.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121634/http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Thesis%20Caroline%20Seagle_tcm30-117651.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Government of Madagascar. (2007). Amendements au Plan de Réinstallation pour la Mise en Oeuvre du Projet Ilmenite de QMM SA à Tolagnaro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewleestrust.org/Reports/Scoping%20of%20Impacts_Rio%20Tinto%20in%20Madagascar.pdf">Andrew Lees Trust. (2008?). A scoping of impacts: Rio Tinto in Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewleestrust.org/Projects/hepa/ALT%20Project%20HEPA%20and%20the%20QMM%20mine.pdf">ALT. (n.d.). Project HEPA and the QMM Mine Anosy.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewleestrust.org/Reports/ALT%20Statement%20on%20the%20Mine.pdf">ALT. (n.d.). Policy Statement on the QMM MINE, Fort Dauphin, Southern Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewleestrust.org/Reports/Voices%20of%20Change.pdf">ALT & PANOS. (2009). Madagascar: Voices of Change—Oral Testimony of the Antanosy People.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/development_recast.pdf">Harbinson, R. (2007). <i>Development recast: A review of the impact of the Rio Tinto Ilmenite mine in southern Madagascar</i>. Friends of the Earth.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panos.org.uk/wp-content/files/2011/03/madagascar_mininguurycA.pdf">Harbinson, Rod. (2007). <i>A mine of information? Improving communication around the Rio Tinto ilmenite mine in Madagascar</i>. London: Panos.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228110916/http://www.mg.one.un.org/HAYZARA/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=189&Itemid=45">Hay Zara. (2010). Madagascar: Voices of Change (Andrew Lees Trust). United Nations Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonminingnetwork.org/2010/04/rio-tinto-a-shameful-history-of-human-and-labour-rights-abuses-and-environmental-degradation-around-the-globe/">London Mining Network. (2010, April). Rio Tinto: A Shameful History of Human and Labour Rights Abuses And Environmental Degradation Around the Globe.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1475">Nostromo Research. (2001). The case against QMM/Rio Tinto in Madagascar. Friends of the Earth.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/issues/privatesector/business-models/sodexo.pdf">Oxfam. (2009, April). Sodexo Madagascar: Creating linkages between local producers and the mining sector.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/14078.html">Porter, Gareth et al. (2001, October). Review of an Ilmenite Project in Southeast Madagascar. Conservation International.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panos.org.uk/oral-testimonies/pushed-to-the-edge/">"Pushed to the edge"</a>. <i>panos.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panos.org.uk&rft.atitle=Pushed+to+the+edge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanos.org.uk%2Foral-testimonies%2Fpushed-to-the-edge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moneyformadagascar.org/pdf/voices.pdf">UAE DEV. (2010, September). Voices from Madagascar‘s Forests: Improving Representation and Rights of Malagasy Forest Peoples.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727092818/http://www.moneyformadagascar.org/pdf/voices.pdf">Archived</a> July 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://production.investis.com/qmm/siteware/pdfs/WWF_report-July2005.pdf">WWF. (2005). An Update on the QMM Mining Project in the Anosy Region, Southeastern Madagascar. WWF Review.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524101123/http://production.investis.com/qmm/siteware/pdfs/WWF_report-July2005.pdf">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/english/cai_executivesummary.asp">International Advisory Panel. (2011, August). <i>Report of the International Advisory Panel</i></a>. Rio Tinto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media-Speeches/Indaba_2008_presentation.pdf">Preston Chiaro. (2008, Feb 5). Qit Minerals Madagascar. 2008. En Routes vers un Développement Durable: Rapport Annual 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930162358/http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media-Speeches/Indaba_2008_presentation.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/english/pdfs/media/01.03.09_Press%20kit.%20A%20mine%20at%20the%20rescue%20of%20the%20unique%20biodiversity%20of%20the%20littoral%20zone%20of%20Fort-Dauphin.pdf">QMM. (2009, March). A mine at the rescue of the unique biodiversity of the littoral zone of Fort-Dauphin. QIT Madagascar Minerals SA Press kit.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Rio Tinto in Africa—A long history and a strong future</i>. Cape Town, SA: Mining Indaba.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodexo.com/group_en/Images/Madagascar_USM_2007_EN_tcm13-229048.pdf">SODEXHO Madagascar. (2007). Our corporate responsibility.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175003/http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_1.1.pdf">"Vincelette, Manon et al. (2008). The QMM/Rio Tinto project history in Tolagnaro and its social and environmental concepts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_1.1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vincelette%2C+Manon+et+al.+%282008%29.+The+QMM%2FRio+Tinto+project+history+in+Tolagnaro+and+its+social+and+environmental+concepts.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riotintomadagascar.com%2Fpdf%2FbiodiversityBook%2FMadagascar_1.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/giz2011-en-fact-madagascar-mining.pdf">GIZ. (2011). Development Partnership with the Private Sector: Mining Wealth at Work—Making local communities benefit from extractive industries.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commdev.org/files/2068_file_CaseStudy.pdf">Stanley, Michael & Harris, DeVerle. (2005?). <i>Dynamic mineral resources management: Anosy Case Study</i>. World Bank Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190445/http://commdev.org/files/2068_file_CaseStudy.pdf">Archived</a> July 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/73L2HXN5X0">World Bank. (2006). A Case Study in Dynamic Mineral Resources Management—Anosy Region, Madagascar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062215/http://www.pic.mg/docs/env15.pdf">"Projet Poles Integres de Croissance. (2007, Juillet). Amendements au plan de reinstallation pour la mise en oeuvre du Projet Ilmenite de QMM s.a. a Tolagnaro"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pic.mg/docs/env15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projet+Poles+Integres+de+Croissance.+%282007%2C+Juillet%29.+Amendements+au+plan+de+reinstallation+pour+la+mise+en+oeuvre+du+Projet+Ilmenite+de+QMM+s.a.+a+Tolagnaro.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pic.mg%2Fdocs%2Fenv15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/_mines_madagascar_andranondambo.html">AllAboutGemstones.com (2008). Tranomaro & Andranondambo Gem Mines.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018085555/http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/_mines_madagascar_andranondambo.html">Archived</a> October 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gggems.com/andranondambo_the_truth.htm">GGGems.com (2011). The story of the first Madagascar Sapphire.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madagascar-gemstones.com/saphir-madagascar.html">G. Pocobelli & Co. (2010). Fine Gemstones Madagascar.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131011042/http://madagascar-gemstones.com/saphir-madagascar.html">Archived</a> January 31, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040356/http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/assets/Tilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf">"Tilghman, Laura et al. (2006). Artisanal Sapphire mining in Madagascar: Environmental and social impacts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/assets/Tilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilghman%2C+Laura+et+al.+%282006%29.+Artisanal+Sapphire+mining+in+Madagascar%3A+Environmental+and+social+impacts.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Frsenr%2Fgemecology%2Fassets%2FTilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040356/http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/assets/Tilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf">"Tilghman, Laura et al. (2007, Nov). Artisanal Sapphire Mining in Madagascar: Environmental and Social Impacts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/assets/Tilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilghman%2C+Laura+et+al.+%282007%2C+Nov%29.+Artisanal+Sapphire+Mining+in+Madagascar%3A+Environmental+and+Social+Impacts.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Frsenr%2Fgemecology%2Fassets%2FTilghman_et_al_Madagascar_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518045953/http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/madagascar.html">"Madagascar's Sapphires"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/madagascar.html">the original</a> on 2016-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%27s+Sapphires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Frsenr%2Fgemecology%2Fmadagascar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209062947/http://www.africafiles.org/printableversion.asp?id=16980">"Africa Files - Printable Version"</a>. <i>www.africafiles.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africafiles.org/printableversion.asp?id=16980">the original</a> on 2018-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.africafiles.org&rft.atitle=Africa+Files+-+Printable+Version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africafiles.org%2Fprintableversion.asp%3Fid%3D16980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picasaweb.google.com/114110521766775704955/AndranodamboSapphireMiningInMadagascar#5165443619761757490">"Album Archive"</a>. <i>picasaweb.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=picasaweb.google.com&rft.atitle=Album+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2F114110521766775704955%2FAndranodamboSapphireMiningInMadagascar%235165443619761757490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> for views of this area from space see 24°26'11.39"S, 46°34'47.45"E & 24°24'21.60"S, 46°35'21.00"E</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media-Speeches/Indaba_2008_presentation.pdf">Preston Chiaro. (2008, Feb 5). <i>Rio Tinto in Africa—A long history and a strong future</i>. Cape Town, SA: Mining Indaba.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930162358/http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media-Speeches/Indaba_2008_presentation.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> US Geological Survey. (2003). <i>Minerals Yearbook Volume 3: Area Reports: International Review, Africa and the Middle East</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-24.283,47.31667&t=h">Aerial view of deposit just west of Manantenina).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-24.416,47&t=h">Aerial view of deposit near Andaza (southwest of Manantenina).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/revues/pdfxfiles/Anal-sciences17(2).pdf">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Monazite de Manantenina. Also see Montel, J.M. et al. (2011). Monazite from mountain to ocean: A case study from Trolognaro (Fort-Dauphin), Madagascar. <i>European Journal of Mineralogy, 23</i>(5), 745-757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pact.mg/MIRAY/Anosy/Documents/PAGE/memoire%20tiana2.pdf">Ranarijaona, Tiana H. (2003?). Etude d’impact des infrastructures touristiques dans la region de Tolagnaro. Mémoire de fin de stage, Universite de Toamasina.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175254/http://www.pact.mg/MIRAY/Anosy/Documents/PAGE/memoire%20tiana2.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618010440/http://theses.recherches.gov.mg/pdfs/razafindrabeam_eco_m1_07.pdf">"RAZAFINDRABE Andrianomenjanahary Manoela. (2007). Developpement economique axe sur le tourisme cas de l'Anosy, region a forte potentialite touristique. Maitrise. Universite d'Antananarivo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.recherches.gov.mg/pdfs/razafindrabeam_eco_m1_07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAZAFINDRABE+Andrianomenjanahary+Manoela.+%282007%29.+Developpement+economique+axe+sur+le+tourisme+cas+de+l%27Anosy%2C+region+a+forte+potentialite+touristique.+Maitrise.+Universite+d%27Antananarivo.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.recherches.gov.mg%2Fpdfs%2Frazafindrabeam_eco_m1_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authentic-madagascar-tours.com/en/tours">"Our tours"</a>. <i>authentic-madagascar-tours.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=authentic-madagascar-tours.com&rft.atitle=Our+tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authentic-madagascar-tours.com%2Fen%2Ftours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831155211/http://www.boogiepilgrim-madagascar.com/index.php/page/tours/12/custom-itineraries/fort-dauphin-and-its-surroundings">"Fort-Dauphin and its surroundings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boogiepilgrim-madagascar.com/index.php/page/tours/12/custom-itineraries/fort-dauphin-and-its-surroundings">the original</a> on 2013-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort-Dauphin+and+its+surroundings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boogiepilgrim-madagascar.com%2Findex.php%2Fpage%2Ftours%2F12%2Fcustom-itineraries%2Ffort-dauphin-and-its-surroundings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovermada-madagascar.com/excursions_fortdauphin_uk.htm">DiscoverMadagascar.com (n.d.). Places to see in Fort Dauphin and its Surroundings.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522094531/http://www.discovermada-madagascar.com/excursions_fortdauphin_uk.htm">Archived</a> May 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madacamp.com/Fort_Dauphin">MadaCamp. (2009). Fort Dauphin.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelmadagascar.org/CITIES/Fort-Dauphin.html">TravelMadagascar. Fort Dauphin.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428073513/http://www.airfortservices.com/index.php">"Agence de voyage Fort Dauphin"</a>. <i>airfortservices.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airfortservices.com/index.php">the original</a> on 2012-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airfortservices.com&rft.atitle=Agence+de+voyage+Fort+Dauphin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airfortservices.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604193617/http://www.korobotours.com/trips.html#Trip4">"Trips in Southern Madagascar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korobotours.com/trips.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trips+in+Southern+Madagascar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korobotours.com%2Ftrips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hatcher, Jessica (8 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/02/08/the-white-stuff-mining-giant-rio-tinto-unearths-unrest-in-madagascar/">"Mining Giant Rio Tinto Unearths Unrest in Madagascar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Mining+Giant+Rio+Tinto+Unearths+Unrest+in+Madagascar&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F02%2F08%2Fthe-white-stuff-mining-giant-rio-tinto-unearths-unrest-in-madagascar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2004" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Allison (2004). <i>Lords and Lemurs: Mad Scientists, Kings With Spears, and the Survival of Diversity in Madagascar</i>. Portland: Book News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+and+Lemurs%3A+Mad+Scientists%2C+Kings+With+Spears%2C+and+the+Survival+of+Diversity+in+Madagascar&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Book+News&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>History </p> <ul><li>Allibert, C. (ed.) 1997. Autour d'Étienne de Flacourt (Actes du Colloque d'Orléans). <i>Etudes Océan Indien, 23/24</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_17_1_1460">Aniruddha, R. (1979). French Colonial Policy in seventeenth century Madagascar: François Martin's Account, <i>Archipel, 17</i>(17), 81–97.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewar_R.E.,_Wright_H.T.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar R.E., Wright H.T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45256/1/10963_2004_Article_BF00997802.pdf">"The culture history of Madagascar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 417–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00997802">10.1007/bf00997802</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F45256">2027.42/45256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21753825">21753825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+culture+history+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-466&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F45256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21753825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00997802&rft.au=Dewar+R.E.%2C+Wright+H.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F45256%2F1%2F10963_2004_Article_BF00997802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1047463">Flacourt, E. de. (1661). <i>Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar, composée par le Sieur de Flacourt, directeur general de la Compagnie Française de l’Orient, et commandant pour Sa Majesté dans la-dite isles et les isles adjacentes and Relation de la Grande Isle Madagascar contenant ce qui s'est passé entre les Français et les Originaires de cette Isle, depuis l’an 1642 jusques en l’an 1655, 1656, 1657</i>. Paris: Gervais Clouzier/Troyes: Nicolas Oudot.</a></li> <li>Flacourt, E. de. 1661 [1995]. <i>Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar</i>. C. Allibert Ed. Paris: INALCO & Karthala.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-j2he7xi8D0C&dq=flacourt+harmattan&pg=PA679">Flacourt, Étienne de & Allibert, Claude. (2007). <i>Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar</i>. Harmattan.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroidevaux1915" class="citation journal cs1">Froidevaux, Henri (1915). "Les derniers projets du duc de la Meilleraye sur Madagascar (1663)". <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Colonies Françaises</i>. <b>3</b>: 5–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Histoire+des+Colonies+Fran%C3%A7aises&rft.atitle=Les+derniers+projets+du+duc+de+la+Meilleraye+sur+Madagascar+%281663%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=5-34&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Froidevaux&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5824777p/f8.r=anosy.langEN">Froidevaux, Henri. (1919). Les premiers successeurs de Flacourt à Madagascar (Février 1655 – Janvier 1656). <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Colonies Francaise, 01-03</i>, 5–34.</a></li> <li>Guigue, Albert. (1916). Les Français dans l'Anosy, <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Colonies Françaises, IV</i>, 356–359.</li> <li>Guigue, Albert. (1917). La carrière coloniale de Mengaud de la Hage (1772–1777) <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Colonies Françaises, V3em Trimestre</i>, 257–330.</li> <li>Guigue, Albert. (1919). Un questionnaire sur le passe du Sud-Est de Madagascar, <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Colonies Françaises, VIII</i>, 303–305.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiennedeflacou00malorich">Malotet, Arthur. (1898). <i>Etienne de Flacourt: Ou, les origines de la colonisation Francaise a Madagascar, 1648–1661</i>. Ernest Leroux: Paris.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041338/http://uadm.uu.se/digitalAssets/7/7848_AndreasNilsson.pdf">"Nilsson, A. (1999?). GIS Applications and Spatio-Temporal Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uadm.uu.se/digitalAssets/7/7848_AndreasNilsson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nilsson%2C+A.+%281999%3F%29.+GIS+Applications+and+Spatio-Temporal+Change.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuadm.uu.se%2FdigitalAssets%2F7%2F7848_AndreasNilsson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP1902" class="citation journal cs1">P, Oliver (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rB9MAAAAYAAJ">"Feb). A Jesuit Mission to Madagascar in 1613-14"</a>. <i>The Month: A Catholic Magazine</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 171–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Month%3A+A+Catholic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Feb%29.+A+Jesuit+Mission+to+Madagascar+in+1613-14&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-182&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=P&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrB9MAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé. (1994). Le peuplement de l’Anosy. Les rapports de l’homme et son environment dans l’extreme sud-est de Madagascar, Thése de l’Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientale, Paris.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k67137h/f130">Tantet. (1901–1902). Une excursion en pays Antanosy au XVIIIe Siecle. <i>Revue Coloniale</i>, pp. 121–127.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5781397j/f4.image.r=anosy.langEN">Villars, Capitaine de (1912). <i>Madagascar 1638–1894. Établissement des Français dans l'île</i>. Paris: L. Fournier.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013230/http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/digitalAssets/2/2019_madfw.pdf">"Uppsala Universitet. (2002). Madagascar Progress report from the field season of 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/digitalAssets/2/2019_madfw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uppsala+Universitet.+%282002%29.+Madagascar+Progress+report+from+the+field+season+of+1999.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkeologi.uu.se%2FdigitalAssets%2F2%2F2019_madfw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/163/153">Wright, H. et al. (1993). Evolution of settlement systems in the Efaho river valley, Anosy: A preliminary report on archaeological reconnaissances of 1983–1986. <i>Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 12</i>, 2–20.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923055753/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/163/153">Archived</a> September 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=168693259&DB=p">Wright, H.T. & Rakotoarisoa, J.A. (1997). The context of the Flacourt settlement: The archaeological evidence of the Anosy region. <i>Etude Ocean Indien, 23–24</i>, 231–236.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/pdf/biodiversityBook/Madagascar_2.2.pdf">Wright, H.T. & Rakotoarisoa, J.A. (2008). The archeological evidence of the Anosy Region.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropologieenligne.com/pages/sorabeM.html">n.a. (2003). La Case, les Sorabe, l'Histoire. From AnthropologieEnLigne.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropologieenligne.com/pages/compagniesM.html">n.a. (?). Les Compagnies de Commerce et la première colonisation de Madagascar. From AnthropologieEnLigne.com</a></li></ul> <p>Maps </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518070136/http://www.amnautical.com/products/nga-chart-61522-faradofay-fort-dauphin-and-approaches">"NGA Chart 61522: Faradofay (Fort Dauphin) and Approaches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnautical.com/products/nga-chart-61522-faradofay-fort-dauphin-and-approaches">the original</a> on 2013-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGA+Chart+61522%3A+Faradofay+%28Fort+Dauphin%29+and+Approaches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnautical.com%2Fproducts%2Fnga-chart-61522-faradofay-fort-dauphin-and-approaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-sf-sg-38-39.jpg">US Army Map Service. (1956). <b>Anosy</b></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/madagascar/sg-38-7-fort-dauphin-malagasy_republic.pdf">US Army Map Service. (1967). Fort Dauphin <b>Western</b> coastal Anosy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/madagascar/sg-38-4-manantenina-malagasy_republic.jpg">US Army Map Service. (1967). Manantenina <b>Northeastern Anosy</b></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114175841/http://www.ftm.mg/home.htm">"Site web FTM"</a>. <i>ftm.mg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftm.mg/home.htm">the original</a> on 2011-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ftm.mg&rft.atitle=Site+web+FTM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftm.mg%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span> including maps No. 12 Fort-Dauphin (eastern coast north of Fort-Dauphin) and No. 11 Ampanihy (which is actually a map of southern Madagascar, from Fort-Dauphin across to Toliary).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madagascar-library.com/r/1762.html">"Fort Dauphin"</a>. <i>madagascar-library.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madagascar-library.com&rft.atitle=Fort+Dauphin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagascar-library.com%2Fr%2F1762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madagascar-library.com/r/1496.html">Parcs Nationaux Madagascar (ANGAP). (2007). Parc National Andohahela.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7759709w/f1.zoom.r=fort+dauphin.langEN">"Le Fort Dauphin / levé sur le lieu par le Sieur de Flacourt"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Le+Fort+Dauphin+%2F+lev%C3%A9+sur+le+lieu+par+le+Sieur+de+Flacourt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b7759709w%2Ff1.zoom.r%3Dfort%2Bdauphin.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7759848b.item.r=anosy.f1">"Carte de Carcanossi, vallée d'Amboule, pays d'Ampatre, et de partie du pays des Machicores en l'Isle de Madagascar / desseignée sur les Lieux par le sieur de Flacourt, gouverneur du fort Dauphin"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Carte+de+Carcanossi%2C+vall%C3%A9e+d%27Amboule%2C+pays+d%27Ampatre%2C+et+de+partie+du+pays+des+Machicores+en+l%27Isle+de+Madagascar+%2F+desseign%C3%A9e+sur+les+Lieux+par+le+sieur+de+Flacourt%2C+gouverneur+du+fort+Dauphin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b7759848b.item.r%3Danosy.f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7759710j">"L'Islet ou Fort d'Anossi / levé sur le lieu par le sieur de Flacourt"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=L%27Islet+ou+Fort+d%27Anossi+%2F+lev%C3%A9+sur+le+lieu+par+le+sieur+de+Flacourt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b7759710j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/3822/1/P1.html">Mengaud de la Hage. (1777?). Carte de la cote Orientale de Madagascar.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619085651/http://purl.pt/3822/1/P1.html">Archived</a> June 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619090020/http://gallicalabs.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530294314.r=Fort%20Dauphin">"Carte des environs de Fort-Dauphin, dans un rayon de 90 kilomètres / par Auguste Marchal, 1872-1896, 1 : 300 000; dressée par J. Hansen"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallicalabs.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530294314.r=Fort%20Dauphin">the original</a> on 2015-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Carte+des+environs+de+Fort-Dauphin%2C+dans+un+rayon+de+90+kilom%C3%A8tres+%2F+par+Auguste+Marchal%2C+1872-1896%2C+1+%3A+300+000%3B+dress%C3%A9e+par+J.+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallicalabs.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b530294314.r%3DFort%2520Dauphin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619091331/http://gallicalabs.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530706371/f1.item.r=Fort%20Dauphin.zoom">"Concessions exploitées dans le Cercle annexe de Fort-Dauphin"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallicalabs.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530706371/f1.item.r=Fort%20Dauphin.zoom">the original</a> on 2015-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Concessions+exploit%C3%A9es+dans+le+Cercle+annexe+de+Fort-Dauphin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallicalabs.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b530706371%2Ff1.item.r%3DFort%2520Dauphin.zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnosy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Plans de la baie du Fort Dauphin by Anonymous (17th century), Eberard, D. (1667), Bellin (1764) and Hage (1776).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=-NmhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard">Great Britain Hydrographic Department. (1891). <i>Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, westward of long 80 east, including Madagascar</i> (pp. 139-147).</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anosy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anosy">Anosy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongabay.com/indigenous_ethnicities/african/Antanosy.html">Antanosy people</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anosy-tourisme.com/en/">Regional office of Tourism - Anosy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210052/http://anosy-tourisme.com/en/">Archived</a> 2021-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Madagascar&#124;link=Madagascar_Communes_in_the_Anosy_Region_of_the_Republic_of_Madagascar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anosy" title="Template:Anosy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anosy" title="Template talk:Anosy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anosy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anosy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Madagascar&#124;link=Madagascar_Communes_in_the_Anosy_Region_of_the_Republic_of_Madagascar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Communes in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anosy Region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Republic of Madagascar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Fort-Dauphin_(Madagascar)" title="Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)">Fort Dauphin (Taolagnaro)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud_District" title="Amboasary Sud District">Amboasary Sud</a> (18) - 603</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboasary_Sud" title="Amboasary Sud">Amboasary Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behara" title="Behara">Behara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berano_Ville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berano Ville (page does not exist)">Berano Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebelo" title="Ebelo">Ebelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonty" title="Elonty">Elonty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esira" title="Esira">Esira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifotaka" title="Ifotaka">Ifotaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabo,_Anosy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabo, Anosy (page does not exist)">Mahabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaly" title="Mahaly">Mahaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manevy" title="Manevy">Manevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maromby" title="Maromby">Maromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marotsiraka" title="Marotsiraka">Marotsiraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampona" title="Sampona">Sampona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranobe,_Anosy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranobe, Anosy (page does not exist)">Ranobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanandava_Sud" title="Tanandava Sud">Tanandava Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranomaro" title="Tranomaro">Tranomaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomboarivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomboarivo (page does not exist)">Tomboarivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsivory" title="Tsivory">Tsivory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png/100px-Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png/150px-Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png/200px-Madagascar-Anosy_Region.png 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2171" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betroka_(district)" title="Betroka (district)">Betroka</a> (20) - 613</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambalasoa" title="Ambalasoa">Ambalasoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambatomivary" title="Ambatomivary">Ambatomivary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analamary,_Betroka" title="Analamary, Betroka">Analamary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriandampy" title="Andriandampy">Andriandampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beapombo_I" title="Beapombo I">Beapombo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beapombo_II" title="Beapombo II">Beapombo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekorobo" title="Bekorobo">Bekorobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benato-Toby" title="Benato-Toby">Benato-Toby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betroka" title="Betroka">Betroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaborotra" title="Iaborotra">Iaborotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ianabinda" title="Ianabinda">Ianabinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ianakafy" title="Ianakafy">Ianakafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoanala" title="Isoanala">Isoanala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivahona" title="Ivahona">Ivahona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangany" title="Jangany">Jangany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabo,_Betroka" title="Mahabo, Betroka">Mahabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasoa_Est" title="Mahasoa Est">Mahasoa Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnarena" title="Nagnarena">Nagnarena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naninora" title="Naninora">Naninora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaraitso" title="Tsaraitso">Tsaraitso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taolagnaro_(district)" title="Taolagnaro (district)">Taolagnaro</a> (24) - 614</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fort-Dauphin_(Madagascar)" title="Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)">Fort Dauphin (Taolagnaro)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambatoabo" title="Ambatoabo">Ambatoabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampasimena" title="Ampasimena">Ampasimena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampasy_Nahampoa" title="Ampasy Nahampoa">Ampasy Nahampoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analamary,_Taolanaro" title="Analamary, Taolanaro">Analamary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analapatsy" title="Analapatsy">Analapatsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andranombory" title="Andranombory">Andranombory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankaramena,_Taolanaro" title="Ankaramena, Taolanaro">Ankaramena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevoay" title="Bevoay">Bevoay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enakara-Haut" title="Enakara-Haut">Enakara-Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaniliha" title="Enaniliha">Enaniliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoevo" title="Fenoevo">Fenoevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabakoho" title="Iabakoho">Iabakoho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifarantsa" title="Ifarantsa">Ifarantsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaka-Ivondro" title="Isaka-Ivondro">Isaka-Ivondro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatalaky" title="Mahatalaky">Mahatalaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manambaro" title="Manambaro">Manambaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manantenina" title="Manantenina">Manantenina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandiso" title="Mandiso">Mandiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandromodromotra" title="Mandromodromotra">Mandromodromotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranomafana,_Taolanaro" title="Ranomafana, Taolanaro">Ranomafana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranopiso" title="Ranopiso">Ranopiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasambo" title="Sarasambo">Sarasambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanierana,_Taolanaro" title="Soanierana, Taolanaro">Soanierana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>3 districts; 62 communes</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Provinces_and_Regions_of_the_Republic_of_Madagascar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Template:Regions of Madagascar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Template talk:Regions of Madagascar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Madagascar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Provinces_and_Regions_of_the_Republic_of_Madagascar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/20px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Madagascar" title="Provinces of Madagascar">Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Regions of Madagascar">Regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Republic of Madagascar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_Province" title="Antananarivo Province">Antananarivo</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Analamanga" title="Analamanga">Analamanga</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bongolava" title="Bongolava">Bongolava</a> - <a href="/wiki/Itasy_Region" title="Itasy Region">Itasy</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vakinankaratra" title="Vakinankaratra">Vakinankaratra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Antsiranana_Province" title="Antsiranana Province">Antsiranana</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Diana_Region" title="Diana Region">Diana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sava_Region" title="Sava Region">Sava</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fianarantsoa_Province" title="Fianarantsoa Province">Fianarantsoa</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amoron%27i_Mania" title="Amoron'i Mania">Amoron'i Mania</a> - <a href="/wiki/Atsimo-Atsinanana" title="Atsimo-Atsinanana">Atsimo-Atsinanana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fitovinany" title="Fitovinany">Fitovinany</a> - <a href="/wiki/Haute_Matsiatra" title="Haute Matsiatra">Haute Matsiatra</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ihorombe" title="Ihorombe">Ihorombe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vatovavy" title="Vatovavy">Vatovavy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahajanga_Province" title="Mahajanga Province">Mahajanga</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Betsiboka" title="Betsiboka">Betsiboka</a>- <a href="/wiki/Boeny" title="Boeny">Boeny</a> - <a href="/wiki/Melaky" title="Melaky">Melaky</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Region" title="Sofia Region">Sofia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Toamasina_Province" title="Toamasina Province">Toamasina (Tamatave)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alaotra-Mangoro" title="Alaotra-Mangoro">Alaotra-Mangoro</a> - <a href="/wiki/Analanjirofo" title="Analanjirofo">Analanjirofo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Atsinanana" title="Atsinanana">Atsinanana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Toliara_Province" title="Toliara Province">Toliara (Tulear)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Androy" title="Androy">Androy</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anosy</a> - <a href="/wiki/Atsimo-Andrefana" title="Atsimo-Andrefana">Atsimo-Andrefana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Menabe" title="Menabe">Menabe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anosy&oldid=1257886824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anosy&oldid=1257886824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anosy" title="Category:Anosy">Anosy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Regions of Madagascar">Regions of Madagascar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017">Articles with dead external links from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2019">Articles with dead external links from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 03:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anosy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xqqpl","wgBackendResponseTime":238,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.504","walltime":"1.897","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12998,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":306175,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17614,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":280769,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1554.454 1 -total"," 28.64% 445.248 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.56% 273.004 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 17.34% 269.562 39 Template:Cite_web"," 15.02% 233.516 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.39% 114.812 1 Template:Langx"," 6.94% 107.956 1 Template:Anosy_Region"," 6.66% 103.539 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.66% 103.465 1 Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire"," 6.37% 99.054 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.804","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26009017,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f7rzp","timestamp":"20241122180237","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anosy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16045730","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16045730","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-01T20:19:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T03:09:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/85\/Pic_Saint-Louis_%289592460866%29.jpg","headline":"region of Madagascar"}</script> </body> </html>