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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_withdrawal_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_withdrawal_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Portuguese withdrawal and civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_withdrawal_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indonesian motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Invasion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invasion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operasi_Seroja_(1975–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasi_Seroja_(1975–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operasi Seroja (1975–1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operasi_Seroja_(1975–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Stalemate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encirclement,_annihilation,_and_final_cleansing_(1977–1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encirclement,_annihilation,_and_final_cleansing_(1977–1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encirclement, annihilation, and final cleansing (1977–1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encirclement,_annihilation,_and_final_cleansing_(1977–1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FRETILIN_clandestine_movement_(1980–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FRETILIN_clandestine_movement_(1980–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>FRETILIN clandestine movement (1980–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FRETILIN_clandestine_movement_(1980–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Timorese_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Timorese_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>East Timorese casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Timorese_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Integration efforts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Integration_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Integration efforts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Integration_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign involvement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign involvement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australian_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australian involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>US involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>UN reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Depictions in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الغزو الإندونيسي لتيمور الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الإندونيسي لتيمور الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_indonesia_de_Timor_Oriental" title="Invasión indonesia de Timor Oriental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Invasión indonesia de Timor Oriental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аперацыя Лотас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыя Лотас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Seroja" title="Operation Seroja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Seroja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81_(1975)" title="Εισβολή της Ινδονησίας στο Ανατολικό Τιμόρ (1975) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εισβολή της Ινδονησίας στο Ανατολικό Τιμόρ (1975)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_indonesia_de_Timor_Oriental" title="Invasión indonesia de Timor Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión indonesia de Timor Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiaren_Ekialdeko_Timorren_inbasioa" title="Indonesiaren Ekialdeko Timorren inbasioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indonesiaren Ekialdeko Timorren inbasioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_indon%C3%A9sienne_du_Timor_oriental" title="Invasion indonésienne du Timor oriental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion indonésienne du Timor oriental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%99%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="인도네시아의 동티모르 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아의 동티모르 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Indonesia_ke_Timor_Leste" title="Invasi Indonesia ke Timor Leste – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Indonesia ke Timor Leste" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_indonesiana_di_Timor_Est" title="Invasione indonesiana di Timor Est – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione indonesiana di Timor Est" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Indonesia_ke_atas_Timor_Leste" title="Serangan Indonesia ke atas Timor Leste – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Indonesia ke atas Timor Leste" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="インドネシアによる東ティモール侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドネシアによる東ティモール侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_indon%C3%A9sia_de_Timor-Leste" title="Invasão indonésia de Timor-Leste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão indonésia de Timor-Leste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Индонезийское вторжение в Восточный Тимор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индонезийское вторжение в Восточный Тимор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Indonezije_na_Isto%C4%8Dni_Timor" title="Invazija Indonezije na Istočni Timor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija Indonezije na Istočni Timor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Timorin_valtaus" title="Itä-Timorin valtaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Timorin valtaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplan_Seroja" title="Oplan Seroja – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oplan Seroja" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezya%27n%C4%B1n_Do%C4%9Fu_Timor%27u_i%C5%9Fgali" title="Endonezya'nın Doğu Timor'u işgali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endonezya'nın Doğu Timor'u işgali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Операція Лотос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція Лотос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_x%C3%A2m_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Timor" title="Indonesia xâm lược Đông Timor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Indonesia xâm lược Đông Timor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indonesian invasion of East Timor<br />Operation Lotus (Seroja)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style=";height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png/268px-Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png/402px-Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png/536px-Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div><div>East Timor map during the Indonesian invasion</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style=";height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg/268px-Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg/402px-Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg/536px-Capture_of_Portuguese_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div>Indonesian soldiers pose in Batugade, East Timor with a captured Portuguese flag, November 1975</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 December 1975 – 17 July 1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1975-12-07</span> – <span class="dtend">1976-07-17</span>)</span> <br /> (7 months, 1 week and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)">East Timor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Indonesian victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <li>Indonesian occupation of East Timor until 1999</li> <li>East Timor became an <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">Indonesian province</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces_%28until_1999%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1280" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">ABRI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_East_Timor" title="Provisional Government of East Timor">PGET</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_UDT_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union" title="Timorese Democratic Union">UDT</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_APODETI.svg/23px-Flag_of_APODETI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_APODETI.svg/35px-Flag_of_APODETI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_APODETI.svg/45px-Flag_of_APODETI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Popular_Democratic_Association" title="Timorese Popular Democratic Association">APODETI</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="East Timor"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/45px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)">East Timor</a></span> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">FRETILIN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falintil" title="Falintil">FALINTIL</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maraden_Panggabean" title="Maraden Panggabean">M. Panggabean</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Soejono" title="Widjojo Soejono">Widjojo Soejono</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Benjamin_Moerdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani">L. B. Moerdani</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dading_Kalbuadi" title="Dading Kalbuadi">Dading Kalbuadi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)"><img alt="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/45px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_do_Amaral" title="Francisco Xavier do Amaral">Francisco Xavier do Amaral</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)"><img alt="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png/45px-Flag_of_East_Timor_%281975%E2%80%931976%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_dos_Reis_Lobato" title="Nicolau dos Reis Lobato">Nicolau dos Reis Lobato</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 35,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-falintil75_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falintil75-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,000 killed, wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 185,000+ killed, wounded or captured (1974–1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Chega!_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chega!-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(including civilians)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Timor-Leste" title="Category:History of Timor-Leste">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timor-Leste" title="History of Timor-Leste">History of <span class="fn org label">Timor-Leste</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Timor_(1731).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mapa da ilha do Timor, 1731"><img alt="Mapa da ilha do Timor, 1731" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg/240px-Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg/360px-Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg/480px-Mapa_de_Timor_%281731%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_Timor" title="Pre-colonial Timor">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timor_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Timur">Timor Timur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_East_Timor" title="United Nations Administered East Timor">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNTAET" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAET">UNTAET</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Contemporary Timor-Leste</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre" title="Santa Cruz massacre">Santa Cruz massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">Vote for independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_East_Timorese_history" title="Timeline of East Timorese history">Overall timeline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/15px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/23px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/30px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Timor-Leste" title="Template:History of Timor-Leste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Timor-Leste" title="Template talk:History of Timor-Leste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Timor-Leste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Timor-Leste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Indonesian invasion of East Timor</b>, known in Indonesia as <b>Operation Lotus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Operasi Seroja</i>), began on 7 December 1975 when the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian military</a> (ABRI/TNI) invaded <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> under the pretext of <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> government <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">that had emerged in 1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overthrow of the popular and short-lived <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor_(1975)" title="Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)">Fretilin-led government</a> sparked a violent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">quarter-century occupation</a> in which approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians are estimated to have been killed or starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Chega!_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chega!-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> documented a minimum estimate of 102,000 deaths as a result of the conflict in East Timor during the period 1974 to 1999, as well as a large part of the consequences of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_war_crimes_during_the_invasion_of_Dili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian war crimes during the invasion of Dili (page does not exist)">Indonesian war crimes during the invasion of Dili</a>, including 18,600 violent killings and 84,200 deaths from disease and starvation; Indonesian forces and their auxiliaries combined were responsible for 70% of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first months of the occupation, the Indonesian military faced heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977 to 1978, the military procured new advanced weaponry from the United States, and other countries, to destroy Fretilin's framework.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last two decades of the century saw continuous clashes between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1999, when a majority of East Timorese voted overwhelmingly for independence (the alternative option being "special autonomy" while remaining part of Indonesia). After a further two and a half years of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_East_Timor" title="United Nations Administered East Timor">transition</a> under the auspices of three different United Nations missions, East Timor achieved independence on 20 May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to being colonised by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>; an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial rule was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 people, 13 percent of the population at the time. Following the war, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> secured its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a> and the Portuguese, meanwhile, re-established control over East Timor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_withdrawal_and_civil_war">Portuguese withdrawal and civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Portuguese withdrawal and civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_civil_war" title="East Timorese civil war">East Timorese civil war</a></div> <p>According to the pre-1974 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Constitution">Constitution of Portugal</a>, East Timor, known until then as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, was an "overseas province", just like any of the provinces outside <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">continental Portugal</a>. "Overseas provinces" also included <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> in Africa; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> in China; and had included the territories of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> until 1961, when <a href="/wiki/Indian_invasion_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian invasion of Goa">India invaded and annexed the territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a> (Armed Forces Movement, MFA) within the Portuguese military mounted a coup d'état against the right-wing authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>"), and announced its intention rapidly to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s colonial possessions (including Angola, Mozambique and Guinea, where <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Colonial Wars">pro-independence guerrilla movements had been fighting since the 1960s</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the African colonies, East Timor did not experience a war of national liberation. Indigenous political parties rapidly sprang up in Timor; the <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union" title="Timorese Democratic Union">Timorese Democratic Union</a> (<i>União Democrática Timorense</i>, UDT) was the first political association to be announced after the Carnation Revolution. UDT was originally composed of senior administrative leaders and plantation owners, as well as native tribal leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1999,_p._27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1999,_p._27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These leaders had conservative origins and showed allegiance to Portugal, but never advocated integration with Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> (the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor) was composed of administrators, teachers, and other "newly recruited members of the urban elites."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fretilin quickly became more popular than UDT due to a variety of social programs it introduced to the populace. UDT and Fretilin entered into a coalition by January 1975 with the unified goal of self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1999,_p._27_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1999,_p._27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coalition came to represent almost all of the educated sector and the vast majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Popular_Democratic_Association" title="Timorese Popular Democratic Association">Timorese Popular Democratic Association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Associação Popular Democratica Timorense</i>; APODETI), a third, minor party, also sprang up, and its goal was integration with Indonesia. The party had little popular appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 1975, internal conflicts split the UDT leadership, with Lopes da Cruz leading a faction that wanted to abandon Fretilin. Lopes da Cruz was concerned that the radical wing of Fretilin would turn East Timor into a communist front. Fretilin called this accusation an Indonesian conspiracy, as the radical wing did not have a power base.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos-Horta,_p._53_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Horta,_p._53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August, Fretilin received a letter from UDT leaders terminating the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos-Horta,_p._53_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Horta,_p._53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UDT coup was a "neat operation", in which a show of force on the streets was followed by the takeover of vital infrastructure, such as radio stations, international communications systems, the airport and police stations.<sup id="cite_ref-RH54_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH54-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the resulting civil war, leaders on each side "lost control over the behavior of their supporters", and while leaders of both UDT and Fretilin behaved with restraint, the uncontrollable supporters orchestrated various bloody purges and murders.<sup id="cite_ref-RH55_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH55-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UDT leaders arrested more than 80 Fretilin members, including future leader <a href="/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Xanana Gusmão">Xanana Gusmão</a>. UDT members killed a dozen Fretilin members in four locations. The victims included a founding member of Fretilin, and a brother of its vice-president, Nicolau Lobato. Fretilin responded by appealing successfully to the Portuguese-trained East Timorese military units.<sup id="cite_ref-RH54_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH54-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UDT's violent takeover thus provoked the three-week long civil war, in pitting its 1,500 troops against the 2,000 regular forces now led by Fretilin commanders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the Portuguese-trained East Timorese military switched allegiance to Fretilin, it came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Falintil" title="Falintil">Falintil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of August, the UDT remnants were retreating toward the Indonesian border. A UDT group of nine hundred crossed into West Timor on 24 September 1975, followed by more than a thousand others, leaving Fretilin in control of East Timor for the next three months. The death toll in the civil war reportedly included four hundred people in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> and possibly sixteen hundred in the hills.<sup id="cite_ref-RH55_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH55-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_motivations">Indonesian motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indonesian motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesian nationalist and military hardliners, particularly leaders of the intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Kopkamtib" title="Kopkamtib">Kopkamtib</a> and special operations unit, Opsus, saw the Portuguese coup as an opportunity for East Timor's <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> by Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._201-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of Opsus and close adviser to Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Murtopo" title="Ali Murtopo">Major General Ali Murtopo</a>, and his protege <a href="/wiki/Benny_Murdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Benny Murdani">Brigadier General Benny Murdani</a> headed military intelligence operations and spearheaded the Indonesia pro-annexation push.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._201-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesian domestic political factors in the mid-1970s were not conducive to such expansionist intentions; <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Sutowo#Head_of_Pertamina" title="Ibnu Sutowo">the 1974–75 financial scandal</a> surrounding petroleum producer <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> meant that Indonesia had to be cautious not to alarm critical foreign donors and bankers. Thus, Suharto was originally not in support of an East Timor invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such considerations became overshadowed by Indonesian and Western fears that victory for the left-wing Fretilin would lead to the creation of a communist state on Indonesia's border that could be used as a base for incursions by unfriendly powers into Indonesia, and a potential threat to Western submarines. It was also feared that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> sentiments within Indonesian provinces. These concerns were successfully used to garner support from Western countries keen to maintain good relations with Indonesia, particularly the United States, which at the time was completing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#U.S._exit_and_final_campaigns,_1973–1975" title="Vietnam War">its withdrawal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> organisations initially sought a non-military annexation strategy, intending to use APODETI as its integration vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._201-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's ruling <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">"New Order"</a> planned for the invasion of East Timor. There was no free expression in "New Order" Indonesia and thus no need was seen for consulting the East Timorese either.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early September, as many as two hundred <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> troops launched incursions, which were noted by US intelligence, and in October, conventional military assaults followed. Five journalists, known as the <a href="/wiki/Balibo_Five" title="Balibo Five">Balibo Five</a>, working for Australian news networks were executed by Indonesian troops in the border town of <a href="/wiki/Balibo" title="Balibo">Balibo</a> on 16 October.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Taylor writes that Indonesia invaded for three main reasons: (1) to avoid the “negative example” of an independent province, (2) to have access to the high initial estimates of oil and natural gas under the Timor Sea (initial estimates which turned out to be largely mistaken), and (3) following the fall of South Vietnam, to become Southeast Asia's major military partner of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operasi_Seroja_(1975–1977)"><span id="Operasi_Seroja_.281975.E2.80.931977.29"></span>Operasi Seroja (1975–1977)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operasi Seroja (1975–1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dili" title="Battle of Dili">Battle of Dili</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg/170px-Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg/255px-Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg/340px-Dading_Kalbuadi_East_Timor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dading_Kalbuadi" title="Dading Kalbuadi">Dading Kalbuadi</a>, Indonesian commander of Operasi Seroja</figcaption></figure> <p>Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus) was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind77p39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind77p39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a naval bombardment of Dili, Indonesian seaborne troops landed in the city while simultaneously paratroopers descended.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped into Dili, where they engaged in six-hours combat with FALINTIL forces. According to author Joseph Nevins, Indonesian warships shelled their own advancing troops and Indonesian transport aircraft dropped some of their paratroopers on top of the retreating FALINTIL forces and suffered accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By noon, Indonesian forces had taken the city at the cost of 35 Indonesian soldiers killed, while 122 FALINTIL soldiers died in the combat.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December, a second invasion resulted in the capture of the second biggest town, <a href="/wiki/Baucau" title="Baucau">Baucau</a>, and on Christmas Day, around 10,000 to 15,000 troops landed at <a href="/wiki/Liqui%C3%A7%C3%A1" title="Liquiçá">Liquisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maubara" title="Maubara">Maubara</a>. By April 1976 Indonesia had some 35,000 soldiers in East Timor, with another 10,000 standing by in Indonesian West Timor. A large proportion of these troops were from Indonesia's elite commands. By the end of the year, 10,000 troops occupied Dili and another 20,000 had been deployed throughout East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massively outnumbered, FALINTIL troops fled to the mountains and continued <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> combat operations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adammalik2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Adammalik2.jpg/170px-Adammalik2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Adammalik2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".<sup id="cite_ref-turner207_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the cities, Indonesian troops began killing East Timorese.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the occupation, FRETILIN radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed.... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Timorese refugee told later of "rape [and] cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> shop owners".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dili's bishop at the time, <a href="/wiki/Martinho_da_Costa_Lopes" title="Martinho da Costa Lopes">Martinho da Costa Lopes</a>, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets – all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children – including Australian freelance reporter <a href="/wiki/Roger_East_(journalist)" title="Roger East (journalist)">Roger East</a> – were lined up on a cliff outside of Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many such <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wikt:massacre">massacres</a> took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to FRETILIN supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stalemate">Stalemate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stalemate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the Indonesian military advanced into East Timor, most of the populations left the invaded towns and villages in coastal areas for the mountainous interior. FALINTIL forces, comprising 2,500 full-time regular troops from the former Portuguese colonial army, were well equipped by Portugal and "severely restricted the Indonesian army's ability to make headway."<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor70_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor70-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, during the early months of the invasion, Indonesian control was mainly confined to major towns and villages such as Dili, Baucau, <a href="/wiki/Aileu" title="Aileu">Aileu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same_(East_Timor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Same (East Timor)">Same</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout 1976, the Indonesian military used a strategy in which troops attempted to move inland from the coastal areas to join up with troops parachuted further inland. This strategy was unsuccessful and the troops received stiff resistance from Falintil. For instance, it took 3,000 Indonesian troops four months to capture the town of <a href="/wiki/Suai,_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suai, East Timor">Suai</a>, a southern city only three kilometres from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_p._71_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_p._71-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military continued to restrict all foreigners and West Timorese from entering East Timor, and Suharto admitted in August 1976 that Fretilin "still possessed some strength here and there."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 1977, the Indonesian military faced a stalemate: Troops had not made ground advances for more than six months, and the invasion had attracted increasing adverse international publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encirclement,_annihilation,_and_final_cleansing_(1977–1978)"><span id="Encirclement.2C_annihilation.2C_and_final_cleansing_.281977.E2.80.931978.29"></span>Encirclement, annihilation, and final cleansing (1977–1978)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encirclement, annihilation, and final cleansing (1977–1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early months of 1977, the Indonesian navy ordered missile-firing patrol-boats from the United States, Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, South Korea, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, as well as submarines from West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1977, Indonesia also received thirteen <a href="/wiki/OV-10_Bronco" class="mw-redirect" title="OV-10 Bronco">OV-10 Bronco</a> aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International Corporation</a> with the aid of an official <a href="/wiki/Foreign_military_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign military sales">US government foreign military aid sales credit</a>. The Bronco was ideal for the East Timor invasion, as it was specifically designed for counter-insurgency operations in difficult terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of February 1977, at least six of the 13 Broncos were operating in East Timor, and helped the Indonesian military pinpoint Fretilin positions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the new weaponry, an additional 10,000 troops were sent in to begin new campaigns that would become known as the 'final solution'.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'final solution' campaigns involved two primary tactics: The 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign involved bombing villages and mountain areas from aeroplanes, causing famine and defoliation of ground cover. When surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would simply shoot them. Other survivors were placed in resettlement camps where they were prevented from travelling or cultivating farmland. In early 1978, the entire civilian population of Arsaibai village, near the Indonesian border, was killed for supporting Fretilin after being bombarded and starved.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_p._85_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_p._85-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, allegations of Indonesian use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> arose, as villagers reported maggots appearing on crops after bombing attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_p._85_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_p._85-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign led to the 'final cleansing campaign', in which children and men from resettlement camps would be forced to hold hands and march in front of Indonesian units searching for Fretilin members. When Fretilin members were found, the members would be forced to surrender or to fire on their own people.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign of 1977–1978 broke the back of the main Fretilin militia and the capable Timorese President and military commander, <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Lobato" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolau Lobato">Nicolau Lobato</a>, was shot and killed by helicopter-borne Indonesian troops on 31 December 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1975–1978 period, from the beginning of the invasion to the largely successful conclusion of the encirclement and annihilation campaign, proved to be the toughest period of the entire conflict, costing the Indonesians more than 1,000 fatalities out of the total of 2,000 who died during the entire occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FRETILIN_clandestine_movement_(1980–1999)"><span id="FRETILIN_clandestine_movement_.281980.E2.80.931999.29"></span>FRETILIN clandestine movement (1980–1999)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: FRETILIN clandestine movement (1980–1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timor1986.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Timor1986.png/250px-Timor1986.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Timor1986.png/375px-Timor1986.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Timor1986.png/500px-Timor1986.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Map of military situation in East Timor in January 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fretilin militia who survived the Indonesian offensive of the late 1970s chose Xanana Gusmão as their leader. He was caught by Indonesian intelligence near Dili in 1992 and was succeeded by Mau Honi, who was captured in 1993 and in turn, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Konis_Santana" title="Nino Konis Santana">Nino Konis Santana</a>. Upon Santana's death in an Indonesian ambush in 1998, his successor was <a href="/wiki/Taur_Matan_Ruak" title="Taur Matan Ruak">Taur Matan Ruak</a>. By the 1990s, there were fewer than approximately 200 guerilla fighters remaining in the mountains (this lacks citation, it aligns with the common Indonesian view at the time, though Timorese would state a vast amount of the population was actually discreetly involved in the clandestine movement, as ratified in the protest vote for independence), and the <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a> idea had largely shifted to the clandestine front in the cities. The clandestine movement was largely paralysed by continuous arrests and infiltration by Indonesian agents. The prospect of independence was very dark until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998 and President Habibie's sudden decision to allow a referendum in East Timor in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Timorese_casualties">East Timorese casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Timorese casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1976, UDT leader Lopes da Cruz reported that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-GWU_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWU-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".<sup id="cite_ref-turner207_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A figure of 100,000 is cited by McDonald (1980) and by Taylor. Amnesty International estimated that one third of East Timor's population, or 200,000 in total, died from military action, starvation and disease from 1975 to 1999. In 1979 the US Agency for International Development estimated that 300,000 East Timorese had been moved into camps controlled by Indonesian armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN's <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> (CAVR) estimated the number of deaths during the occupation from famine and violence to be between 90,800 and 202,600 including between 17,600 and 19,600 violent deaths or disappearances, out of a 1999 population of approximately 823,386. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAVR_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAVR-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_efforts">Integration efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Integration efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg/170px-Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg/255px-Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg/340px-Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2365" /></a><figcaption>The integration monument in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> was donated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesian government</a> to represent emancipation from <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In parallel to the military action, Indonesia also ran a civil administration. East Timor was given equal status to the other provinces, with an identical government structure. The province was divided into districts, sub districts, and villages along the structure of Javanese villages. By giving traditional tribal leaders positions in this new structure, Indonesia attempted to assimilate the Timorese through patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand139_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though given equal provincial status, in practice East Timor was effectively governed by the Indonesian military.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand139_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new administration built new infrastructure and raised productivity levels in commercial farming ventures. Productivity in coffee and cloves doubled, although East Timorese farmers were forced to sell their coffee at low prices to village cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_East_Timor" title="Provisional Government of East Timor">Provisional Government of East Timor</a> was installed in mid-December 1975, consisting of APODETI and UDT leaders. Attempts by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a>'s Special Representative, Vittorio Winspeare Guicciardi to visit Fretilin-held areas from <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin, Australia</a> were obstructed by the Indonesian military, which blockaded East Timor. On 31 May 1976, a 'People's Assembly' in Dili, selected by Indonesian intelligence, unanimously endorsed an 'Act of Integration', and on 17 July, East Timor officially became the 27th province of the Republic of Indonesia. The occupation of East Timor remained a public issue in many nations, Portugal in particular, and the UN never recognised either the regime installed by the Indonesians or the subsequent annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-EastTimorUNTAET_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastTimorUNTAET-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification">Justification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of <a href="/wiki/Anticolonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticolonialism">anticolonial</a> unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled <i>Decolonization in East Timor</i>, paid tribute to the "sacred right of self-determination"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that FRETILIN's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Alatas" title="Ali Alatas">Ali Alatas</a> reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir <i>The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was little resistance from the international community to Indonesia's invasion. Although Portugal was undergoing an energetic <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution#Decolonisation" title="Carnation Revolution">decolonization process</a>, Portugal failed to involve the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_involvement">Australian involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australian involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Involvement_in_the_East_Timor_Invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Involvement in the East Timor Invasion">Australian Involvement in the East Timor Invasion</a></div> <p>Indonesia invaded East Timor during the political crisis and social unrest in Australia following the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">dismissal of the Whitlam Labor party government</a>. Previously secret files of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>, released in September 2000, showed that comments by the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam Labor party government</a> may have encouraged the Suharto regime to invade East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> had been a vocal anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist but saw imperialism and colonialism almost entirely as European phenomena and had supported China, despite its imperialism and was supportive of Indonesian imperialism to undo Dutch, Portuguese and British colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Salla,_Michael_1995_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salla,_Michael_1995-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the unpopularity of the events in East Timor within segments of the Australian public, the <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hawke" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hawke">Hawke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a> governments allegedly co-operated with the Indonesian military and President Suharto to obscure details about conditions in East Timor and to preserve Indonesian control of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandes,_Clinton_2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandes,_Clinton_2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some disquiet towards policy with the Australian public, because of the deaths of the <a href="/wiki/Balibo_Five" title="Balibo Five">Australian journalists</a> and arguably also because the actions of the Timorese people in supporting <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Force" title="Sparrow Force">Australian forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Battle of Timor</a> in World War II were well-remembered. Protests took place in Australia against the occupation, and some Australian nationals participated in the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These files from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade also outlined Australian National Security motivations for a Portuguese independent Timor. Repeatedly mentioned in these files are Australian oil interests in Timorese waters; as well as the potential for a renegotiation of the Portuguese Timor sea border North of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with these resource interests at the time, department officials saw it as beneficial for Australia to back an Indonesian take over, as opposed to an independent East Timor, stating: "In support of (i), Indonesian absorption of Timor makes geopolitical sense. Any other long-term solution would be potentially disruptive of both Indonesia and the region. It would help confirm our seabed agreement with Indonesia."; they however also stressed the importance of self determination of Portuguese Timor to Australian public pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The records available also show that department officials were aware of planned clandestine operations for Indonesia to perform in Portuguese Timor, with the intent being "to ensure that the territory would opt for incorporation into Indonesia."; for which the Indonesians sought support from the Australian government.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north.<sup id="cite_ref-primeministers.naa.gov.au_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primeministers.naa.gov.au-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a> (who based himself in Australia during his exile). </p><p>The fall of Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1998, the Australian government drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter upset Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a>, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided to announce a snap referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">UN-sponsored referendum</a> held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia then led a United Nations backed <a href="/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="International Force for East Timor">International Force for East Timor</a> to end the violence and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_involvement">US involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: US involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">his administration</a>, East Timor was a place of little significance, overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">US–Indonesian relations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> in mid-1975 had been a devastating setback for the United States, leaving Indonesia as the most important ally in the region. Ford consequently reasoned that the US national interest had to be on the side of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons,_189_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons,_189-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ford later stated: "in the scope of things, Indonesia wasn't too much on my radar", and "We needed allies after Vietnam".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as December 1974—a year before the invasion—the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">defense attaché</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> sounded out US views about an Indonesian takeover of East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans were tight-lipped, and in March 1975 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> approved a "policy of silence" vis-à-vis Indonesia, a policy that had been recommended by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Indonesia">Ambassador to Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_D._Newsom" title="David D. Newsom">David Newsom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-memo4march1975_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo4march1975-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration worried about the potential impact on US–Indonesian relations in the event that a forced incorporation of East Timor was met with a major Congressional reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-memo4march1975_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo4march1975-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 October 1975, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Habib">Philip Habib</a> told meeting participants that "It looks like the Indonesians have begun the attack on Timor." Kissinger's response to Habib was, "I'm assuming you're really going to keep your mouth shut on this subject."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suharto_greeting_Ford_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Suharto_greeting_Ford_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="3693" /></a><figcaption>Ford and <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> on 6 December 1975, one day before the invasion.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the day before the invasion, Ford and Kissinger met with the Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. Documents released by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> in 2001 revealed that they gave a green light for the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Suharto saying, "We want your understanding if we deem it necessary to take rapid or drastic action [in East Timor]," Ford replied, "We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem you have and the intentions you have." Kissinger agreed, although he had fears that the use of US-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, and Kissinger urged Suharto to wait until Ford had returned from his far eastern trip, because "we would be able to influence the reaction in America if whatever happens happens after we return. This way there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US hoped the invasion would be relatively swift and not involve protracted resistance. "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly," Kissinger said to Suharto.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US played a crucial role in supplying weapons to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons,_189_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons,_189-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week after the invasion of East Timor the National Security Council prepared a detailed analysis of the Indonesian military units involved and the US equipment they used. The analysis revealed that virtually all of the military equipment used in the invasion was US supplied: US-supplied destroyer escorts shelled East Timor as the attack unfolded; Indonesian marines disembarked from US-supplied landing craft; US-supplied <a href="/wiki/C-47" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47">C-47</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130</a> aircraft dropped Indonesian paratroops and strafed Dili with .50 calibre machine guns; while the 17th and 18th Airborne brigades which led the assault on the Timorese capital were "totally U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act" title="Mutual Defense Assistance Act">MAP</a> supported," and their jump masters US trained.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> claimed to have suspended new arms sales to Indonesia from December 1975 to June 1976, military equipment already in the pipeline continued to flow,<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the US made four new offers of arms during that six-month period, including supplies and parts for 16 OV-10 Broncos,<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, according to Cornell University Professor <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>, are "specially designed for counter-insurgency actions against adversaries without effective <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft weapons</a> and wholly useless for defending Indonesia against a foreign enemy." Military assistance was accelerated during the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a>, peaking in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the United States furnished over $250,000,000 of military assistance to Indonesia between 1975 and 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testifying before the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>, the Deputy Legal Advisor of the US State Department, George Aldrich said the Indonesians "were armed roughly 90 percent with our equipment. ... we really did not know very much. Maybe we did not want to know very much but I gather that for a time we did not know." Indonesia was never informed of the supposed US "aid suspension". David T. Kenney, Country Officer for Indonesia in the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>, also testified before Congress that one purpose for the arms was "to keep that area [Timor] peaceful."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CAVR stated in the "Responsibility" chapter of its final report that US "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999. The report (p. 92) also stated that "U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton Administration officials told the New York Times that US support for Suharto was "driven by a potent mix of power politics and emerging markets." Suharto was Washington's favoured ruler of the "ultimate emerging market" who deregulated the economy and opened Indonesia to foreign investors. "He's our kind of guy," said a senior Administration official who dealt often on Asian policy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip Liechty, a senior CIA officer in Indonesia during that time stated that Suharto was given the green light by the United States to do what he did. The covert military assistance provided, which most of it went straight into East Timor and was used against non-combatants, by the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> administration to Suharto's regime in Indonesia was kept hidden from Congress and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Pilger_1999_285-286_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Pilger_1999_285-286-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_reaction">UN reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: UN reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 December 1975, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted a resolution that "strongly deplored" Indonesia's invasion of East Timor, demanded that Jakarta withdraw troops "without delay" and allow the inhabitants of the island to exercise their right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. The resolution also requested that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> take urgent action to protect East Timor's territorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins,_p._70_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins,_p._70-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December 1975, the UN Security Council met and unanimously <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_384" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 384">passed a resolution similar to the Assembly's</a>. The Council's resolution called upon the UN Secretary General "to send urgently a special representative to East Timor for the purpose of making on-the-spot assessment of the existing situation and of establishing contact with all parties in the Territory and all States concerned to ensure the implementation of the current resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins,_p._70_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins,_p._70-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, the US ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote in his autobiography that "China altogether backed Fretilin in Timor, and lost. In Spanish Sahara, Russia just as completely backed Algeria, and its front, known as Polisario, and lost. In both instances the United States wished things to turn out as they did, and worked to bring this about. The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with not inconsiderable success."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Moynihan admitted that, as US ambassador to the UN, he had defended a "shameless" Cold War policy toward East Timor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg/220px-2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg/330px-2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg/440px-2020-12-07_Memorial_7_Dezembru_1975_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the old harbour of Dili</figcaption></figure> <p>The memorial ″7 December 1975″ was unveiled 2020 on the 45th anniversary of the invasion by Indonesia near the port of Dili and commemorates the numerous victims of massacres by the invaders. Numerous East Timorese were executed by Indonesian soldiers in the harbour after the invasion. </p><p>There is a monument commemorating Operation Seroja in <a href="/wiki/Halilulik" title="Halilulik">Halilulik</a>, Tasifeto Barat (West Tasifeto), <a href="/wiki/Belu_Regency" title="Belu Regency">Belu Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>. The monument, which contains a soldier statue and reliefs depicting the operation, was built in June 1990 and inaugurated by the regent of Belu Col. (Inf). Ignasius Sumantri on 17 August 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seroja Monument (<i>Monumen Seroja</i>) was built by the Indonesian government under the <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a> administration in June 2002<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a memorial to the Indonesian soldiers and civilians who were killed in Operation Seroja. It is located within the TNI central headquarters complex in Cilangkap, <a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_fiction">Depictions in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Depictions in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balibo_(film)" title="Balibo (film)">Balibo</a></i>, a 2009 Australian film about the <a href="/wiki/Balibo_Five" title="Balibo Five">Balibo Five</a>, a group of Australian journalists who were captured and killed just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beatriz%27s_War" title="Beatriz's War">Beatriz's War</a></i> (<i>A Guerra da Beatriz</i>), a 2013 drama film produced by East Timor set during the Indonesian invasion<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor (province)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesia (1977), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGinting2021" class="citation news cs1">Ginting, Selamat (17 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qrofhu484/pukulan-jenderal-komando-ke-perut-wartawan">"Pukulan Jenderal Komando ke Perut Wartawan"</a>. <i>Republika</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>The control of the East Timor operation is in his [Widjojo Soejono] hands. ["Kendali operasi Timor Timur ada dalam genggamannya."]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republika&rft.atitle=Pukulan+Jenderal+Komando+ke+Perut+Wartawan&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.aulast=Ginting&rft.aufirst=Selamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.republika.co.id%2Fberita%2Fqrofhu484%2Fpukulan-jenderal-komando-ke-perut-wartawan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falintil75-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-falintil75_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318175041/http://www.solidamor.org/english/content/history/invades.htm">"INDONESIA INVADES"</a>. <i>HISTORY OF EAST TIMOR</i>. SOLIDAMOR. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidamor.org/english/content/history/invades.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY+OF+EAST+TIMOR&rft.atitle=INDONESIA+INVADES&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidamor.org%2Fenglish%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Finvades.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF">Power Kills</a> R.J. Rummel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckhardt, William, in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Leger_Sivard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Leger Sivard">Ruth Leger Sivard</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chega!-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chega!_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chega!_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/chegaReport.htm">„Chega!“-Report</a> of <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> (CAVR)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennis_B._Klein2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis B. Klein (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvlVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>Societies Emerging from Conflict: The Aftermath of Atrocity</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 156–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1041-8"><bdi>978-1-5275-1041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies+Emerging+from+Conflict%3A+The+Aftermath+of+Atrocity&rft.pages=156-&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-1041-8&rft.au=Dennis+B.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvlVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf">"Conflict-Related Deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999: The Findings of the CAVR Report <i>Chega!</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Final Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Final+Report+of+the+Commission+for+Reception%2C+Truth+and+Reconciliation+in+East+Timor+%28CAVR%29&rft.atitle=Conflict-Related+Deaths+in+Timor-Leste+1974%E2%80%931999%3A+The+Findings+of+the+CAVR+Report+Chega%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2FupdateFiles%2Fenglish%2FCONFLICT-RELATED%2520DEATHS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/etanpdf/2006/CAVR/07.2_Unlawful_Killings_and_Enforced_Disappearances.pdf">"Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Final Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)</i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Final+Report+of+the+Commission+for+Reception%2C+Truth+and+Reconciliation+in+East+Timor+%28CAVR%29&rft.atitle=Unlawful+Killings+and+Enforced+Disappearances&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fetanpdf%2F2006%2FCAVR%2F07.2_Unlawful_Killings_and_Enforced_Disappearances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, Clinton (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2021.1911103">"Indonesia's war against East Timor: how it ended"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>32</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">867–</span>886. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2021.1911103">10.1080/09592318.2021.1911103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234831894">234831894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+war+against+East+Timor%3A+how+it+ended&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E867-%3C%2Fspan%3E886&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234831894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2021.1911103&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2021.1911103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1=">"New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710034213/http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1=">Archived</a> 10 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>UN News Centre</i>. 19 May 2002. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1999,_p._27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1999,_p._27_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1999,_p._27_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (1999), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos-Horta,_p._53-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos-Horta,_p._53_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos-Horta,_p._53_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH54-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RH54_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RH54_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH55-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RH55_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RH55_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conboy, pp. 209–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._201-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._201_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/377">377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5"><bdi>0-300-10518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10518-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/etjour.htm">"Eyewitness account of 1975 murder of journalists"</a>. Converge.org.nz. 28 April 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+account+of+1975+murder+of+journalists&rft.pub=Converge.org.nz&rft.date=2000-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.converge.org.nz%2Fpma%2Fetjour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i>, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, Cambridge University Press, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&dq=%22First%2C+from+both+the+military+and+state+viewpoint%2C+they+were+concerned+that+an+independent+East+Timor%22&pg=PA174">Ch. 8 “Encirclement and Annihilation”: The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor</a>, John G. Taylor, esp. pages 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2001" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjC1cGfvARQC&q=7+December+1975,+East+Timor"><i>Self-determination in East Timor: the United Nations, the ballot, and international intervention</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588260338" title="Special:BookSources/9781588260338"><bdi>9781588260338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-determination+in+East+Timor%3A+the+United+Nations%2C+the+ballot%2C+and+international+intervention&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781588260338&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjC1cGfvARQC%26q%3D7%2BDecember%2B1975%2C%2BEast%2BTimor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ind77p39-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ind77p39_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesia (1977), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budiardjo and Liong, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (2003), p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A not-so-distant horror: mass violence in East Timor, By Joseph Nevins, Page 28, Cornell University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220005502/http://www.angkasa-online.com/09/05/militer/militer3.htm">"Angkasa Online"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angkasa+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angkasa-online.com%2F09%2F05%2Fmiliter%2Fmiliter3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, pp. 107–08; Budiardjo and Liong, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn (1996), pp. 257–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turner207-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turner207_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turner207_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Turner, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Budiardjo and Liong, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Ramos-Horta, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, pp. 101–02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (1991), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (1991), p. 69; Dunn (1996), p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor70-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor70_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor,_p._71-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor,_p._71_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indonesia admits Fretilin still active," The Times (London), 26 August 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.fas.org/world/indonesia/alri.htm">"ALRI Navy of the Republic of Indonesia - Indonesia Intelligence and Security Agencies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALRI+Navy+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia+-+Indonesia+Intelligence+and+Security+Agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firp.fas.org%2Fworld%2Findonesia%2Falri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Big Build-up by Indonesian navy," Canberra Times, 4 February 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor,_p._85-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor,_p._85_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor,_p._85_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Taylor, "Encirclement and Annihilation," in <i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i>, ed. Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 166–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamos-Horta1996" class="citation book cs1">Ramos-Horta, Jose (1996) [1987]. <i>Funu: The unfinished saga of East Timor</i>. Lawrenceville NJ: The Red Sea Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415158" title="Special:BookSources/9780932415158"><bdi>9780932415158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funu%3A+The+unfinished+saga+of+East+Timor&rft.place=Lawrenceville+NJ&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780932415158&rft.aulast=Ramos-Horta&rft.aufirst=Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Klinken2005" class="citation journal cs1">van Klinken, Gerry (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=Repository&version=1.0&verb=Disseminate&view=body&content-type=pdf_1&handle=seap.indo/1132335834#">"Indonesian casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an official list"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indonesia</i> (80): 113<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Indonesian+casualties+in+East+Timor%2C+1975%E2%80%931999%3A+Analysis+of+an+official+list&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=van+Klinken&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcip.cornell.edu%2FDPubS%3Fservice%3DRepository%26version%3D1.0%26verb%3DDisseminate%26view%3Dbody%26content-type%3Dpdf_1%26handle%3Dseap.indo%2F1132335834%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/newsletters/24/hefner.html">East Timor and Indonesia: The Roots of Violence and Intervention</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005032703/http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/newsletters/24/hefner.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWU-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GWU_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Dunn cites a study by the Catholic Church suggesting that as many as 60,000 Timorese had been killed by the end of 1976. This figure does not appear to include those killed in the period between the start of the civil war in August 1975 and the invasion on 7 December. See James Dunn, "The Timor Affair in International Perspective", in Carey and Bentley, eds., <i>East Timor at the Crossroads</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (1991), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Suharto's Indonesia, Blackburn, Australia: Fontana, 1980, p. 215); "East Timor: Contemporary History", in Carey and Bentley, <i>East Timor at the Crossroads</i>, p. 239. McDonald's figure includes the pre-invasion period while Taylor's does not. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/">National Security Archive – George Washington University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:TMP&dl=en&hl=en&q=east+timor+population">East Timor population</a> World Bank</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAVR-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAVR_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">"Chega! The CAVR Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chega%21+The+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2Fen%2FBrief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf">Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974–1999</a> CAVR</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertrand139-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand139_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand139_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastTimorUNTAET-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastTimorUNTAET_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/etimor/UntaetB.htm">"East Timor UNTAET – Background"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Timor+UNTAET+%E2%80%93+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fmissions%2Fpast%2Fetimor%2FUntaetB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesia (1977), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesia (1977), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alatas, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesia (1977), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, p. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-31689348.html">"Fed: Cables show Australia knew of Indon invasion of Timor"</a>. AAP General News (Australia). 13 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Report%3A+U.S.+Arms+Transfers+to+Indonesia+1975%E2%80%931997&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpolicy.org%2Fprojects%2Farms%2Freports%2Findoarms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNunes1996" class="citation web cs1">Nunes, Joe (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005035039/http://www.mega.nu/ampp/nunestimor.html">"East Timor: Acceptable Slaughters"</a>. <i>The architecture of modern political power</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+architecture+of+modern+political+power&rft.atitle=East+Timor%3A+Acceptable+Slaughters&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mega.nu%2Fampp%2Fnunestimor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonconnec0000chom"><i>The Washington connection and Third World fascism</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2010</span>. <q>david t. kenney timor peaceful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+connection+and+Third+World+fascism&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-090-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonconnec0000chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB176/index.htm">"East Timor truth commission finds U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Monumen+Seroja+Menghabiskan+Dana+Rp+5+Miliar&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2F35584%2Fmonumen-seroja-menghabiskan-dana-rp-5-miliar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/44742/presiden-meresmikan-monumen-seroja">"Presiden Meresmikan Monumen Seroja"</a>. <i>Liputan6.com</i>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Presiden+Meresmikan+Monumen+Seroja&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2F44742%2Fpresiden-meresmikan-monumen-seroja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119022422/http://sejarah-tni.mil.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/BUKU-PANDUAN-7-MONUMEN-SEROJA.pdf">"Monumen Seroja – Seroja Monument"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pusat Sejarah TNI (History Center of Indonesian National Military)</i>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sejarah-tni.mil.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/BUKU-PANDUAN-7-MONUMEN-SEROJA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pusat+Sejarah+TNI+%28History+Center+of+Indonesian+National+Military%29&rft.atitle=Monumen+Seroja+%E2%80%93+Seroja+Monument&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsejarah-tni.mil.id%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FBUKU-PANDUAN-7-MONUMEN-SEROJA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aguerradabeatriz.com/">"A Guerra da Beatriz"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guerra+da+Beatriz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aguerradabeatriz.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bertrand, Jacques (2004). <i>Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52441-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52441-5"><bdi>0-521-52441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-52441-5&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)" title="James Dunn (diplomat)">Dunn, James</a> (1996). <i>Timor: A People Betrayed</i>. ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7"><bdi>0-7333-0537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timor%3A+A+People+Betrayed&rft.pub=ABC+Books+for+the+Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7333-0537-7&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Emmerson, Donald, ed. (1999). <i>Indonesia Beyond Suharto</i>. East Gate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-889-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-889-1"><bdi>1-56324-889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia+Beyond+Suharto&rft.pub=East+Gate+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56324-889-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben, eds. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in the Historical Perspective</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52750-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52750-3"><bdi>0-521-52750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+the+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-52750-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Joseph (2005). <i>A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8984-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-8984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Not-So-Distant+Horror%3A+Mass+Violence+in+East+Timor&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8984-6&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ramos-Horta, Jose (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/funuunfinishedsa00jose"><i>Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor</i></a></span>. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-14-8"><bdi>0-932415-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funu%3A+The+Unfinished+Saga+of+East+Timor&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-932415-14-8&rft.aulast=Ramos-Horta&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffunuunfinishedsa00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw"><i>A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s</i></a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"><bdi>1-86373-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesialongopp00simo"><i>Indonesia: The Long Oppression</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22982-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22982-8"><bdi>0-312-22982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+The+Long+Oppression&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-22982-8&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesialongopp00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, John G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&dq=%22When+the+Indonesian+armed+forces+launched+their+invasion+of+East+Timor%22&pg=PA163">Chapter 8 “Encirclement and Annihilation”: The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor</a>, in <i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i> [see above]. Edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easttimorpriceof00tayl"><i>East Timor: The Price of Freedom</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-840-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-840-9"><bdi>1-85649-840-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor%3A+The+Price+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85649-840-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasttimorpriceof00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John G. (1991). <i>Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor</i>. London: Zed Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Forgotten+War%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+East+Timor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span> updated and released in late 1999 as <i>East Timor: The Price of Freedom</i></li> <li>Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs. <i>Decolonization in East Timor</i>. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4458152">4458152</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRetboll1987" class="citation journal cs1">Retboll, Torben (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.1987.10409867">"The East Timor Conflict and Western response"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Concerned_Asian_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars">Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars</a></i>. <b>19</b>: 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.1987.10409867">10.1080/14672715.1987.10409867</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Concerned+Asian+Scholars&rft.atitle=The+East+Timor+Conflict+and+Western+response&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14672715.1987.10409867&rft.aulast=Retboll&rft.aufirst=Torben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14672715.1987.10409867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1132335834">Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gendercide.org/case_timor.html">Gendercide Watch. Case Study: East Timor (1975–99)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021358/http://www.gendercide.org/case_timor.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050224004036/http://www.solidamor.org/english/content/history/invades.htm">History of East Timor – Indonesia Invades</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061202230402/http://www.copi.com/articles/etimorus.html">USING ATROCITIES: U.S. Responsibility for the SLAUGHTERS IN INDONESIA and EAST TIMOR</a> by Peter Dale Scott, PhD</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920124313/http://www.yale.edu//gsp/east_timor/03-263_Ch_09.pdf">War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975–99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia</a> by Ben Kiernan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7zHoj5fZ6wC&pg=PA100">Historical Dictionary of East Timor</a> by Geoffrey C. Gunn</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFibiger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fibiger, Mattias (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/diplomatic-counterrevolution-indonesian-diplomacy-and-the-invasion-of-east-timor/780517D14D89CB003E7E8BC15192C357">"A Diplomatic Counter-revolution: Indonesian diplomacy and the invasion of East Timor"</a>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">587–</span>628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X20000025">10.1017/S0026749X20000025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225754732">225754732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Diplomatic+Counter-revolution%3A+Indonesian+diplomacy+and+the+invasion+of+East+Timor&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X20000025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225754732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fibiger&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdiplomatic-counterrevolution-indonesian-diplomacy-and-the-invasion-of-east-timor%2F780517D14D89CB003E7E8BC15192C357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrating2018" class="citation book cs1">Strating, Rebecca (20 November 2018). "The Politics of Recognition: East Timor and the International Community". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuSDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Post-Colonial Security Dilemma: Timor-Leste and the International Community</i></a>. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814818407" title="Special:BookSources/9789814818407"><bdi>9789814818407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Recognition%3A+East+Timor+and+the+International+Community&rft.btitle=The+Post-Colonial+Security+Dilemma%3A+Timor-Leste+and+the+International+Community&rft.pub=ISEAS-Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.isbn=9789814818407&rft.aulast=Strating&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+invasion+of+East+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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