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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22">"English in the Commonwealth of Nations"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22English+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Nations%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/220px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/330px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/440px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Current Commonwealth members (dark blue), former members (orange), and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and Crown Dependencies (light blue)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/170px-Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/255px-Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/340px-Please_Do_Not_Step_or_Sit_on_Graves_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>English and <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> text in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. Rwanda, a Commonwealth country, was never associated with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in current and former <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a> was largely inherited from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonisation</a>, with some exceptions. English serves as the medium of inter-Commonwealth relations and the language forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations#Culture" title="Commonwealth of Nations">common culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">the Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Commonwealth English</b></i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Commonwealth English">refers</a> to English as practised in the Commonwealth; the term is most often interchangeable with <i><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></i>, but is also used to distinguish between British English and that in the rest of the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English in the Commonwealth is diverse, and many regions have developed their own local varieties of the language. In <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, it does not have <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official status</a> but is widely used as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon_et_al._2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon_et_al._2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is spoken as a first or second language in most of the Commonwealth. </p><p>Written English in the current and former Commonwealth generally favours British English spelling as opposed to <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some exceptions, particularly in Canada, where there are strong influences from neighbouring American English.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few Commonwealth countries besides Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom have produced their own English <a href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">dictionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>, and may rely on those produced in other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_varieties">Native varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Native varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> native varieties of English began to develop during the 18th century, with the colonisation of Australasia and South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> are closely related to each other and share some similarities with <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> (though it has unique influences from indigenous African languages, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> influences it inherited along with the development of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> from Dutch).<sup id="cite_ref-Bayard2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayard2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> contains elements of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, as well as many <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Canadianisms_on_Historical_Principles" title="A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles">Canadianisms</a> and some French influences. It is the product of several waves of immigration and settlement, from Britain, Ireland, France, the United States, and around the world, over a period of more than two centuries. Modern Canadian English has taken significant vocabulary and spelling from the shared political and social institutions of Commonwealth countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> is influenced by the English-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> varieties spoken, but they are not one and the same. There is a great deal of variation in the way English is spoken, with a "Standard English" at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum and Creole languages at the other. These dialects have roots in 17th-century British and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, plus localised influences from other <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">colonial</a> languages including French, Spanish, and Dutch; unlike most native varieties of English, West Indian dialects often tend to be <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed">syllable-timed</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed">stress-timed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-native_varieties">Non-native varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-native varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Second-language varieties of English in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> have often undergone "<a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">indigenisation</a>"; that is, each English-speaking community has developed (or is in the process of developing) its own standards of usage, often under the influence of local languages. These dialects are sometimes referred to as <i>New Englishes</i> (McArthur, p. 36); most of them inherited <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhoticity</a> from Southern British English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several dialects of <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English dialects">West African English</a> exist, with a lot of regional variation and some influence from indigenous languages. West African English tends to be <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">syllable-timed</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> inventory is much simpler than that of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>; this sometimes affects <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with native varieties of English. A distinctive <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English dialects">North African English</a>, often with significant influences from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, is spoken in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> and other cities where there is an expanding middle class, for whom English is increasingly being used in the home as the first language. </p><p>Small communities of native English speakers can be found in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>; the dialects spoken are similar to native <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>'s admission at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>, Togolese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dussey" title="Robert Dussey">Robert Dussey</a> said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and remarked that the country sought closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> ceased to be part of the Commonwealth (by virtue of being a British territory) in 1997. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">the English language there</a> still enjoys status as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-Eoyang_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eoyang-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Englishisation#South_Asia" title="Englishisation">Englishisation § South Asia</a></div> <p>English was introduced into <a href="/wiki/The_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="The subcontinent">the subcontinent</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Among the partitioned post-independent countries, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has the largest English-speaking population in the Commonwealth, although comparatively very few speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> are first-language speakers. The same is true of English spoken in other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar English</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a> phonology is highly variable; stress, rhythm and intonation are generally different from those of native varieties. There are also several peculiarities at the levels of morphology, syntax and usage, some of which can also be found among educated speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malay_Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malay Archipelago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asian English</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei English</a>; it features some influence from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> languages, as well as <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other languages:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/about/joining">"Joining the Commonwealth"</a>. <i>Commonwealth</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307201807/https://thecommonwealth.org/about/joining">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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