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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Smithsonian Institution</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Smithsonian_Institution" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Smithsonian" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Smithsonian (disambiguation)">Smithsonian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Smithsonian Institution (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/smɪθˈsoʊniən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">smith-SOH-nee-ən</a>), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Education center">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research centers</a>, the largest such complex in the world, created by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and is not formally a part of any of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#branches" title="Federal government of the United States">three branches of the federal government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Smithson" title="James Smithson">James Smithson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about_SI-7">[7]</a> It was originally organized as the United States National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Smithsonian Institution</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_logo_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Smithsonian_logo_color.svg/180px-Smithsonian_logo_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Smithsonian_logo_color.svg/270px-Smithsonian_logo_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Smithsonian_logo_color.svg/360px-Smithsonian_logo_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="481"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg/250px-Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg/375px-Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg/500px-Smithsonian_Building_Sunlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5613" data-file-height="3376"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Smithsonian Institution Building, also known as "the Castle", in Washington, D.C.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">August 10, 1846; 178 years ago (1846-08-10)</td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly, Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland, Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Bunch" title="Lonnie Bunch">Lonnie Bunch</a>, Secretary of the Smithsonian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">6,375 (as of March 28, 2020)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/">www.si.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131626#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500"></a><figcaption>Flag of the Smithsonian Institution</figcaption></figure> The Smithsonian Institution has historical holdings of over 157 million items,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 21 museums, 21 libraries, 14 education and research centers, a zoo, and historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-about_SI-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> Additional facilities are located in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. More than 200 institutions and museums in 47 <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> are <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Affiliations" title="Smithsonian Affiliations">Smithsonian Affiliates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Institution publications include <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Air & Space">Air & Space</a> magazines. Almost all of the institution's 30 million annual visitors<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> are admitted without charge,<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> the exception being <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a> in New York City, which charges an admissions fee.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The Smithsonian's annual budget is around $1.25 billion, with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Other funding comes from the institution's <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a>, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue.<a href="#cite_note-about_SI-7">[7]</a> As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit">[update]</a> the institution's endowment had a total value of about $5.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Founding">1 Founding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Development">2 Development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Museums_and_buildings">2.1 Museums and buildings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Capital_campaigns">2.2 Capital campaigns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Museums">3 Museums</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Collections">3.1 Collections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Open_access">3.2 Open access</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Research_Centers">4 Research Centers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cultural_Centers">5 Cultural Centers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Smithsonian_Latino_Center">5.1 Smithsonian Latino Center</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#History">5.1.1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Young_Ambassadors_Program">5.1.2 Young Ambassadors Program</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Publications">6 Publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Awards">7 Awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Administration">8 Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Secretaries_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution">8.1 Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Controversies">9 Controversies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Enola_Gay_display">9.1 Enola Gay display</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Censorship_of_Seasons_of_Life_and_Land">9.2 Censorship of Seasons of Life and Land</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Copyright_restrictions">9.3 Copyright restrictions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington,_D.C.,_April_1865_34773v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg/200px-Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="624"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg/200px-Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg/300px-Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg/400px-Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_April_1865_34773v.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Castle in April 1865</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg/200px-Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3073"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg/200px-Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg/300px-Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg/400px-Smithsonian_Building_NR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">The Castle</a>" (built, 1847) on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>: the institution's earliest building remains its headquarters.</figcaption></figure> In many ways, the origin of the Smithsonian Institution can be traced to a group of Washington citizens who, being "impressed with the importance of forming an association for promoting useful knowledge," met on June 28, 1816, to establish the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a>. Officers were elected in October 1816, and the organization was granted a charter by Congress on April 20, 1818 (this charter expired in 1838). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Latrobe">Benjamin Latrobe</a>, who was architect for the US Capitol after the War of 1812, and <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a>, the architect who designed <a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">the Octagon House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a>, would serve as officers. Other prominent members, who numbered from 30 to 70 during the institute's existence, included <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch" title="William Cranch">William Cranch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Hoban" title="James Hoban">James Hoban</a>. Honorary members included <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>. Operating expenses were covered from the $5 yearly dues collected from each member. The institute proposed a number of undertakings. These included the study of plant life and the creation of a botanical garden on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">Capitol Mall</a>, an examination of the country's mineral production, improvement in the management and care of livestock, and the writing of a topographical and statistical history of the United States. Reports were to be published periodically to share this knowledge with the greater public, but due to a lack of funds, this initially did not occur. The institute first met in Blodget's Hotel, later in the Treasury Department and City Hall, before being assigned a permanent home in 1824 in the Capitol building. Beginning in 1825, weekly sittings were arranged during sessions of Congress for the reading of scientific and literary productions, but this was continued for only a short time, as the number attending declined rapidly. Eighty-five communications by 26 people were made to Congress during the entire life of the society, with more than a half relating to astronomy or mathematics. Among all the activities planned by the institute, only a few were actually implemented. Two were the establishment of a botanical garden, and a museum that was designed to have a national and permanent status. The former occupied space where the present <a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a> sits. The museum contained specimens of zoology, botany, archeology, fossils, etc., some of which were passed on to the Smithsonian Institution after its formation. The institute's charter expired in 1838, but its spirit lived on in the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Science" title="National Institute for the Promotion of Science">National Institution</a>, founded in 1840. With the mission to "promote science and the useful arts, and to establish a national museum of natural history," this organization continued to press Congress to establish a museum that would be structured in terms that were very similar to those finally incorporated into the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Its work helped to develop an underlying philosophy that pushed for the pursuit and development of scientific knowledge that would benefit the nation, and edify its citizens at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The British scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Smithson" title="James Smithson">James Smithson</a> (1765–1829) left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835,<a href="#cite_note-nephewdead-19">[18]</a> the estate passed "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men", in accordance with Smithson's will.<a href="#cite_note-will-20">[19]</a> Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836.<a href="#cite_note-foundingfactsheet-21">[20]</a> The American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> was dispatched to England by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> to collect the bequest. Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 <a href="/wiki/Gold_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold sovereign">gold sovereigns</a>. This is approximately $500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $14,000,000 in 2023 or equivalent to £12,000,000 in 2023. However, when considering the GDP at the time it may be more comparable to $220 million in the year 2007.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardens-23">[22]</a> Once the money was in hand, eight years of congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-foundingfactsheet-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardens-23">[22]</a> The money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas, which soon defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts representative (and former president) <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> persuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and, despite designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an institution of science and learning.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Finally, on August 10, 1846, President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> signed the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United States, to be administered by a Board of Regents and a secretary of the Smithsonian.<a href="#cite_note-foundingfactsheet-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Though the Smithsonian's first secretary, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, wanted the institution to be a center for scientific research,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington_Press-29">[28]</a> The voyage amassed thousands of animal specimens, an <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> of 50,000 plant specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington_Press-29">[28]</a> These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> as did those collected by several military and civilian surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">American West</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Survey">Mexican Boundary Survey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railroad_Surveys" title="Pacific Railroad Surveys">Pacific Railroad Surveys</a>, which assembled many <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> artifacts and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> specimens.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation; in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The institution became a magnet for young <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a> from 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called the <a href="/wiki/Megatherium_Club" title="Megatherium Club">Megatherium Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merrill1999-33">[32]</a> The Smithsonian played a critical role as the US partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of Cuba">Academy of Sciences of Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_buildings">Museums and buildings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Museums and buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smithsonian.jpg/330px-Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="606"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smithsonian.jpg/330px-Smithsonian.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smithsonian.jpg/495px-Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smithsonian.jpg/660px-Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Smithsonian Institution area around the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>.</figcaption></figure> Construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution Building</a> ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by architect <a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_Jr." title="James Renwick Jr.">James Renwick Jr.</a>, its interiors were completed by general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Smithsonian's first expansion came with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries Building</a> in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Centennial_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Centennial Exposition">Philadelphia Centennial Exposition</a> generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Cluss" title="Adolf Cluss">Adolf Cluss</a> and Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed by <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Montgomery C. Meigs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. It opened in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg/200px-A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg/200px-A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg/300px-A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg/400px-A_field_trip_to_the_Smithsonian_Institution_LCCN2001702329.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoological Park</a> opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals.<a href="#cite_note-siarchives.si.edu-37">[36]</a> The park was designed by landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-siarchives.si.edu-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> This structure was designed by the D.C. architectural firm of <a href="/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Marshall" title="Hornblower & Marshall">Hornblower & Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lang_Freer" title="Charles Lang Freer">Charles Lang Freer</a> donated his private collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named the <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Freer Gallery">Freer Gallery</a>), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The gallery opened in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> More than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned firm of <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Community_Museum" title="Anacostia Community Museum">Anacostia Community Museum</a>, an "experimental store-front" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian Secretary <a href="/wiki/S._Dillon_Ripley" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Dillon Ripley">S. Dillon Ripley</a>, opened in the <a href="/wiki/Anacostia" title="Anacostia">Anacostia</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Bass-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIAHistory-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oehser-45">[44]</a> That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> opened in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Patent_Office_Building" title="Old Patent Office Building">Old Patent Office Building</a> (built in 1867) on October 7, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The reuse of an older building continued with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Renwick_Gallery" title="Renwick Gallery">Renwick Gallery</a> in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropist <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Corcoran" title="William Wilson Corcoran">William Wilson Corcoran</a> to house the <a href="/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art" title="Corcoran Gallery of Art">Corcoran Gallery of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP_2013-49">[48]</a> The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>, which opened in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Eleven years later, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a> opened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.<a href="#cite_note-SIAA-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-opening-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIA1-54">[53]</a> Reuse of another old building came in 1993 with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">National Postal Museum</a> in the 1904 former <a href="/wiki/Postal_Square_Building" title="Postal Square Building">City Post Office</a> building, a few city blocks from the Mall.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a> in a new building near the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Twelve years later almost to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>, in a new building near the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the mall: the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Latino" title="National Museum of the American Latino">National Museum of the American Latino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Women's History Museum">Smithsonian American Women's History Museum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_campaigns">Capital campaigns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capital campaigns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its first-ever capital fundraising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The $1.5 billion effort raised $1 billion at the three-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to raise the remaining $500 million. More than 60,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign by the time it went public.<a href="#cite_note-McGlone-59">[58]</a> This included 192 gifts of at least $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-McGlone-59">[58]</a> Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $372 million.<a href="#cite_note-McGlone-59">[58]</a> The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> building, and renovations of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Renwick_Gallery" title="Renwick Gallery">Renwick Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGlone-59">[58]</a> A smaller amount of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections.<a href="#cite_note-McGlone-59">[58]</a> As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to have raised $1.79 billion, with three months left in the formal campaign calendar.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Separately from the major capital campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising through <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> An example is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_slippers" title="Ruby slippers">ruby slippers</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> for her role as <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a> in the 1939 film <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Smithsonian_museums" title="List of Smithsonian museums">List of Smithsonian museums</a></div> Nineteen museums and galleries, as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoological Park</a>, comprise the Smithsonian museums.<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a> Eleven are on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>, the park that runs between the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>. Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York City and one in <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly, Virginia</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg/200px-Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg/200px-Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg/300px-Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Air_and_Space_Planes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aircraft on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> (top and second from top)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Institution<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Type of collection </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%">Location<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Opened </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Anacostia Museum">Anacostia Community Museum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African American culture">African American culture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/Anacostia" title="Anacostia">Anacostia</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Anacosta-65">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a> (affiliated with the Freer Gallery) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian art</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Freer-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries Building</a> </th> <td>Special event venue </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1881 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Arts-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a> </th> <td>Design history </td> <td>New York City <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue#Museum_Mile" title="Fifth Avenue">Museum Mile</a> </td> <td>1897 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-68">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a> (affiliated with the Sackler Gallery) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian art</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Freer-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hirshorn-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> history </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1946, 1976<a href="#cite_note-Moved-70">[note 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NASM-71">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">National Air and Space Museum's <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> </th> <td>Aviation and spaceflight history </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Udvar-72">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> and <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">culture</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>2003, 2016<a href="#cite_note-Moved-70">[note 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-74">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1964, 1987<a href="#cite_note-Moved-70">[note 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-75">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-American_History-76">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">art</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Indian-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">National Museum of the American Indian's <a href="/wiki/George_Gustav_Heye_Center" title="George Gustav Heye Center">George Gustav Heye Center</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">art</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(New_York_City)" title="Bowling Green (New York City)">Bowling Green</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Indian-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1858, 1911<a href="#cite_note-Moved-70">[note 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural-80">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">Portraiture</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quarter,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Quarter, Washington, D.C.">Penn Quarter</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">National Postal Museum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>; <a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">postal history</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philately</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/NoMa" title="NoMa">NoMa</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Postal-83">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Renwick_Gallery" title="Renwick Gallery">Renwick Gallery</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/American_craft" title="American craft">American craft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square_Historic_District,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SAAM-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">American art</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. Penn Quarter </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SAAM-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution Building</a> (The Castle) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Visitor center</a> and offices </td> <td>Washington, D.C. National Mall </td> <td>1855 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoological Park</a> (National Zoo) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Zoo-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Women's History Museum">Smithsonian American Women's History Museum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">women's history</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWHI-87">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Latino" title="National Museum of the American Latino">National Museum of the American Latino</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> </td> <td>Washington, D.C. </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWHI-87">[85]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Smithsonian has close ties with 168 other museums in 39 states, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a> These museums are known as Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES).<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Smithsonian collections include 156 million artworks, artifacts, and specimens. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> houses 145 million of these specimens and artifacts, which are mostly animals preserved in formaldehyde. The Collections Search Center has 9.9 million digital records available online. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries hold 2 million library volumes. Smithsonian Archives hold 156,830 cubic feet (4,441 m3) of archival material.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The Smithsonian Institution has many categories of displays that can be visited at the museums. In 1912, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a> donated her inauguration gown to the museum to begin the <a href="/wiki/Ball_gown#First_Ladies_Collection" title="Ball gown">First Ladies' Gown</a> display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> one of the Smithsonian's most popular exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The museum displays treasures such as the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)" title="Star-Spangled Banner (flag)">Star-Spangled Banner</a>, the stove pipe hat that was worn by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard Of Oz</a>, and the original Teddy Bear that was named after President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In 2016, the Smithsonian's Air & Space museum curators restored the large model Enterprise from the original <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> TV series.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Following international debates about the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation of museums">decolonisation of museums</a> and the legal and moral justifications of their acquisitions, the Smithsonian adopted a new "ethical returns policy" on April 29, 2022. This will permit the <a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning" title="Deaccessioning">deaccession</a> and restitution of items collected under circumstances considered unethical by contemporary standards and thus places moral over legal arguments. A month before, the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a> had announced the planned return of most of its 39 <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> as well as of other cultural items to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> On October 11, 2022, Benin Bronzes from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, were formally returned to Nigerian cultural officials in a ceremony held in Washington D.C. The Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture, <a href="/wiki/Lai_Mohammed" title="Lai Mohammed">Lai Mohammed</a>, and Prince Aghatise Erediauwa, representing the <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin</a> Kingdom, spoke at the ceremony. Mohammed said the "decision to return the timeless artworks is worth emulating."<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_access">Open access</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open access" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In February 2020, the Smithsonian made 2.8 million digital items available to the public under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Zero">Creative Commons Zero</a> Public Domain Dedication, with a commitment to release further items in the future.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Research_Centers">Research Centers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research Centers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The Smithsonian has eight research centers, located in Washington, D.C.; <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal, Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Maryland" title="Edgewater, Maryland">Edgewater, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce,_Florida" title="Fort Pierce, Florida">Fort Pierce, Florida</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMS-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-SERC-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCI-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCBI-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAO-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-STRI-104">[102]</a> Formerly two separate entities, the Smithsonian Libraries and Smithsonian Archives merged into one research center in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-SLA-105">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Research center<a href="#cite_note-Fact-63">[62]</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Area of focus </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%">Location<a href="#cite_note-STRI-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-SERC-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMS-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCBI-102">[100]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Opened </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a> </th> <td>History of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> in the United States </td> <td>Washington, D.C. New York City </td> <td>1954 1970<a href="#cite_note-Affiliated-106">[note 3]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SAO-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Museum_Conservation_Institute" title="Museum Conservation Institute">Museum Conservation Institute</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland, Maryland</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-MCI-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Conservation_Biology_Institute" title="Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute</a> (affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoo</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">reproductive physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal, Virginia</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SCBI-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Environmental_Research_Center" title="Smithsonian Environmental Research Center">Smithsonian Environmental Research Center</a> </th> <td>Coastal <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Maryland" title="Edgewater, Maryland">Edgewater, Maryland</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SERC-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Libraries_and_Archives" title="Smithsonian Libraries and Archives">Smithsonian Libraries and Archives</a> </th> <td>Science, art, history and culture, and <a href="/wiki/Museology" title="Museology">museology</a> information and reference </td> <td>Washington, D.C. </td> <td>1968<a href="#cite_note-Libraries-108">[note 4]</a> 2020<a href="#cite_note-SLA-109">[note 5]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SLA-105">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce (affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>) </th> <td>Floridian marine ecosystems and lifeforms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce,_Florida" title="Fort Pierce, Florida">Fort Pierce, Florida</a> </td> <td>1981 1999<a href="#cite_note-MovedSMS-110">[note 6]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Oceans-111">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Tropical_Research_Institute" title="Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_ecology" title="Tropical ecology">Tropical ecology</a> and its interactions with human <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td>1923<a href="#cite_note-BCI-112">[note 7]</a> 1946<a href="#cite_note-BCIAffiliated-113">[note 8]</a> 1966<a href="#cite_note-Founded-114">[note 9]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-STRI-104">[102]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Cultural_Centers">Cultural Centers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural Centers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The Smithsonian Institution includes three cultural centers among its units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Folklife_and_Cultural_Heritage" title="Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage">Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Asian_Pacific_American_Center" title="Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center">Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Latino_Center" title="Smithsonian Latino Center">Smithsonian Latino Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smithsonian_Latino_Center">Smithsonian Latino Center</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Smithsonian Latino Center" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1997, the Smithsonian Latino Center was created as a way to recognize Latinos across the Smithsonian Institution. The primary purpose of the center is to place Latino contributions to the arts, history, science, and national culture across the Smithsonian's museums and research centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[106]</a> The center is a division of the Smithsonian Institution.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[107]</a> As of May 2016, the center is run by an executive director, Eduardo Díaz.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the time of its creation, the Smithsonian Institution had other entities dedicated to other minority groups: National Museum of the American Indian, Freer-Sackler Gallery for Asian Arts and Culture, African Art Museum, and the National Museum of African-American Heritage and Culture.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[109]</a> The opening of the center was prompted, in part, by the publishing of a report called "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian and U.S. Latinos".<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[109]</a> According to documents obtained by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, when former Latino Center executive director <a href="/wiki/Pilar_O%27Leary" title="Pilar O'Leary">Pilar O'Leary</a> first took the job, the center faced employees who had "serious performance issues". No performance plans existed for the staff and unfulfilled financial obligations to sponsors existed. The website's quality was poor, and the center did not have a public affairs manager, a programs director, adequate human resources support, or cohesive mission statement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[109]</a> After difficult times in the first few years, the center improved. According to the Smithsonian, the center "support[s] scholarly research, exhibitions, public and educational programs, web-based content and virtual platforms, and collections and archives. [It] also manage[s] leadership and professional development programs for Latino youth, emerging scholars and museum professionals."<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[106]</a> Today, the website features a high-tech virtual museum including self-guided virtual tours of past and present exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young_Ambassadors_Program">Young Ambassadors Program</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Young Ambassadors Program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Smithsonian Latino Center's Young Ambassadors Program (YAP) is a program within the Latino Center that reaches out to Latino high school students with the goal of encouraging them to become leaders in arts, sciences, and the humanities.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a> Students selected for the program travel to Washington, D.C. for an "enrichment seminar" that lasts approximately five days. Afterwards, students return to their communities to serve in a paid, one-month internship.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[107]</a> Pilar O'Leary launched the program when she served as executive director of the Smithsonian Latino Center.<a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> According to the Latino Center, O'Leary told the press in 2007: "Our goal is to help our Young Ambassadors become the next generation of leaders in the arts and culture fields. This program encourages students to be proud of their roots and learn more about their cultural heritage to inspire them to educate the public in their own communities about how Latinos are enriching America's cultural fabric."<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[107]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The institution publishes <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> magazine monthly and <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Air & Space">Air & Space</a> magazine bimonthly. Smithsonian was the result of Secretary of the Smithsonian <a href="/wiki/S._Dillon_Ripley" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Dillon Ripley">S. Dillon Ripley</a> asking the retired editor of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Edward_K._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward K. Thompson">Edward K. Thompson</a> to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian Institution is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested".<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> Another Secretary of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, founded Air & Space.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> The organization publishes under the imprints Smithsonian Institution Press, Smithsonian Books, and Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.<a href="#cite_note-open-lib-sip-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-books-126">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-scholarly-press-127">[118]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The Smithsonian makes a number of awards to acknowledge and support meritorious work. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/James_Smithson_Medal" title="James Smithson Medal">James Smithson Medal</a>, the Smithsonian Institution's highest award, was established in 1965 and is given in recognition of exceptional contributions to art, science, history, education, and technology.</li> <li>The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, established in 1965, is given to persons who have made distinguished contributions to the advancement of areas of interest to the Smithsonian.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hodgkins_Medal" title="Hodgkins Medal">Hodgkins Medal</a>, established in 1893, is awarded for important contributions to the understanding of the physical environment.</li> <li>The Henry Medal, established in 1878, is presented to individuals in recognition of their distinguished service, achievements or contributions to the prestige and growth of the Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal" title="Langley Gold Medal">Langley Gold Medal</a> is awarded for meritorious investigations in connection with the science of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerodromics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerodromics (page does not exist)">aerodromics</a> and its application to aviation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg/200px-Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg/200px-Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg/300px-Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg/400px-Smithsonian_Castle_Doorway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Smithsonian Castle doorway</figcaption></figure> The Smithsonian Institution was established as a <a href="/wiki/Trust_(property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (property)">trust</a> instrumentality by act of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Stam-129">[120]</a> More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services</a> oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Parks" title="National Capital Parks">National Capital Parks</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a>. The president's 2011 budget proposed just under $800 million in support for the Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of charge, though in 2010 the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Fiscal_Responsibility_and_Reform" title="National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform">Deficit Commission</a> recommended admission fees.<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> As approved by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Stam-129">[120]</a> This seventeen-member board meets at least four times a year and includes as <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> members the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>. The nominal head of the institution is the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a>, an office which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the board created the position of chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held by <a href="/wiki/Risa_Lavizzo-Mourey" title="Risa Lavizzo-Mourey">Risa Lavizzo-Mourey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> Other members of the Board of Regents are three members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a>; three members of the Senate, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_United_States#Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the United States">president pro tempore of the Senate</a>; and nine citizen members, nominated by the board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of two six-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Board of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents but is not a voting member of that body. The secretary of the Smithsonian has the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate,_Rule_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXIII">privilege of the floor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. On September 18, 2013, Secretary G. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in October 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said it asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to lead a search committee.<a href="#cite_note-Cloughret-134">[125]</a> On March 10, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selected <a href="/wiki/David_Skorton" class="mw-redirect" title="David Skorton">David Skorton</a>, a physician and president of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, as the thirteenth secretary of the Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-BoyleParkerSkorton-135">[126]</a> Upon Skorton's announced resignation in 2019, the Board selected <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Bunch" title="Lonnie Bunch">Lonnie Bunch III</a>, the founding director of the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>, as the fourteenth secretary.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretaries_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution">Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, 1846–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Spencer Fullerton Baird</a>, 1878–1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a>, 1887–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a>, 1907–1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Greeley_Abbot" title="Charles Greeley Abbot">Charles Greeley Abbot</a>, 1928–1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Alexander Wetmore</a>, 1944–1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a>, 1953–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Dillon_Ripley" title="Sidney Dillon Ripley">Sidney Dillon Ripley</a>, 1964–1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McCormick_Adams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McCormick Adams, Jr.">Robert McCormick Adams, Jr.</a>, 1984–1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Michael_Heyman" title="Ira Michael Heyman">Ira Michael Heyman</a>, 1994–1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Small" title="Lawrence M. Small">Lawrence M. Small</a>, 2000–2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Wayne_Clough" title="G. Wayne Clough">G. Wayne Clough</a>, 2008–2015<a href="#cite_note-BoyleParkerSkorton-135">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Skorton" title="David J. Skorton">David J. Skorton</a>, 2015–2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Bunch" title="Lonnie Bunch">Lonnie Bunch</a>, 2019–present</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enola_Gay_display">Enola Gay display</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Enola Gay display" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay#Exhibition_controversy" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay exhibition controversy</a></div> In 1995, controversy arose over the exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> with the display of the <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfortress">Superfortress</a> used by the United States to drop the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Association">Air Force Association</a> believed the exhibit put forward only one side of the <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, and that it emphasized the effect on victims without discussing its use within the overall context of the war.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> The Smithsonian changed the exhibit, displaying the aircraft only with associated technical data and without discussion of its historic role in the war.<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_of_Seasons_of_Life_and_Land">Censorship of Seasons of Life and Land</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Censorship of Seasons of Life and Land" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> exhibit, <a href="/wiki/Subhankar_Banerjee_(photographer)" title="Subhankar Banerjee (photographer)">Subhankar Banerjee</a>'s Seasons of Life and Land, featuring photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a>, was censored and moved to the basement by Smithsonian officials. They were concerned that its subject matter was too politically controversial.<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> In November 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported internal criticism has been raised regarding the institution's handling of the exhibit on the Arctic. According to documents and e-mails, the exhibit and its associated presentation were edited at high levels to add "scientific uncertainty" regarding the nature and impact of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian <a href="/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Samper" title="Cristián Samper">Cristián Samper</a> was interviewed by the Post, and claimed the exhibit was edited because it contained conclusions that went beyond what could be proven by contemporary <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> The Smithsonian is now a participant in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_restrictions">Copyright restrictions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Copyright restrictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Smithsonian Institution provides access to its image collections for educational, scholarly, and nonprofit uses. Commercial uses are generally restricted unless permission is obtained. Smithsonian images fall into different copyright categories; some are protected by copyright, many are subject to license agreements or other contractual conditions, and some fall into the public domain, such as those prepared by Smithsonian employees as part of their official duties. The Smithsonian's terms of use for its digital content, including images, are set forth on the Smithsonian Web site.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> In April 2006, the institution entered into an agreement of "first refusal" rights for its vast <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> film archives with <a href="/wiki/Showtime_Networks" title="Showtime Networks">Showtime Networks</a>, mainly for use on the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>, a network created from this deal. Critics contend this agreement effectively gives Showtime control over the film archives, as it requires filmmakers to obtain permission from the network to use extensive amounts of film footage from the Smithsonian archives.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3773_Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="3773 Smithsonian">3773 Smithsonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_in_the_Smithsonian_Institution" title="List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution">List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Ocean_Portal" title="Smithsonian Ocean Portal">Smithsonian Ocean Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Theaters" title="Smithsonian Theaters">Smithsonian Theaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gerard_Krefft#%22The_New_Museum_Idea%22" title="Gerard Krefft">The New Museum Idea</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees,_Local_2463,_Smithsonian_Institution" title="American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2463, Smithsonian Institution">American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2463, Smithsonian Institution</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> States without Smithsonian Affiliates: <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moved-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moved_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moved_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moved_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moved_70-3">d</a> Year museum moved to current building </li> <li id="cite_note-Affiliated-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Affiliated_106-0">^</a> Year center became affiliated with the Smithsonian </li> <li id="cite_note-Libraries-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Libraries_108-0">^</a> Year the Smithsonian Institution Libraries came into existence </li> <li id="cite_note-SLA-109"><a href="#cite_ref-SLA_109-0">^</a> Year the Smithsonian Libraries and Smithsonian Archives merged </li> <li id="cite_note-MovedSMS-110"><a href="#cite_ref-MovedSMS_110-0">^</a> Year the research center moved to its current location </li> <li id="cite_note-BCI-112"><a href="#cite_ref-BCI_112-0">^</a> Year Barro Colorado Island was declared a biological reserve </li> <li id="cite_note-BCIAffiliated-113"><a href="#cite_ref-BCIAffiliated_113-0">^</a> Year Barro Colorado Island became affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution </li> <li id="cite_note-Founded-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Founded_114-0">^</a> Year the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute was founded </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/dashboard/people-operations">"People & Operations"</a>. The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+%26+Operations&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fdashboard%2Fpeople-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Robert (March 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702031312/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2012-03-25-fl-rwcol-oped0325-20120325-story.html">"Smithsonian wasn't always beloved"</a>. Sun Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2012-03-25-fl-rwcol-oped0325-20120325-story.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sun+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+wasn%27t+always+beloved&rft.date=2012-03-25&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Ffl-xpm-2012-03-25-fl-rwcol-oped0325-20120325-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1847" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, William (1847). The Smithsonian Institution, "for the Increase and Diffusion of Knowledge Among Men": An Address on the Duties of Government, in Reference Chiefly to Public Instruction: with the Outlines of a Plan for the Application of the Smithsonian Fund to that Object. B. R. Barlow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+%22for+the+Increase+and+Diffusion+of+Knowledge+Among+Men%22%3A+An+Address+on+the+Duties+of+Government%2C+in+Reference+Chiefly+to+Public+Instruction%3A+with+the+Outlines+of+a+Plan+for+the+Application+of+the+Smithsonian+Fund+to+that+Object&rft.pub=B.+R.+Barlow&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollector.com/how-many-museums-are-in-the-smithsonian-institution/">"How Many Museums Are in the Smithsonian Institution?"</a>. TheCollector. December 26, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCollector&rft.atitle=How+Many+Museums+Are+in+the+Smithsonian+Institution%3F&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollector.com%2Fhow-many-museums-are-in-the-smithsonian-institution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKmiec1988" class="citation web cs1">Kmiec, Douglas W. (June 30, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/olc/opinion/status-smithsonian-institution-under-federal-property-and-administrative-services-act#">"The Status of the Smithsonian Institution Under the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved July 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Status+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution+Under+the+Federal+Property+and+Administrative+Services+Act&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1988-06-30&rft.aulast=Kmiec&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Folc%2Fopinion%2Fstatus-smithsonian-institution-under-federal-property-and-administrative-services-act%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/ogc/legalhistory">"Legal History"</a>. Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Legal+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fogc%2Flegalhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-about_SI-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_SI_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_SI_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_SI_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/about/">"About Us"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307190216/http://si.edu/About">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-american-history">"Smithsonian History > National Museum of American History"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623183812/http://www.siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-american-history">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+History+%3E+National+Museum+of+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fhistory%2Fnational-museum-american-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/dashboard/national-collections">"National Collections"</a>. Smithsonian National Collections Dashboard. Retrieved September 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+National+Collections+Dashboard&rft.atitle=National+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fdashboard%2Fnational-collections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaf2007" class="citation book cs1">Leaf, Jesse (March 13, 2007). The Everything Family Guide to Washington D.C.: All the Best Hotels, Restaurants, Sites, and Attractions. Everything Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2411-0"><bdi>978-1-4405-2411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Family+Guide+to+Washington+D.C.%3A+All+the+Best+Hotels%2C+Restaurants%2C+Sites%2C+and+Attractions&rft.pub=Everything+Books&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-2411-0&rft.aulast=Leaf&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurin2013" class="citation book cs1">Kurin, Richard (October 29, 2013). The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects Deluxe. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15520-6"><bdi>978-0-698-15520-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian%27s+History+of+America+in+101+Objects+Deluxe&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-698-15520-6&rft.aulast=Kurin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://affiliations.si.edu/affiliate-directory/">"Smithsonian Affiliate Directory"</a>. Smithsonian Affiliations. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Affiliations&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Affiliate+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faffiliations.si.edu%2Faffiliate-directory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsdesk.si.edu/about/stats">"Visitor Statistics"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. May 31, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208195916/http://newsdesk.si.edu/about/stats">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Visitor+Statistics&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsdesk.si.edu%2Fabout%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cooperhewitt.org/visit/plan-your-visit/">"Plan Your Visit | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"</a>. cooperhewitt.org. December 6, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cooperhewitt.org&rft.atitle=Plan+Your+Visit+%7C+Cooper+Hewitt%2C+Smithsonian+Design+Museum&rft.date=2014-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperhewitt.org%2Fvisit%2Fplan-your-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217030101/http://dashboard.si.edu/budget-federal-appropriations">"Budget/Federal Appropriations"</a>. Smithsonian Dashboard. Smithsonian Institution. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dashboard.si.edu/budget-federal-appropriations">the original</a> on February 17, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Dashboard&rft.atitle=Budget%2FFederal+Appropriations&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdashboard.si.edu%2Fbudget-federal-appropriations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swfinstitute.org/profile/598cdaa60124e9fd2d05beb0">"Smithsonian Institute"</a>. swfinstitute.org. <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Wealth_Fund_Institute" title="Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute">Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute</a>. Retrieved July 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swfinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swfinstitute.org%2Fprofile%2F598cdaa60124e9fd2d05beb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725102045/https://library.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/scrc/Columbian_Institute.pdf">"A Guide to the Columbian Institute in the Special Collections Research Center"</a> (PDF). Special Collections Research Center Gelman Library, George Washington University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/scrc/Columbian_Institute.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Columbian+Institute+in+the+Special+Collections+Research+Center&rft.pub=Special+Collections+Research+Center+Gelman+Library%2C+George+Washington+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fscrc%2FColumbian_Institute.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nephewdead-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nephewdead_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode1897" class="citation book cs1">Goode, George Brown (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212194644/http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=133GO29212E47.369&profile=sicall&source=~!sichronology&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!464~!16&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=smithson+james&index=.SW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1&limitbox_1=LO01+=+sch&ultype=.YW&uloper=%3C&ullimit=1966">The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century</a>. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=133GO29212E47.369&profile=sicall&source=~!sichronology&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!464~!16&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=smithson+james&index=.SW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1&limitbox_1=LO01+=+sch&ultype=.YW&uloper=%3C&ullimit=1966">the original</a> on December 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+1846%E2%80%931896%2C+The+History+of+Its+First+Half+Century.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=De+Vinne+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=George+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-sihistory.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3Fsession%3D133GO29212E47.369%26profile%3Dsicall%26source%3D~%21sichronology%26view%3Dsubscriptionsummary%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%21464~%2116%26ri%3D1%26aspect%3Dpower%26menu%3Dsearch%26ipp%3D20%26spp%3D20%26staffonly%3D%26term%3Dsmithson%2Bjames%26index%3D.SW%26uindex%3D%26aspect%3Dpower%26menu%3Dsearch%26ri%3D1%26limitbox_1%3DLO01%2B%3D%2Bsch%26ultype%3D.YW%26uloper%3D%253C%26ullimit%3D1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-will-20"><a href="#cite_ref-will_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithson1826" class="citation web cs1">Smithson, James (October 23, 1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824051624/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/smithsonwill.htm">"Last Will and Testament"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Scrapbook: Letters, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/smithsonwill.htm">the original</a> on August 24, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Last+Will+and+Testament&rft.date=1826-10-23&rft.aulast=Smithson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fdocuments%2Fsmithsonwill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foundingfactsheet-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundingfactsheet_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundingfactsheet_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundingfactsheet_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901160155/http://newsdesk.si.edu/factsheets/founding-smithsonian-institution">"Founding of the Smithsonian Institution"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. July 1, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsdesk.si.edu/factsheets/founding-smithsonian-institution">the original</a> on September 1, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Founding+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsdesk.si.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Ffounding-smithsonian-institution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Heather. The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. pp. 323–24, 330, 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+James+Smithson%3A+Science%2C+Revolution%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Smithsonian&rft.pages=323-24%2C+330%2C+409&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> Ewing notes that it would be the equivalent of over $10 million today, using one index, but using a per-capita share of GDP, it would be the equivalent of over $220 million. It was close to the total of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s endowment at that point, which had accumulated for nearly 200 years by the 1830s and was not the result of a single gift, as Smithson's was. </li> <li id="cite_note-gardens-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardens_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardens_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttesen2011" class="citation book cs1">Ottesen, Carole (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetosmithsoni0000otte/page/13">A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens</a>. Smithsonian Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetosmithsoni0000otte/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-300-0"><bdi>978-1-58834-300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Smithsonian+Gardens&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-300-0&rft.aulast=Ottesen&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetosmithsoni0000otte%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smithsonian Information Brochure. Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center: Smithsonian Institution. May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Information+Brochure&rft.place=Smithsonian+Visitor+Information+and+Associates%27+Reception+Center&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2009-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1999" class="citation book cs1">Nagel, Paul (1999). John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life. Harvard University Press. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams%3A+A+Public+Life%2C+a+Private+Life&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> 9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-102">102</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrosz2002" class="citation book cs1">Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002). Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1204-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-1204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curators+and+Culture%3A+The+Museum+Movement+in+America%2C+1740-1870&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1204-6&rft.aulast=Orosz&rft.aufirst=Joel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrosz2002" class="citation book cs1">Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002). Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1204-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-1204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curators+and+Culture%3A+The+Museum+Movement+in+America%2C+1740-1870&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1204-6&rft.aulast=Orosz&rft.aufirst=Joel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Washington_Press-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Washington_Press_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Washington_Press_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonRehbock2002" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Keith Rodney; Rehbock, Philip F. (2002). Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98239-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98239-7"><bdi>978-0-295-98239-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceanographic+History%3A+The+Pacific+and+Beyond&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98239-7&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Keith+Rodney&rft.au=Rehbock%2C+Philip+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 532 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Antony (May 1, 2011). "From the Pacific to the Patent Office: The US Exploring Expedition and the origins of America's first national museum". Journal of the History of Collections. 23 (1): 49–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhq002">10.1093/jhc/fhq002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6650">0954-6650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Collections&rft.atitle=From+the+Pacific+to+the+Patent+Office%3A+The+US+Exploring+Expedition+and+the+origins+of+America%27s+first+national+museum&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-74&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhq002&rft.issn=0954-6650&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairdEmory1857" class="citation book cs1">Baird, S.F.; Emory, W.H. (1857). Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey. Рипол Классик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88160-802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-88160-802-6"><bdi>978-5-88160-802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+United+States+and+Mexican+boundary+survey&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=1857&rft.isbn=978-5-88160-802-6&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft.au=Emory%2C+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Smithsonian_Institution">"Smithsonian Institution" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrill1999-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Merrill1999_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1999" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Marlene Deahl (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5im5iAPqy3UC&pg=PA220">Yellowstone and the Great West: Journals, Letters, and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803231482" title="Special:BookSources/0803231482"><bdi>0803231482</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061906/https://books.google.com/books?id=5im5iAPqy3UC&pg=PA220">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellowstone+and+the+Great+West%3A+Journals%2C+Letters%2C+and+Images+from+the+1871+Hayden+Expedition&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0803231482&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Marlene+Deahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5im5iAPqy3UC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastrana2015" class="citation web cs1">Pastrana, Sergio Jorge (March 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/building-lasting-cuba-us-bridge-through-science">"Building a Lasting Cuba-U.S. Bridge through Science"</a>. Science & Diplomacy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103006/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/building-lasting-cuba-us-bridge-through-science">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Building+a+Lasting+Cuba-U.S.+Bridge+through+Science&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Pastrana&rft.aufirst=Sergio+Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencediplomacy.org%2Fperspective%2F2015%2Fbuilding-lasting-cuba-us-bridge-through-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1971" class="citation web cs1">Morton, W. Brown III (February 8, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000867_text">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Smithsonian Institution Building"</a>. National Park Service. Retrieved May 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+Nomination%3A+Smithsonian+Institution+Building&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1971-02-08&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=W.+Brown+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F66000867_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1971" class="citation web cs1">Norton, W. Brown III (April 6, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/71000994_text">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution"</a>. National Park Service. 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Sackler Gallery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-297-9"><bdi>978-1-85759-297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collector%27s+Journey%3A+Charles+Lang+Freer+and+Egypt&rft.pub=Freer+Gallery+of+Art%2C+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85759-297-9&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=Ann+Clyburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988">: 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortier2014" class="citation book cs1">Fortier, Alison (May 6, 2014). A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C.: Designed for Democracy. 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Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Torch&rft.atitle=Quadrangle+Complex+Opens&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsiris_sic_1765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> Record Unit 371, Box 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-SIA1-54"><a href="#cite_ref-SIA1_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/history/arthur-m.-sackler-gallery">"Arthur M. Sackler Gallery"</a>. 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Retrieved December 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Museum+With+an+American+Indian+Voice&rft.date=2004-09-21&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F09%2F21%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fmuseum-with-an-american-indian-voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2016" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Holland (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/arts/design/smithsonian-african-american-museum-review.html">"Review: The Smithsonian African American Museum Is Here at Last. And It Uplifts and Upsets"</a>. 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London: Routledge. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77785-1"><bdi>978-1-136-77785-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416054300/https://books.google.com/books?id=APtYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA702">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2017. 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The Washington Post. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429173254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502550.html?hpid=topnews">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalchange.gov/about/program-structure/agencies">the original</a> on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalchange.gov&rft.atitle=Participating+Departments+and+Agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalchange.gov%2Fabout%2Fprogram-structure%2Fagencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/copyright">"Terms of use of this website"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716063125/http://www.si.edu/copyright/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Terms+of+use+of+this+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002131433/http://smithsonianimages.si.edu/siphoto/siphoto.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=content&contentpath=copyright.html">"Smithsonian Images-Copyright"</a>. smithsonianimages.si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. January 13, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithsonianimages.si.edu/siphoto/siphoto.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=content&contentpath=copyright.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianimages.si.edu&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Images-Copyright&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmithsonianimages.si.edu%2Fsiphoto%2Fsiphoto.portal%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3Dcontent%26contentpath%3Dcopyright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2006" class="citation news cs1">Wyatt, Edward (April 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/01/arts/television/01smit.html?">"Smithsonian Agreement Angers Filmmakers"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501003705/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/01/arts/television/01smit.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Agreement+Angers+Filmmakers&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F01%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F01smit.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmithsonian+Institution" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Burleigh" title="Nina Burleigh">Nina Burleigh</a>, Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America's Greatest Museum, The Smithsonian. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 2003.</li> <li>Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. Bloomsbury, 2007.</li> <li>United States. Congress. House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo40853">Collections Stewardship at the Smithsonian: Hearing before the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session.</a> Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.</li> <li>William S. Walker, A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian and the Transformation of the Universal Museum. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Smithsonian Institution at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Smithsonian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Smithsonian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Smithsonian_Institution" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Smithsonian Institution">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" 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data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131626" class="extiw" title="d:Q131626">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131626#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/brief_history.htm">A brief history of the U.S. National Museum/National Museum of Natural History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121200124/http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/brief_history.htm">Archived</a> January 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/openaccess">Smithsonian Open Access – nearly 3 million Free images now available</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5vC2kweCNk">video</a>; 1:40)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&oldid=1259678249">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&oldid=1259678249</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 13:38 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مؤسسة سميثسونيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤسسة سميثسونيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smitsonian_%C4%B0nstitutu" title="Smitsonian İnstitutu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Smitsonian İnstitutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="سميتسونيان اينستيتوتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سميتسونيان اينستيتوتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institusi_Smithsonian" title="Institusi Smithsonian – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Institusi Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Смітсанаўскі інстытут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смітсанаўскі інстытут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Смитсонов институт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смитсонов институт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson%C5%AFv_institut" title="Smithsonův institut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smithsonův institut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefydliad_Smithsonian" title="Sefydliad Smithsonian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sefydliad Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ίδρυμα Σμιθσόνιαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίδρυμα Σμιθσόνιαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Smithsoniano" title="Instituto Smithsoniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Instituto Smithsoniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مؤسسه اسمیتسونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه اسمیتسونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Ynstit%C3%BAt" title="Smithsonian Ynstitút – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Smithsonian Ynstitút" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Smithsoniano" title="Instituto Smithsoniano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Instituto Smithsoniano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%86%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B8_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="스미스소니언 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스미스소니언 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Սմիթսոնյան ինստիտուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սմիթսոնյան ինստիտուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_ti_Smithsoniano" title="Instituto ti Smithsoniano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Instituto ti Smithsoniano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institusi_Smithsonian" title="Institusi Smithsonian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institusi Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian-stofnunin" title="Smithsonian-stofnunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smithsonian-stofnunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%27%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סמית'סוניאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמית'סוניאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სმითსონის ინსტიტუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სმითსონის ინსტიტუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutum_Smithsonianum" title="Institutum Smithsonianum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Institutum Smithsonianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smitsona_instit%C5%ABts" title="Smitsona institūts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smitsona institūts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smitsono_institutas" title="Smitsono institutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smitsono institutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Int%C3%A9zet" title="Smithsonian Intézet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Smithsonian Intézet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="സ്മിത്‌സോണിയൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്മിത്‌സോണിയൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institusi_Smithsonian" title="Institusi Smithsonian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Institusi Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Смитсоны хүрээлэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Смитсоны хүрээлэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="スミソニアン博物館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スミソニアン博物館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سمتھسونین انسٹیٹیوشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمتھسونین انسٹیٹیوشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutul_Smithsonian" title="Institutul Smithsonian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Institutul Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Смитсоновский институт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смитсоновский институт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smitsonovski_institut" title="Smitsonovski institut – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Smitsonovski institut" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian-instituutti" title="Smithsonian-instituutti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Smithsonian-instituutti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smithsonian Institution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிமித்சோனிய நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிமித்சோனிய நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="స్మిత్‌సోనియన్ సంస్థ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్మిత్‌సోనియన్ సంస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="สถาบันสมิธโซเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาบันสมิธโซเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Smithsonian Enstitüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Smithsonian Enstitüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Смітсонівський інститут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смітсонівський інститут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سمتھسونین انسٹی ٹیوشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمتھسونین انسٹی ٹیوشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_Smithsonian" title="Viện Smithsonian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="史密森尼学会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史密森尼学会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="史密森尼學會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史密森尼學會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="史密森尼学会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史密森尼学会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 13:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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