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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Copyright </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Deception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_and_employment_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_employment_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Income and employment stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_employment_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Power usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_existing_art_using_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_existing_art_using_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Analysis of existing art using AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_existing_art_using_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other forms of art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="فن الذكاء الاصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الذكاء الاصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_d%27intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_artificial" title="Art d'intel·ligència artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art d'intel·ligència artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Artificial intelligence art" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KI-Kunst" title="KI-Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KI-Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de_inteligencia_artificial" title="Arte de inteligencia artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte de inteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildarta_kapablo_de_artefarita_intelekto" title="Bildarta kapablo de artefarita intelekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bildarta kapablo de artefarita intelekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="اثر هنری با هوش مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر هنری با هوش مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9_par_intelligence_artificielle" title="Art créé par intelligence artificielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art créé par intelligence artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellyn_ar-in%C3%A7hynagh" title="Ellyn ar-inçhynagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellyn ar-inçhynagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%A5_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="인공지능 예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공지능 예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likovna_umjetnost_umjetne_inteligencije" title="Likovna umjetnost umjetne inteligencije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Likovna umjetnost umjetne inteligencije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_kecerdasan_buatan" title="Seni kecerdasan buatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuCiko_boHlakahlisombulu" title="UbuCiko boHlakahlisombulu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuCiko boHlakahlisombulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אומנות בינה מלאכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומנות בינה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABg%C4%81_intelekta_m%C4%81ksla" title="Mākslīgā intelekta māksla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslīgā intelekta māksla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="人工知能アート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工知能アート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generowanie_obraz%C3%B3w_przez_AI" title="Generowanie obrazów przez AI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Generowanie obrazów przez AI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial" title="Arte de inteligência artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte de inteligência artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Искусственный интеллект в искусстве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусственный интеллект в искусстве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetnost_ve%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dke_inteligencije" title="Umetnost veštačke inteligencije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Umetnost veštačke inteligencije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko%C3%A4lytaide" title="Tekoälytaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekoälytaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Живопис на основі штучного інтелекту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Живопис на основі штучного інтелекту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg/220px-1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg/330px-1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg/440px-1960%27s_art_of_cow_getting_abducted_by_UFO_in_midwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An image generated with <a href="/wiki/DALL-E_2" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL-E 2">DALL-E 2</a> based on the text prompt "1960's art of cow getting abducted by UFO in midwest"</figcaption></figure> Artificial intelligence art is <a href="/wiki/Visual_artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual artwork">visual artwork</a> created or enhanced through the use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) programs.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2023-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Artists began to create artificial intelligence art in the mid to late 20th century when the discipline was founded. Throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">its history</a>, artificial intelligence art has raised many <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophical</a> concerns related to the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">human mind</a>, artificial beings, and what can be considered art in a human–AI collaboration. Since the 20th century, artists have used AI to create art, some of which has been exhibited in museums and won awards.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a> of the early 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a>, <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FLUX.1" class="mw-redirect" title="FLUX.1">FLUX.1</a> became widely available to the public, allowing non-artists to quickly generate imagery with little effort.<a href="#cite_note-imagen-verge-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> Commentary about AI art in the 2020s has often focused on issues related to <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, and its impact on more traditional artists, including <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/220px--Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Maillardet's_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maillardet%27s_automaton" title="Maillardet's automaton">Maillardet's automaton</a> drawing a picture</figcaption></figure> The concept of automated art dates back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automata</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">ancient Greek civilization</a>, where inventors such as <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> were described as having designed machines capable of writing text, generating sounds, and playing music.<a href="#cite_note-Sharkey2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-automatabyzantine-8">[8]</a> Early experiments were driven by the idea that computers, beyond performing logical operations, could generate aesthetically pleasing works, offering a new dimension to creativity.The tradition of creative automatons has flourished throughout history, such as <a href="/wiki/Maillardet%27s_automaton" title="Maillardet's automaton">Maillardet's automaton</a>, created around 1800 and capable of creating multiple drawings and poems stored in its "cams," the brass disks that hold memory.<a href="#cite_note-maillardetsautomation-9">[9]</a> Along with this, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>, typically known for her work on the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">analytical engine</a>, in her notes, begins to conceptualize the idea "computing operations" could be used to generate music and poems. This concept resulted in what is now referred to as "The Lovelace Effect," which gives a concrete set of tools to analyze situations where a computer's behavior is viewed by users as creative.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> However, Lovelace also discusses a concept in her notes that is known as "The Lovelace Objection," where she argues that machines have "no pretensions whatever to originate anything," which is a direct contradiction to the idea of artificial intelligence and creative machines.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1950, with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>'s paper <a href="/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>, there was a shift from defining intelligence in regards to machines in abstract terms to evaluating whether a machine can mimic human behavior and responses convincingly.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Shortly after, the academic discipline of artificial intelligence was founded at a research <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">workshop</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in 1956 and has experienced several waves of advancement and optimism in the decades since.<a href="#cite_note-creviertumultuous-13">[13]</a> Since its founding, researchers in the field have raised philosophical and ethical arguments about the nature of the human mind and the consequences of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_myths_and_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intelligence in myths and legends">myth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">fiction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy</a> since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-newquistbrainmakers-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos-icc-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galapagos-icc-2.jpg/220px-Galapagos-icc-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galapagos-icc-2.jpg/330px-Galapagos-icc-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galapagos-icc-2.jpg/440px-Galapagos-icc-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a>' Galápagos installation allowed visitors to evolve 3D animated forms</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_to_2000s:_Early_implementations">1950s to 2000s: Early implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s to 2000s: Early implementations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg/220px-Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg/330px-Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg/440px-Electricsheep-0-1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Example of Electric Sheep by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></figcaption></figure>Since the founding of AI in the 1950s, artists and researchers have used artificial intelligence to create artistic works. These works were sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">algorithmic art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-elgammalblurring-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a>, or <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenfieldtaylor-16">[16]</a> One of the first significant AI art systems is <a href="/wiki/AARON" title="AARON">AARON</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a> beginning in the late 1960s at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> at San Diego.<a href="#cite_note-aaronsscode-17">[17]</a> AARON uses a symbolic rule-based approach to generate technical images in the era of <a href="/wiki/GOFAI" title="GOFAI">GOFAI</a> programming, and it was developed by Cohen with the goal of being able to code the act of drawing.<a href="#cite_note-intheera-18">[18]</a> In its earliest form, AARON created abstract black-and-white drawings which would later be finished by Cohen painting them. Throughout the years, he also began to develop a way for AARON to paint as well, using special brushes and dyes that were chosen by the program itself without mediation from Cohen.<a href="#cite_note-Kate_Vass-19">[19]</a> After years of work, AARON was exhibited in 1972 at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cohenforum-20">[20]</a> From 1973 to 1975, Cohen refined AARON during a residency at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> exhibited AI art from throughout Cohen's career, including re-created versions of his early robotic drawing machines.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a> has exhibited art created with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a> since the 1980s. He received an M.S. in computer graphics from the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> in 1987 and was artist-in-residence from 1990 to 1996 at the <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> manufacturer and artificial intelligence company <a href="/wiki/Thinking_Machines_Corporation" title="Thinking Machines Corporation">Thinking Machines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-24">[24]</a> In both 1991 and 1992, Sims won the Golden Nica award at <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a> for his 3D AI animated videos using artificial evolution.<a href="#cite_note-goldennicas-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-panspermia-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-liquidselves-27">[27]</a> In 1997, Sims created the interactive installation Galápagos for the <a href="/wiki/NTT_InterCommunication_Center" title="NTT InterCommunication Center">NTT InterCommunication Center</a> in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In this installation, viewers help evolve 3D animated creatures by selecting which ones will be allowed to live and produce new, mutated offspring. Furthermore, Sims received an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> in 2019 for outstanding achievement in engineering development.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a> has been creating animated films using artificial intelligence since the 1980s, and began posting art on the internet using <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a> and a team of several engineers created and released <a href="/wiki/Electric_Sheep" title="Electric Sheep">Electric Sheep</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> screensaver.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Electric Sheep is a volunteer computing project for animating and evolving <a href="/wiki/Fractal_flame" title="Fractal flame">fractal flames</a>, which are in turn distributed to the networked computers, which display them as a screensaver. The screensaver used AI to create an infinite animation by learning from its audience. In 2001, Draves won the Fundacion Telefonica Life 4.0 prize<a href="#cite_note-telefonica-33">[33]</a> for Electric Sheep. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s:_Deep_learning">2010s: Deep learning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010s: Deep learning">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a>, characterized by its multi-layer structure that attempts to mimic the human brain, first came about in the 2010s and causing a significant shift in the world of AI art.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> During the deep learning era, there are mainly these types of designs for generative art: <a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">autoregressive models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">diffusion models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">GANs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow-based_generative_model" title="Flow-based generative model">normalizing flows</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_de_Belamy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmond_de_Belamy.png/220px-Edmond_de_Belamy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmond_de_Belamy.png/330px-Edmond_de_Belamy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmond_de_Belamy.png/440px-Edmond_de_Belamy.png 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a>, created with a <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">generative adversarial network</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a> and colleagues at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">generative adversarial network</a> (GAN), a type of <a href="/wiki/Deep_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural network">deep neural network</a> capable of learning to mimic the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical distribution">statistical distribution</a> of input data such as images. The GAN uses a "generator" to create new images and a "discriminator" to decide which created images are considered successful.<a href="#cite_note-GANnips-35">[35]</a> Unlike previous algorithmic art that followed hand-coded rules, generative adversarial networks could learn a specific <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> by analyzing a <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">dataset</a> of example images.<a href="#cite_note-elgammalblurring-15">[15]</a> In 2015, a team at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> released <a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a>, a program that uses a <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a> to find and enhance patterns in images via algorithmic <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-codexample-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-goingdeeper-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-arxiv-38">[38]</a> The process creates deliberately over-processed images with a dream-like appearance reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">psychedelic experience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deepdream-39">[39]</a> Later, in 2017, a conditional GAN learned to generate 1000 image classes of <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a>, a large visual <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> designed for use in <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_object_recognition" title="Outline of object recognition">visual object recognition software</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> By conditioning the GAN on both random noise and a specific class label, this approach enhanced the quality of image synthesis for class-conditional models.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregressive models</a> were used for image generation, such as PixelRNN (2016), which autoregressively generates one pixel after another with a <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">recurrent neural network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> architecture was proposed in <a href="/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need" title="Attention Is All You Need">Attention Is All You Need</a> (2018), it was used for autoregressive generation of images, but without text conditioning.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2018, an auction sale of artificial intelligence art was held at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in New York where the AI artwork <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a> (a pun on Goodfellow's name) sold for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>432,500, which was almost 45 times higher than its estimate of US$7,000–10,000. The artwork was created by Obvious, a Paris-based collective.<a href="#cite_note-christies-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Furthermore, the website <a href="/wiki/Artbreeder" title="Artbreeder">Artbreeder</a>, launched in 2018, uses the models <a href="/wiki/StyleGAN" title="StyleGAN">StyleGAN</a> and BigGAN<a href="#cite_note-about-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Basic_Concepts-49">[49]</a> to allow users to generate and modify images such as faces, landscapes, and paintings.<a href="#cite_note-DigitalArts-50">[50]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Capital" title="Creative Capital">Creative Capital</a> award for her creation of an evolving artificial intelligence based on the "interests and culture(s) of people of color."<a href="#cite_note-rnk8u-51">[51]</a> Also in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a> for her performances with a robotic arm that uses AI to attempt to draw in a manner similar to Chung.<a href="#cite_note-NEA3o-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s:_Text-to-image_and_diffusion_models">2020s: Text-to-image and diffusion models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2020s: Text-to-image and diffusion models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_(VQGAN%2BCLIP).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg/220px-Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg/330px-Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg/440px-Scenic_Valley_in_the_Afternoon_Artistic_%28VQGAN%2BCLIP%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Example of an image made with VQGAN-CLIP (NightCafe Studio)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge,%22_with_subtitles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg/220px-Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg/330px-Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg/440px-Still_from_Eric_Millikin%27s_%22The_Dance_of_the_Nain_Rouge%2C%22_with_subtitles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Still from <a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a>'s The Dance of the Nain Rouge, with subtitles</figcaption></figure> In the 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a>, which generate images based on <a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">prompts</a>, became widely used, marking yet another shift in the creation of AI generated artworks.<a href="#cite_note-imagen-verge-5">[5]</a> In 2021, using the influential <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language</a> <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> models that are used in <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> released a series of images created with the text-to-image AI model <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dallepaper-53">[53]</a> It was an autoregressive generative model with essentially the same architecture as GPT-3. Along with this, later in 2021, <a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> VQGAN-CLIP<a href="#cite_note-adafruitVQGANCLIP-54">[54]</a> based on OpenAI's CLIP model.<a href="#cite_note-hgnxS-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">Diffusion models</a>, generative models used to create synthetic data based on existing data,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> were first proposed in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> but they only became better than GANs in early 2021.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a> was published in December 2021 and became the basis for the later <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a> (August 2022).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a><a href="#cite_note-viceInsideMidjourney-60">[60]</a> was released, followed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a>'s Imagen and Parti, which were announced in May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s NUWA-Infinity,<a href="#cite_note-nuwa-inf-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-imagen-verge-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">source-available</a> <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>, which was released in August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FYD8W-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-stablediffusion-64">[64]</a> DALL-E 2, a successor to DALL-E, was beta-tested and released. Stability AI has a Stable Diffusion web interface called DreamStudio,<a href="#cite_note-venturebeatai-65">[65]</a> plugins for <a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita">Krita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Choudhary-66">[66]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Automatic1111" title="Automatic1111">Automatic1111</a> web-based open source <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unclehermann-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-howtoSD-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-atsmooth-69">[69]</a> Stable Diffusion's main pre-trained model is shared on the <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face#Hugging_Face_Hub" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face Hub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mehtaSDpy-70">[70]</a> In 2023, Eric Millikin released The Dance of the Nain Rouge, a documentary film created using AI deepfake technology about the Detroit folklore legend of the <a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a>. The film is described as "an experimental decolonial Detroit demonology deepfake dream dance documentary."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It was awarded the "Best Innovative Technologies Award" ("Premio Migliori Tecnologie Innovative") at the 2024 Pisa Robot Film Festival in Italy<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and "Best Animation Film" at the 2024 Absurd Film Festival in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a> was released on August 2023, this model is known for its ability to generate legible text.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_Valley_(FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp/220px-Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp/330px-Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp/440px-Sunset_Valley_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro_Raw%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Example of an image made with FLUX 1.1 Pro in Raw mode, this mode is designed to generate <a href="/wiki/Unbiased_rendering" title="Unbiased rendering">photorealistic rendering</a></figcaption></figure> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/FLUX.1" class="mw-redirect" title="FLUX.1">FLUX.1</a> was released, this model can generate very realistic images with consistent results and was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a> the chatbot used on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X (formerly Twitter)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> FLUX.1 was developed by Black Forest Labs, founded by the researchers behind Stable Diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Along with this, some examples of <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> models of the mid-2020s are <a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a>'s Gen-2, Google's <a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a>, and OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a> (unreleased as of October 2024).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_processes">Tools and processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tools and processes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imagery">Imagery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imagery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_(2024)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Generic_SDXL_ComfyUI_Nodes_%282024%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Example of a usage of <a href="/wiki/ComfyUI" title="ComfyUI">ComfyUI</a> for Stable Diffusion XL, artist can adjust variables (such as CFG, seed, and sampler) needed to generate image</figcaption></figure> There are many tools available to the artist when working with diffusion models. They can define both positive and negative prompts, but they are also afforded a choice in using (or omitting the use of) VAEs, LorAs, hypernetworks, ipadapter, and embeddings/textual inversions. Variables, including CFG, seed, steps, sampler, scheduler, denoise, upscaler, and encoder, are sometimes available for adjustment. Additional influence can be exerted during pre-inference by means of noise manipulation, while traditional post-processing techniques are frequently used post-inference. Artists can also train their own models. In addition, procedural "rule-based" generation of images using mathematical patterns, algorithms that simulate brush strokes and other painted effects, and deep learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and transformers have been developed. Several companies have released apps and websites that allow one to forego all the options mentioned entirely while solely focusing on the positive prompt. There also exist programs which transform photos into art-like images in the style of well-known sets of paintings.<a href="#cite_note-digtrends-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-slimesmakeartfromphotos-81">[81]</a> There are many options, ranging from simple consumer-facing mobile apps to <a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> notebooks and webUIs that require powerful GPUs to run effectively.<a href="#cite_note-pharmapsychotic-82">[82]</a> Additional functionalities include "textual inversion," which refers to enabling the use of user-provided concepts (like an object or a style) learned from a few images. Novel art can then be generated from the associated word(s) (the text that has been assigned to the learned, often abstract, concept)<a href="#cite_note-personalizing-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-textualinversion-84">[84]</a> and model extensions or fine-tuning (such as <a href="/wiki/DreamBooth" title="DreamBooth">DreamBooth</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_and_applications">Impact and applications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact and applications">edit</a>]</div> AI has the potential for a <a href="/wiki/Societal_transformation" title="Societal transformation">societal transformation</a>, which may include enabling the expansion of noncommercial niche genres (such as <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">cyberpunk derivatives</a> like <a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">solarpunk</a>) by amateurs, novel entertainment, fast prototyping,<a href="#cite_note-computerworld-85">[85]</a> increasing art-making accessibility,<a href="#cite_note-computerworld-85">[85]</a> and artistic output per effort and/or expenses and/or time<a href="#cite_note-computerworld-85">[85]</a>—e.g., via generating drafts, draft-refinitions, and image components (<a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">inpainting</a>). Generated images are sometimes used as sketches,<a href="#cite_note-nytimesRoose-86">[86]</a> low-cost experiments,<a href="#cite_note-CNBCLeswing-87">[87]</a> inspiration, or illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-concept">proof-of-concept</a>-stage ideas. Additional functionalities or improvements may also relate to post-generation manual editing (i.e., polishing), such as subsequent tweaking with an image editor.<a href="#cite_note-CNBCLeswing-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prompt_engineering_and_sharing">Prompt engineering and sharing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prompt engineering and sharing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#Text-to-image" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering § Text-to-image</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompts</a> for some text-to-image models can also include images and keywords and configurable parameters, such as artistic style, which is often used via keyphrases like "in the style of [name of an artist]" in the prompt<a href="#cite_note-deviantartartstation-88">[88]</a> and/or selection of a broad aesthetic/art style.<a href="#cite_note-arepicciesart-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimesRoose-86">[86]</a> There are platforms for sharing, trading, searching, forking/refining, and/or collaborating on prompts for generating specific imagery from image generators.<a href="#cite_note-thevergeAnyoneCan-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-howtogeekgallery-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-whisperers-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-text-zu-bild-93">[93]</a> Prompts are often shared along with images on <a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">image-sharing</a> websites such as <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and AI art-dedicated websites. A prompt is not the complete input needed for the generation of an image; additional inputs that determine the generated image include the <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">output resolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_seed" title="Random seed">random seed</a>, and random sampling parameters.<a href="#cite_note-sdpromptbook-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terminology">Related terminology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related terminology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_media" title="Synthetic media">Synthetic media</a>, which includes AI art, was described in 2022 as a major technology-driven trend that will affect business in the coming years.<a href="#cite_note-computerworld-85">[85]</a> Synthography is a proposed term for the practice of generating images that are similar to photographs using AI.<a href="#cite_note-invitation_to_reconsider-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias">Bias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></div> A major concern raised about AI-generated images and art is <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a> within model training data leading towards discriminatory output from AI art models. In 2023, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> researchers found evidence of racial bias within the Stable Diffusion model, with images of a "person" corresponding most frequently with images of males from Europe or North America.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Looking more into the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a> found within AI training data, in 2017, researchers at Princeton University used AI software to link over 2 million words, finding that European names were viewed as more "pleasant" than African-Americans names, and that the words "woman" and "girl" were more likely to be associated with the arts instead of science and math, "which were most likely connected to males."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Generative AI models typically work based on user-entered word-based prompts, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">diffusion models</a>, and this word-related bias may lead to biased results. Along with this, generative AI can perpetuate harmful stereotypes regarding women. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lensa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lensa">Lensa</a>, an AI app that trended on <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> in 2023, was known to lighten black skin, make users thinner, and generate hypersexualized images of women.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Melissa Heikkilä, a senior reporter at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a>, shared the findings of an experiment using Lensa, noting that the generated avatars did not resemble her and often depicted her in a hypersexualized manner.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Experts suggest that such outcomes can result from biases in the datasets used to train AI models, which can sometimes contain imbalanced representations, including hypersexual or nude imagery.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2024, Google's <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a>'s AI image generator was criticized for perceived <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">racial bias</a>, with claims that Gemini deliberately underrepresented white people in its results.<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a> Users reported that it generated images of white historical figures like the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Nazi soldiers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> as other races, and that it refused to process prompts such as "happy white people" and "ideal <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Google later apologized for "missing the mark" and took Gemini's image generator offline for updates.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This prompted discussions about the ethical implications<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> of representing historical figures through a contemporary lens, leading critics to argue that these outputs could mislead audiences regarding actual historical contexts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copyright">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></div> Legal scholars, artists, and media corporations have considered the legal and ethical implications of artificial intelligence art since the 20th century. Some artists use AI art to critique and explore the ethics of using <a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">gathered data</a> to produce new artwork.<a href="#cite_note-ethicsofdatapractice-107">[107]</a> In 1985, intellectual property law professor <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Samuelson" title="Pamela Samuelson">Pamela Samuelson</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">US copyright</a> should allocate algorithmically generated artworks to the user of the computer program.<a href="#cite_note-allocating-108">[108]</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Florida_Law_Review" title="Florida Law Review">Florida Law Review</a> article presented three perspectives on the issue. In the first, artificial intelligence itself would become the copyright owner; to do this, Section 101 of the US Copyright Act would need to be amended to define "author" as a computer. In the second, following Samuelson's argument, the user, programmer, or artificial intelligence company would be the copyright owner. This would be an expansion of the "<a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>" doctrine, under which ownership of a copyright is transferred to the "employer." In the third situation, copyright assignments would never take place, and such works would be in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, as copyright assignments require an act of authorship.<a href="#cite_note-whatifaiwrotethis-109">[109]</a> In 2022, coinciding with the rising availability of consumer-grade AI image generation services, popular discussion renewed over the legality and ethics of AI-generated art. A particular topic is the inclusion of copyrighted artwork and images in AI training datasets, with artists objecting to commercial AI products using their works without consent, credit, or financial compensation.<a href="#cite_note-newyorkerisstealing-110">[110]</a> In September 2022, Reema Selhi, of the <a href="/wiki/Design_and_Artists_Copyright_Society" title="Design and Artists Copyright Society">Design and Artists Copyright Society</a>, stated that "there are no safeguards for artists to be able to identify works in databases that are being used and opt out."<a href="#cite_note-dude-111">[111]</a> Some have claimed that images generated with these models can bear resemblance to extant artwork, sometimes including the remains of the original artist's signature.<a href="#cite_note-dude-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-112">[112]</a> In December 2022, users of the portfolio platform ArtStation staged an online protest against non-consensual use of their artwork within datasets; this resulted in opt-out services, such as "Have I Been Trained?" increasing in profile, as well as some online art platforms promising to offer their own opt-out options.<a href="#cite_note-massprotestartstation-113">[113]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="US Copyright Office">US Copyright Office</a>, artificial intelligence programs are unable to hold copyright,<a href="#cite_note-smithsoniancopy-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadgetcopy-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-copygov-116">[116]</a> a decision upheld at the Federal District level as of August 2023 followed the reasoning from the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">monkey selfie copyright dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreportercopy-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, the developer of <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, has it's own policy on who owns generated art. They assign the right and title of a generated image to the creator, meaning the user who inputted the prompt owns the image generated, along with the right to sell, reprint, and merchandise it.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In January 2023, three artists—<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Andersen" title="Sarah Andersen">Sarah Andersen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_McKernan" title="Kelly McKernan">Kelly McKernan</a>, and Karla Ortiz—filed a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> lawsuit against Stability AI, <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DeviantArt" title="DeviantArt">DeviantArt</a>, claiming that it is legally required to obtain the consent of artists before training neural nets on their work and that these companies infringed on the rights of millions of artists by doing so on five billion images scraped from the web.<a href="#cite_note-sdmjtargeted-119">[119]</a> In July 2023, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Orrick_III" title="William Orrick III">William Orrick</a> was inclined to dismiss most of the lawsuits filed by Andersen, McKernan, and Ortiz, but allowed them to file a new complaint.<a href="#cite_note-judgeflaws-120">[120]</a> Also in 2023, Stability AI was sued by <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a> for using its images in the training data.<a href="#cite_note-gettysmad-121">[121]</a> A tool built by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Willison" title="Simon Willison">Simon Willison</a> allowed people to search 0.5% of the training data for Stable Diffusion V1.1, i.e., 12 million of the 2.3 billion instances from <a href="/wiki/LAION" title="LAION">LAION</a> 2B. Artist Karen Hallion discovered that her copyrighted images were used as training data without their consent.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a> In March 2024, Tennessee enacted the <a href="/wiki/ELVIS_Act" title="ELVIS Act">ELVIS Act</a>, which prohibits the use of AI to mimic a musician's voice without permission.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> A month later in that year, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Schiff" title="Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI_Copyright_Disclosure_Act" title="Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act">Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act</a> which, if passed, would require that AI companies to submit copyrighted works in their datasets to the <a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a> before releasing new generative AI systems.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deception">Deception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deception">edit</a>]</div> As with other types of <a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">photo manipulation</a> since the early 19th century, some people in the early 21st century have been concerned that AI could be used to create content that is misleading and can be made to damage a person's reputation, such as <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deepfakes-125">[125]</a> Artist <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Andersen" title="Sarah Andersen">Sarah Andersen</a>, who previously had her art copied and edited to depict <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> beliefs, stated that the spread of <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> online can be worsened by the use of image generators.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a> Some also generate images or videos for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">catfishing</a>. AI systems have the ability to create deepfake content, which is often viewed as harmful and offensive. The creation of deepfakes poses a risk to individuals who have not consented to it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[126]</a> This mainly refers to <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a>, where sexually explicit material is disseminated to humiliate or harm another person. AI-generated <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> has been deemed a potential danger to society due to its unlawful nature.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> To mitigate some deceptions, OpenAI developed a tool in 2024 to detect images that were generated by DALL-E 3.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In testing, this tool accurately identified DALL-E 3-generated images approximately 98% of the time. The tool is also fairly capable of recognizing images that have been visually modified by users post-generation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EldagsenElectrician.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudomnesia: The Electrician won Boris Eldagsen one of the categories in the Sony World Photography Awards competition."><img alt="Pseudomnesia: The Electrician won Boris Eldagsen one of the categories in the Sony World Photography Awards competition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EldagsenElectrician.jpg/193px-EldagsenElectrician.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EldagsenElectrician.jpg/290px-EldagsenElectrician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EldagsenElectrician.jpg/386px-EldagsenElectrician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="934" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudomnesia: The Electrician won Boris Eldagsen one of the categories in the <a href="/wiki/World_Photography_Organisation" title="World Photography Organisation">Sony World Photography Awards</a> competition.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2023 AI-generated image of Pope Francis wearing a puffy winter jacket fooled some viewers into believing it was an actual photograph. It went viral on social media platforms."><img alt="A 2023 AI-generated image of Pope Francis wearing a puffy winter jacket fooled some viewers into believing it was an actual photograph. It went viral on social media platforms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg/269px-Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg/404px-Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg/539px-Pope_Francis_in_puffy_winter_jacket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1323" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2023 AI-generated image of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> wearing a puffy winter jacket fooled some viewers into believing it was an actual photograph. It went viral on social media platforms.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Journalist Eliot Higgins' Midjourney-generated image depicts former President Donald Trump getting arrested. The image was posted on Twitter and went viral.[130]"><img alt="Journalist Eliot Higgins' Midjourney-generated image depicts former President Donald Trump getting arrested. The image was posted on Twitter and went viral.[130]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg/330px-Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg/495px-Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg/660px-Trump%E2%80%99s_arrest_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Journalist <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Higgins" title="Eliot Higgins">Eliot Higgins</a>' Midjourney-generated image depicts former President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> getting arrested. The image was posted on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and went viral.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the seven AI-generated images that were used for figures in the now-retracted paper Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Figure 1, "Spermatogonial stem cells, isolated, purified and cultured from rat testes"."><img alt="One of the seven AI-generated images that were used for figures in the now-retracted paper Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Figure 1, "Spermatogonial stem cells, isolated, purified and cultured from rat testes"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png/400px-AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png/601px-AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png/801px-AI_generated_figure_published_in_a_Frontiers_journal.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the seven AI-generated images that were used for figures in the now-retracted paper Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Figure 1, "Spermatogonial stem cells, isolated, purified and cultured from rat testes".</div> </li> </ul>After winning the 2023 "Creative" "Open competition" Sony World Photography Awards, Boris Eldagsen stated that his entry was actually created with artificial intelligence. Photographer Feroz Khan commented to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> that Eldagsen had "clearly shown that even experienced photographers and art experts can be fooled".<a href="#cite_note-refusesaward-131">[131]</a> Smaller contests have been affected as well; in 2023, a contest run by author <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lawrence_(author)" title="Mark Lawrence (author)">Mark Lawrence</a> as <a href="/wiki/Self-Published_Fantasy_Blog-Off" title="Self-Published Fantasy Blog-Off">Self-Published Fantasy Blog-Off</a> was cancelled after the winning entry was allegedly exposed to be a collage of images generated with Midjourney.<a href="#cite_note-killedindie-132">[132]</a> In May 2023, on social media sites such as Reddit and Twitter, attention was given to a Midjourney-generated image of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> wearing a white puffer coat.<a href="#cite_note-forbespuffercoat-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-buzzfeedfooledtheworld-134">[134]</a> Additionally, an AI-generated image of an attack on the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> went viral as part of a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax news story</a> on Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-o252-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-o916-136">[136]</a> In the days before <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York#Indictment_and_charges" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">March 2023 indictment of Donald Trump</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal</a>, several AI-generated images allegedly depicting Trump's arrest went viral online.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-independenttrump-138">[138]</a> On March 20, British journalist <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Higgins" title="Eliot Higgins">Eliot Higgins</a> generated various images of Donald Trump being arrested or imprisoned using Midjourney v5 and posted them on Twitter; two images of Trump struggling against arresting officers went viral under the mistaken impression that they were genuine, accruing more than 5 million views in three days.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> According to Higgins, the images were not meant to mislead, but he was banned from using Midjourney services as a result. As of April 2024, the tweet had garnered more than 6.8 million views. In February 2024, the paper Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway was published using AI-generated images. It was later retracted from <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology</a> because the paper "does not meet the standards".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_and_employment_stability">Income and employment stability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Income and employment stability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Workplace impact of artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png/220px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png/330px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png/440px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%E2%80%99op%C3%A9ra_Spatial.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%27op%C3%A9ra_Spatial" title="Théâtre D'opéra Spatial">Théâtre D'opéra Spatial</a>, an image generated with Midjourney which won a digital art competition in 2022</figcaption></figure> As generative AI image software such as <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> continue to advance, the potential problems and concerns that these systems pose for creativity and artistry have risen.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a> In 2022, artists working in various media raised concerns about the impact that <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">generative artificial intelligence</a> could have on their ability to earn money, particularly if AI-based images started replacing artists working in the <a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">illustration and design industries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spursdebate-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-canitbestopped-143">[143]</a> In August 2022, digital artist R. J. Palmer stated that "I could easily envision a scenario where using AI, a single artist or art director could take the place of 5-10 entry level artists... I have seen a lot of self-published authors and such say how great it will be that they don’t have to hire an artist."<a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-112">[112]</a> Scholars Jiang et al. state that "Leaders of companies like Open AI and Stability AI have openly stated that they expect generative AI systems to replace creatives imminently."<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a> A 2022 case study found that AI-produced images created by technology like <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> caused some traditional artists to be concerned about losing work, while others use it to their advantage and view it as a tool.<a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[126]</a> AI-based images have become more commonplace in art markets and search engines because AI-based <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image systems</a> are trained from pre-existing artistic images, sometimes without the original artist's consent, allowing the software to mimic specific artists' styles.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-worries-144">[144]</a> For example, Polish digital artist Greg Rutkowski has stated that it is more difficult to search for his work online because many of the images in the results are AI-generated specifically to mimic his style.<a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-63">[63]</a> Furthermore, some training databases on which AI systems are based are not accessible to the public. The ability of AI-based art software to mimic or forge artistic style also raises concerns of malice or greed.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes3-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-VicePiss-146">[146]</a> Works of AI-generated art, such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_D%27op%C3%A9ra_Spatial" title="Théâtre D'opéra Spatial">Théâtre D'opéra Spatial</a>, a text-to-image AI illustration that won the grand prize in the August 2022 digital art competition at the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Fair" title="Colorado State Fair">Colorado State Fair</a>, have begun to overwhelm art contests and other submission forums meant for small artists.<a href="#cite_note-impactpaper-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes3-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-VicePiss-146">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> short film <a href="/wiki/The_Dog_%26_the_Boy" title="The Dog & the Boy">The Dog & the Boy</a>, released in January 2023, received backlash online for its use of artificial intelligence art to create the film's background artwork.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Within the same vein, <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> released <a href="/wiki/Secret_Invasion_(miniseries)" title="Secret Invasion (miniseries)">Secret Invasion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Television" title="Marvel Television">Marvel</a> TV show with an AI-generated intro, on Disney+ in 2023, causing concern and backlash regarding the idea that artists could be made obsolete by machine-learning tools. <a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> AI art has sometimes been deemed to be able to replace traditional <a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">stock images</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Shutterstock" title="Shutterstock">Shutterstock</a> announced a beta test of an AI tool that can regenerate partial content of other Shutterstock's images. <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> have partnered with the launch of Generative AI by <a href="/wiki/IStock" title="IStock">iStock</a>, a model trained on Getty’s library and iStock’s photo library using Nvidia’s Picasso model.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_usage">Power usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Power usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartoon_dynamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cartoon_dynamo.jpg/220px-Cartoon_dynamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cartoon_dynamo.jpg/330px-Cartoon_dynamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cartoon_dynamo.jpg/440px-Cartoon_dynamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>In this 1923 comic, <a href="/wiki/H._T._Webster" title="H. T. Webster">H. T. Webster</a> humorously imagines the life of a cartoonist in 2023, when machines powered by <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> can produce and execute ideas for cartoons.</figcaption></figure> Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> reported in a 2023 paper that generating one thousand 1024×1024 images using <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>'s XL 1.0 base model requires 11.49 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a> of energy and generates 1,594 grams (56.2 oz) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which is roughly equivalent to driving an average gas-powered car a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). Comparing 88 different models, the paper concluded that image-generation models used on average around 2.9 kWh of energy per 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inferences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_existing_art_using_AI">Analysis of existing art using AI</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Analysis of existing art using AI">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the creation of original art, research methods that use AI have been generated to quantitatively analyze digital art collections. This has been made possible due to the large-scale digitization of artwork in the past few decades. According to CETINIC and SHE (2022), using artificial intelligence to analyze already-existing art collections can provide new perspectives on the development of artistic styles and the identification of artistic influences.<a href="#cite_note-understandingandcreating-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACM_Transactions-153">[153]</a> Two computational methods, close reading and distant viewing, are the typical approaches used to analyze digitized art.<a href="#cite_note-ArtworksProcessed-154">[154]</a> Close reading focuses on specific visual aspects of one piece. Some tasks performed by machines in close reading methods include computational artist authentication and analysis of brushstrokes or texture properties. In contrast, through distant viewing methods, the similarity across an entire collection for a specific feature can be statistically visualized. Common tasks relating to this method include automatic classification, <a href="/wiki/Object_detection" title="Object detection">object detection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">multimodal tasks</a>, knowledge discovery in art history, and computational aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-ACM_Transactions-153">[153]</a> Synthetic images can also be used to train AI algorithms for <a href="/wiki/Fine_art_authentication" title="Fine art authentication">art authentication</a> and to detect forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Researchers have also introduced models that predict emotional responses to art. One such model is ArtEmis, a large-scale dataset paired with machine learning models. ArtEmis includes emotional annotations from over 6,500 participants along with textual explanations. By analyzing both visual inputs and the accompanying text descriptions from this dataset, ArtEmis enables the generation of nuanced emotional predictions.<a href="#cite_note-Achlioptas2021-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms_of_art">Other forms of art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other forms of art">edit</a>]</div> Some prototype <a href="/wiki/Robot#New_functionalities_and_prototypes" title="Robot">cooking robots</a> can dynamically <a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing#Taste" title="Robotic sensing">taste</a>, which can assist chefs in things like analyzing the content and flavor of dishes during the cooking process.<a href="#cite_note-mastication-enhanced-158">[158]</a> There is also AI-assisted writing beyond <a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">copy editing</a><a href="#cite_note-poorenglishskills-159">[159]</a> (such as helping with <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a>, inspiration, or rewriting segments).<a href="#cite_note-koboldgithub-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-canaiwrite-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcmagassistants-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-VergePrototype-163">[163]</a> Generative AI has been used in video game production <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games_beyond_NPCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intelligence in video games beyond NPCs">beyond imagery</a>, especially for <a href="/wiki/Level_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Level design">level design</a> (e.g., for <a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">custom maps</a>) and creating new content (e.g., quests or dialogue) or <a href="/wiki/Interactive_storytelling" title="Interactive storytelling">interactive stories</a> in video games.<a href="#cite_note-Yannakakis-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-newlevelsbbc-165">[165]</a> In November 2024, artificial intelligence companies Decart and Etched released Oasis, an artificially generated clone of the game <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a>. Every aspect of the game is artificially generated, and no info is saved in the model data, often leading to <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Art" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence § Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a> – Use and impact of AI on political elections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture" title="Artificial intelligence in architecture">Artificial intelligence in architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_creativity" title="Computational creativity">Computational creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_artists" title="List of artificial intelligence artists">List of artificial intelligence artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music and artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_style_transfer" title="Neural style transfer">Neural style transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_media" title="Synthetic media">Synthetic media</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_art" title="Glitch art">Glitch art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering#Artistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Elwes" title="Jake Elwes">Jake Elwes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Em" title="David Em">David Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Klingemann" title="Mario Klingemann">Mario Klingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson" title="Lynn Hershman Leeson">Lynn Hershman Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Paglen" title="Trevor Paglen">Trevor Paglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ridler" title="Anna Ridler">Anna Ridler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rubin_(artist)" title="Ben Rubin (artist)">Ben Rubin (artist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Utterback" title="Camille Utterback">Camille Utterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_Van_Arman" title="Pindar Van Arman">Pindar Van Arman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dress_Up" title="Jesus Dress Up">Jesus Dress Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listening_Post_(artwork)" title="Listening Post (artwork)">Listening Post (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_To_Rise" title="Remember To Rise">Remember To Rise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern (Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-Maniera</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition to modern</a> (c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> (1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a> (1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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