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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virginia (disambiguation)">Virginia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Old Dominion" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Old Dominion (disambiguation)">Old Dominion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia,<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. The state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital</a> is <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> and its most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>. Its most populous subdivision is <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of 8.7 million live. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Virginia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Commonwealth of Virginia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Virginia"><img alt="Navy blue flag with the circular Seal of Virginia centered on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Virginia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Virginia"><img alt='A circular seal with the words "Virginia" on the top and "Sic Semper Tyrannis" on the bottom. In the center, a woman wearing a blue toga and Athenian helmet stands on the chest of dead man wearing a purple breastplate and skirt. The woman holds a spear and sheathed sword. The man holds a broken chain while his crown lies away from the figures. Orange leaves encircle the seal.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/100px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/200px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of Virginia">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Old Dominion, Mother of Presidents</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a> (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)<a href="#cite_note-sic-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Our_Great_Virginia" title="Our Great Virginia">Our Great Virginia</a>"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="133" data-mwtitle="Our_Great_Virginia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Our_Great_Virginia.ogg#t=00:00:02" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Our_Great_Virginia.ogg/Our_Great_Virginia.ogg.mp3#t=00:00:02" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOur_Great_Virginia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Virginia highlighted"><img alt="Virginia is located on the Atlantic coast along the line that divides the northern and southern halves of the United States. It runs mostly east to west. It includes a small peninsula across a bay which is discontinuous with the rest of the state." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Virginia_in_United_States.svg/300px-Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Virginia_in_United_States.svg/450px-Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Virginia_in_United_States.svg/600px-Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Virginia highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 25, 1788 (10th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a> (metro and urban)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Glenn Youngkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winsome_Sears" title="Winsome Sears">Winsome Sears</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">General Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Virginia">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 Democrats 5 Republicans (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">35th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">430 mi (690 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">200 mi (320 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">950 ft (290 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Rogers_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rogers (Virginia)">Mount Rogers</a><a href="#cite_note-mtrogers-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,729 ft (1,746 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,715,698<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">12th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">219.3/sq mi (84.7/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">14th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$80,615</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">10th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Virginian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>English 86%</li> <li>Spanish 6%</li> <li>Other 8%</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-05:00">UTC-05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-04:00">UTC-04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">VA</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-VA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Va.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virginia.gov">virginia.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Eastern Virginia is part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a> forms the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. Central Virginia lies predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>, the foothill region of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, which cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The fertile <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> fosters the state's most productive agricultural counties, while the economy in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> is driven by <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> agencies. <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> is also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Port_Authority" title="Virginia Port Authority">region's main seaport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk" title="Naval Station Norfolk">Naval Station Norfolk</a>, the world's largest naval base. Virginia's history begins with <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">several Indigenous groups</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>. In 1607, the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> as the first permanent <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, leading to Virginia's nickname as the Old Dominion. Slaves from Africa and land from displaced native tribes fueled the growing plantation economy, but also fueled conflicts both inside and outside the colony. Virginians <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">fought for the independence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and helped establish the new national government. During the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the state government in Richmond joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated States of America">Confederacy</a>, while many northwestern counties remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, which led to the separation of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> in 1863. Although the state was under <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">one-party rule</a> for nearly a century following the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction era</a>, both major political parties have been competitive in Virginia since the repeal of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> in the 1970s. Virginia's state legislature is the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>, which was established in July 1619, making it the oldest current law-making body in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Unlike other states, cities and counties in Virginia function as equals, but the state government manages most local roads. It is also the only state where governors are prohibited from serving consecutive terms. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Earliest_inhabitants">1.1 Earliest inhabitants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Colony">1.2 Colony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Statehood">1.3 Statehood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Civil_War">1.4 Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow">1.5 Reconstruction and Jim Crow</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Civil_rights_to_present">1.6 Civil rights to present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geology_and_terrain">2.1 Geology and terrain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ecosystem">2.3 Ecosystem</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Protected_lands">2.4 Protected lands</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cities_and_towns">2.5 Cities and towns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity">3.1 Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Languages">3.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Religion">3.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Government_agencies">4.1 Government agencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Business">4.2 Business</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Agriculture">4.3 Agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Taxes">4.4 Taxes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Culture">5 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Fine_and_performing_arts">5.1 Fine and performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Festivals">5.2 Festivals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Law_and_government">6 Law and government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Legal_system">6.1 Legal system</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Politics">7 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#State_elections">7.1 State elections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Federal_elections">7.2 Federal elections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">8.1 Colleges and universities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Health">9 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Transportation">11 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Mass_transit_and_ports">11.1 Mass transit and ports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Sports">12 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#College_sports">12.1 College sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#High_school_sports">12.2 High school sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#State_symbols">13 State symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Bibliography">17 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Government">18.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Tourism_and_recreation">18.2 Tourism and recreation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Culture_and_history">18.3 Culture and history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Maps_and_demographics">18.4 Maps and demographics</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_inhabitants">Earliest inhabitants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Native American tribes in Virginia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-margin-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocahontas-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A simple drawing of a young dark-haired Native American woman speaking to two men in armor from the early 1600s. Several Native Americans look on from the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pocahontas-14.jpg/220px-Pocahontas-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="3799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pocahontas-14.jpg/220px-Pocahontas-14.jpg" data-alt="A simple drawing of a young dark-haired Native American woman speaking to two men in armor from the early 1600s. Several Native Americans look on from the right." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pocahontas-14.jpg/330px-Pocahontas-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pocahontas-14.jpg/440px-Pocahontas-14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The story of <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a> was simplified and romanticized by later artists and authors, including <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a> himself, and promoted by her descendants, some of whom married into <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">elite colonial families</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate_pocahontas-5">[4]</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> Nomadic hunters are <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">estimated to have arrived</a> in Virginia around 17,000 years ago. Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Daugherty%27s_Cave_and_Breeding_Site" title="Daugherty's Cave and Breeding Site">Daugherty's Cave</a> shows it was regularly used as a <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelter</a> by 9,800 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgloffWoodward20062%E2%80%9314-6">[5]</a> During the late <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> (500–1000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), tribes coalesced, and farming, first of corn and squash, began, with beans and tobacco arriving from <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">the southwest</a> and Mexico by the end of the period. <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisaded</a> towns began to be built around 1200. The native population in the current boundaries of Virginia reached around 50,000 in the 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgloffWoodward20065,_31%E2%80%9339-7">[6]</a> Large groups in the area at that time included the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater region</a>, which they referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nottoway_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottoway Tribe">Nottoway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meherrin" title="Meherrin">Meherrin</a> to the north and south, and the <a href="/wiki/Tutelo" title="Tutelo">Tutelo</a>, who spoke <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a>, to the west.<a href="#cite_note-heinemann-8">[7]</a> In response to threats from these other groups to their trade network, thirty or so <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Virginia Algonquian</a>-speaking tribes consolidated during the 1570s under Wahunsenacawh, known in English as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Powhatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Powhatan">Chief Powhatan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heinemann-8">[7]</a> Powhatan controlled more than 150 settlements that had a total population of around 15,000 in 1607.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Three-fourths of the native population in Virginia, however, died from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Old_World_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Old World diseases">Old World diseases</a> during that century,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> disrupting their <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> and complicating research into earlier periods.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Additionally, many primary sources, including those that mention Powhatan's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, were created by Europeans, who may have held biases or misunderstood native social structures and customs.<a href="#cite_note-slate_pocahontas-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony">Colony</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a></div> Several European expeditions, including a <a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">group of Spanish Jesuits</a>, explored the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> during the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> To help counter <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spain's colonies in the Caribbean</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>'s 1584 expedition to the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic coast of North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein20078%E2%80%939-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20078-15">[14]</a> The name "Virginia" was used by Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe" title="Arthur Barlowe">Arthur Barlowe</a> in the expedition's report, and may have been suggested by Raleigh or Elizabeth (perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen" or that they viewed the land as being untouched) or related to an <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a> phrase, Wingandacoa or Windgancon, or leader's name, <a href="/wiki/Wingina" title="Wingina">Wingina</a>, as heard by the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200822-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> The name initially applied to the entire coastal region from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in the north, along with the island of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollmann2002695%E2%80%93696-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Raleigh's colony</a> failed, but the potential financial and strategic gains still captivated many English policymakers. In 1606, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/First_Virginia_Charter" title="First Virginia Charter">charter for a new colony</a> to the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company of London</a>. The group financed an expedition under <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a> that established a settlement named <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in 1607.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin200930%E2%80%9331-19">[18]</a> Though more settlers soon joined, many were ill-prepared for the dangers of the new settlement. As the colony's president, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> secured food for the colonists from nearby tribes, but after he left in 1609, this trade stopped and a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">series of ambush-style killings</a> between colonists and natives under <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">Chief Powhatan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">his brother</a> began, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Starving_Time_(Jamestown)" class="mw-redirect" title="Starving Time (Jamestown)">mass starvation in the colony</a> that winter.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> By the end of the colony's first fourteen years, over eighty percent of the roughly eight thousand settlers transported there had died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200730-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in the American Colonies">Demand for exported tobacco</a>, however, fueled the need for more workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein200722-22">[21]</a> Starting in 1618, the <a href="/wiki/Headright" title="Headright">headright</a> system tried to solve this by granting colonists farmland for their help attracting <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHashaw200776%E2%80%9377,_239%E2%80%93240-23">[22]</a> Enslaved Africans <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">were first sold in Virginia</a> in 1619. Though other Africans arrived as indentured servants and could be freed after four to seven years, the basis for <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">lifelong slavery</a> was developed in legal cases like those of <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> in 1640 and <a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> in 1655.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Laws passed in Jamestown defined slavery as <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race-based</a> in 1661, as <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">inherited maternally</a> in 1662, and as enforceable by death in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHashaw2007211%E2%80%93215-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_(VA)_September_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A three-story red brick colonial-style hall and its left and right wings during summer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg/220px-The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1572"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg/220px-The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg" data-alt="A three-story red brick colonial-style hall and its left and right wings during summer." data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg/330px-The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg/440px-The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 1699, after the statehouse in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> was destroyed by fire, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>'s capitol was moved to <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> was founded six years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200776%E2%80%9377-26">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> From the colony's start, residents agitated for greater local control, and in 1619, certain male colonists began electing representatives to an assembly, later called the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a>, that negotiated issues with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">governing council</a> appointed by the London Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200417-27">[26]</a> Unhappy with this arrangement, the monarchy revoked the company's charter and began directly naming <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">governors</a> and Council members in 1624. In 1635, colonists arrested <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">a governor who ignored the assembly</a> and sent him back to England against his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200732,_37-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a> was named governor in 1642, just as the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Interregnum" title="British Interregnum">Interregnum</a> permitted the colony greater autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> As a supporter of the king, Berkeley welcomed other <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_(historical)" title="Virginia Cavaliers (historical)">Cavaliers</a> who fled to Virginia. He surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> in 1652, but after the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> made him governor again, he blocked assembly elections and exacerbated the <a href="/wiki/Class_stratification" title="Class stratification">class divide</a> by disenfranchising and restricting the movement of indentured servants, who made up around eighty percent of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarter202062-30">[29]</a> On the colony's frontier, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">tribes</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Tutelo" title="Tutelo">Tutelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Doeg</a> were being squeezed by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> raiders from the north, leading to more confrontations with colonists. In 1676, several hundred working-class followers of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist)">Nathaniel Bacon</a>, upset by Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the tribes, burned Jamestown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200751%E2%80%9359-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> forced the signing of <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Laws" title="Bacon's Laws">Bacon's Laws</a>, which restored some of the colony's rights and sanctioned both attacks on native tribes and the enslavement of their people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarter202051%E2%80%9357-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1677" title="Treaty of 1677">Treaty of 1677</a> further reduced the independence of the tribes that signed it, and aided the colony's assimilation of their land in the years that followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200757-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefveland201659%E2%80%9362-35">[34]</a> Colonists in the 1700s were pushing westward into the area held by the Seneca and their larger <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Nation</a>, and in 1748, a group of wealthy speculators, backed by the British monarchy, formed the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> to start English settlement and trade in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200023-36">[35]</a> France, which claimed this area as part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, viewed this as a threat, and in 1754 the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> engulfed England, France, the Iroquois, and other allied tribes on both sides. A militia from several British colonies, called the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Regiment" title="Virginia Regiment">Virginia Regiment</a>, was led by Major <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, himself one of the investors in the Ohio Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200042%E2%80%9343-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia in the American Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-margin-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Upper-class middle-aged man dressed in a bright red cloak speaks before an assembly of other angry men. The subject's right hand is raise high in gesture toward the balcony." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg/170px-Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2058"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg/170px-Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg" data-alt="Upper-class middle-aged man dressed in a bright red cloak speaks before an assembly of other angry men. The subject's right hand is raise high in gesture toward the balcony." data-width="170" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg/255px-Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg/340px-Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 1765, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Resolves" title="Virginia Resolves">protest</a> of the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a>, later depicted in this portrait by <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Rothermel" title="Peter F. Rothermel">Peter F. Rothermel</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> In the decade following the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> passed new taxes which were deeply unpopular in the colonies, and in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a>; opposition to <a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">taxation without representation</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Virginians began to <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">coordinate their actions</a> with other colonies in 1773 and sent delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutzman200724%E2%80%9329-39">[38]</a> After the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1774 by <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">the royal governor</a>, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Conventions" title="Virginia Conventions">Virginia Conventions</a>. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence and adopted <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a>, which was then included in a new constitution that designated Virginia as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007125%E2%80%93133-40">[39]</a> Another Virginian, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mason-41">[40]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to head the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Line" title="Virginia Line">Virginians joined the army</a> and revolutionary militias. Virginia was the first colony to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> in December 1777.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In April 1780, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's coastal location would make it vulnerable to British attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200758-43">[42]</a> British forces landed around <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a> in October 1780, and soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Richmond" title="Raid on Richmond">raided Richmond</a> in January 1781.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum2014155-44">[43]</a> The British army had over seven thousand soldiers and twenty-five warships stationed in Virginia at the beginning of 1781, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">General Charles Cornwallis</a> and his superiors were indecisive, and maneuvers by the three thousand soldiers under the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> and twenty-nine allied French warships together managed to <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">confine the British</a> to a swampy area of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> in September. Around sixteen thousand soldiers under George Washington and <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a> quickly <a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">converged there</a> and defeated Cornwallis in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum2014126%E2%80%93131,_137%E2%80%93139,_296-45">[44]</a> His surrender on October 19, 1781, led to <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">peace negotiations in Paris</a> and secured the independence of the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007131%E2%80%93133-46">[45]</a> Virginians were instrumental in writing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> drafted the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> in 1787 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-mason-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia ratified</a> the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-fifths compromise">three-fifths compromise</a> ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a> of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. Virginia is called the "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into states such as <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and for the numbers of <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">American pioneers</a> born in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A family of eight women and children sit on a bench behind a cylindrical metal heater, while one adult male sits on his own to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1722"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg" data-alt="A family of eight women and children sit on a bench behind a cylindrical metal heater, while one adult male sits on his own to the right." data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)" title="Eyre Crowe (painter)">Eyre Crowe</a>'s 1853 portrait, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, which he completed after visiting <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>'s slave markets, where thousands were sold annually<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 1790 and 1860, the number of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">slaves in Virginia</a> rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand. Both of these numbers represented the most in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998490-50">[49]</a> The boom in <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Southern cotton production</a> using <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gins</a> increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">new federal laws</a> prohibited the importation of slaves. Decades of <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> tobacco farming had also <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">degraded</a> Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fischer-51">[50]</a> Virginia plantations increasingly turned to <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">exporting slaves</a>, which broke up countless families and made the <a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding of slaves</a>, often through rape, a profitable business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2011466%E2%80%93467-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1995119%E2%80%93122-53">[52]</a> Slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006125,_208%E2%80%93210-54">[53]</a> The failed slave uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> in 1800, <a href="/wiki/George_Boxley" title="George Boxley">George Boxley</a> in 1815, and <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fischer-51">[50]</a> On October 16, 1859, abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> led a <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry">raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia</a>, in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution that December marked a tipping point for many who believed slavery would need to be ended by force.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">seizure of Fort Sumter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> forces on April 14, 1861, prompted Lincoln to call for a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">federal army</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">75,000 men from state militias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000230%E2%80%93236,_357%E2%80%93358-56">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond,_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A color drawing of a city skyline in flames as a steady stream of people on horses or in horse-drawn carriages cross a long bridge over a river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7832" data-file-height="5577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="A color drawing of a city skyline in flames as a steady stream of people on horses or in horse-drawn carriages cross a long bridge over a river." data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> used <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to <a href="/wiki/Shockoe_Slip" title="Shockoe Slip">its downtown</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a> voted on April 17 <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">to secede</a> on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention voted to join the Confederacy, which named <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> its capital on May 20.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-47">[46]</a> During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from areas that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these northwestern counties instead began the <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a>, which organized a government loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (Civil War)">Union</a> and led to the separation of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> as a new state.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The armies of the Union and Confederacy first met on July 21, 1861, in <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Battle of Bull Run</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas, Virginia</a>, a bloody Confederate victory. Union General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">landed on the Virginia Peninsula</a> in March 1862 and reached the outskirts of Richmond that June. With Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> wounded in fighting outside the city, command of his <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>. Over the next month, Lee <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">drove the Union army back</a>, and starting that September led <a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">the first of several invasions</a> into Union territory. During the next three years of war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a>, and the concluding <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a>, where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin20124-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow">Reconstruction and Jim Crow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_(49090133192).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Several World War I ships line a port crowded with warehouses, with a city skyline behind them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg/220px-War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8997" data-file-height="6207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg/220px-War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg" data-alt="Several World War I ships line a port crowded with warehouses, with a city skyline behind them." data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg/330px-War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg/440px-War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With nearly 800,000 soldiers passing through, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> was the second-largest port of embarkation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-embarkation-59">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Nine" title="Committee of Nine">Committee of Nine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007249%E2%80%93250-60">[59]</a> During the post-war <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction era</a>, African Americans were able to unite in communities, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a>, and take a greater role in Virginia society; many achieved some land ownership during the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006328%E2%80%93329-62">[61]</a> Virginia <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868">adopted a constitution in 1868</a> which guaranteed political, civil, and <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">voting rights</a>, and provided for free public schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1992160%E2%80%93166-63">[62]</a> However, with many railroad lines and other infrastructure destroyed during the Civil War, the Commonwealth was deeply in debt, and in the late 1870s redirected money from public schools to pay bondholders. The <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a> formed in 1877 and won legislative power in 1879 by uniting Black and white Virginians behind a shared opposition to debt payments and the perceived <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">plantation elites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileyGilmoreSimon200090%E2%80%9396-64">[63]</a> The Readjusters focused on building up schools, like <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State</a>, and successfully forced <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to share in the pre-war debt.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> But in 1883, they were divided by a proposed repeal of <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>, and days before that year's election, a <a href="/wiki/Danville_Massacre" title="Danville Massacre">riot in Danville</a>, involving armed policemen, left four Black men and one white man dead.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> These events motivated a push by white supremacists to seize political power through <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">voter suppression</a>, and segregationists in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Democratic Party</a> won the legislature that year and <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">maintained control</a> for decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileyGilmoreSimon200099%E2%80%93103-67">[66]</a> They passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that established a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racially segregated society</a>, and in 1902 rewrote the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">state constitution</a> to include a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> and other voter registration measures that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a> most African Americans and many poor whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein2007253%E2%80%93254-68">[67]</a> New economic forces meanwhile industrialized the Commonwealth. Virginian <a href="/wiki/James_Albert_Bonsack" title="James Albert Bonsack">James Albert Bonsack</a> invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new large-scale production centered around Richmond. Railroad magnate <a href="/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington" title="Collis Potter Huntington">Collis Potter Huntington</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding" title="Newport News Shipbuilding">Newport News Shipbuilding</a> in 1886, which was responsible for building 38 warships for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> between 1907 and 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStyron201142%E2%80%9343-69">[68]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, German submarines attacked ships outside the port,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuer199950%E2%80%9352-70">[69]</a> which was a major site for transportation of soldiers and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-embarkation-59">[58]</a> After the war, a homecoming parade to honor African-American troops was <a href="/wiki/1919_Norfolk_race_riot" title="1919 Norfolk race riot">attacked in July 1919</a> by the city's police as part of a renewed white-supremacy movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The shipyard continued building warships in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and quadrupled its pre-war labor force to 70,000 by 1943. The <a href="/wiki/Radford_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Radford Army Ammunition Plant">Radford Arsenal</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a> also employed 22,000 workers making explosives,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Factory_Art_Center" title="Torpedo Factory Art Center">Torpedo Factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a> had over 5,050.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_to_present">Civil rights to present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RVA_2020_MDPC_(50041262732).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A bronze statue of a man riding a horse on a tall pedestal that is covered in colorful graffiti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg/220px-RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7882" data-file-height="5073"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg/220px-RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg" data-alt="A bronze statue of a man riding a horse on a tall pedestal that is covered in colorful graffiti." data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg/330px-RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg/440px-RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Protests in 2020 focused on <a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Virginia" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia">Confederate monuments in the state</a>.</figcaption></figure> High-school student[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a> started a strike in 1951 at her underfunded and segregated school in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward County</a>. The protests led <a href="/wiki/Spottswood_William_Robinson_III" title="Spottswood William Robinson III">Spottswood Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a> to file <a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">a lawsuit against the county</a>. Their case joined <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> at the Supreme Court, which rejected the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" in 1954. The segregationist establishment, led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd Organization</a>, reacted with a strategy called "<a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a>", and the General Assembly passed <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plan" title="Stanley Plan">a package of laws</a> in 1956 that cut off funding to local schools that <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregated</a>, causing some to close. Courts ruled the strategy unconstitutional, and on February 2, 1959, Black students <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> schools in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, where they were known as the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_17" title="Norfolk 17">Norfolk 17</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> County leaders in Prince Edward, however, instead shut their school system in June 1959. The Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">ordered them to reopen and integrate their public schools</a>, which finally happened in September 1964.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein2007340%E2%80%93341,_350%E2%80%93357-76">[75]</a> Federal passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a> (1964) and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a> (1965), and their later enforcement by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a>, helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 1967, the Supreme Court struck down the state's ban on <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">interracial marriage</a> with <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a>. In 1968, Governor <a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Mills Godwin</a> called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, <a href="/wiki/1970_Virginia_ballot_measures" title="1970 Virginia ballot measures">passed in a referendum</a> and went into effect in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-constitution_1970-78">[77]</a> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a> became the first African American elected as governor in the United States, and in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Scott_(politician)" title="Bobby Scott (politician)">Bobby Scott</a> became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007359%E2%80%93366-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> boosted the region's population and economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAccordino200076%E2%80%9378-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> outgrew their offices in <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley</a> in 1961, in part due to a decision by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> that the agency relocate outside the District of Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as the headquarters of the Department of Defense, was struck by a hijacked plane in the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Mass shootings at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech in 2007</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2019_Virginia_Beach_shooting" title="2019 Virginia Beach shooting">Virginia Beach in 2019</a> led to passage of gun control measures in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Racial injustice and the presence of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Virginia" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia">Confederate monuments in Virginia</a> have also led to large demonstrations, including in August 2017, when a white supremacist <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack" title="Charlottesville car attack">drove his car into protesters</a>, killing one, and in June 2020, when protests that were part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement brought about the <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Virginia" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">removal of Confederate statues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Virginia" title="Environment of Virginia">Environment of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A topographic map of Virginia, with text identifying cities and natural features." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/260px-Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/260px-Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png" data-alt="A topographic map of Virginia, with text identifying cities and natural features." data-width="260" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/390px-Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/520px-Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Virginia is shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and its watershed, and the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">parallel 36°30′ north</a>.</figcaption></figure> Virginia is located in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> regions of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by area">largest state</a> by area.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> to the northeast; by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the east; by <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to the south; by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the southwest; by <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> to the west; and by <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to the northwest. That Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. only extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> has been an issue for <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> over the years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>].<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Virginia's southern border <a href="/wiki/Royal_Colonial_Boundary_of_1665" title="Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665">was defined in 1665</a> as <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north#In_the_United_States" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30' north latitude</a>. Surveyors marking the border with North Carolina in the 18th century however started about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north and drifted an additional 3.5 miles by <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%E2%80%93Tennessee%E2%80%93Virginia_Corners" title="North Carolina–Tennessee–Virginia Corners">the border's westernmost point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> joined the U.S. in 1796, new surveyors worked in 1802 and 1803 to reset their border with Virginia as a line from the summit of <a href="/wiki/White_Top_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="White Top Mountain">White Top Mountain</a> to the top of <a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Peak" title="Tri-State Peak">Tri-State Peak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>. However, deviations in that border were identified when it was re-marked in 1856, and the Virginia General Assembly proposed a new surveying commission in 1871. Representatives from Tennessee preferred to keep the less-straight 1803 line, and in 1893, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled for them <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee" title="Virginia v. Tennessee">against Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zandt197692%E2%80%9395-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201571%E2%80%9372-92">[91]</a> One result is how the city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a> is divided in two between the states.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_and_terrain">Geology and terrain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Virginia" title="Geology of Virginia">Geology of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Rapids in a wide, rocky river under blue sky with clouds colored purple by the sunset." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg/170px-Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg/170px-Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg" data-alt="Rapids in a wide, rocky river under blue sky with clouds colored purple by the sunset." data-width="170" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg/255px-Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg/340px-Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_(Potomac_River)" title="Great Falls (Potomac River)">Great Falls</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line" title="Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line">fall line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, and its rocks date to the late <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore</a>. The bay was formed from the <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">drowned river valley</a> of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bay-95">[94]</a> Many of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia" title="List of rivers of Virginia">Virginia's rivers</a> flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James</a>, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as "necks" named <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> from north to south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnhamBurnham20181-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include <a href="/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia" title="Tangier, Virginia">Tangier Island</a> in the bay and <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia" title="Chincoteague, Virginia">Chincoteague</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Barrier_Islands" title="Virginia Barrier Islands">23 barrier islands</a> on the Atlantic coast.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(geographic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater (geographic term)">Tidewater</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">coastal plain</a> between the Atlantic coast and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard fall line">fall line</a>. It includes the Eastern Shore and major <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">foothills</a> east of the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPazzaglia2006135%E2%80%93138-99">[98]</a> The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Mountains" title="Southwest Mountains">Southwest Mountains</a> around <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agriculture-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiographic regions of the world">physiographic province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> with the highest points in the Commonwealth, the tallest being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rogers_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rogers (Virginia)">Mount Rogers</a> at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).<a href="#cite_note-mtrogers-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley region</a> is west of the mountains, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a> based, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Massanutten_Mountain" title="Massanutten Mountain">Massanutten Mountain</a> ridge and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a>, which is called the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> in Virginia, named after the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">river of the same name</a> that flows through it.<a href="#cite_note-regions-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a> are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a>. In this region, rivers flow northwest into the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199849%E2%80%9351-102">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Seismic Zone">Virginia Seismic Zone</a> has not had a history of regular <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a>. The Commonwealth's largest earthquake in at least a century, at a magnitude of 5.8, <a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> 35 million years ago, a <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a> impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay impact crater</a> may explain what <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> the region does experience.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> A meteor impact is also theorized as the source of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Drummond" title="Lake Drummond">Lake Drummond</a>, the largest of the two natural <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Virginia" title="List of lakes of Virginia">lakes in the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Limestone_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Limestone cave">limestone caves</a>, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular <a href="/wiki/Luray_Caverns" title="Luray Caverns">Luray Caverns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skyline_Caverns" title="Skyline Caverns">Skyline Caverns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Virginia's iconic <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="Natural Bridge (Virginia)">Natural Bridge</a> is the remaining roof of a collapsed limestone cave.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">Coal mining</a> takes place in the three mountainous regions.<a href="#cite_note-mining-108">[107]</a> More than 72 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">kyanite</a>, sand, or gravel, were mined in Virginia in 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The largest known deposits of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in the U.S. are under <a href="/wiki/Coles_Hill_uranium_deposit" title="Coles Hill uranium deposit">Coles Hill, Virginia</a>. Despite <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Uranium,_Inc._v._Warren" title="Virginia Uranium, Inc. v. Warren">a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice</a>, the state has banned its mining since 1982 due to environmental and public health concerns.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Virginia" title="Climate of Virginia">Climate of Virginia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Virginia" title="Climate change in Virginia">Climate change in Virginia</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Virginia state-wide averages 1895–2023 </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.24em;height:2.1666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4066666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">45</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.74em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">25</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.5748em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.3622222222222em;height:2.3555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7177777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">48</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">26</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.7</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.1733333333333em;height:2.5333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.706666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">56</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.6733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">34</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.7272em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.1066666666667em;height:2.7333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">67</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.6066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">42</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.151111111111em;height:2.6777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.828888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">76</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">51</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.0828em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.084444444444em;height:2.5111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.595555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">82</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">60</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.3368em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.562222222222em;height:2.4111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.973333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">86</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.062222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.417777777778em;height:2.3666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.784444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9177777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">63</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.7</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.695555555556em;height:2.4777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.173333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">79</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">56</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6256em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3844444444444em;height:2.6555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">68</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">45</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">2.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2844444444444em;height:2.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.784444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">57</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">35</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.4844444444444em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6844444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">27</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a href="#CITEREFNOAA">U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.24em;height:2.1666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.74em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−4</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.5748em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">79</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.3622222222222em;height:2.3555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">9</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−3</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">94</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.1733333333333em;height:2.5333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.706666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">14</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.6733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.7272em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">86</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.1066666666667em;height:2.7333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.6066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">6</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">102</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.151111111111em;height:2.6777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.828888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">24</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.0828em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">104</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.084444444444em;height:2.5111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.595555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">28</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">15</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.3368em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">117</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.562222222222em;height:2.4111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.973333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">30</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.062222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">109</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.417777777778em;height:2.3666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.784444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">29</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">17</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">94</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.695555555556em;height:2.4777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.173333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">26</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">14</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6256em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">81</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3844444444444em;height:2.6555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">20</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">74</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2844444444444em;height:2.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.784444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">14</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.4844444444444em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">8</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−3</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Virginia has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> that transitions to <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201612%E2%80%9313-111">[110]</a> Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July.<a href="#cite_note-noaa-112">[111]</a> The Atlantic Ocean and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas, making the climate there warmer but also more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> Virginia receives an average of 43.47 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually,<a href="#cite_note-noaa-112">[111]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> being the state's driest region.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> These months are also the most common for <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> eight of which touched down in the Commonwealth in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Virginia hurricanes">Hurricanes</a> and tropical storms can occur from August to October. The deadliest natural disaster in Virginia was <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille#Virginia" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a>, which killed over 150 people in 1969 mainly in inland <a href="/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia" title="Nelson County, Virginia">Nelson County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Between December and March, <a href="/wiki/Cold-air_damming" title="Cold-air damming">cold-air damming</a> caused by the Appalachian Mountains can lead to significant snowfalls across the state, such as the <a href="/wiki/January_2016_United_States_blizzard" title="January 2016 United States blizzard">January 2016 blizzard</a>, which created the state's highest recorded one-day snowfall of 36.6 inches (93 cm) near <a href="/wiki/Bluemont,_Virginia" title="Bluemont, Virginia">Bluemont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> On average, cities in Virginia can receive between 5.8–12.3 inches (15–31 cm) of snow annually, but recent winters have seen below-average snowfalls, and much of Virginia had no measurable snow during the 2022–2023 winter season.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Virginia" title="Climate change in Virginia">Climate change in Virginia</a> is leading to higher temperatures year-round as well as more heavy rain and flooding events.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat islands</a> can be found in many Virginia cities and suburbs, particularly in neighborhoods linked to historic <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The air in Virginia has statistically improved since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-haze-125">[124]</a> The closure and conversion of <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power plant">coal power plants</a> in Virginia and the Ohio Valley region has helped cut the amount of <a href="/wiki/Particulate_pollution" title="Particulate pollution">particulate matter</a> in Virginia's air in half.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-eiaco-127">[126]</a> Current plans call for 30% of the Commonwealth's electricity to be renewable by 2030 and for all to be carbon-free by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Virginia" title="List of endangered species in Virginia">List of endangered species in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A red-brown colored deer with antlers stands in a meadow with high grasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg/220px-White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg/220px-White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg" data-alt="A red-brown colored deer with antlers stands in a meadow with high grasses." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg/330px-White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg/440px-White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Up to 7,000 <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, also known as Virginia deer, live in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gildard-129">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which 80% is considered <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> forest, meaning that trees are primarily <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree" title="Broad-leaved tree">broad-leaved</a>. The other 20% is pine, with <a href="/wiki/Pinus_taeda" title="Pinus taeda">loblolly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_echinata" title="Pinus echinata">shortleaf pine</a> dominating much of central and eastern Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-stateoftheforest-130">[129]</a> In the western and mountainous parts of the Commonwealth, oak and hickory are most common, while lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of hemlocks and mosses in abundance.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_moths_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy moths in the United States">Spongy moth infestations</a> in oak trees and the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_blight" title="Chestnut blight">blight in chestnut trees</a> have decreased both of their numbers, leaving more room for hickory and the invasive <a href="/wiki/Ailanthus_altissima" title="Ailanthus altissima">tree of heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> In the lowland tidewater and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps.<a href="#cite_note-stateoftheforest-130">[129]</a> Other common trees include red spruce, <a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_thyoides" title="Chamaecyparis thyoides">Atlantic white cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">tulip-poplar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">flowering dogwood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">state tree and flower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Plants like <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">milkweed</a>, dandelions, daisies, ferns, and <a href="/wiki/Parthenocissus_quinquefolia" title="Parthenocissus quinquefolia">Virginia creeper</a>, which is featured on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Virginia">state flag</a>, are also common.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Thompson_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="G. Richard Thompson Wildlife Management Area">Thompson Wildlife Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fauquier_County,_Virginia" title="Fauquier County, Virginia">Fauquier</a> is known for having one of the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">trillium wildflowers</a> in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a>, one of 75 mammal species found in Virginia, rebounded from an estimated population of as few as 25,000 in the 1930s to over one million by the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-mammals-135">[134]</a> Native <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a> include <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, who have a population of around five to six thousand in the state,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>. Rodents include <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutria" title="Nutria">nutria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">gray squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">fox squirrels</a>, chipmunks, and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_woodrat" title="Allegheny woodrat">Allegheny woodrats</a>, while the seventeen bat species include brown bats and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat" title="Virginia big-eared bat">Virginia big-eared bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">state mammal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dwr_list-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-mammals-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> native to the United States and Canada,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_cottontail" title="Appalachian cottontail">Appalachian cottontail</a> was recognized in 1992 as a distinct species of rabbit, one of three found in the state.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been recorded in Virginia's coastal waters, with <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottlenose dolphins">bottlenose dolphins</a> being the most frequent <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">aquatic mammals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mammals-135">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FC_Osprey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A gray and white bird of prey on the edge of a large nest with water in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FC_Osprey.jpg/220px-FC_Osprey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FC_Osprey.jpg/220px-FC_Osprey.jpg" data-alt="A gray and white bird of prey on the edge of a large nest with water in the distance." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FC_Osprey.jpg/330px-FC_Osprey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FC_Osprey.jpg/440px-FC_Osprey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">Osprey</a> nest at <a href="/wiki/False_Cape_State_Park" title="False Cape State Park">False Cape State Park</a> on a wooden platform designed to encourage their return to the area</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Virginia" title="List of birds of Virginia">Virginia's bird fauna</a> comprises 422 counted species, of which 359 are regularly occurring and 214 have bred in Virginia, while the rest are mostly <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">winter residents or transients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terwilliger-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Water birds">Water birds</a> include sandpipers, wood ducks, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_rail" title="Virginia rail">Virginia rail</a>, while common inland examples include warblers, woodpeckers, and cardinals, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a>. Birds of prey include osprey, <a href="/wiki/Broad-winged_hawk" title="Broad-winged hawk">broad-winged hawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barred_owl" title="Barred owl">barred owls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> There are no <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic</a> bird species.<a href="#cite_note-Terwilliger-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">Audubon</a> recognizes 21 <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Areas</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">Peregrine falcons</a>, whose numbers dramatically declined due to <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> poisoning in the middle of the 20th century, are the focus of conservation efforts in the state and a reintroduction program in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Virginia has 226 species of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> from 25 families, a diversity attributable to the area's varied and humid climate, topography, interconnected river system, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene glaciation">Pleistocene glaciers</a>. Common examples on the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> and higher-elevation regions include <a href="/wiki/Eastern_blacknose_dace" title="Eastern blacknose dace">Eastern blacknose dace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpin" title="Sculpin">sculpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redhorse_sucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Redhorse sucker">redhorse sucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_darter" title="Kanawha darter">Kanawha darter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">state fish</a>. Downhill in the Piedmont, <a href="/wiki/Stripeback_darter" title="Stripeback darter">stripeback darter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_bass" title="Roanoke bass">Roanoke bass</a> become common, as do <a href="/wiki/Swampfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swampfish">swampfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluespotted_sunfish" title="Bluespotted sunfish">bluespotted sunfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pirate_perch" title="Pirate perch">pirate perch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> hosts clams, oysters, and 350 species of <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">estuarine fish</a>, including the bay's most abundant finfish, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_anchovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay anchovy">Bay anchovy</a>, as well as the invasive <a href="/wiki/Blue_catfish" title="Blue catfish">blue catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> An estimated 317 million <a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Chesapeake blue crabs</a> live in the bay as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> There are 34 native species of crayfish, like the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_crayfish" title="Big Sandy crayfish">Big Sandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-113">[112]</a> Amphibians found in Virginia include the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau_salamander" title="Cumberland Plateau salamander">Cumberland Plateau salamander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hellbender" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hellbender">Eastern hellbender</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Northern_watersnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern watersnake">northern watersnake</a> is the most common of the 32 snake species.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_lands">Protected lands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">List of Virginia state parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenandoah_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Five mountain ridges in shades of dark blue below an orange and yellow sunset." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shenandoah_2020.jpg/220px-Shenandoah_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="2652"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shenandoah_2020.jpg/220px-Shenandoah_2020.jpg" data-alt="Five mountain ridges in shades of dark blue below an orange and yellow sunset." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shenandoah_2020.jpg/330px-Shenandoah_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shenandoah_2020.jpg/440px-Shenandoah_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> trees produce a haze of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>, which helps give the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> their signature color.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits.<a href="#cite_note-protectedland-152">[151]</a> Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> units, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Park" title="Great Falls Park">Great Falls Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a>, and one national park, <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Almost forty percent of Shenandoah's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness Preservation System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollMiller2002158-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> administers the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">George Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a>, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge</a> also extends into North Carolina, as does the <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge</a>, which marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008152%E2%80%93153,_356-156">[155]</a> State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state,<a href="#cite_note-protectedland-152">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation">Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation</a> manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">Virginia state parks</a> and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Natural_Area_Preserve_System" title="Virginia Natural Area Preserve System">Natural Area Preserves</a>, plus three undeveloped parks.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breaks_Interstate_Park" title="Breaks Interstate Park">Breaks Interstate Park</a> crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_forests" title="List of Virginia state forests">state forests</a> managed by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Forestry" title="Virginia Department of Forestry">Virginia Department of Forestry</a> totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2),<a href="#cite_note-forests-160">[159]</a> as is hunting in 44 <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Wildlife_Management_Areas" title="Virginia Wildlife Management Areas">Wildlife Management Areas</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Wildlife_Resources" title="Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources">Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources</a> covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2).<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political subdivisions of Virginia">Political subdivisions of Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas">Virginia statistical areas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Virginia counties colored by population density, ranging from pale yellow, to green, to dark blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png/300px-Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4792" data-file-height="2352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png/300px-Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png" data-alt="Map of Virginia counties colored by population density, ranging from pale yellow, to green, to dark blue." data-width="300" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png/450px-Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png/600px-Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The population density of Virginia counties and cities as of 2020</figcaption></figure> Virginia is divided into 95 <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counties in Virginia">counties</a> and 38 <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent cities</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> describes as <a href="/wiki/County-equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="County-equivalent">county-equivalents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia and stretches back to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> in the colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia1994183-164">[163]</a> Only three other <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)#Other_states" title="Independent city (United States)">independent cities</a> exist elsewhere in the US.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The differences between counties and cities in Virginia are small and have to do with how each assess new taxes, whether a referendum is necessary to issue bonds, and with the application of <a href="/wiki/Dillon%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillon's Rule">Dillon's Rule</a>, which limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand acts expressly allowed by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arlcity-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Counties can also have <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Virginia" title="List of towns in Virginia">incorporated towns</a>, and while there are no further <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Virginia" title="Administrative divisions of Virginia">administrative subdivisions</a>, the Census Bureau recognizes several hundred <a href="/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Virginia" title="List of unincorporated communities in Virginia">unincorporated communities</a>. Over three million people, 35% of Virginians, live in the twenty jurisdictions collectively defined as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msa-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a>, with more than 1.1 million residents, is Virginia's most populous jurisdiction,<a href="#cite_note-wapo2018pop-170">[169]</a> and has a major urban business and shopping center in <a href="/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia" title="Tysons, Virginia">Tysons</a>, Virginia's largest office market.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County</a>, with over 450,000 residents, is Virginia's second-most populous county and home to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Manassas National Battlefield Park">Manassas National Battlefield Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County</a> is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area,<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> and local politicians have proposed reorganizing it as an independent city due to its high density.<a href="#cite_note-arlcity-166">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County</a> is the fastest-growing county in the state.<a href="#cite_note-wapo2018pop-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In western Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery County</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area" title="Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area">Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area</a>, both have surpassed a population of 100,000 since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a> is Virginia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, which has a population of around 230,000 in its city proper and over 1.3 million in its metropolitan area. On the eastern edge is the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> metropolitan area, where over 1.7 million reside across six counties and nine cities, including the Commonwealth's three most populous independent cities: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msa-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-agesex-175">[174]</a> Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a>, which includes a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a>, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> One reason for the concentration of independent cities in the Tidewater region is that several rural counties there re-incorporated as cities or consolidated with existing cities to try to hold on to their new suburban neighborhoods that started <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">booming in the 1950s</a>, since cities like Norfolk and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a> were able to annex land from adjoining counties until a moratorium in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Others, like <a href="/wiki/Poquoson,_Virginia" title="Poquoson, Virginia">Poquoson</a>, became cities to try to preserve <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> during the desegregation era of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in Virginia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#CITEREFMSA">U.S. Census Bureau MSA Population Estimates 2023</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Virginia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Virginia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosslyn_aerial_view,_September_2018.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Virginia"><noscript><img alt="Northern Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG/120px-Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4523" data-file-height="3015"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG/120px-Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG" data-alt="Northern Virginia" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG/180px-Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG/240px-Rosslyn_aerial_view%2C_September_2018.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:NorfolkAerial4_(38666135182).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hampton Roads"><noscript><img alt="Hampton Roads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg/120px-NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg/120px-NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg" data-alt="Hampton Roads" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg/180px-NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg/240px-NorfolkAerial4_%2838666135182%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,154,735</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,408 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond,_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_(32004147783).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richmond"><noscript><img alt="Richmond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg/120px-Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg/120px-Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg" data-alt="Richmond" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg/180px-Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg/240px-Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_%2832004147783%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roanoke"><noscript><img alt="Roanoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Roanoke_Virginia.jpg/120px-Roanoke_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2044"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 71px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Roanoke_Virginia.jpg/120px-Roanoke_Virginia.jpg" data-alt="Roanoke" data-width="120" data-height="71" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Roanoke_Virginia.jpg/180px-Roanoke_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Roanoke_Virginia.jpg/240px-Roanoke_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,727,503</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol,_Tennessee-Virginia_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area">Bristol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,349,732</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia" title="Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">314,314</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tazewell,_Virginia" title="Tazewell, Virginia">Tazewell</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area" title="Lynchburg metropolitan area">Lynchburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,590</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods,_Virginia" title="Lake of the Woods, Virginia">Lake of the Woods</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,574 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area" title="Charlottesville, Virginia metropolitan area">Charlottesville</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">225,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area" title="Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area">Blacksburg–Christiansburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">181,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg_metropolitan_area" title="Harrisonburg metropolitan area">Harrisonburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Staunton%E2%80%93Waynesboro_metropolitan_area" title="Staunton–Waynesboro metropolitan area">Staunton–Waynesboro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,344 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA" title="Winchester, VA–WV MSA">Winchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,611 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia" title="Demographics of Virginia">Demographics of Virginia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>691,737</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>807,557</td><td></td><td>16.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>877,683</td><td></td><td>8.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>938,261</td><td></td><td>6.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>1,044,054</td><td></td><td>11.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>1,025,227</td><td></td><td>−1.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>1,119,348</td><td></td><td>9.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>1,219,630</td><td></td><td>9.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>1,225,163</td><td></td><td>0.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,512,565</td><td></td><td>23.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,655,980</td><td></td><td>9.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,854,184</td><td></td><td>12.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,061,612</td><td></td><td>11.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,309,187</td><td></td><td>12.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,421,851</td><td></td><td>4.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,677,773</td><td></td><td>10.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>3,318,680</td><td></td><td>23.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,966,949</td><td></td><td>19.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>4,648,494</td><td></td><td>17.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>5,346,818</td><td></td><td>15.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>6,187,358</td><td></td><td>15.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>7,078,515</td><td></td><td>14.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>8,001,024</td><td></td><td>13.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>8,631,393</td><td></td><td>7.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">8,715,698</td><td></td><td>1.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">1790–2020,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> 2023<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> found the state resident population was 8,631,393, a 7.9% increase since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>. Another 23,149 Virginians live overseas, giving the state a total population of 8,654,542. Virginia has the fourth-largest overseas population of U.S. states due to its federal employees and military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_2021-181">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in Virginia as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a> was 55.8 per 1,000 females between the ages of 15 and 44,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_median_age" title="List of U.S. states and territories by median age">median age</a> as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a> was the same as the national average of 38.8 years old.<a href="#cite_note-agesex-175">[174]</a> The geographic <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> is located northwest of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover County</a>, as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Though still growing naturally as births outnumber deaths, Virginia has had a negative <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> since 2013, with 8,995 more people leaving the state than moving to it in 2021. This is largely credited to high home prices in Northern Virginia,<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> which are driving residents there to relocate south; <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> is their top destination.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region.<a href="#cite_note-nytmigrationanddiaspora-187">[186]</a> About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> is the most common foreign country of birth, with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> as other common birthplaces.<a href="#cite_note-nova_immigrants-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> The state's most populous racial group, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a>, has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-race2020-190">[189]</a> Immigrants from Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerSchrierBolingDoyle20036,_147-191">[190]</a> when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> The Appalachian mountains and <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> have many settlements that were populated by <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Germans" title="Shenandoah Germans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish immigrants</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries, often following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road" title="Great Wagon Road">Great Wagon Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dutch-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Over ten percent of Virginians have German ancestry as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ancestry-195">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L-15-12-22-A-040_(23285802904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Dozens of adults sit in auditorium rows, many waving small American flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg/220px-L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg/220px-L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg" data-alt="Dozens of adults sit in auditorium rows, many waving small American flags" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg/330px-L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg/440px-L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average.<a href="#cite_note-nova_immigrants-188">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, about one-fifth of the population.<a href="#cite_note-race2020-190">[189]</a> Virginia was a major destination of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">Igbo</a> ethnic group of what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Though the Black population was reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">returning south</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">interracial marriages in the US</a>,<a href="#cite_note-blackwhite-200">[199]</a> and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> More recent immigration since the late 20th century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a>, and 8.8% as <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-201">[200]</a> Northern Virginia also has a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese Americans</a>, whose major wave of immigration followed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a> have migrated there more recently,<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> while about 45,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipino Americans</a> have settled in the Hampton Roads area.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony,_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An older white man in a dark blue blazer smiles as he is presented with a dead deer hanging upside down held by two men in contemporary Native American attire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg/220px-345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg/220px-345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg" data-alt="An older white man in a dark blue blazer smiles as he is presented with a dead deer hanging upside down held by two men in contemporary Native American attire." data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg/330px-345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg/440px-345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Glenn Youngkin</a> receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a> tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.<a href="#cite_note-taxtribute-205">[204]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Tribal membership in Virginia</a> is complicated by the legacy of the state's "<a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">pencil genocide</a>" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African or European ancestry, or both.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a>, though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-race2020-190">[189]</a> The state government has <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">extended recognition</a> to eleven tribes. Seven tribes also have federal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a> have reservations on tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="border-spacing: 1px; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;">Largest race by county or city </th> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;">Race and ethnicity (<a href="#CITEREFethnicity">2020</a>) </th> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:6px; padding-left:6px;">Alone </th> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:6px; padding-left:6px;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; width:280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Counties_by_race_(2020_census).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of racial plurality in Virginia by county as of the 2020 U.S. census"><noscript><img alt="Map of racial plurality in Virginia by county as of the 2020 U.S. census" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/270px-Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/270px-Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png" data-alt="Map of racial plurality in Virginia by county as of the 2020 U.S. census" data-width="270" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/405px-Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/540px-Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:80%; line-height:1.3em; border:0; margin-top:0em; background:transparent; width:100%"> <caption>Legend </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> 30–39%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–49%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 50–59%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 60–69%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 70–79%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 80–89%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 90–99%</div> </td> <td style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;">Black or African American<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–49%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 50–59%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 60–69%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 70–79%</div> </td> <td style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;">Hispanic or Latino<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–49%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>Non-Hispanic White </td> <td align="center">58.6% </td> <td align="center">62.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or African American </td> <td align="center">18.3% </td> <td align="center">20.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic or Latino (of any race) </td> <td> </td> <td>10.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian </td> <td align="center">7.1% </td> <td align="center">8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Indian and Alaska Native </td> <td align="center">0.2% </td> <td align="center">1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="center">0.6% </td> <td align="center">1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;">Largest ancestry by county or city </th> <th style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;">Ancestry (<a href="#CITEREFancestry">2020 est.</a>) </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; width:280px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia counties colored either red, blue, yellow, green, or purple based on the populations most common ancestry. The south-east is predominantly purple for African American, while the west is mostly red for American. The north has yellow for German, with two small areas green for Irish. Yellow is also found in spots in the west. A strip in the middle is blue for English."><noscript><img alt="Virginia counties colored either red, blue, yellow, green, or purple based on the populations most common ancestry. The south-east is predominantly purple for African American, while the west is mostly red for American. The north has yellow for German, with two small areas green for Irish. Yellow is also found in spots in the west. A strip in the middle is blue for English." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg/270px-Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg/270px-Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg.png" data-alt="Virginia counties colored either red, blue, yellow, green, or purple based on the populations most common ancestry. The south-east is predominantly purple for African American, while the west is mostly red for American. The north has yellow for German, with two small areas green for Irish. Yellow is also found in spots in the west. A strip in the middle is blue for English." data-width="270" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg/405px-Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg/540px-Virginia_Ancestries_by_County_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> five-year estimate </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Irish or Scotch-Irish</div> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> German</div> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">10.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> English</div> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">9.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> American</div> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">9.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Subsaharan African</div> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">2.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="368" data-mwtitle="Monologue_with_93_year_old_white_male,_Tangier_Island,_Virginia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monologue_with_93_year_old_white_male,_Tangier_Island,_Virginia.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Monologue_with_93_year_old_white_male%2C_Tangier_Island%2C_Virginia.ogg#t=00:00:16" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Monologue_with_93_year_old_white_male%2C_Tangier_Island%2C_Virginia.ogg/Monologue_with_93_year_old_white_male%2C_Tangier_Island%2C_Virginia.ogg.mp3#t=00:00:16" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMonologue_with_93_year_old_white_male%2C_Tangier_Island%2C_Virginia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio><figcaption>Recording of a resident of <a href="/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia" title="Tangier, Virginia">Tangier Island</a> who was born in the late 1800s, showcasing the island's unique accent</figcaption></figure> According to U.S. Census data as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a> on Virginia residents aged five and older, 83% (6,805,548) speak <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the next most commonly spoken language, with 7.5% (611,831) of Virginia households, though age is a factor; 8.7% (120,560) of Virginians under age eighteen speak Spanish. Of Spanish speakers, 60.6% reported speaking English "very well", but again, of those under age eighteen, 78.7% speak English "very well".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was the third most commonly spoken language with around 0.8% of residents, followed by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> each with over 0.7%, and then <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, just under 0.7% and 0.6% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph200663-211">[210]</a> While a more homogenized <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> is found in urban areas, and the use of Southern accents in general has been on the decline in speakers born since the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> various accents are still present.<a href="#cite_note-pleasant-213">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Piedmont</a> region is known for its non-rhotic dialect's strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/BBC_America" title="BBC America">BBC America</a> study in 2014 ranked it as one of the most identifiable accents in American English.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater accent">Tidewater accent</a> evolved from the language that upper-class English typically spoke in the early Colonial period, while the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian accent</a> has much more influence from the English spoken by Scottish and Irish immigrants from that time.<a href="#cite_note-pleasant-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The outward <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">stereotypes of Appalachians</a> has, however, led to some from the region <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> to a less distinct English accent.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The English spoken on <a href="/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia" title="Tangier, Virginia">Tangier Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, preserved by the island's isolation, contains many phrases and euphemisms not found anywhere else and retains elements of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_early_Virginia" title="Religion in early Virginia">Religion in early Virginia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 25.675636036773px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious Tradition (<a href="#CITEREFprri2023">2023</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholicism</a> (16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United States">Judaism</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Islam</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Virginia enshrined <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">a 1786 statute</a>. Though the state is historically part of America's <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> (PRRI) survey estimated that 55% of Virginians either seldom or never attend religious services, ahead of the national average of 53.2%, and that the percent of Virginians unaffiliated with any particular religious body had increased from 21% in 2013 to 29% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-prri2023-219">[218]</a> The 2020 U.S. Religion Census conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (ARDA) similarly found that 55% of Virginians attend none of the state's 10,477 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-whopractices-220">[219]</a> Overall <a href="/wiki/Belief_in_God" title="Belief in God">belief in God</a> has also declined in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South region</a>, of which Virginia is a part, from 93% of respondents in <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> surveys from 2013 to 2017, to 86% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Of the 45% of Virginians who were associated with religious bodies in the 2020 ARDA census, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestants</a> made up the largest overall grouping, with 20.3% of the state's population, while 8.1% and 2% were <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black protestant</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, 84% of which are counted as Evangelical, included 9.4% of Virginians in that census.<a href="#cite_note-arda2020-222">[221]</a> Their major division is between the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_General_Association_of_Virginia" title="Baptist General Association of Virginia">Baptist General Association of Virginia</a>, which formed in 1823, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Conservatives_of_Virginia" title="Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia">Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia</a>, which split off in 1996. Other Protestant branches with over one percent of Virginians included <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> (1.3%), <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> (1.2%), and <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> (1%).<a href="#cite_note-arda2020-222">[221]</a> The 2023 PRRI survey estimated that 46% of Virginians were Protestants, with 14% each as White Evangelical, White Mainline, and Black, though these numbers include individuals who report not attending services.<a href="#cite_note-prri2023-219">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An outdoor auditorium with seated guests lined with neoclassical columns and a closed archway on one side and banners hanging inside the arch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg/220px-Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg/220px-Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg" data-alt="An outdoor auditorium with seated guests lined with neoclassical columns and a closed archway on one side and banners hanging inside the arch." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg/330px-Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg/440px-Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Since 1927, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County</a> has hosted an annual nondenominational <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_service" title="Sunrise service">sunrise service</a> every Easter.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United States">Catholics</a> accounted for 10.3% in the 2020 ARDA census,<a href="#cite_note-arda2020-222">[221]</a> and 16% in the 2023 PRRI survey, which divided them into 9% White Catholic, 6% Hispanic Catholic, and 1% other.<a href="#cite_note-prri2023-219">[218]</a> Catholic churches are organized in either the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arlington" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington">Diocese of Arlington</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Richmond" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond">Richmond</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal churches</a> are similarly in their <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Virginia" title="Episcopal Diocese of Virginia">Diocese of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Southern_Virginia" title="Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia">Southern Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Southwestern_Virginia" title="Episcopal Diocese of Southwestern Virginia">Southwestern Virginia</a>. Adherents of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> constitute just over one percent of the population, with 210 <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Virginia" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Virginia">congregations in Virginia</a> as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Ahabah" title="Congregation Beth Ahabah">Congregation Beth Ahabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlitzky1996359-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a> is the state's most religiously diverse jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-whopractices-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Station,_Virginia" title="Fairfax Station, Virginia">Fairfax Station</a> is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Ekoji_Buddhist_Temple" title="Ekoji Buddhist Temple">Ekoji Buddhist Temple</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> school, and the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Durga_Temple_of_Virginia" title="Durga Temple of Virginia">Durga Temple of Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/All_Dulles_Area_Muslim_Society" title="All Dulles Area Muslim Society">All Dulles Area Muslim Society</a>, on the county's border in <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia" title="Sterling, Virginia">Sterling</a>, considers its eleven branches the country's second-largest <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> mosque community.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/McLean_Bible_Church" title="McLean Bible Church">McLean Bible Church</a>, with around 16,500 weekly visitors, is among the top 25 largest <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurches</a> in the U.S. and 8.4% of Virginians attend <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenomination Christian</a> churches like it, according to the 2020 ARDA census.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-arda2020-222">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area" title="Lynchburg metropolitan area">Lynchburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke</a> ranked in that census as the two metropolitan areas with the highest rates of religious adherence, while the state-college-dominated <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area" title="Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area">Blacksburg–Christiansburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area" title="Charlottesville, Virginia metropolitan area">Charlottesville</a> were the lowest.<a href="#cite_note-arda2020-222">[221]</a> Two major Christian universities, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lynchburg" title="University of Lynchburg">University of Lynchburg</a>, are based in Lynchburg, while <a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Virginia" title="Economy of Virginia">Economy of Virginia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia locations by per capita income">Virginia locations by per capita income</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Virginia counties colored by median household income, ranging from gray, to blue, to darker green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png/300px-Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="685"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png/300px-Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png" data-alt="Map of Virginia counties colored by median household income, ranging from gray, to blue, to darker green." data-width="300" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png/450px-Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png/600px-Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Counties and cities by median household income between 2015 and 2019</figcaption></figure> Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">average per capita income</a> in 2022 was $68,211,<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP" title="List of U.S. states and territories by GDP">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) was $654.5 billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-gdp-229">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a> caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020,<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> In September 2024, the unemployment rate was 2.9%, which was the 8th-lowest nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Virginia has a <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> of $96,490, as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 8th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.3%, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate">10th-lowest nationwide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery County</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a> has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_thresholds_(United_States_Census_Bureau)" title="Poverty thresholds (United States Census Bureau)">U.S. Census poverty thresholds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County</a> meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> region is among the highest-income regions nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-poverty-233">[232]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, eighteen of the hundred <a href="/wiki/Highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income counties in the United States">highest-income counties in the United States</a>, including the two highest, are located in Northern Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_median_home_price" title="List of U.S. states by median home price">median home prices</a> in Virginia are generally above the national average, particularly in Northern Virginia, where they were 44.8% higher in May 2024, at $760,000,<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> 69.1% of <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Virginia" title="Housing in Virginia">Virginians own their home</a> as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> region has the state's highest per capita number of homeless individuals, with 11 per 10,000, as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Gini_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient">Gini index</a> shows Virginia has less <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> than the national average,<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.<a href="#cite_note-247wallst-239">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> ranked Virginia as their 2024 <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_States_For_Business" title="America's Top States For Business">Top State for Business</a>, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of business and living,<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine ranked it as the sixteenth best to start a business in.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxfam_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam America">Oxfam America</a> however ranked Virginia in 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a> as only the 26th-best state to work in, with pluses for worker protections from sexual harassment and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">pregnancy discrimination</a>, but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> of $2.13.<a href="#cite_note-oxfam-242">[241]</a> Virginia has been an <a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">employment-at-will</a> state since 1906 and a "<a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right to work</a>" state since 1947,<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxfam-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_agencies">Government agencies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pentagon,_cropped_square.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Aerial view of the huge five-sided building and its multiple rings. Parking lots and highways stretch away from it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png/220px-The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png/220px-The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png" data-alt="Aerial view of the huge five-sided building and its multiple rings. Parking lots and highways stretch away from it." data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png/330px-The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png/440px-The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>.</figcaption></figure> Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, almost 17% of all employees in the state.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Approximately 12% of all <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_United_States" title="Government procurement in the United States">U.S. federal procurement</a> money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fedspend-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-weighdefense-248">[247]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 125,648 active-duty personnel, 25,404 reservists, and 99,832 civilians work directly for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> or one of 27 military bases in the state covering 270,009 acres (1,092.69 km2).<a href="#cite_note-mil-249">[248]</a> Another 139,000 Virginians work for <a href="/wiki/Government_contractor" title="Government contractor">defense contracting</a> firms,<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> which received $44.8 billion worth of contracts in the 2020 fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-mil-249">[248]</a> Virginia has the second highest concentration of veterans of any state with 9.7% of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> area is home to the world's largest navy base and only <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> station on U.S. soil, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk" title="Naval Station Norfolk">Naval Station Norfolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-mil-249">[248]</a> Other large <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_Northern_Virginia" title="List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia">federal agencies in Northern Virginia</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Fish & Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Crossroads,_Virginia" title="Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia">Bailey's Crossroads</a>. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Departments of Transportation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Education" title="Virginia Department of Education">Education</a> the two largest state departments by expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> K–12 teachers in Virginia make an annual average of $59,970, which is thirteen-lowest in the U.S. when adjusted for the state's <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> as of the 2021–22 school year.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="High-rise hotels line the ocean front covered with colorful beach-goers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg/220px-Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg/220px-Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg" data-alt="High-rise hotels line the ocean front covered with colorful beach-goers." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg/330px-Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg/440px-Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ocean tourism is an important sector of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach's</a> economy.</figcaption></figure> Based on data as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341 <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorships</a>. Of the 144,431 registered non-farm businesses in 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 59.4% are majority male-owned, 22% are majority female-owned, 19.6% are majority minority-owned, and 8.9% are veteran-owned.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> Twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies are headquartered in Virginia as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, with the largest companies by revenue being <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTX_Corporation" title="RTX Corporation">RTX Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance_Food_Group" title="Performance Food Group">Performance Food Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_One" title="Capital One">Capital One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The two largest by number of employees are <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Tree" title="Dollar Tree">Dollar Tree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Worldwide Holdings">Hilton Worldwide Holdings</a> in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, with the 451,268 tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292.<a href="#cite_note-cyberstates-257">[256]</a> Many of these jobs are in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Dulles_Technology_Corridor" title="Dulles Technology Corridor">Dulles Technology Corridor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia" title="Tysons, Virginia">Tysons</a> areas. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> additionally selected <a href="/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia" title="Crystal City, Virginia">Crystal City</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amazon_HQ2" title="Amazon HQ2">its HQ2</a> in 2018, while <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> expanded their <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston</a> offices in 2019. Northern Virginia became the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a> market in 2016, with over 47.7 million square feet (4.43 km2) as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> much of it in <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County</a>, which has branded itself "Data Center Alley".<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Data centers in Virginia handled around one-third of all internet traffic and directly employed 13,500 Virginians in 2023 and supported 45,000 total jobs.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Virginia had the second fastest average internet speed among U.S. states that year and ninth highest percent of households with broadband access, at 93.6%.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Computer chips</a> became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-chips-264">[263]</a> and had an estimated export value of $740 million in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-chips_census-265">[264]</a> Though in the top quartile for diversity based on the <a href="/wiki/Simpson_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpson index">Simpson index</a>, only 26% of tech employees in Virginia are women, and only 13% are Black or African American.<a href="#cite_note-cyberstates-257">[256]</a> Tourists spent a record $33.3 billion in Virginia in 2023, an increase of 10% from the previous year, supporting an estimated 224,000 jobs, an increase of 13,000.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> The state ranked as the eighth most visited based on data from 2022.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> That year saw 745,000 international visitors, with 41% coming from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmers_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two adult men in green and red baseball caps work with their hands while crouching down in a field of wide green leaves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg" data-alt="Two adult men in green and red baseball caps work with their hands while crouching down in a field of wide green leaves." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_Virginia" title="Rockingham County, Virginia">Rockingham County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> accounts for twenty percent of Virginia's agricultural sales as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, with the valley as a whole being the state's most productive region.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, agriculture occupies 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7 million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161 km2) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average 186 acres (0.29 sq mi; 0.75 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960, when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-agfacts-270">[269]</a> Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Virginia's_Top_20_Farm_Commodities-271">[270]</a> although the ongoing <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">trade war with China</a> has led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Other leading agricultural products include corn, cut flowers, and tobacco, where the state ranks third nationally in <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agfacts-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virginia's_Top_20_Farm_Commodities-271">[270]</a> Virginia is the country's third-largest producer of seafood as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">sea scallops</a>, oysters, <a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Chesapeake blue crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a>, and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as the top export destinations.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, while recreation fishing supports another 5,893.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> The population of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">eastern oysters</a> collapsed in the 1980s due to pollution and overharvesting, but has slowly rebounded, and the 2022–2023 season saw the largest harvest in 35 years with around 700,000 US bushels (25,000 kL).<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> A warm winter and a dry summer made the 2023 wine harvest one of the best for vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, which also attract 2.6 million tourists annually.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-wine-277">[276]</a> Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 388 producing 1.1 million cases a year as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Virginia" title="List of breweries in Virginia">Breweries in Virginia</a> also produced 460,315 barrels (54,017 kl) of craft beer in 2022, the 15th-most nationally.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of Virginia colored green to blue based on how much property tax was paid, from $200 to $4,000+." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg/300px-Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg/300px-Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg.png" data-alt="A map of Virginia colored green to blue based on how much property tax was paid, from $200 to $4,000+." data-width="300" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg/450px-Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg/600px-Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Counties and cities by median <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property tax</a> paid in 2019</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">State income tax</a> is collected from those with incomes above a <a href="/wiki/Tax_return_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax return (United States)">filing threshold</a>. There are five income brackets, with rates ranging from 2.0% to 5.75% of taxable income.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Sales taxes in the United States">state sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">use tax</a> rate is 4.3%, though there is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> on most purchases. Three regions then have a higher sales tax: 6% in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads, and 7% in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Triangle" title="Historic Triangle">Historic Triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Retail-282">[281]</a> Unlike the majority of states, Virginia does have a 1% sales tax on groceries.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> This was lowered from 2.5% in January 2023, when the items covered by this lower rate were also extended to include essential personal hygiene goods.<a href="#cite_note-Retail-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Property tax in the United States">property tax</a> is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level.<a href="#cite_note-ceps-285">[284]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with <a href="/wiki/Manassas_Park,_Virginia" title="Manassas Park, Virginia">Manassas Park</a> paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia" title="Lunenburg County, Virginia">Lunenburg</a> counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from <a href="/wiki/Hotel_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel tax">taxes on hotels</a>, restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.<a href="#cite_note-ceps-285">[284]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Virginia" title="Culture of Virginia">Culture of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Five women dressed in long colonial style clothing sit on the stairs of tan and beige buildings talking. In front of them is a wooden wheelbarrow full of wicker baskets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg/220px-Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg/220px-Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg" data-alt="Five women dressed in long colonial style clothing sit on the stairs of tan and beige buildings talking. In front of them is a wooden wheelbarrow full of wicker baskets." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg/330px-Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg/440px-Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colonial Virginian culture, language, and style are reenacted in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Williamsburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> Modern Virginian culture has many sources and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">culture of the Southern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerKelly2000102%E2%80%93103-287">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> divides Virginia into nine cultural regions.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> Besides the general <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">cuisine of the Southern United States</a>, Virginians maintain their own particular traditions. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia wine</a> is made in many parts of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-wine-277">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smithfield_ham" title="Smithfield ham">Smithfield ham</a>, sometimes called "Virginia ham", is a type of <a href="/wiki/Country_ham" title="Country ham">country ham</a> which is <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">protected by state law</a> and can be produced only in the town of <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia" title="Smithfield, Virginia">Smithfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson200841-289">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_furniture" title="Virginia furniture">Virginia furniture</a> and architecture are typical of <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">American colonial architecture</a>. Thomas Jefferson and many of the Commonwealth's early leaders favored the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> and their style can also be found in parts of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-dutch-193">[192]</a> Literature in Virginia often deals with the Commonwealth's past. The works of <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayRobinson200481,_103-290">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell" title="James Branch Cabell">James Branch Cabell</a> wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, and challenged its moral code with <a href="/wiki/Jurgen,_A_Comedy_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice">Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> approached history in works such as <a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner_(1967)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967)">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like <a href="/wiki/I_Am_Charlotte_Simmons" title="I Am Charlotte Simmons">I Am Charlotte Simmons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Bondurant" title="Matt Bondurant">Matt Bondurant</a> received critical acclaim for his <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wettest_County_in_the_World" title="The Wettest County in the World">The Wettest County in the World</a> about moonshiners in <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin County</a> during <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Virginia also names a <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_Virginia" title="Poet Laureate of Virginia">state Poet Laureate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_and_performing_arts">Fine and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Virginia" title="Music of Virginia">Music of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Five male musicians perform on stage in front of a standing audience, behind them a dozen lights project blue lines upward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg/220px-The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6090" data-file-height="4081"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg/220px-The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg" data-alt="Five male musicians perform on stage in front of a standing audience, behind them a dozen lights project blue lines upward." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg/330px-The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg/440px-The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Steel_Wheels" title="The Steel Wheels">The Steel Wheels</a>, an Americana roots folk rock band, plays at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Theater_(Virginia)" title="Jefferson Theater (Virginia)">Jefferson Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a> in February 2019.</figcaption></figure> Virginia ranks near the middle of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, at just over half of the national average.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> The state government does fund some institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Virginia Museum of Fine Arts">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Virginia" title="Science Museum of Virginia">Science Museum of Virginia</a>. Other museums include the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art" title="Chrysler Museum of Art">Chrysler Museum of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200822%E2%80%9325-297">[296]</a> Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Culture_Museum_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia">Frontier Culture Museum</a>, and various historic battlefields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham200688,_206,_292-298">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foundation_for_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Foundation for the Humanities">Virginia Foundation for the Humanities</a> works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Opera_House" title="Harrison Opera House">Harrison Opera House</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, is home of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Opera" title="Virginia Opera">Virginia Opera</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Virginia Symphony Orchestra">Virginia Symphony Orchestra</a> operates in and around <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham2006165%E2%80%93166-300">[299]</a> Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the <a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Center" title="American Shakespeare Center">American Shakespeare Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012154-301">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barter_Theatre" title="Barter Theatre">Barter Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon</a>, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, won the first <a href="/wiki/Regional_Theatre_Tony_Award" title="Regional Theatre Tony Award">Regional Theatre Tony Award</a> in 1948, while the <a href="/wiki/Signature_Theatre_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="Signature Theatre (Arlington, Virginia)">Signature Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a> won it in 2009. There is also a Children's Theater of Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_IV" title="Theatre IV">Theatre IV</a>, which is the second-largest touring troupe in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> Notable music performance venues include <a href="/wiki/The_Birchmere" title="The Birchmere">The Birchmere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Theater_(Richmond,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark Theater (Richmond, Virginia)">Landmark Theater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Live" title="Jiffy Lube Live">Jiffy Lube Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham200629,_121,_363,_432-303">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts">Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna</a> and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.<a href="#cite_note-wolftrap-304">[303]</a> Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time string</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, with groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Brothers">Stanley Brothers</a> achieving national prominence during the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> The state's African tradition is found through <a href="/wiki/Gospel_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel (music)">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shout_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout band">shout bands</a>, with both <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> coming from <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> Contemporary Virginia is also known for <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> artists like <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mraz" title="Jason Mraz">Jason Mraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brown" title="Chris Brown">Chris Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Angelo" title="D'Angelo">D'Angelo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kali_Uchis" title="Kali Uchis">Kali Uchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> stars like <a href="/wiki/Pharrell_Williams" title="Pharrell Williams">Pharrell Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbaland" title="Timbaland">Timbaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pusha_T" title="Pusha T">Pusha T</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/GWAR" class="mw-redirect" title="GWAR">GWAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God_(band)" title="Lamb of God (band)">Lamb of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Several members of <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> band <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)" title="Old Dominion (band)">Old Dominion</a> grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a> area, and took their band name from Virginia's state nickname.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Dozens of brown and white ponies surge out of the shallow water onto a grassy shore crowded with onlookers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg/220px-Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg/220px-Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg" data-alt="Dozens of brown and white ponies surge out of the shallow water onto a grassy shore crowded with onlookers." data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg/330px-Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg/440px-Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Pony_Penning" title="Pony Penning">Pony Penning</a> features more than 200 <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">wild ponies</a> swimming across the <a href="/wiki/Assateague_Channel" title="Assateague Channel">Assateague Channel</a> into <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia" title="Chincoteague, Virginia">Chincoteague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ponies-309">[308]</a></figcaption></figure> Many counties and localities host <a href="/wiki/County_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="County fair">county fairs</a> and festivals. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia State Fair">Virginia State Fair</a> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Meadow_Event_Park" title="Meadow Event Park">Meadow Event Park</a> every September. Also in September is the <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Festival" title="Neptune Festival">Neptune Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia#Parks_and_recreation" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk's Harborfest</a>, in June, features boat racing and <a href="/wiki/Air_show" title="Air show">air shows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201225,_287-310">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a> also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> The Virginia Lake Festival is held in July in <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_VA" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarksville, VA">Clarksville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia" title="Chincoteague, Virginia">Chincoteague</a> hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Pony_Penning" title="Pony Penning">Pony Penning</a> of feral <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">Chincoteague ponies</a>, expanded into a week-long carnival.<a href="#cite_note-ponies-309">[308]</a> Every year on <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a> tribes present Virginia's governor with a tribute of deer in a celebration honoring colonial treaties.<a href="#cite_note-taxtribute-205">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Apple_Blossom_Festival" title="Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival">Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival</a> is a two-week festival held annually in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a> which includes parades and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> concerts. The <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old Time</a> Fiddlers' Convention in <a href="/wiki/Galax,_Virginia" title="Galax, Virginia">Galax</a>, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide. Wolf Trap hosts the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Trap_Opera_Company" title="Wolf Trap Opera Company">Wolf Trap Opera Company</a>, which produces an opera festival every summer.<a href="#cite_note-wolftrap-304">[303]</a> The Blue Ridge Rock Festival has operated since 2017, and has brought as many as 33,000 concert-goers to the Blue Ridge Amphitheater in <a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> Two important film festivals, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Film_Festival" title="Virginia Film Festival">Virginia Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/VCU_French_Film_Festival" title="VCU French Film Festival">VCU French Film Festival</a>, are held annually in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a> and Richmond, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201225%E2%80%9326-314">[313]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">Government of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An all white Neoclassical building with pediment and six columns rises on a grassy hill with a large American elm tree in the left foreground. Two boxier, but similarly styled wings are attached at the building's rear." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="2407"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg" data-alt="An all white Neoclassical building with pediment and six columns rises on a grassy hill with a large American elm tree in the left foreground. Two boxier, but similarly styled wings are attached at the building's rear." data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/330px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/440px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Cl%C3%A9risseau" title="Charles-Louis Clérisseau">Charles-Louis Clérisseau</a>, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1619, the first <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> met, making Virginia's legislature the oldest of its kind in North America.<a href="#cite_note-hemisphere-315">[314]</a> The government today functions under the seventh <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">Constitution of Virginia</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/1970_Virginia_ballot_measures" title="1970 Virginia ballot measures">approved by voters in 1970</a> and went into effect in July 1971.<a href="#cite_note-constitution_1970-78">[77]</a> It is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal structure</a> in that it provides for <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">three branches</a>: a strong legislature, an executive, and a unified judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-316">[315]</a> Virginia's legislature is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>, with a 100-member <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a> and 40-member <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Virginia">Senate</a>, who together write the laws for the Commonwealth. Delegates serve two-year terms, while senators serve four-year terms, with <a href="/wiki/2023_Virginia_elections" title="2023 Virginia elections">the most recent elections</a> for both taking place in November 2023. The executive department includes the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">lieutenant governor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">attorney general</a>, who are elected every four years in separate elections, with the <a href="/wiki/2025_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="2025 Virginia gubernatorial election">next taking place in November 2025</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Virginia Governors">Incumbent governors</a> cannot run for re-election; governors can and have served non-consecutive terms.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> The lieutenant governor is the official head of the Senate and is responsible for breaking ties. The House elects a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates">Speaker of the House</a> and the Senate elects a <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Senate_of_Virginia" title="President pro tempore of the Senate of Virginia">President pro tempore</a>, who presides when the lieutenant governor is not present, and both houses elect a clerk and majority and minority leaders.<a href="#cite_note-vga_guide-318">[317]</a> The governor also nominates their 16 <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Cabinet" title="Virginia Governor's Cabinet">cabinet members</a> and others who head various state departments.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> The legislature starts regular sessions on the second Wednesday of every year. They meet for up to 48 days in odd years, which are election years, or 60 days in even years, to allow more time for biennial state budgets, which governors propose.<a href="#cite_note-vga_guide-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> After regular sessions end, special sessions can be called either by the governor or with agreement of two-thirds of both houses, and 21 special sessions have been called since 2000, typically for legislation on preselected issues.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> Though not a full-time legislature, the Assembly is classified as a hybrid because special sessions are not limited by the state constitution and often last several months.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> A one-day "veto session" is also automatically triggered when a governor chooses to veto or return legislation to the Assembly with amendments. Vetoes can then be overturned with approval of two-thirds of both the House and Senate.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> A bill that passes with two-thirds approval can also become law without action from the governor,<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> and Virginia has no "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>", so bills become law if the governor chooses to neither approve nor veto them.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A seven-story sandstone building faced with ionic columns on a city street corner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG/220px-SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG/220px-SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG" data-alt="A seven-story sandstone building faced with ionic columns on a city street corner." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG/330px-SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG/440px-SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal judiciary system</a>, justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Virginia Supreme Court</a> have term limits, a mandatory retirement age, and select their own Chief Justice.</figcaption></figure> The judges and justices who make up <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Virginia" title="Judiciary of Virginia">Virginia's judicial system</a>, also the oldest in America, are elected by a majority vote in both the House and Senate without input from the governor, one way Virginia's legislature is stronger than its executive. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor</a> can make <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a>, and when both branches are controlled by the same party, the assembly often confirms them. The judicial hierarchy starts with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_District_Court" title="Virginia General District Court">General District Courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Juvenile_and_Domestic_Relations_District_Court" title="Virginia Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court">Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Circuit_Court" title="Virginia Circuit Court">Circuit Courts</a> above them, then the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_Virginia" title="Court of Appeals of Virginia">Court of Appeals of Virginia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a> on top.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> The Supreme Court has seven justices who serve 12-year terms, with a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory retirement age">mandatory retirement age</a> of 73, and they select their own chief justice, who is informally limited to two four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> Virginia was the last state to guarantee an automatic right of <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> for all civil and criminal cases, and its Court of Appeals increased from 11 to 17 judges in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Code of Virginia</a> is the statutory law and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Virginia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Virginia">law enforcement agency in Virginia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Police" title="Virginia State Police">Virginia State Police</a>, with 3,035 sworn and civilian members as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Marine_Police" title="Virginia Marine Police">Virginia Marine Police</a> were founded as the "Oyster Navy" in 1864 in response to <a href="/wiki/Oyster_pirate" title="Oyster pirate">oyster bed poaching</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Division_of_Capitol_Police" title="Virginia Division of Capitol Police">Virginia Capitol Police</a> protect the legislature and executive department, and are the oldest police department in the United States, dating to the guards who protected the colonial leadership.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> The governor can also call upon the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard" title="Virginia National Guard">Virginia National Guard</a>, which consists of approximately <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Army_National_Guard" title="Virginia Army National Guard">7,200 army soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Air_National_Guard" title="Virginia Air National Guard">1,200 airmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Defense_Force" title="Virginia Defense Force">300 Defense Force members</a>, and 400 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> Between 1608 and 2021, when the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Virginia" title="Capital punishment in Virginia">death penalty</a> was abolished, the state executed over 1,300 people, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Virginia" title="List of people executed in Virginia">113 following the resumption of capital punishment</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> Virginia's prison system incarcerates 30,936 people as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 53% of whom are Black,<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> and the state has the sixteenth-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate">rate of incarceration in the country</a>, at 422 per 100,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> Prisoner <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> was ended in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> and Virginia's rate of <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> of released felons who are re-convicted within three years and sentenced to a year or more is 23.1%, the lowest in the country as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> Virginia has the fourth lowest violent crime rate and thirteenth lowest property crime rate as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> Between 2008 and 2017, arrests for drug-related crimes rose 38%, with 71% of those related to <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia" title="Cannabis in Virginia">marijuana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> which Virginia <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">decriminalized</a> in July 2020 and <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">legalized</a> in July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Virginia" title="Politics of Virginia">Politics of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shad_Planking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="People stroll in a wooded area decorated with American flags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shad_Planking.jpg/220px-Shad_Planking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shad_Planking.jpg/220px-Shad_Planking.jpg" data-alt="People stroll in a wooded area decorated with American flags." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shad_Planking.jpg/330px-Shad_Planking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shad_Planking.jpg/440px-Shad_Planking.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mirroring Virginia's political transition, the annual <a href="/wiki/Shad_Planking" title="Shad Planking">Shad Planking</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Virginia" title="Wakefield, Virginia">Wakefield</a> has evolved from a vestige of the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd era</a> into a regular stop for many state campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-shad-344">[343]</a></figcaption></figure> Over the past century, Virginia has shifted politically from being a largely rural, conservative, <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Southern bloc</a> member to a state that is more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate, as both greater enfranchisement and demographic shifts have changed the electorate. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> They sought to stymie the political power of Northern Virginia, perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, and successfully restricted voter registration such that between 1905 and 1948 <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> was regularly below ten percent.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> The organization used <a href="/wiki/Malapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapportionment">malapportionment</a> to manipulate what areas were over-represented in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">General Assembly</a> and the U.S. Congress until ordered to end the practice by the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision in <a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Mann" title="Davis v. Mann">Davis v. Mann</a> and the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Supreme Court">Virginia Supreme Court</a> decision in Wilkins v. Davis respectively.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped overturn the state's <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disfranchised</a> African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-promiseprejudice-349">[348]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive federal approval for changes to voting laws, until the system for including states was <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">struck down in 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_Virginia" title="Voting Rights Act of Virginia">Voting Rights Act of Virginia</a> was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">state Attorney General</a> for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_Virginia" title="Felony disenfranchisement in Virginia">ban on voting for felony convictions</a> was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> That year, Governor <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a> ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-346">[345]</a> Virginia moved from being ranked as the second most difficult state to vote in 2016, to the twelfth easiest in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> While urban and expanding suburban areas, including much of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, form the modern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base (politics)">base</a>, rural southern and western areas moved to support the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in response to its "<a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">southern strategy</a>" starting around 1970.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> Rural Democratic support has nevertheless persisted in union-influenced <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a>, college towns such as <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a>, and the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> African Americans are the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters,<a href="#cite_note-promiseprejudice-349">[348]</a> but educational attainment and gender have also become strong indicators of political alignment, with the majority of women in Virginia supporting Democratic presidential candidates since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> International immigration and domestic migration into Virginia have also increased the proportion of eligible voters born outside the state from 44% in 1980 to 55% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_elections">State elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Elections in Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Virginia" title="Political party strength in Virginia">Political party strength in Virginia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of Virginia showing the results of the 2023 Virginia House of Delegates election, with Republican districts in red and Democratic districts in blue, with heavier shading showing which changed parties." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg/250px-2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg/250px-2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg.png" data-alt="A map of Virginia showing the results of the 2023 Virginia House of Delegates election, with Republican districts in red and Democratic districts in blue, with heavier shading showing which changed parties." data-width="250" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg/375px-2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg/500px-2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election" title="2023 Virginia House of Delegates election">2023 Virginia House of Delegates election</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of Virginia showing the results of the 2023 Virginia Senate election, with Republican districts in red and Democratic districts in blue, with heavier shading showing which changed parties." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg/250px-2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg/250px-2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg.png" data-alt="A map of Virginia showing the results of the 2023 Virginia Senate election, with Republican districts in red and Democratic districts in blue, with heavier shading showing which changed parties." data-width="250" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg/375px-2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg/500px-2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Virginia_Senate_election" title="2023 Virginia Senate election">2023 Virginia Senate election</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Republican hold <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Democratic hold <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Republican gain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Democratic gain</div></div></div></div> Because Virginia enacted their post-Civil-War <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">constitution</a> in 1870, state elections in Virginia occur in odd-numbered years, with executive department elections occurring in years following U.S. presidential elections and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Virginia">State Senate</a> elections occurring in the years prior to presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-offyear-359">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a> elections take place concurrent with each of those elections. National politics often play a role in state election outcomes, and Virginians have elected governors of the party opposite the U.S. president in eleven of the last twelve contests, with only <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a> beating the trend <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia elections, 2013">in 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia elections, 2017">2017 state elections</a> resulted in Democrats holding the three executive offices, as lieutenant governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> won <a href="/wiki/2017_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Virginia gubernatorial election">the race for governor</a>. In concurrent <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates_elections,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017">House of Delegates elections</a>, Democrats flipped fifteen of the Republicans' previous sixteen-seat majority.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Control of the House came down to a tied election in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_94th_House_of_Delegates_district" title="Virginia's 94th House of Delegates district">94th district</a>, which the Republican won by a drawing of lots, giving the party a slim 51–49 majority in the <a href="/wiki/160th_Virginia_General_Assembly" title="160th Virginia General Assembly">2018–19 legislative sessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> At this time, Virginia was ranked as having the most <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">gerrymandered</a> U.S. state legislature, as Republicans controlled the House with only 44.5% of the total vote.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Bethune-Hill_v._Virginia_State_Bd._of_Elections" title="Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections">federal courts found</a> that eleven House district lines, including the 94th, were unconstitutionally drawn to discriminate against African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> Adjusted districts were used in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia elections, 2019">2019 elections</a>, when Democrats won full control of the General Assembly, despite <a href="/wiki/2019_Virginia_political_crisis" title="2019 Virginia political crisis">a political crisis earlier that year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> Voters in 2020 then <a href="/wiki/2020_Virginia_Question_1" title="2020 Virginia Question 1">passed a referendum</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Virginia" title="Redistricting in Virginia">control of drawing</a> both state and congressional districts to a commission of eight citizens and four legislators from each of the two major parties, rather than the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Glenn Youngkin</a> became the first Republican to <a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="2021 Virginia gubernatorial election">win the governor's race</a> since 2009,<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> with his party also winning the races for <a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election">lieutenant governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_Attorney_General_election" title="2021 Virginia Attorney General election">attorney general</a> and gaining <a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election" title="2021 Virginia House of Delegates election">seven seats in the House of Delegates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> Two years later, new legislative maps drawn by <a href="/wiki/Special_master" title="Special master">special masters</a> appointed by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">the state supreme court</a> led to nine retirements in the state senate and to twenty-five House delegates not seeking re-election. In <a href="/wiki/2023_Virginia_elections" title="2023 Virginia elections">those elections</a>, Democrats claimed a slim majority of one seat in both the Senate and the House.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_elections">Federal elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">United States presidential elections in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two older white men in suits address a group of teenagers assembled on the steps of the U.S. Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg/220px-Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg/220px-Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg" data-alt="Two older white men in suits address a group of teenagers assembled on the steps of the U.S. Capitol" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg/330px-Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg/440px-Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>, both former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governors</a>, meet with students on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a>.</figcaption></figure> Though Virginia was considered a "<a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-purple-374">[373]</a> Virginia's thirteen <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> were carried in that election and ever since by Democratic candidates, suggesting the state has shifted to being reliably Democratic in presidential elections. Virginia was the only former Confederate state to vote for the Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="2016 United States presidential election in Virginia">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="2024 United States presidential election in Virginia">2024</a> presidential elections. Virginia had previously voted for Republican presidential candidates in thirteen out of fourteen <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential elections</a> from 1952 to 2004, including ten in a row from 1968 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-breeze-375">[374]</a> Virginia currently holds its presidential <a href="/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States" title="Open primaries in the United States">open primary</a> election on <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>, the same day as fourteen other states, with <a href="/wiki/2024_Virginia_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2024 Virginia Republican presidential primary">the most recent</a> held on March 5, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">Virginia's two U.S. senators</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">classes 1 and 2</a>. Virginia has had <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">eleven U.S. House of Representatives seats</a> since 1993, and control of the majority has flipped four times since then, often as part of "<a href="/wiki/Wave_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Wave elections in the United States">wave elections</a>". Currently, Democrats hold six seats to Republicans' five. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Virginia" title="Education in Virginia">Education in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BUF_IMG_5559_(33491723285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Five middle school students work together at a table using a soldering iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg/220px-BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg/220px-BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg" data-alt="Five middle school students work together at a table using a soldering iron" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg/330px-BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg/440px-BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Middle school students in <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a> participate in an engineering program in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</figcaption></figure> Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education's</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">National Assessment of Educational Progress</a>, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> Virginia's K–7 schools had a <a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio" title="Student–teacher ratio">student–teacher ratio</a> of 12.41:1 as of the 2022–23 school year, and 12.52:1 for grades 8–12.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Education" title="Virginia Department of Education">Virginia Department of Education</a>, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Learning" title="Standards of Learning">Standards of Learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> Public <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K–12 schools</a> in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of the 2023–24 academic year,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a> 1,261,962 students were enrolled in 2,254 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including 56 career and technical schools and 290 alternative and special education centers across 126 <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_divisions_in_Virginia" title="List of school divisions in Virginia">school divisions</a>. Besides the general <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government-funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government-funded)">public schools</a> in Virginia, there are <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Schools_(Virginia)" title="Governor's Schools (Virginia)">Governor's Schools</a> and selective <a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet schools</a>. The Governor's Schools are a collection of 52 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students,<a href="#cite_note-doedata-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> and include the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology">Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology</a>, the top-rated high school in the country in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> An additional 53,680 students receive homeschooling.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> In 2022, 92.1% of high school students graduated on-time after four years,<a href="#cite_note-grad2022-385">[384]</a> and 89.3% of adults over the age 25 had their high school diploma.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> Virginia has one of the smaller racial gaps in graduation rates among U.S. states,<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> with 90.3% of Black students graduating on time, compared to 94.9% of white students and 98.3% of Asian students. Hispanic students had the highest <a href="/wiki/High_school_dropouts_in_the_United_States" title="High school dropouts in the United States">dropout rate</a>, at 13.95%, with high rates being correlated with students listed as <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English learners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grad2022-385">[384]</a> Despite ending <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">school segregation</a> in the 1960s, seven percent of Virginia's public schools were rated as "intensely segregated" by <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_Rights_Project/Proyecto_Derechos_Civiles" title="The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles">The Civil Rights Project at UCLA</a> in 2019, and the number has risen since 1989, when only three percent were.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a> Virginia has comparatively large public school districts, typically comprising entire counties or cities, and this helps mitigate funding gaps seen in other states such that non-white districts average slightly more funding, $255 per student as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, than majority white districts.<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> Elementary schools, with Virginia's smallest districts, were found to be more segregated than state middle or high schools by a 2019 VCU study.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">List of colleges and universities in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falling_Upwards;_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/220px-Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5308" data-file-height="5086"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/220px-Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/330px-Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/440px-Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> guarantees full tuition scholarships to all in-state Virginia students with family incomes of $80,000 or less.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Virginia has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_educational_attainment" title="List of U.S. states and territories by educational attainment">sixth-highest percent of residents</a> with bachelor's degrees or higher, with 39.5%.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a> recognizes 163 <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">colleges and universities in Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nces-391">[390]</a> In the 2022 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> ranking of national public universities, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> is ranked 3rd, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> is 13th, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> is 23rd, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> is 65th, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a> is 72nd, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a> is 83rd.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> There are 119 private institutions in the state, including <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a>, which are ranked as the country's 11th and 18th best liberal arts colleges respectively.<a href="#cite_note-nces-391">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> Virginia Tech and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a> are the state's <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant universities</a>, and Virginia State is one of its five <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges and universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> is the oldest state <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military college</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> Virginia also operates <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Community_College_System" title="Virginia Community College System">23 community colleges</a> on 40 campuses which enrolled 199,926 degree-seeking students during the 2021–2022 school year.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> In 2021, the state made community college free for most low- and middle-income students.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> George Mason University had the largest on-campus enrollment at 40,390 students as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> though the private <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> had the largest total enrollment in the state, with 115,000 online and 15,800 on-campus students in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200318-N-BB298-1072_(49786116842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two medical professionals, one holding a clipboard, in blue scrubs and facemasks stand outside the window of a dark blue car parked in front of a brick building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg/220px-200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="4064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg/220px-200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg" data-alt="Two medical professionals, one holding a clipboard, in blue scrubs and facemasks stand outside the window of a dark blue car parked in front of a brick building." data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg/330px-200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg/440px-200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Patients are screened for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Center_Portsmouth" title="Naval Medical Center Portsmouth">Naval Medical Center Portsmouth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>'s oldest continuously operating hospital.<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a></figcaption></figure> Virginia was ranked best for its physical environment in the 2023 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings, but 19th for its overall health outcomes and only 26th for residents' healthy behaviors. Among U.S. states, Virginia has the 22nd lowest rate of premature deaths, with 8,709 per 100,000,<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate of 5.61 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> The rate of uninsured Virginians dropped to 6.5% in 2023, following an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County</a> were both ranked in the top ten healthiest communities in 2020 by U.S. News & World Report.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos,<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> and were disproportionately affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">coronavirus pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> African-American mothers are also three times more likely to <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States" title="Maternal mortality in the United States">die while giving birth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.<a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">primary care physicians</a> per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> A December 2023 report by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">General Assembly</a> found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> Weight is an issue for many Virginians: 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> 35% of adults are overweight, and 23.3% do not exercise regularly.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010,<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> and the percent of tobacco smokers in the state has declined from 19% in that year to 12.1% in 2023, but an additional 7.7% use <a href="/wiki/E-cigarette" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cigarette">e-cigarettes</a>. The percentage of adults who receive annual immunizations is above average, as 47.8% get their yearly flu vaccination.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> In 2008, Virginia became the first U.S. state to mandate the <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a> for girls for school attendance,<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> and 62.7% of adolescents have the vaccine as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Health" title="Virginia Board of Health">Virginia Board of Health</a> regulates healthcare facilities. There are 88 <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Virginia" title="List of hospitals in Virginia">hospitals in Virginia</a> with a combined 17,024 hospital beds as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>. The largest in both Virginia and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a> is <a href="/wiki/Inova_Fairfax_Hospital" title="Inova Fairfax Hospital">Inova Fairfax Hospital</a>, which serves over 55,000 patients annually.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> <a href="/wiki/VCU_Medical_Center" title="VCU Medical Center">VCU Medical Center</a>, where a new 16-story <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospital</a> was opened in 2023, is highly ranked for <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> while <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Health_System" title="University of Virginia Health System">UVA Medical Center</a> is highly ranked for its cancer care,<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> and the state numbers in the top ten for annual <a href="/wiki/Cancer_screening" title="Cancer screening">cancer screenings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sentara_Norfolk_General_Hospital" title="Sentara Norfolk General Hospital">Sentara Norfolk General Hospital</a>, a teaching institution of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Virginia Medical School">Eastern Virginia Medical School</a>, was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jordan_Carr" title="Elizabeth Jordan Carr">first successful</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/In-vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In-vitro fertilization">in-vitro fertilization</a> program, and around 2.5% of births in the state are due to IVF.<a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia" title="List of newspapers in Virginia">List of newspapers in Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of radio stations in Virginia">List of radio stations in Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of television stations in Virginia">List of television stations in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Today_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two geometric all glass towers connected by a central atrium stand in front of a grassy walkway and under a dark and cloudy sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USA_Today_building.jpg/220px-USA_Today_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="1716"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USA_Today_building.jpg/220px-USA_Today_building.jpg" data-alt="Two geometric all glass towers connected by a central atrium stand in front of a grassy walkway and under a dark and cloudy sky" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USA_Today_building.jpg/330px-USA_Today_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USA_Today_building.jpg/440px-USA_Today_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States" title="List of newspapers in the United States">nation's largest circulation newspaper</a>, is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> area is the 44th-largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a> in the United States as ranked by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Richmond-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond-Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a> area is 56th and <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a> is 71st as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>. Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market, which is the country's ninth-largest.<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> There are 36 <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of television stations in Virginia">television stations in Virginia</a>, representing each major <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">U.S. network</a>, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers including those broadcasting from neighboring jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a> There are 595 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>-licensed FM <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of radio stations in Virginia">radio stations broadcast in Virginia</a> and 239 AM stations as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> The nationally available <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station <a href="/wiki/WETA-TV" title="WETA-TV">WETA-TV</a> produces programs such as the <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Week" title="Washington Week">Washington Week</a>. The most circulated <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia" title="List of newspapers in Virginia">native newspapers in the Commonwealth</a> are <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Virginian-Pilot" title="The Virginian-Pilot">The Virginian-Pilot</a> with around 132,000 subscribers,<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch" title="Richmond Times-Dispatch">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a> with 86,219,<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Roanoke_Times" title="The Roanoke Times">The Roanoke Times</a> as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean</a>, has seen its daily subscription number decline significantly from over 500,000 in 2019 to just over 180,000 in 2021, but is still the third-most circulated paper nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a> USA Today is the flagship publication of <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett, Inc.</a>, which merged with <a href="/wiki/GateHouse_Media" title="GateHouse Media">GateHouse Media</a> in 2019, and operates over one hundred local newspapers nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> In Northern Virginia, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> is the dominant newspaper and provides local coverage for the region.<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico (newspaper)">Politico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>, which both cover national politics, have their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Virginia" title="Transportation in Virginia">Transportation in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A train station built over a busy intersection in front of several skyscrapers at sunset." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg/220px-Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg/220px-Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg" data-alt="A train station built over a busy intersection in front of several skyscrapers at sunset." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg/330px-Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg/440px-Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Silver_Line_(Washington_Metro)" title="Silver Line (Washington Metro)">Silver Line</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> system opened in <a href="/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia" title="Tysons, Virginia">Tysons</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> Because of the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Road_Act" title="Byrd Road Act">Byrd Road Act</a>, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Virginia Department of Transportation</a> (VDOT) owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third-largest state highway system.<a href="#cite_note-vdot-429">[428]</a> Traffic on Virginia's roads is among the worst in the nation according to the 2019 American Community Survey. The average commute time of 28.7 minutes is the eighth-longest among U.S. states, and the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, has the second-worst rate of traffic congestion among U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a> About 67.9% of workers in Virginia reported driving alone to work in 2021, the fourteenth lowest percent in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-ahr-401">[400]</a> while 8.5% reported carpooling,<a href="#cite_note-acs_transit-431">[430]</a> and Virginia hit <a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">peak car</a> usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_transit_and_ports">Mass transit and ports</h3></div> About 3.4% of Virginians commute on public transit,<a href="#cite_note-acs_transit-431">[430]</a> and there were over 171.9 million public transit trips in Virginia in 2019, over 62% of which were done on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> transit system, which serves <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, and extends into <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax Counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wmata-433">[432]</a> Commuter buses include the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Connector" title="Fairfax Connector">Fairfax Connector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_Regional_Transit" title="Fredericksburg Regional Transit">FRED</a> buses in Fredericksburg, and <a href="/wiki/Potomac_and_Rappahannock_Transportation_Commission" title="Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission">OmniRide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County</a>,<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> while the state-run <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Breeze" title="Virginia Breeze">Virginia Breeze</a> buses run four inter-city routes from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia" title="Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> VDOT operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Ferry" title="Jamestown Ferry">Jamestown Ferry</a> which connects <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scotland,_Virginia" title="Scotland, Virginia">Scotland Wharf</a> across the <a href="/wiki/James_River,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="James River, Virginia">James River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> Virginia has <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> passenger rail service along several corridors, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express" title="Virginia Railway Express">Virginia Railway Express</a> (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a>. VRE experienced a dramatic decline in ridership due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, with daily ridership dropping from over 18,000 in 2019 to 6,864 in February 2024.<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> Amtrak routes in Virginia have however passed their pre-pandemic levels and served 123,658 passengers in March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> operates a light rail system called <a href="/wiki/The_Tide_(light_rail_network)" title="The Tide (light rail network)">The Tide</a>, servicing about 2,300 people per day.<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> Major freight railroads in Virginia include <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, and in 2021 the state finalized a deal to purchase 223 miles (359 km) of track and over 350 miles (560 km) of right of way from CSX for future passenger rail service.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> Virginia has five major airports: <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport" title="Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport">Reagan Washington National</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year, <a href="/wiki/Richmond_International_Airport" title="Richmond International Airport">Richmond International</a> southeast of the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Newport_News/Williamsburg_International_Airport" title="Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport">Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport" title="Norfolk International Airport">Norfolk International</a>. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Port_Authority" title="Virginia Port Authority">Virginia Port Authority</a>'s main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 61,505,700 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (55,797,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) of total cargo in 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the sixth most of United States ports.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore of Virginia</a> is the site of <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a>, a rocket launch center owned by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a>, a commercial spaceport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012305-444">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a> is also offered through <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sports_teams_in_Virginia" title="Sports teams in Virginia">Sports teams in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_(5583061136).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large crowd of runners in brightly colored shirts race down a wide street bordered by autumnal trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg/220px-2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg/220px-2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg" data-alt="A large crowd of runners in brightly colored shirts race down a wide street bordered by autumnal trees." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg/330px-2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg/440px-2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Monument_Avenue_10K" title="Monument Avenue 10K">Monument Avenue 10K</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, one of the ten largest timed long-distance running races in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a></figcaption></figure> Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports league</a> franchise. The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state and the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Sports in Washington, D.C.">teams in Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Baltimore" title="Sports in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, as well as a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> A proposed <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Arena" title="Virginia Beach Arena">$220 million NBA arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Beach">Virginia Beach</a> lost the support of the city council there in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a> while a 2023 proposal to move the NBA's <a href="/wiki/Washington_Wizards" title="Washington Wizards">Washington Wizards</a> and the NHL's <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capitals" title="Washington Capitals">Washington Capitals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a> was canceled after opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">Virginia Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league baseball</a> and two mid-level hockey teams play in Virginia. Norfolk is host to two: The <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Tides" title="Norfolk Tides">Norfolk Tides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Admirals_(ECHL)" title="Norfolk Admirals (ECHL)">Norfolk Admirals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Flying_Squirrels" title="Richmond Flying Squirrels">Richmond Flying Squirrels</a> began playing at <a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia)">The Diamond</a> in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_Nationals" title="Fredericksburg Nationals">Fredericksburg Nationals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats" title="Lynchburg Hillcats">Lynchburg Hillcats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salem_Red_Sox" title="Salem Red Sox">Salem Red Sox</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Low-A_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-A East">Low-A East</a> league.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_United_FC" title="Loudoun United FC">Loudoun United FC</a>, the reserve team of <a href="/wiki/D.C._United" title="D.C. United">D.C. United</a>, debuted in the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-auto-453">[452]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Kickers" title="Richmond Kickers">Richmond Kickers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USL_League_One" title="USL League One">USL League One</a> have operated since 1993 and are the only team in their league to win both the league championship and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup" title="U.S. Open Cup">U.S. Open Cup</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> The training facilities for both the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Commanders" title="Washington Commanders">Washington Commanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Spirit" title="Washington Spirit">Washington Spirit</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capitals" title="Washington Capitals">Washington Capitals</a> practice at <a href="/wiki/MedStar_Capitals_Iceplex" title="MedStar Capitals Iceplex">MedStar Capitals Iceplex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ballston,_Virginia" title="Ballston, Virginia">Ballston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> has produced several Olympic gold medalists, including <a href="/wiki/Gabby_Douglas" title="Gabby Douglas">Gabby Douglas</a>, the first African American to win <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_individual_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic individual all-around">gymnastics individual all-around</a> gold,<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt" title="LaShawn Merritt">LaShawn Merritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francena_McCorory" title="Francena McCorory">Francena McCorory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cherry_(athlete)" title="Michael Cherry (athlete)">Michael Cherry</a>, who have all won gold in the <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_meters_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="4 × 400 meters relay">4 × 400 meters relay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noah_Lyles" title="Noah Lyles">Noah Lyles</a>, reigning "world's fastest man" and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres" title="Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres">100 meter dash at the 2024 Olympics</a>, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> Major long-distance races in the state include the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Marathon" title="Richmond Marathon">Richmond Marathon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Marathon_on_the_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway">Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Monument_Avenue_10K" title="Monument Avenue 10K">Monument Avenue 10K</a>. Virginia's professional caliber golf courses include <a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_Resort" title="Kingsmill Resort">Kingsmill Resort</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>, which hosts <a href="/wiki/Pure_Silk_Championship" title="Pure Silk Championship">an LPGA Tour tournament</a> in May, and the <a href="/wiki/Country_Club_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Club of Virginia">Country Club of Virginia</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, which hosts <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Energy_Charity_Classic" title="Dominion Energy Charity Classic">a charity classic</a> on the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions" title="PGA Tour Champions">PGA Tour Champions</a> in October. Notable PGA Tour winners from Virginia include <a href="/wiki/Sam_Snead" title="Sam Snead">Sam Snead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Strange" title="Curtis Strange">Curtis Strange</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> currently schedules <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">Cup Series races</a> on two tracks in Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway" title="Martinsville Speedway">Martinsville Speedway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Raceway" title="Richmond Raceway">Richmond Raceway</a>. Notable drivers from Virginia in the series have included <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Burton" title="Jeff Burton">Jeff Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ward_Burton" title="Ward Burton">Ward Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denny_Hamlin" title="Denny Hamlin">Denny Hamlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Scott" title="Wendell Scott">Wendell Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Turner" title="Curtis Turner">Curtis Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_sports">College sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A college basketball player dressed in white with orange and blue bordering prepares to shoot a free throw." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg/220px-VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg/220px-VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg" data-alt="A college basketball player dressed in white with orange and blue bordering prepares to shoot a free throw." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg/330px-VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg/440px-VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mike_Scott_(basketball)" title="Mike Scott (basketball)">Mike Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Harris_(basketball)" title="Joe Harris (basketball)">Joe Harris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball">Virginia Cavaliers</a> battle <a href="/wiki/Cadarian_Raines" title="Cadarian Raines">Cadarian Raines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball">Virginia Tech Hokies</a> for a rebound in a <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> game at <a href="/wiki/Cassell_Coliseum" title="Cassell Coliseum">Cassell Coliseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> Several of Virginia's collegiate sports programs have attracted strong followings, with a 2015 poll showing that 34% of Virginians were fans of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers" title="Virginia Cavaliers">Virginia Cavaliers</a> and 28% were fans of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia-Virginia_Tech_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia-Virginia Tech rivalry">rival</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies" title="Virginia Tech Hokies">Virginia Tech Hokies</a>, making both more popular than the surveyed regional professional teams.<a href="#cite_note-PPP-462">[461]</a> The men's and women's <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> programs of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball">Cavaliers</a>, <a href="/wiki/VCU_Rams_men%27s_basketball" title="VCU Rams men's basketball">VCU Rams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Dominion Monarchs basketball">Old Dominion Monarchs</a> have combined for 66 regular season conference championships and 49 conference tournament championships between them as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football" title="Virginia Tech Hokies football">Hokies</a> football team sustained a 27-year bowl streak between 1993 and 2019; <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football" title="James Madison Dukes football">James Madison Dukes</a> football won <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a> NCAA Championships in both 2004 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> The overall UVA men's athletics programs won the national <a href="/wiki/Capital_One_Cup_(college_sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital One Cup (college sports)">Capital One Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Capital_One_Cup_(college_sports)#Champions" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital One Cup (college sports)">both 2015 and 2019</a>, and led the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference#NCAA_team_championships" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">NCAA championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Virginia#Division_I" title="List of college athletic programs in Virginia">Fourteen universities</a> in total compete in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a>, with multiple programs each in the Atlantic Coast Conference, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference" title="Atlantic 10 Conference">Atlantic 10 Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_South_Conference" title="Big South Conference">Big South Conference</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association" title="Coastal Athletic Association">Coastal Athletic Association</a>. Three <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically Black schools</a> compete in the Division II <a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association</a>, and two others (<a href="/wiki/Hampton_Pirates_and_Lady_Pirates" title="Hampton Pirates and Lady Pirates">Hampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_Spartans" title="Norfolk State Spartans">Norfolk State</a>) compete in Division I. Several smaller schools compete in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference" title="Old Dominion Athletic Conference">Old Dominion Athletic Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference" title="USA South Athletic Conference">USA South Athletic Conference</a> of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_national_football_championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division III national football championship">Division III championships in football</a>, men's basketball, volleyball, and softball in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Virginia" title="Salem, Virginia">Salem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a> State appropriated funds are not allowed to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.<a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_school_sports">High school sports</h3></div> Virginia is also home to several of the nation's top high school <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> programs, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Catholic_High_School" title="Paul VI Catholic High School">Paul VI Catholic High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Academy_(Mouth_of_Wilson,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)">Oak Hill Academy</a>, the latter of which has won nine national championships.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> In the 2022–2023 school year, 176,623 high school students participated in fourteen girls sports and thirteen boys sports managed by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_High_School_League" title="Virginia High School League">Virginia High School League</a>, with the most popular sports being <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">football</a>, outdoor track and cross country, <a href="/wiki/High_school_soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="High school soccer">soccer</a>, basketball, baseball and softball, and volleyball.<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> Outside of the high school system, 145 youth soccer clubs operate in the Virginia Youth Soccer Association, under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Youth_Soccer_Association" title="United States Youth Soccer Association">USYS</a> system, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="State_symbols">State symbols</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_symbols" title="List of Virginia state symbols">List of Virginia state symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_(Wilderness_Road)_entering_Lee_County,_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County,_Tennessee_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='A large rectangular metal sign, mostly black, with the words "Welcome To Virginia" and "Virginia is for lovers" with a red heart symbol on the left stands to the right of a rural road through green hills.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilderness_Road%29_entering_Lee_County%2C_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County%2C_Tennessee_crop.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilderness_Road%29_entering_Lee_County%2C_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County%2C_Tennessee_crop.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-alt='A large rectangular metal sign, mostly black, with the words "Welcome To Virginia" and "Virginia is for lovers" with a red heart symbol on the left stands to the right of a rural road through green hills.' data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilderness_Road%29_entering_Lee_County%2C_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County%2C_Tennessee_crop.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilderness_Road%29_entering_Lee_County%2C_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County%2C_Tennessee_crop.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The state slogan, "<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Is_for_Lovers" title="Virginia Is for Lovers">Virginia Is for Lovers</a>", has been used since 1969 and is featured on state welcome signs.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a></figcaption></figure> Virginia has several nicknames, the oldest of which is the "Old Dominion". King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> first referred to "our auntient Collonie of Virginia" one of "our own Dominions" in 1662 or 1663, perhaps choosing this language because Virginia was home to many of his supporters during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007184%E2%80%93185-472">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia199488-473">[472]</a> These supporters were called <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a>, and the nickname "The Cavalier State" was popularized after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch20061%E2%80%933-474">[473]</a> Virginia has also been called the "Mother of Presidents", as eight Virginians have served as <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Presidents_by_place_of_birth#By_state_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of United States Presidents by place of birth">President of the United States</a>, including four of the first five.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201211%E2%80%9313-475">[474]</a> The state's motto, <a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic Semper Tyrannis</a>, translates from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag.<a href="#cite_note-sic-1">[1]</a> While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> In 1940, "<a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Back_to_Old_Virginny" title="Carry Me Back to Old Virginny">Carry Me Back to Old Virginny</a>" was named the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">state song</a>, but it was retired in 1997 due to its nostalgic references to slavery. In March 2015, Virginia's government named "<a href="/wiki/Our_Great_Virginia" title="Our Great Virginia">Our Great Virginia</a>", which uses the tune of "<a href="/wiki/Oh_Shenandoah" title="Oh Shenandoah">Oh Shenandoah</a>", as the traditional state song and "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Virginia_Breeze" title="Sweet Virginia Breeze">Sweet Virginia Breeze</a>" as the popular state song.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Rye Whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_ships" title="List of U.S. state ships">Boat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_deadrise" title="Chesapeake Bay deadrise">Chesapeake Bay deadrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">Square dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Dog</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">Brook trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_bass" title="Striped bass">striped bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state flowers">Flower</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Dogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chesapecten_jeffersonius" title="Chesapecten jeffersonius">Chesapecten jeffersonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a>: <a href="/wiki/Papilio_glaucus" title="Papilio glaucus">Tiger swallowtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat" title="Virginia big-eared bat">Virginia big-eared bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state mottos">Motto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic Semper Tyrannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state nicknames">Nickname</a>: The Old Dominion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_horses" title="List of U.S. state horses">Pony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_pony" title="Chincoteague pony">Chincoteague pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">Shell</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_branding" title="Place branding">Slogan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia is for Lovers">Virginia is for Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Songs</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Our_Great_Virginia" title="Our Great Virginia">Our Great Virginia</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Virginia_Breeze" title="Sweet Virginia Breeze">Sweet Virginia Breeze</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_tartans" title="List of U.S. state tartans">Tartan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Quadricentennial_tartan" title="Virginia Quadricentennial tartan">Virginia Quadricentennial</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Virginia-related_articles" title="Index of Virginia-related articles">Index of Virginia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia" title="Outline of Virginia">Outline of Virginia</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Virginia is one of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">four U.S. states</a> to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sic-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sic_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2016">Hamilton 2016</a>, pp. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-mtrogers-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtrogers_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtrogers_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2018">Burnham & Burnham 2018</a>, pp. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_3-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Accessed April 16, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2006" class="citation news cs1">Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm">"Virginia town is big game central"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206075557/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Virginia+town+is+big+game+central&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2Ffootball%2F2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylwesterWitosky2004" class="citation news cs1">Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm">"Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203174023/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Athletic+spending+grows+as+academic+funds+dry+up&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.aulast=Sylwester&rft.aufirst=MaryJo&rft.au=Witosky%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2F2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivens2021" class="citation news cs1">Divens, Jordan (February 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/high-school-basketball-rankings-millard-north-jumps-in-maxpreps-top-25-after-win-vs-oak-hill-academy/">"High school basketball rankings: Millard North jumps in MaxPreps Top 25 after win vs. Oak Hill Academy"</a>. CBS Sports. Retrieved April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+Sports&rft.atitle=High+school+basketball+rankings%3A+Millard+North+jumps+in+MaxPreps+Top+25+after+win+vs.+Oak+Hill+Academy&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Divens&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Fcollege-basketball%2Fnews%2Fhigh-school-basketball-rankings-millard-north-jumps-in-maxpreps-top-25-after-win-vs-oak-hill-academy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vhsl.org/about-vhsl/">"Participation"</a>. Virginia High School League. July 7, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+High+School+League&rft.atitle=Participation&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vhsl.org%2Fabout-vhsl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vysa.com/members/">"Official Members"</a>. Virginia Youth Soccer Association. 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Youth+Soccer+Association&rft.atitle=Official+Members&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vysa.com%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2021" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, John (July 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-is-for-lovers/2021/07/24/65fd0e78-ebfb-11eb-ba5d-55d3b5ffcaf1_story.html">"Here's the story on 'Virginia is for lovers,' one of history's greatest tourism slogans"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+story+on+%27Virginia+is+for+lovers%2C%27+one+of+history%27s+greatest+tourism+slogans&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fvirginia-is-for-lovers%2F2021%2F07%2F24%2F65fd0e78-ebfb-11eb-ba5d-55d3b5ffcaf1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007184–185-472"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007184%E2%80%93185_472-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007">Berkeley, Billings & Kimberly 2007</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia199488-473"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia199488_473-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLibrary_of_Virginia1994">Library of Virginia 1994</a>, pp. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch20061–3-474"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch20061%E2%80%933_474-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelch2006">Welch 2006</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201211–13-475"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201211%E2%80%9313_475-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2012">Goodwin 2012</a>, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2010" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Julian (May 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_36f89ba4-ca4a-529a-be8f-31e8c1736068.html">"Cuccinelli opts for more modest Virginia state seal"</a>. The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved June 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginian-Pilot&rft.atitle=Cuccinelli+opts+for+more+modest+Virginia+state+seal&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotonline.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_36f89ba4-ca4a-529a-be8f-31e8c1736068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambrick2015" class="citation news cs1">Hambrick (March 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patch.com/virginia/fairfaxcity/listen-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs">"Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs"</a>. Patch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711062929/http://patch.com/virginia/fairfaxcity/listen-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patch&rft.atitle=Listen%3A+Virginia+Now+Has+2+State+Songs&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.au=Hambrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fvirginia%2Ffairfaxcity%2Flisten-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccordino2000" class="citation book cs1">Accordino, John J. 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Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96561-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captives+of+the+Cold+War+Economy&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96561-7&rft.aulast=Accordino&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6TuEMY2clQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Anderson_(historian)" title="Fred Anderson (historian)">Anderson, Fred</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vMxLslZopgC">Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40642-3"><bdi>978-0-375-40642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40642-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vMxLslZopgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007" class="citation book cs1">Berkeley, William; Billings, Warren M.; Kimberly, Maria E. 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Library of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-207-2"><bdi>978-0-88490-207-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Sir+William+Berkeley%2C+1605-1677&rft.pub=Library+of+Virginia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88490-207-2&rft.aulast=Berkeley&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Billings%2C+Warren+M.&rft.au=Kimberly%2C+Maria+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjAsSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bryson, Bill</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqxvlLwc2v8C">Home: A Short History of Private Life</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1939-5"><bdi>978-0-7679-1939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home%3A+A+Short+History+of+Private+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1939-5&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqxvlLwc2v8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2018" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFZaDwAAQBAJ">Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures</a>. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3127-6"><bdi>978-1-4930-3127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiking+Virginia%3A+A+Guide+to+Virginia%27s+Greatest+Hiking+Adventures&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-3127-6&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFZaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park. 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Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Thomson Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56609-0"><bdi>978-0-495-56609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Past%3A+A+Survey+of+American+History&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-56609-0&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtT2AEMiUXvwC%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2007" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Jean L. (2007). A Guide to Historic Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. Charleston, SC: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-173-7"><bdi>978-1-59629-173-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Historic+Charlottesville+and+Albemarle+County%2C+Virginia&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-173-7&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Jean+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaileyGilmoreSimon2000" class="citation book cs1">Dailey, Jane Elizabeth; <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Gilmore" title="Glenda Gilmore">Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth</a>; Simon, Bryant (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFvjsEYP7hAC&pg=PA90">Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights</a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00193-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00193-7"><bdi>978-0-691-00193-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jumpin%27+Jim+Crow%3A+Southern+Politics+from+Civil+War+to+Civil+Rights&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00193-7&rft.aulast=Dailey&rft.aufirst=Jane+Elizabeth&rft.au=Gilmore%2C+Glenda+Elizabeth&rft.au=Simon%2C+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFvjsEYP7hAC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514073-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhuman+Bondage%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Slavery+in+the+New+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514073-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgloffWoodward2006" class="citation book cs1">Egloff, Keith; Woodward, Deborah B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qCRs3KTI9EC">First People: The Early Indians of Virginia</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2548-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2548-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-2548-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+People%3A+The+Early+Indians+of+Virginia&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2548-6&rft.aulast=Egloff&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Deborah+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qCRs3KTI9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuer1999" class="citation book cs1">Feuer, A.B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I: combat at sea and in the air. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96212-8"><bdi>978-0-275-96212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Navy+in+World+War+I%3A+combat+at+sea+and+in+the+air&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96212-8&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerKelly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a>; Kelly, James C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFa7KVPWmKwC">Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement</a>. Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1774-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-1774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+Away%3A+Virginia+and+the+Westward+Movement&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1774-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft.au=Kelly%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFa7KVPWmKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2012" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Bill (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_JqVwS2krIC">Frommer's Virginia</a> (11 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-22449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-22449-6"><bdi>978-1-118-22449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Virginia&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-22449-6&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_JqVwS2krIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthep0000gord">An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthep0000gord/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009362-4"><bdi>978-0-06-009362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empire+of+Wealth%3A+The+Epic+History+of+American+Economic+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-009362-4&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=John+Steele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofwealthep0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Richard J.; Robinson, Owen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v10uoRwUsuEC">A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-Blackwell (publisher)">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22404-4"><bdi>978-0-631-22404-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Literature+and+Culture+of+the+American+South&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22404-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv10uoRwUsuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzardSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC&pg=PA128">Jamestown Colony: a political, social, and cultural history</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamestown+Colony%3A+a+political%2C+social%2C+and+cultural+history&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-637-4&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D555CzPsGLDMC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutzman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gutzman" title="Kevin Gutzman">Gutzman, Kevin R. C.</a> (2007). Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776–1840. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2131-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-2131-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia%27s+American+Revolution%3A+From+Dominion+to+Republic%2C+1776%E2%80%931840&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2131-3&rft.aulast=Gutzman&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John (August 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K53PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">Virginia</a>. ABDO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6807-7453-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6807-7453-5"><bdi>978-1-6807-7453-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-6807-7453-5&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK53PDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashaw2007" class="citation book cs1">Hashaw, Tim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofblackamer00hash">The Birth of Black America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf_Publishers" title="Carroll & Graf Publishers">Carroll & Graf Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1718-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1718-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-1718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Black+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1718-7&rft.aulast=Hashaw&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofblackamer00hash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinemannKolpParentShade2007" class="citation book cs1">Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S. Jr.; Shade, William G. (2007). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth. Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2609-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2609-4"><bdi>978-0-8139-2609-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Dominion%2C+New+Commonwealth&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2609-4&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Kolp%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Parent%2C+Anthony+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Shade%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3">The Brave New World: A History of Early America</a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">JHU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8483-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-8483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brave+New+World%3A+A+History+of+Early+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8483-2&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardBurnhamBurnham2006" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Blair; Burnham, Mary; Burnham, Bill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bX0t5dMokXYC">The Virginia Handbook</a> (3 ed.). Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-512-5"><bdi>978-1-58843-512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginia+Handbook&rft.place=Edison%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-512-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Mary&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbX0t5dMokXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffa2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbirthoffreedo00jaff/page/231">A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War</a>. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Birth+of+Freedom%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9952-0&rft.aulast=Jaffa&rft.aufirst=Harry+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewbirthoffreedo00jaff%2Fpage%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1995" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Ervin L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=366g6T8ADjkC&pg=PA121">Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia</a>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1545-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-1545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Confederates+and+Afro-Yankees+in+Civil+War+Virginia&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1545-6&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Ervin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D366g6T8ADjkC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2006" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, John Earl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJu5veUAo7kC&pg=PA63">Language and Politics</a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2453-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Politics&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2453-9&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJu5veUAo7kC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Ketchum" title="Richard M. Ketchum">Ketchum, Richard M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwEDBAAAQBAJ">Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46687-953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46687-953-9"><bdi>978-1-46687-953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Yorktown%3A+The+Campaign+That+Won+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-46687-953-9&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwEDBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Virginia1994" class="citation book cs1">Library of Virginia (1994). <a href="/wiki/The_Hornbook_of_Virginia_History" title="The Hornbook of Virginia History">The Hornbook of Virginia History</a>. Library of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-177-8"><bdi>978-0-88490-177-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hornbook+of+Virginia+History&rft.pub=Library+of+Virginia&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88490-177-8&rft.au=Library+of+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSchrierBolingDoyle2003" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kerby A.; Schrier, Arnold; Boling, Bruce D.; Doyle, David N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bq79_YZ8ViIC">Irish immigrants in the land of Canaan</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504513-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504513-0"><bdi>978-0-19-504513-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+immigrants+in+the+land+of+Canaan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504513-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kerby+A.&rft.au=Schrier%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Boling%2C+Bruce+D.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbq79_YZ8ViIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2007" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Michael G. (2007). Inventing Virginia: Sir Walter Raleigh and the Rhetoric of Colonization, 1584–1590. New York: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang (publishing company)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8694-9"><bdi>978-0-8204-8694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Virginia%3A+Sir+Walter+Raleigh+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Colonization%2C+1584%E2%80%931590&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-8694-9&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1992" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Lynda (1992). Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850–1870. Athens, GA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1415-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-1415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emancipation+in+Virginia%27s+Tobacco+Belt%2C+1850%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1415-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1998" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavecounterpoin00morg">Slave Counterpoint</a>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4717-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-4717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Counterpoint&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4717-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavecounterpoin00morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1998" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Tim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctA1eNFvI-oC&pg=PA49">America by Rivers</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-264-5"><bdi>978-1-55963-264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+by+Rivers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-264-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DctA1eNFvI-oC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazzaglia2006" class="citation book cs1">Pazzaglia, Frank James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdHRNitfOoC&pg=PA135">Excursions in Geology and History: Field Trips in the Middle Atlantic States</a>. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-0008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-0008-3"><bdi>978-0-8137-0008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excursions+in+Geology+and+History%3A+Field+Trips+in+the+Middle+Atlantic+States&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-0008-3&rft.aulast=Pazzaglia&rft.aufirst=Frank+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQdHRNitfOoC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinn2009" class="citation book cs1">Pinn, Anthony B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEEIY4Q1ZAIC&pg=PA175">African American Religious Cultures</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-470-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-470-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Religious+Cultures&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-470-1&rft.aulast=Pinn&rft.aufirst=Anthony+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEEIY4Q1ZAIC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlitzky1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Olitzky" title="Kerry Olitzky">Olitzky, Kerry</a> (1996). The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28856-2"><bdi>978-0-313-28856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Synagogue%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+and+Sourcebook&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28856-2&rft.aulast=Olitzky&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_I._Robertson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James I. Robertson, Jr.">Robertson, James I.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKDkDZ6GLPcC">Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation</a>. Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1457-2"><bdi>978-0-8139-1457-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Virginia%3A+Battleground+for+a+Nation&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1457-2&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKDkDZ6GLPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott2004" class="citation book cs1">Scott, David L.; Scott, Kay W. (2004). Guide to the National Park Areas. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2988-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2988-3"><bdi>978-0-7627-2988-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+National+Park+Areas&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2988-3&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Kay+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShefveland2016" class="citation book cs1">Shefveland, Kristalyn Marie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgt8DQAAQBAJ">Anglo-Native Virginia: Trade, Conversion, and Indian Slavery in the Old Dominion, 1646-1722</a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5025-7"><bdi>978-0-8203-5025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Native+Virginia%3A+Trade%2C+Conversion%2C+and+Indian+Slavery+in+the+Old+Dominion%2C+1646-1722&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5025-7&rft.aulast=Shefveland&rft.aufirst=Kristalyn+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgt8DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gary Alden (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8DeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">State and National Boundaries of the United States</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47660-434-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47660-434-3"><bdi>978-1-47660-434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+National+Boundaries+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47660-434-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gary+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8DeCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Julian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNEYCRIIQy4C&pg=PA152">Moon Virginia: Including Washington, D.C.</a> (4 ed.). Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/Moon_Publications" title="Moon Publications">Avalon Travel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-011-1"><bdi>978-1-59880-011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Virginia%3A+Including+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59880-011-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNEYCRIIQy4C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" title="George R. Stewart">Stewart, George</a> (2008). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-273-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-273-5"><bdi>978-1-59017-273-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+on+the+Land%3A+A+Historical+Account+of+Place-Naming+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-273-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStyron2011" class="citation book cs1">Styron, Alexandra (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvttcL6oVG8C&pg=PA42">Reading My Father: A Memoir</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-4165-9506-9" title="Special:BookSources/9-781-4165-9506-9"><bdi>9-781-4165-9506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+My+Father%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9-781-4165-9506-9&rft.aulast=Styron&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvttcL6oVG8C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarter2020" class="citation book cs1">Tarter, Brent (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmizDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">Virginians and Their Histories</a>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4393-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-4393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginians+and+Their+Histories&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4393-0&rft.aulast=Tarter&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmizDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zandt1976" class="citation book cs1">Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ">Boundaries of the United States and the several States</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n104">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+the+United+States+and+the+several+States&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Van+Zandt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVollmann2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">Vollmann, William T.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hh0WYbclptAC&pg=PA695">Argall: The True Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200150-9"><bdi>978-0-14-200150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argall%3A+The+True+Story+of+Pocahontas+and+Captain+John+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200150-9&rft.aulast=Vollmann&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhh0WYbclptAC%26pg%3DPA695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wallenstein" title="Peter Wallenstein">Wallenstein, Peter</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiwSAAAAYAAJ">Cradle of America: Four Centuries of Virginia History</a>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1507-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-1507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+America%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Virginia+History&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1507-0&rft.aulast=Wallenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiwSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2006" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Deborah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2-yNS6PqBcC&pg=PA1">Virginia: An Illustrated History</a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1115-6"><bdi>978-0-7818-1115-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1115-6&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2-yNS6PqBcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2008" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, CiCi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnuFW6zT0T8C&pg=PA41">The Best of Virginia Farms Cookbook and Tour Book</a>. Birmingham, AL: Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-657-5"><bdi>978-0-89732-657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Virginia+Farms+Cookbook+and+Tour+Book&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+AL&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89732-657-5&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=CiCi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnuFW6zT0T8C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Virginia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virginia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Virginia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virginia" class="extiw" title="c:Virginia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Virginia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Virginia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Virginia" class="extiw" title="q:Virginia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virginia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Virginia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virginia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Virginia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virginia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Virginia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Virginia" class="extiw" title="voy:Virginia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginia.gov">State Government website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiageneralassembly.gov">Virginia General Assembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.state.va.us">Virginia's Judicial system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginia.org">Virginia Tourism Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks">Virginia State Parks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/explore-the-wild-wildlife-management-areas">Virginia Wildlife Management Areas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_history">Culture and history</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov">Library of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiahistory.org">Virginia Museum of Culture and History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org">Encyclopedia Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps_and_demographics">Maps and demographics</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/states/virginia">USGS geographic resources of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.virginia.edu/">Virginia State Climatology Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005095007/http://climate.virginia.edu/">Archived</a> October 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=51&StateName=Virginia#.U8BDivldUeo">Virginia State Facts from USDA, Economic Research Service</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/224042">Virginia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> Ratified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> on June 25, 1788 (10th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia&params=38_N_79_W_dim:200000_region:US-VA_type:adm1st&title=Commonwealth+of+Virginia">38°00′N 79°00′W / 38.0°N 79.0°W / 38.0; -79.0 (Commonwealth of Virginia)</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&oldid=1257775809">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&oldid=1257775809</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 16:03 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgini%C3%AB" title="Virginië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virginië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ቨርጂኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቨርጂኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firgini%C3%A6" title="Firginiæ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Firginiæ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فرجينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرجينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virchinia" title="Virchinia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virchinia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܪܓܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܓܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxinia" title="Virxinia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virxinia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_suyu" title="Virginia suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Virginia suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virciniya" title="Virciniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Virciniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویرجینیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ভার্জিনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভার্জিনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виргиния – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірджынія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірджынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірджынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вірджынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्जीनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वर्जीनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(estado)" title="Virginia (estado) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Virginia (estado)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирджиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вирджиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝིར་ཇི་ནི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝིར་ཇི་ནི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вирджини – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Virgínia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вирджини – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(estado)" title="Virginia (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Virginia (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie" title="Virginie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virginie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڤيرجينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيرجينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9ch%CA%BCil_Daalch%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81_Hahoodzo" title="Tséchʼil Daalchíʼínílį́ Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tséchʼil Daalchíʼínílį́ Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βιρτζίνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιρτζίνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ACgna" title="Virgìgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Virgìgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginio" title="Virginio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virginio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویرجینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Virginie (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virginie (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firginia" title="Firginia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Firginia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Virjeeney" title="Yn Virjeeney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Virjeeney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiya" title="Virginiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Virginiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxinia" title="Virxinia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virxinia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="버지니아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버지니아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilikinia" title="Wilikinia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wilikinia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վիրջինիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրջինիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्जीनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्जीनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%ADn%C3%ADy%C3%A0" title="Végíníyà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Végíníyà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ভার্জিনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভার্জিনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вирджини – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%C3%ADa" title="Virginía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Virginía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="וירג'יניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירג'יניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firziinii" title="Firziinii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Firziinii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವರ್ಜೀನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಜೀನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვირჯინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირჯინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирджиния – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирджиния" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virjynni" title="Virjynni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Virjynni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijini" title="Vijini – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vijini" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErj%C3%AEnya" title="Vîrjînya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrjînya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виргиния – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Виргини – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Виргини" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vird%C5%BE%C4%ABnija" title="Virdžīnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virdžīnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vird%C5%BEinija" title="Virdžinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virdžinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginnia" title="Virginnia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Virginnia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भर्जिनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вирџинија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вирџинија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virjinia" title="Virjinia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Virjinia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിർജീനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിർജീനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werinia" title="Werinia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Werinia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हर्जिनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვირჯინია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირჯინია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڤيرچينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيرچينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویرجینیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Виржини – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Виржини" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဗာဂျီးနီးယားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗာဂျီးနီးယားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(staat)" title="Virginia (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virginia (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भर्जिनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भर्जिनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="バージニア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バージニア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Виргини – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Виргини" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Virgínia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Виргиний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Виргиний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiya" title="Virginiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Virginiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਵਰਜਿਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਜਿਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भर्जिनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ورجینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورجینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویرجینیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_(%C3%89tot)" title="Virginie (Étot) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Virginie (Étot)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirginia" title="Wirginia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirginia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Virgínia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiya" title="Virginiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Virginiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_suyu" title="Virginia suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Virginia suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирджиния – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вирджиния" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виргиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирдьиния – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вирдьиния" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्जिनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ACnia" title="Virgìnia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virgìnia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie" title="Virginie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Virginie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxhinia" title="Virxhinia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virxhinia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ورجينيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ورجينيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Virgínia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginija" title="Virginija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virginija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirgi%C5%84ijo" title="Wirgińijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wirgińijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڤیرجینیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیرجینیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вирџинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вирџинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வர்ஜீனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வர்ஜீனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виргиния – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="వర్జీనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్జీనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐเวอร์จิเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเวอร์จิเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирҷиния – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирҷиния" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірджинія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірджинія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ورجینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورجینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirginiye_Shitati" title="Wirginiye Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Wirginiye Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%C3%A4n" title="Virginän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Virginän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="維吉尼亞州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="維吉尼亞州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="弗吉尼亚州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗吉尼亚州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ווירדזשיניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווירדזשיניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firginia" title="Firginia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Firginia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%8F%8D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="維珍尼亞州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維珍尼亞州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vird%C5%BEin%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Virdžinėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Virdžinėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="弗吉尼亚州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗吉尼亚州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Virginia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C4%8Dinij%C9%99" title="Virčinijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Virčinijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 16:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-k6n2z","wgBackendResponseTime":468,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.041","walltime":"6.780","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51175,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1441239,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":176277,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":62,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1637501,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5656.142 1 -total"," 46.45% 2627.375 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.60% 1334.896 221 Template:Cite_news"," 13.21% 747.270 136 Template:Cite_web"," 7.59% 429.530 71 Template:Sfn"," 6.93% 392.068 1 Template:Infobox_U.S._state"," 6.83% 386.473 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 5.88% 332.385 58 Template:Cite_book"," 5.62% 317.876 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.45% 195.374 51 Template:As_of"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.689","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26817254,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAccordino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAischGebeloffQuealy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltmanMcDonald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustermuhle2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBadger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry,_R.Lazell,_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasnight2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattiata2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelcher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkeleyBillingsKimberly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogage2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrycDurandMacphersonReich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurchett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBzdyk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenterFortier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChannick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChinni2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChmura2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClabaugh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClay_IIIBangs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemonsJones2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConlin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorasaniti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDailey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaileyGilmoreSimon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDauray2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVoe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickens2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirda2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDivens2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonahue2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDresbach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgloffWoodward2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElyDriscoll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEschner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldstadt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigueroaLegendre2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirestone2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForetek2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedenberger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGildartGildart2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilligan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlanville,_Jim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayRobinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrizzardSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosePetersonNelsonSadhwani2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutzman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalverson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalverson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambrick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHankerson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinemannKolpParentShade2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelkowsk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeymann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilleary2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolslinArmstrong2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardBurnhamBurnham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulette2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._L._Jeffries2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Pomante_IILi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouvenalPortnoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleher2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellyRasmussen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetchum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolmar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKormann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruszewski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulp2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawlessFreedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeatherman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeayman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann-Haupt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLettner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Virginia1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMSA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacur2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainBottorff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManskeZernik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathewsSorrell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattingly2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMayell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaffrey2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeckler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedford1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerelli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSchofield2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSchrierBolingDoyle2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirshahi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirshahi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontanaro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesinos2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoomaw2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoomaw2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurillo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyatt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNOAA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeibauer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitNelsonMcInnis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemeier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNirappil2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Keefe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlitzky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagels2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_E._Bugas_Jr.Corbin_D._HillingVal_KellsMichael_J._Pinder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaviour2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPazzaglia2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeifer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeifer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrotte2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierceall2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumerPopovich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPockrass2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrestidge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQUICKFACTS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanaivo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankinBarakatWhyno2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoStein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRascoe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemmy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRess2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReutter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRife2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauterUibleNelsonHess2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarboro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtMartz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderVozzella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderVozzella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwaner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottScott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeddiqPanetta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenDraughon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShefveland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevik2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkelley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith-RichardsonBurke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebbins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrumHoward1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStyron2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSublette2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylwesterWitosky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaverniseGebeloff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTkacikDance2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurvill2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTweedy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Florida2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Zandt1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsong2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsong2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVozzella2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalburn_Viviano2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallenstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilder2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodfork2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYancey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFancestry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VogueNoblesCole2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdemographics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFethnicity\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFprri2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 14,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 51,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 221,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 136,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Climate chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Confederate States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 25,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 1,\n [\"Fv\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"Importance inline\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox U.S. state\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 17,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 13,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Protected areas of Virginia\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 71,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Southern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 2,\n [\"Thirteen Colonies\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"United States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Virginia\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","540","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","11.5"],["?","420","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","6.2"],["recursiveClone 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