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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_classification_of_placentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_classification_of_placentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Molecular classification of placentals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_classification_of_placentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_from_older_amniotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_from_older_amniotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolution from older amniotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_from_older_amniotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_appearances_of_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_appearances_of_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Earliest appearances of features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_appearances_of_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rise of the mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Distinguishing features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dimorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sexual dimorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biological systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circulatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Circulatory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Respiratory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integumentary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integumentary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Integumentary systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integumentary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Digestive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretory_and_genitourinary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretory_and_genitourinary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Excretory and genitourinary systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretory_and_genitourinary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sound production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Coloration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Reproductive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endothermy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endothermy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Endothermy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endothermy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Species lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arboreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arboreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Arboreal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arboreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.3</span> <span>Aerial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossorial_and_subterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossorial_and_subterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.4</span> <span>Fossorial and subterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossorial_and_subterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.5</span> <span>Aquatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication_and_vocalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_vocalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Communication and vocalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_vocalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Drinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans_and_other_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans_and_other_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Humans and other mammals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humans_and_other_mammals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Humans and other mammals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Humans_and_other_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Uses and importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 212 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-212" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">212 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D3%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="ШэрыпӀхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ШэрыпӀхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soogdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A1%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A2" title="ጡት አጥቢ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጡት አጥቢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njom%C3%A2tteijeeh" title="Njomâtteijeeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Njomâtteijeeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनपायी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्तनपायी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syced%C4%93or" title="Sycedēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sycedēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܕܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8ro" title="Mamifèro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mamifèro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okamb%C3%BAva" title="Okambúva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okambúva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uri" title="Ñuñuri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ñuñuri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99m%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Məməlilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məməlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ممه‌لیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ممه‌لیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C4%AB-leng_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һөтимәрҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөтимәрҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Млекакормячыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Млекакормячыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сысуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сысуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मैमल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैमल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бозайници – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бозайници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoviecha" title="Spoviecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spoviecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisari" title="Sisari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sisari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronneg" title="Bronneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bronneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хүхэтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүхэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamífers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamipero" title="Mamipero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mamipero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savci" title="Savci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Savci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzinoyamwisa" title="Dzinoyamwisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzinoyamwisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferu" title="Mammiferu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mammiferu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%8Bk%C9%94bigu" title="Biŋkɔbigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biŋkɔbigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بزوليات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بزوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidi%C5%82_Daazdo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Da%CA%BCa%C5%82t%CA%BCo%CA%BC%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetajad" title="Imetajad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imetajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θηλαστικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηλαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamuloj" title="Mamuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mamuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugaztun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3dziviwo" title="Lãdziviwo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lãdziviwo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پستانداران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پستانداران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAgdj%C3%B3r" title="Súgdjór – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Súgdjór" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mammifère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBchdieren" title="Sûchdieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûchdieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamach" title="Mamach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeintagh" title="Sheeintagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeintagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дакхадийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дакхадийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt-nen_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үсын теҗәлтенер – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Үсын теҗәлтенер" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%98" title="포유류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포유류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կաթնասուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնասուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तनधारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavci" title="Sisavci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sisavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifero" title="Mamifero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mamifero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferos" title="Mammiferos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mammiferos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferes" title="Mammiferes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mammiferes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%B1%E1%92%83%E1%91%8E" title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiNcelisi" title="IsiNcelisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiNcelisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spend%C3%BDr" title="Spendýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spendýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יונקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B_h%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9B_%C3%B1%C9%A9n%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ძუძუმწოვრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძუძუმწოვრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%84%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مۄمَل جانور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۄمَل جانور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сүтқоректілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүтқоректілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronnvil" title="Bronnvil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bronnvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mabele" title="Nyama ya mabele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nyama ya mabele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8" title="Mamifè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mamifè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmif%C3%A8" title="Manmifè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Manmifè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhandar" title="Guhandar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guhandar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF" title="Сүт эмүүчү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт эмүүчү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Zīdītāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīdītāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamend%C3%A9ieren" title="Mamendéieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mamendéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Некхъвадайбур – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Некхъвадайбур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDinduoliai" title="Žinduoliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žinduoliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdiere" title="Zoogdiere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zoogdiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mab%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mabru" title="mabru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mabru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C5%91s%C3%B6k" title="Emlősök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlősök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Цицачи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цицачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby_mampinono" title="Biby mampinono – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby mampinono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സസ്തനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്തനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferu" title="Mammiferu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mammiferu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakangote" title="Whakangote – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whakangote" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सस्तन प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सस्तन प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბჟაშუმუეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაშუმუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاله‌دارون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاله‌دارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang_manyusuan" title="Binatang manyusuan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang manyusuan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B4-%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лофцта потяйхтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лофцта потяйхтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөхтөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөхтөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoogdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdeers" title="Zoogdeers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zoogdeers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="哺乳類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哺乳類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammifere" title="Mammifere – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mammifere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetjdiarten" title="Tetjdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tetjdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A9the" title="Mammiféthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mammiféthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Шӧр пукшышо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӧр пукшышо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80" title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosiiftoota" title="Hoosiiftoota – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hoosiiftoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_emizuvchilar" title="Sut emizuvchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut emizuvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DD%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تھݨ دار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھݨ دار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تى لرونكى ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تى لرونكى ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Нимӧтчиссез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нимӧтчиссез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ថនិកសត្វ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថនិកសត្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfer" title="Mamìfer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mamìfer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamel" title="Mamel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mamel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gdeerten" title="Söögdeerten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Söögdeerten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssaki" title="Ssaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mammals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uq" title="Ñuñuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%97" title="Ссавцї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ссавцї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Млекопитающие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Млекопитающие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paycucuay" title="paycucuay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paycucuay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamele" title="Mamele – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mamele" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="सस्तनः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सस्तनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugedierte" title="Suugedierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suugedierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjitari" title="Gjitari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjitari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مماليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مماليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicavce" title="Cicavce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cicavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sesalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyckocze" title="Cyckocze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cyckocze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naasley" title="Naasley – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Naasley" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گوانداران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوانداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сисари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сисари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavac" title="Sisavac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sisavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nis%C3%A4kk%C3%A4%C3%A4t" title="Nisäkkäät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nisäkkäät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Däggdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Däggdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பாலூட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலூட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsu%E1%B9%ADad" title="Timsuṭad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timsuṭad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Имезүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Имезүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="క్షీరదాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షీరదాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ширхӯрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ширхӯрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BA%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎺᎹᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎺᎹᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%A7%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пӧйшур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пӧйшур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Ссавці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ссавці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ممالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_nyamhcij" title="Doenghduz nyamhcij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz nyamhcij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfari" title="Mamìfari – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mamìfari" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetai%C5%BEivatad" title="Imetaiživatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Imetaiživatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Th%C3%BA" title="Lớp Thú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCganim" title="Süganim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Süganim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imet%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Imetäjä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Imetäjä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_tetes" title="Biesse ås tetes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås tetes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogb%C3%AAestn" title="Zoogbêestn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zoogbêestn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זויגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זויגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_af%E1%BB%8Dm%C3%BAb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%E1%BB%8D" title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1%C3%A7ey%C4%B1ni" title="Çıçeyıni – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çıçeyıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_(film)" title="Mammalian (film)"><i>Mammalian</i> (film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_(journal)" title="Mammalia (journal)"><i>Mammalia</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Mammals<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> – Recent; 225 or 167–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;">See <a href="#variations">discussion of dates</a> in text</span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:143.84615384615px; width:76.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:163.47692307692px; width:56.523076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:164.47692307692px; width:54.523076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mammal_collage.png/300px-Mammal_collage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mammal_collage.png/450px-Mammal_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mammal_collage.png/600px-Mammal_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" usemap="#ImageMap_68efa2efae83cef2" resource="/wiki/File:Mammal_collage.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_68efa2efae83cef2"><area href="/wiki/Monotreme" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,75" alt="Monotreme" title="Monotreme" /><area href="/wiki/Opossum" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,75" alt="Opossum" title="Opossum" /><area href="/wiki/Kangaroo" shape="rect" coords="200,0,300,75" alt="Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo" /><area href="/wiki/Proboscidea" shape="rect" coords="0,75,100,150" alt="Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea" /><area href="/wiki/Armadillo" shape="rect" coords="100,75,200,150" alt="Armadillo" title="Armadillo" /><area href="/wiki/Sloth" shape="rect" coords="200,75,300,150" alt="Sloth" title="Sloth" /><area href="/wiki/Bat" shape="rect" coords="0,150,100,225" alt="Bat" title="Bat" /><area href="/wiki/Cetacea" shape="rect" coords="100,150,200,225" alt="Cetacea" title="Cetacea" /><area href="/wiki/Deer" shape="rect" coords="200,150,300,225" alt="Deer" title="Deer" /><area href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" shape="rect" coords="0,225,100,300" alt="Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros" /><area href="/wiki/Hedgehog" shape="rect" coords="100,225,200,300" alt="Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog" /><area href="/wiki/Pinniped" shape="rect" coords="200,225,300,300" alt="Pinniped" title="Pinniped" /><area href="/wiki/Raccoon" shape="rect" coords="0,300,100,375" alt="Raccoon" title="Raccoon" /><area href="/wiki/Rodent" shape="rect" coords="100,300,200,375" alt="Rodent" title="Rodent" /><area href="/wiki/Primate" shape="rect" coords="200,300,300,375" alt="Primate" title="Primate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Mammalia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Living subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotremata" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>mammal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mamma#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:mamma">mamma</a></i></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">breast</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animal of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Mammalia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>). Mammals are characterised by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> for feeding their young, a broad <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> region of the brain, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">middle ear bones</a>. These characteristics distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, from which their ancestors <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">diverged</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 <a href="/wiki/Neontology#Extant_taxon" title="Neontology">extant</a> species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of mammals is called <a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">mammalogy</a>. </p><p>The largest orders of mammals, by number of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">eulipotyphlans</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>). The next three are the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">even-toed ungulates</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>). </p><p>Mammals are the only living members of <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a>; this <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a> clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>." The more advanced <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">therapsids</a> became dominant during the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a>. Mammals originated from <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">cynodonts</a>, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> to Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> periods of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era, after the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">extinction of non-avian dinosaurs</a>, and have been the <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">dominant</a> terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the present. </p><p>The basic mammalian body type is <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadrupedal</a>, with most mammals using four <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">terrestrial locomotion</a>; but in some, the limbs are adapted for life <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">at sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">in the air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">in trees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">underground</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipeds</a> have adapted to move using only the two lower limbs, while the rear limbs of <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sea cows</a> are mere internal <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestiges</a>. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumblebee bat">bumblebee bat</a> to the 30 metres (98 ft) <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>—possibly the largest animal to have ever lived. Maximum lifespan varies from two years for the shrew to 211 years for the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a>. All modern mammals give birth to live young, except the five species of <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>, which lay eggs. The most species-rich group is the <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a> <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a>, so named for the temporary organ (<a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>) used by offspring to draw nutrition from the mother during <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>. </p><p>Most mammals are <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">intelligent</a>, with some possessing large brains, <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">tool use</a>. Mammals can communicate and vocalise in several ways, including the production of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)#Scent_marking" title="Territory (animal)">scent marking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">alarm signals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_song" title="Animal song">singing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>; and, in the case of humans, complex <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. Mammals can organise themselves into <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission–fusion societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a>—but can also be solitary and <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a>. Most mammals are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a>, but some can be <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandrous</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a> of many types of mammals by humans played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, and resulted in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> as the primary source of food for humans. This led to a major restructuring of human societies from nomadic to sedentary, with more co-operation among larger and larger groups, and ultimately the development of the first <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisations</a>. Domesticated mammals provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as food (<a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. Mammals are also <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a> and raced for sport, kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> of various types, and are used as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in science. Mammals have been depicted in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> since <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times, and appear in literature, film, mythology, and religion. Decline in numbers and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of many mammals is primarily driven by human <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mammal_classification" title="Mammal classification">Mammal classification</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_placental_mammals" title="List of placental mammals">List of placental mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monotremes_and_marsupials" title="List of monotremes and marsupials">List of monotremes and marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammal_genera" title="List of mammal genera">List of mammal genera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammal species">List of mammal species</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Over 70% of mammal species are in the orders <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a>.</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#63aafe;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Rodentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia">Rodentia</a> (40.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#dd2d32;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> (22.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fff58c;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (8.8%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#4ee257;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">Primates</a> (7.8%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fea746;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> (5.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#6711ff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (4.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#865357;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia</a> (2.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#00ccff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a> (1.9%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#a2bd90;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a> (1.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ccffcc;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a> (1.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ffff99;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida</a> (0.8%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ff99cc;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">Cingulata</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#33cccc;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#cc99ff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#3366ff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#99cc00;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ffcc99;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Scandentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a> (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#e7d4e8;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Shrew_opossum" title="Shrew opossum">Paucituberculata</a> (0.1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#d73027;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a> (0.1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#99ccff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a> (0.09%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ff6600;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Monotremata" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a> (0.08%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#4575b4;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a> (0.06%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#003366;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Proboscidea</a> (0.05%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ccffff;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a> (0.03%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#1b7837;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Monito_del_monte" title="Monito del monte">Microbiotheria</a> (0.03%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#7fbf7b;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">Notoryctemorphia</a> (0.03%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#d9f0d3;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">Tubulidentata</a> (0.02%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fff;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.21%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:#63aafe;color:#000" title="Rodentia (40.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#63aafe;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.155turn)" title="Rodentia (40.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#dd2d32;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.405turn)" title="Chiroptera (22.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#dd2d32;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.502turn)" title="Chiroptera (22.2%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#fff58c;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.627turn)" title="Eulipotyphla (8.8%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#fff58c;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.645turn)" title="Eulipotyphla (8.8%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#4ee257;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.715turn)" title="Primates (7.8%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#4ee257;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.723turn)" title="Primates (7.8%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#fea746;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.793turn)" title="Artiodactyla (5.4%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#fea746;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.797turn)" title="Artiodactyla (5.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.847turn); background:#6711ff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 30.42045581% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Carnivora (4.7%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.894turn); background:#865357;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 14.55277465% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Diprotodontia (2.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.917turn); background:#00ccff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 11.99508981% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Didelphimorphia (1.9%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.936turn); background:#a2bd90;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.72222363% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Lagomorpha (1.7%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.953turn); background:#ccffcc;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 8.18635505% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Dasyuromorphia (1.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.966turn); background:#ffff99;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 5.03078592% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Afrosoricida (0.8%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.974turn); background:#ff99cc;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Cingulata (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.977turn); background:#33cccc;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Macroscelidea (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.980turn); background:#cc99ff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Peramelemorphia (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.983turn); background:#3366ff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Perissodactyla (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.986turn); background:#99cc00;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Pilosa (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.989turn); background:#ffcc99;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Scandentia (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.992turn); background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Paucituberculata (0.1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.993turn); background:#d73027;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Pholidota (0.1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.994turn); background:#99ccff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Hyracoidea (0.09%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.995turn); background:#ff6600;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Monotremata (0.08%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.996turn); background:#4575b4;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Sirenia (0.06%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.996turn); background:#003366;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Proboscidea (0.05%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.997turn); background:#ccffff;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Dermoptera (0.03%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.997turn); background:#1b7837;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Microbiotheria (0.03%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.997turn); background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Notoryctemorphia (0.03%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>Mammal classification has been through several revisions since <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> initially defined the class, and at present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, no classification system is universally accepted. McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reeder (2005) provide useful recent compendiums.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">Simpson</a> (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson-1945_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-1945-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> of mammal origins and relationships that had been taught universally until the end of the 20th century. However, since 1945, a large amount of new and more detailed information has gradually been found: The <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">paleontological record</a> has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematisation itself, partly through the new concept of <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>. Though fieldwork and lab work progressively outdated Simpson's classification, it remains the closest thing to an official classification of mammals, despite its known issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Szalay_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szalay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers of species are <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybaras</a>, and other gnawing mammals; <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>: bats; and <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solenodon" title="Solenodon">solenodons</a>. The next three biggest orders, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">biological classification</a> scheme used, are the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a>: <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed ungulates</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3intro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3intro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a></i>, 5,416 species were identified in 2006. These were grouped into 1,229 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>, 153 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> and 29 orders.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3intro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3intro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) completed a five-year Global Mammal Assessment for its <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, which counted 5,488 species.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mammalogy" title="Journal of Mammalogy">Journal of Mammalogy</a></i> in 2018, the number of recognised mammal species is 6,495, including 96 recently extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions <span class="anchor" id="variations"></span></h3></div> <p>The word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mammal" class="extiw" title="wikt:mammal">mammal</a>" is modern, from the scientific name <i>Mammalia</i> coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mamma#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:mamma">mamma</a></i> ("teat, pap"). In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetically">phylogenetically</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of living <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypuses</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">therians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placentals</a>) and all descendants of that ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this ancestor lived in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the <a href="/wiki/Haramiyida" title="Haramiyida">Haramiyida</a> have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. <i><a href="/wiki/Ambondro_mahabo" title="Ambondro mahabo">Ambondro</a></i> is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while <i><a href="/wiki/Amphilestes" title="Amphilestes">Amphilestes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amphitherium" title="Amphitherium">Amphitherium</a></i> are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=167">167</a> million years ago</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a>, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/T._S._Kemp" title="T. S. Kemp">T. S. Kemp</a> has provided a more traditional definition: "<a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Synapsids</a> that possess a <a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">dentary</a>–<a href="/wiki/Squamosal_bone" title="Squamosal bone">squamosal</a> jaw articulation and <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> between upper and lower molars with a transverse component to the movement" or, equivalently in Kemp's view, the clade originating with the last common ancestor of <i><a href="/wiki/Sinoconodon" title="Sinoconodon">Sinoconodon</a></i> and living mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is <i><a href="/wiki/Tikitherium" title="Tikitherium">Tikitherium</a></i>, dated <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=225">225</a> Ma</span>, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> date.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this animal may have actually evolved during the Neogene.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_classification_of_placentals">Molecular classification of placentals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg/330px-OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg/500px-OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg/960px-OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509 <a href="/wiki/Coding_region" title="Coding region">coding DNA sequences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scornavacca2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scornavacca2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major clades are coloured: marsupials (magenta), xenarthrans (orange), afrotherians (red), laurasiatherians (green), and euarchontoglirans (blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>As of the early 21st century, molecular studies based on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families. Most of these findings have been independently validated by <a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">retrotransposon</a> <a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon_marker" title="Retrotransposon marker">presence/absence data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kriegs2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kriegs2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placentals—<a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a>—which <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">diverged</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a>. These hypotheses are <a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a> (basal Boreoeutheria), <a href="/wiki/Epitheria" title="Epitheria">Epitheria</a> (basal Xenarthra) and <a href="/wiki/Exafroplacentalia" title="Exafroplacentalia">Exafroplacentalia</a> (basal Afrotheria).<sup id="cite_ref-Nishiharaetal2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishiharaetal2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages—<a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>. </p><p>Estimates for the divergence times between these three placental groups range from 105 to 120 million years ago, depending on the type of DNA used (such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and varying interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Paleogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogeographic">paleogeographic</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishiharaetal2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishiharaetal2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammal phylogeny according to Álvarez-Carretero <i>et al.</i>, 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:70%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Mammalia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monotremata" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornithorhynchus anatinus"><img alt="Ornithorhynchus anatinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg/60px-Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg/120px-Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_(Paucituberculata).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/50px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/75px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png/100px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paucituberculata%29.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_(Plate_XXXII)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-A_hand-book_to_the_marsupialia_and_monotremata_%28Plate_XXXII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eomarsupialia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eomarsupialia">Eomarsupialia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Agreodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreodontia">Agreodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_(Notoryctemorphia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png/50px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png/75px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png/100px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Notoryctemorphia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="194" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_(Paramelemorphia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png/50px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png/75px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png/100px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Paramelemorphia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_(Dasyuromorphia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Dasyuromorphia%29.png/60px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Dasyuromorphia%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Dasyuromorphia%29.png/120px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_retroposon_data_%28Dasyuromorphia%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="331" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6,_or_family_of_kangaroos_(9398404841)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macropodidæ"><img alt="Macropodidæ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg/60px-A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg/120px-A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="380" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dasypus novemcinctus"><img alt="Dasypus novemcinctus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg/60px-Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg/120px-Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_(Plate_XV)_(Myrmecophaga_tridactyla).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Myrmecophaga tridactyla"><img alt="Myrmecophaga tridactyla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg/60px-Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg/120px-Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="472" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paenungulata" title="Paenungulata">Paenungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg/50px-DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg/75px-DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg/100px-DendrohyraxEminiSmit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tethytheria" title="Tethytheria">Tethytheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manatee_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trichechus"><img alt="Trichechus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/50px-Manatee_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/75px-Manatee_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/100px-Manatee_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephas maximus"><img alt="Elephas maximus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/50px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/75px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/100px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Afroinsectiphilia" title="Afroinsectiphilia">Afroinsectiphilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardvark2_(PSF)_colourised.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aardvark2_%28PSF%29_colourised.png/60px-Aardvark2_%28PSF%29_colourised.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aardvark2_%28PSF%29_colourised.png/120px-Aardvark2_%28PSF%29_colourised.png 1.5x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Afroinsectivora" title="Afroinsectivora">Afroinsectivora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg/50px-Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg/75px-Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg/100px-Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus-J_Smit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potamogale_velox_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potamogale_velox_illustration.jpg/60px-Potamogale_velox_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potamogale_velox_illustration.jpg/120px-Potamogale_velox_illustration.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mole_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Talpidae"><img alt="Talpidae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/50px-Mole_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/75px-Mole_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/100px-Mole_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desmodontinae"><img alt="Desmodontinae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg/60px-Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg/120px-Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="418" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ferungulata" title="Ferungulata">Ferungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manidae"><img alt="Manidae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/50px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/75px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/100px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acinonyx jubatus"><img alt="Acinonyx jubatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="536" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euungulata">Euungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equus quagga"><img alt="Equus quagga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="459" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Capra walie"><img alt="Capra walie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scandentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur,_mit_Beschreibungen_(Plate_34)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_34%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_34%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_34%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_34%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">Glires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lepus"><img alt="Lepus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/50px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/75px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/100px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rodentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia">Rodentia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rattus"><img alt="Rattus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/50px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/75px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/100px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Primatomorpha" title="Primatomorpha">Primatomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynocephalus_volans_Brehm1883_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cynocephalus_volans_Brehm1883_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Cynocephalus_volans_Brehm1883_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cynocephalus_volans_Brehm1883_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Cynocephalus_volans_Brehm1883_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="938" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur,_mit_Beschreibungen_(Plate_8)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cebus olivaceus"><img alt="Cebus olivaceus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a>, a clade that contains mammals and their extinct relatives, originated during the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian subperiod</a> (~323 million to ~300 million years ago), when they split from the reptile lineage. Crown group mammals evolved from earlier <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">mammaliaforms</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>. The cladogram takes Mammalia to be the crown group.<sup id="cite_ref-Liaoconodon2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liaoconodon2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Morganucodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganucodontidae">Morganucodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morganucodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/50px-Morganucodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/75px-Morganucodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/100px-Morganucodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="978" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Docodonta" title="Docodonta">Docodonta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/50px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/75px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/100px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="257" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Haldanodon" title="Haldanodon">Haldanodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Mammalia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steropodon_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steropodon_BW.jpg/60px-Steropodon_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steropodon_BW.jpg/120px-Steropodon_BW.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fruitafossor" title="Fruitafossor">Fruitafossor</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Haramiyavia" title="Haramiyavia">Haramiyavia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">Multituberculata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunnyodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunnyodon.jpg/60px-Sunnyodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunnyodon.jpg/120px-Sunnyodon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="462" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tinodon" title="Tinodon">Tinodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eutriconodonta" title="Eutriconodonta">Eutriconodonta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Gobiconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobiconodonta">Gobiconodonta</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/50px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/75px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/100px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trechnotheria" title="Trechnotheria">Trechnotheria</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juramaia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/60px-Juramaia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/120px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_from_older_amniotes">Evolution from older amniotes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_synapsida_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/220px-Skull_synapsida_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/330px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/440px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The original synapsid skull structure contains one <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal fenestrae">temporal opening</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Eye_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye socket">orbitals</a>, in a fairly low position on the skull (lower right in this image). This opening might have assisted in containing the jaw muscles of these organisms which could have increased their biting strength.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fully terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> were <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>. Like their amphibious early <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> predecessors, they had lungs and limbs. Amniotic eggs, however, have internal membranes that allow the developing <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> to breathe but keep water in. Hence, amniotes can lay eggs on dry land, while <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> generally need to lay their eggs in water. </p><p>The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>. They descended from earlier <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorph</a> amphibious tetrapods,<sup id="cite_ref-AhlbergMilner1994OriginOfTetrapods_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhlbergMilner1994OriginOfTetrapods-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lived on land that was already inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and other invertebrates as well as <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a>, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsid">sauropsids</a>, which now include <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synapsids have a single hole (<a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a>) low on each side of the skull. Primitive synapsids included the largest and fiercest animals of the early <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonmammalian synapsids were traditionally—and incorrectly—called "mammal-like reptiles" or <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>; we now know they were neither reptiles nor part of reptile lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett1986_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsids</a>, a group of synapsids, evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Middle Permian</a>, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp2006_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They differ from basal <a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">eupelycosaurs</a> in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger skulls and <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> which are equal in size in therapsids, but not for eupelycosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp2006_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very similar to their early synapsid ancestors and ending with <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">probainognathian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterised by:<sup id="cite_ref-Kermack1984_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kermack1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The gradual development of a bony secondary <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">palate</a>.</li> <li>Abrupt acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermy">endothermy</a> among <a href="/wiki/Mammaliamorpha" title="Mammaliamorpha">Mammaliamorpha</a>, thus prior to the origin of mammals by 30–50 millions of years <i><b><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></i>.</li> <li>Progression towards an erect limb posture, which would increase the animals' stamina by avoiding <a href="/wiki/Carrier%27s_constraint" title="Carrier's constraint">Carrier's constraint</a>. But this process was slow and erratic: for example, all herbivorous nonmammaliaform therapsids retained sprawling limbs (some late forms may have had semierect hind limbs); Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs, and some late Permian ones also had semisprawling hindlimbs. In fact, modern monotremes still have semisprawling limbs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mandible#Other_vertebrates" title="Mandible">dentary</a> gradually became the main bone of the lower jaw which, by the Triassic, progressed towards the fully mammalian jaw (the lower consisting only of the dentary) and middle ear (which is constructed by the bones that were previously used to construct the jaws of reptiles).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_mammals">First mammals</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a> about 252 million years ago, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of carnivorous therapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Triassic, most medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, over an extended period (35 million years), came to include the <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">crocodylomorphs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> and the dinosaurs;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, large cynodonts like <i><a href="/wiki/Trucidocynodon" title="Trucidocynodon">Trucidocynodon</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Traversodontidae" title="Traversodontidae">traversodontids</a> still occupied large sized carnivorous and herbivorous niches respectively. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mammals (in Kemp's sense) appeared in the Late Triassic epoch (about 225 million years ago), 40 million years after the first therapsids. They expanded out of their nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivore</a> niche from the mid-Jurassic onwards;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Jurassic <i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i>, for example, was a close relative of true mammals that had adaptations for swimming, digging and catching fish.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most, if not all, are thought to have remained nocturnal (the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_bottleneck" title="Nocturnal bottleneck">nocturnal bottleneck</a>), accounting for much of the typical mammalian traits.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the mammal species that existed in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era</a> were multituberculates, eutriconodonts and <a href="/wiki/Spalacotheriid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalacotheriid">spalacotheriids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luo2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-known fossil of the <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> ("changed beasts") is <i><a href="/wiki/Sinodelphys" title="Sinodelphys">Sinodelphys</a></i>, found in 125-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> in China's northeastern <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Province">Liaoning Province</a>. The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juramaia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/250px-Juramaia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/330px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/500px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Juramaia" title="Juramaia">Juramaia sinensis</a></i>, the oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutherian</a> (160 mya)<sup id="cite_ref-Juramaia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juramaia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest-known fossil among the <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike <i><a href="/wiki/Juramaia" title="Juramaia">Juramaia sinensis</a></i>, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the late Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-Juramaia_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juramaia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later eutherian relative, <i><a href="/wiki/Eomaia" title="Eomaia">Eomaia</a></i>, dated to 125 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Epipubic_bone" title="Epipubic bone">epipubic bones</a> extend forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any modern placental, but they are found in marsupials, monotremes, other nontherian mammals and <i><a href="/wiki/Ukhaatherium" title="Ukhaatherium">Ukhaatherium</a></i>, an early Cretaceous animal in the eutherian order <a href="/wiki/Asioryctitheria" title="Asioryctitheria">Asioryctitheria</a>. This also applies to the multituberculates.<sup id="cite_ref-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are apparently an ancestral feature, which subsequently disappeared in the placental lineage. These epipubic bones seem to function by stiffening the muscles during locomotion, reducing the amount of space being presented, which placentals require to contain their <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> during gestation periods. A narrow pelvic outlet indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_(mammals)" title="Pregnancy (mammals)">pregnancy</a> was short, as in modern marsupials. This suggests that the placenta was a later development.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest-known monotremes was <i><a href="/wiki/Teinolophos" title="Teinolophos">Teinolophos</a></i>, which lived about 120 million years ago in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monotremes have some features which may be inherited from the original amniotes such as the same orifice to urinate, defecate and reproduce (<a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>)—as reptiles and birds also do—<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they lay <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> which are leathery and uncalcified.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_appearances_of_features">Earliest appearances of features</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrocodium" title="Hadrocodium">Hadrocodium</a></i>, whose fossils date from approximately 195 million years ago, in the early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, provides the first clear evidence of a jaw joint formed solely by the squamosal and dentary bones; there is no space in the jaw for the articular, a bone involved in the jaws of all early synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-jawbone2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jawbone2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/220px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/330px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/440px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Megaconus" title="Megaconus">Megaconus</a></i>, from 164 million years ago in the mid-Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillae</a> (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (<a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a>) and so were evidence of hair or fur;<sup id="cite_ref-Brink1955_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brink1955-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kemp1982_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp1982-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard <i><a href="/wiki/Tupinambis" title="Tupinambis">Tupinambis</a></i> has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett1986_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to <i>Thrinaxodon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on Permian <a href="/wiki/Coprolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprolites">coprolites</a> suggest that non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Synapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsids">synapsids</a> of the epoch already had fur, setting the evolution of hairs possibly as far back as <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-piotr_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piotr-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermy">endothermy</a> first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Therapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsids">therapsids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-piotr_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piotr-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals,<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1988_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete—living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs. The parasagittal (nonsprawling) limb posture appeared sometime in the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous; it is found in the eutherian <i>Eomaia</i> and the metatherian <i>Sinodelphys</i>, both dated to 125 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epipubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipubic">Epipubic</a> bones, a feature that strongly influenced the reproduction of most mammal clades, are first found in <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a>, suggesting that it is a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> between them and <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a>. They are omnipresent in non-placental Mammaliaformes, though <i><a href="/wiki/Megazostrodon" title="Megazostrodon">Megazostrodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></i> appear to have lacked them.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the original function of <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes, the egg-laying mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In human females, mammary glands become fully developed during puberty, regardless of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_mammals">Rise of the mammals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaenodon_horridus,_Niobrara_County,_Wyoming,_USA,_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG/220px-Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG/330px-Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG/440px-Hyaenodon_horridus%2C_Niobrara_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%2C_Late_Oligocene_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00114.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4136" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hyaenodon" title="Hyaenodon">Hyaenodon</a> horridus</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a>. The genus <i>Hyaenodon</i> was among the most successful mammals of the late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>-early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epochs spanning for most of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and some of the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> periods, undergoing many endemic radiations in North America, Europe, and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Therians took over the medium- to large-sized ecological niches in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> approximately 66 million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles, as well as various other mammal groups,<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and underwent an exponential increase in body size (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna#In_terrestrial_mammals" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-F.A.Smith_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.A.Smith-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in mammalian diversity was not, however, solely because of expansion into large-bodied niches.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals diversified very quickly, displaying an exponential rise in diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the earliest-known bat dates from about 50 million years ago, only 16 million years after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bininda2007_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bininda2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Wible2007_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wible2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wible2007_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wible2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Scientists identified an early Paleocene animal named <i><a href="/wiki/Protungulatum_donnae" class="mw-redirect" title="Protungulatum donnae">Protungulatum donnae</a></i> as one of the first placental mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130208_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130208-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has since been reclassified as a non-placental eutherian.)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recalibrations of genetic and morphological diversity rates have suggested a <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Late Cretaceous</a> origin for placentals, and a Paleocene origin for most modern clades.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest-known ancestor of primates is <i><a href="/wiki/Archicebus_achilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Archicebus achilles">Archicebus achilles</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-NTR-20130606_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from around 55 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-NTR-20130606_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.<sup id="cite_ref-NTR-20130606_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Anatomy_and_morphology"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_features">Distinguishing features</h3></div> <p>Living mammal species can be identified by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">those that are specialised to produce milk</a> to nourish their young.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classifying fossils, however, other features must be used, since soft tissue glands and many other features are not visible in fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw joint</a></b> – The <a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">dentary</a> (the lower jaw bone, which carries the teeth) and the <a href="/wiki/Squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamosal">squamosal</a> (a small <a href="/wiki/Cranial" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial">cranial</a> bone) meet to form the joint. In most <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomes">gnathostomes</a>, including early <a href="/wiki/Therapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsids">therapsids</a>, the joint consists of the <a href="/wiki/Articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular">articular</a> (a small bone at the back of the lower jaw) and <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate</a> (a small bone at the back of the upper jaw).<sup id="cite_ref-jawbone2006_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jawbone2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></b> – In crown-group mammals, sound is carried from the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a> by a chain of three bones, the <a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a>. Ancestrally, the malleus and the incus are derived from the articular and the quadrate bones that constituted the jaw joint of early therapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tooth replacement</b> – Teeth can be replaced once (<a href="/wiki/Diphyodonty" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphyodonty">diphyodonty</a>) or (as in toothed whales and <a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">murid</a> rodents) not at all (<a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">monophyodonty</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephants, manatees, and kangaroos continually grow new teeth throughout their life (<a href="/wiki/Polyphyodont" title="Polyphyodont">polyphyodonty</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Prismatic enamel</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> coating on the surface of a tooth consists of prisms, solid, rod-like structures extending from the <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> to the tooth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">Occipital condyles</a></b> – Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">neck vertebra</a>; most other <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, in contrast, have only one such knob.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For the most part, these characteristics were not present in the Triassic ancestors of the mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all mammaliaforms possess an epipubic bone, the exception being modern placentals.<sup id="cite_ref-schulkin_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulkin-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurochsfeatures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aurochsfeatures.jpg/220px-Aurochsfeatures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aurochsfeatures.jpg/330px-Aurochsfeatures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aurochsfeatures.jpg/440px-Aurochsfeatures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Sexual dimorphism in <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, the extinct wild ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On average, male mammals are larger than females, with males being at least 10% larger than females in over 45% of investigated species. Most mammalian orders also exhibit male-biased <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, although some orders do not show any bias or are significantly female-biased (<a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>). Sexual size dimorphism increases with body size across mammals (<a href="/wiki/Rensch%27s_rule" title="Rensch's rule">Rensch's rule</a>), suggesting that there are parallel selection pressures on both male and female size. Male-biased dimorphism <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_mammals" title="Sexual selection in mammals">relates to sexual selection</a> on males through male–male competition for females, as there is a positive correlation between the degree of sexual selection, as indicated by <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating systems</a>, and the degree of male-biased size dimorphism. The degree of sexual selection is also positively correlated with male and female size across mammals. Further, parallel selection pressure on female mass is identified in that age at weaning is significantly higher in more <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a> species, even when correcting for body mass. Also, the reproductive rate is lower for larger females, indicating that fecundity selection selects for smaller females in mammals. Although these patterns hold across mammals as a whole, there is considerable variation across orders.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_systems">Biological systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological system</a></div> <p>The majority of mammals have seven <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> (bones in the neck). The exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Two-toed_sloth" title="Two-toed sloth">two-toed sloth</a>, which have six, and the <a href="/wiki/Three-toed_sloth" title="Three-toed sloth">three-toed sloth</a> which has nine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All mammalian brains possess a <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>, a brain region unique to mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Placental brains have a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>, unlike monotremes and marsupials.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/89px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg" decoding="async" width="89" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/134px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/178px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/89px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg" decoding="async" width="89" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/134px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/178px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/199px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/299px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/398px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/199px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/299px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/398px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">Didactic models</a> of a mammalian heart</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circulatory_systems">Circulatory systems</h4></div> <p>The mammalian <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> has four chambers, two upper <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a>, the receiving chambers, and two lower <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a>, the discharging chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>. Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">ventricular relaxation period</a>, the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respiratory_systems">Respiratory systems</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/220px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/330px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/440px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a> lungs being inflated manually</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Mammals" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system § Mammals</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> of mammals are spongy and honeycombed. Breathing is mainly achieved with the <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)">diaphragm</a>, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome convex to the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the lung cavity. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities, and travels through the larynx, trachea and <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, and expands the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a>. Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect, decreasing the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to be pushed out of the lungs. During exercise, the abdominal wall <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contracts</a>, increasing pressure on the diaphragm, which forces air out quicker and more forcefully. The <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> is able to expand and contract the chest cavity through the action of other respiratory muscles. Consequently, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bellows_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellows-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of lung is known as a bellows lung due to its resemblance to blacksmith <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bellows_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellows-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integumentary_systems">Integumentary systems</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_skin_of_mammals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/235px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/353px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/470px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Mammal skin: (1) <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous gland</a>, (4) <a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">Arrector pili muscle</a>, (5) <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, (6) <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a>, (7) <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat gland</a>. Not labelled, the bottom layer: <a href="/wiki/Hypodermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypodermis">hypodermis</a>, showing round <a href="/wiki/Adipocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipocytes">adipocytes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">integumentary system</a> (skin) is made up of three layers: the outermost <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hypodermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypodermis">hypodermis</a>. The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>, which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species;<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> require a thick hypodermis (<a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>) for insulation, and <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whales</a> have the thickest blubber at 20 inches (51 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other animals have features such as whiskers, <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setae">setae</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cilia_(entomology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia (entomology)">cilia</a> that superficially resemble it, no animals other than mammals have <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>. It is a definitive characteristic of the class, though some mammals have very little.<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digestive_systems">Digestive systems</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardwolfskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/250px-Aardwolfskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/330px-Aardwolfskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/400px-Aardwolfskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/250px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/500px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassials</a> (teeth in the very back of the mouth) of the <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">aardwolf</a> (left) versus that of a <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">grey wolf</a> (right) which consumes large vertebrates</div></div></div></div> <p>Herbivores have developed a diverse range of physical structures to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense" title="Herbivore adaptations to plant defense">consumption of plant material</a>. To break up intact plant tissues, mammals have developed <a href="/wiki/Mammal_tooth" title="Mammal tooth">teeth</a> structures that reflect their feeding preferences. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a> (animals that feed primarily on fruit) and herbivores that feed on soft foliage have low-crowned teeth specialised for grinding foliage and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> animals that tend to eat hard, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>-rich grasses, have high-crowned teeth, which are capable of grinding tough plant tissues and do not wear down as quickly as low-crowned teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most carnivorous mammals have <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> teeth (of varying length depending on diet), long canines and similar tooth replacement patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stomach of <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulates">even-toed ungulates</a> (Artiodactyla) is divided into four sections: the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Omasum" title="Omasum">omasum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a> (only <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> have a rumen). After the plant material is consumed, it is mixed with saliva in the rumen and reticulum and separates into solid and liquid material. The solids lump together to form a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cud" title="Cud">cud</a>), and is regurgitated. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and swallowed again. Ingested food passes to the rumen and reticulum where cellulolytic <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>) produce <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulase</a>, which is needed to break down the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyls">Perissodactyls</a>, in contrast to the ruminants, store digested food that has left the stomach in an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>, where it is fermented by bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnivora have a simple stomach adapted to digest primarily meat, as compared to the elaborate digestive systems of herbivorous animals, which are necessary to break down tough, complex plant fibres. The cecum is either absent or short and simple, and the large intestine is not <a href="/wiki/Sacculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacculation">sacculated</a> or much wider than the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excretory_and_genitourinary_systems">Excretory and genitourinary systems</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/250px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/330px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/500px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bovine kidney</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_(1895)_(20732795545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg/440px-Image_from_page_702_of_%22Outlines_of_zoology%22_%281895%29_%2820732795545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a> of a male and female rabbit</figcaption></figure> <p>The mammalian <a href="/wiki/Excretory_system" title="Excretory system">excretory system</a> involves many components. Like most other land animals, mammals are <a href="/wiki/Ureotelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureotelic">ureotelic</a>, and convert <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, which is done by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">Bilirubin</a>, a waste product derived from <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a>, is passed through <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> with the help of enzymes excreted by the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passing of bilirubin via bile through the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal tract">intestinal tract</a> gives mammalian <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> a distinctive brown coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinctive features of the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_kidney" title="Mammalian kidney">mammalian kidney</a> include the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">renal pelvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal pyramid">renal pyramids</a>, and of a clearly distinguishable <a href="/wiki/Renal_cortex" title="Renal cortex">cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">medulla</a>, which is due to the presence of elongated <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loops of Henle</a>. Only the mammalian kidney has a bean shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed <a href="/wiki/Reniculate_kidney" title="Reniculate kidney">reniculate kidneys</a> of pinnipeds, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> and bears.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VB_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most adult placentals have no remaining trace of the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. In the embryo, the <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_cloaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic cloaca">embryonic cloaca</a> divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, and an anterior region that has different fates depending on the sex of the individual: in females, it develops into the <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vestibule</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus#Other_animals" title="Urogenital sinus">urogenital sinus</a> that receives the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, while in males it forms the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Penile_urethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile urethra">penile urethra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">afrosoricids</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a> retain a cloaca as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In marsupials, the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monotremes, which translates from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> into "single hole", have a true cloaca.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine flows from the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> into the cloaca in monotremes and into the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> in placentals.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_production">Sound production</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_echolocation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/300px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/450px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/600px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of ultrasonic signals emitted by a bat, and the echo from a nearby object</figcaption></figure> <p>As in all other tetrapods, mammals have a <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> that can quickly open and close to produce sounds, and a supralaryngeal <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a> which filters this sound. The lungs and surrounding musculature provide the air stream and pressure required to <a href="/wiki/Phonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonate">phonate</a>. The larynx controls the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a> of sound, but the strength the lungs exert to <a href="/wiki/Exhale" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhale">exhale</a> also contributes to volume. More primitive mammals, such as the echidna, can only hiss, as sound is achieved solely through exhaling through a partially closed larynx. Other mammals phonate using <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold">vocal folds</a>. The movement or tenseness of the vocal folds can result in many sounds such as <a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">purring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">screaming</a>. Mammals can change the position of the larynx, allowing them to breathe through the nose while swallowing through the mouth, and to form both oral and <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> sounds; nasal sounds, such as a dog whine, are generally soft sounds, and oral sounds, such as a dog bark, are generally loud.<sup id="cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Beluga_vocalizations.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Beluga_vocalizations.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a> echolocation sounds</figcaption></figure> <p>Some mammals have a large larynx and thus a low-pitched voice, namely the <a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_bat" title="Hammer-headed bat">hammer-headed bat</a> (<i>Hypsignathus monstrosus</i>) where the larynx can take up the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> while pushing the lungs, heart, and trachea into the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large vocal pads can also lower the pitch, as in the low-pitched roars of <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> is possible in some mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a> (<i>Loxodonta</i> spp.) and <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small mammals with small larynxes have the ability to produce <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, which can be detected by modifications to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>. Ultrasound is inaudible to birds and reptiles, which might have been important during the Mesozoic, when birds and reptiles were the dominant predators. This private channel is used by some rodents in, for example, mother-to-pup communication, and by bats when echolocating. Toothed whales also use echolocation, but, as opposed to the vocal membrane that extends upward from the vocal folds, they have a <a href="/wiki/Melon_(cetacean)" title="Melon (cetacean)">melon</a> to manipulate sounds. Some mammals, namely the primates, have air sacs attached to the larynx, which may function to lower the resonances or increase the volume of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vocal production system is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nerve nuclei</a> in the brain, and supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">recurrent laryngeal nerve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">superior laryngeal nerve</a>, branches of the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>. The vocal tract is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">hypoglossal nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerves</a>. Electrical stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Periaqueductal grey">periaqueductal grey</a> (PEG) region of the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> elicit vocalisations. The ability to learn new vocalisations is only exemplified in humans, seals, cetaceans, elephants and possibly bats; in humans, this is the result of a direct connection between the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a>, which controls movement, and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a> in the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur">Fur</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Fur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/220px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/330px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/440px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">Porcupines</a> use their <a href="/wiki/Spine_(zoology)" title="Spine (zoology)">spines</a> for defence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary function of the fur of mammals is <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>. Others include protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-dawson2014_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of fur serve different purposes:<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Definitive – which may be <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">shed</a> after reaching a certain length</li> <li>Vibrissae – sensory hairs, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisker">whiskers</a></li> <li>Pelage – guard hairs, under-fur, and <a href="/wiki/Awn_hair" title="Awn hair">awn hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_(zoology)" title="Spine (zoology)">Spines</a> – stiff guard hair used for defence (such as in <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">Bristles</a> – long hairs usually used in visual signals. (such as a lion's <a href="/wiki/Mane_(lion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mane (lion)">mane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellus_hair" title="Vellus hair">Velli</a> – often called "down fur" which insulates newborn mammals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> – long, soft and often curly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h4></div> <p>Hair length is not a factor in thermoregulation: for example, some tropical mammals such as sloths have the same length of fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation; and, conversely, other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals. The denseness of fur can increase an animal's insulation value, and arctic mammals especially have dense fur; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Musk_ox" class="mw-redirect" title="Musk ox">musk ox</a> has guard hairs measuring 30 cm (12 in) as well as a dense underfur, which forms an airtight coat, allowing them to survive in temperatures of −40 °C (−40 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162–163">: 162–163 </span></sup> Some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, allowing the animal to stay cool; a camel's fur may reach 70 °C (158 °F) in the summer, but the skin stays at 40 °C (104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Aquatic mammals</a>, conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry.<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162–163">: 162–163 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/220px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/330px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/440px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptively coloured</a> coat provides <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> for this <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush predator</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coloration">Coloration</h4></div> <p>Mammalian coats are coloured for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures including <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, communication, and thermoregulation. Coloration in both the hair and skin of mammals is mainly determined by the type and amount of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanins</a> for brown and black colours and <a href="/wiki/Pheomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheomelanin">pheomelanin</a> for a range of yellowish to reddish colours, giving mammals an <a href="/wiki/Earth_tone" title="Earth tone">earth tone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HiltonPond_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HiltonPond-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mammals have more vibrant colours; certain monkeys such <a href="/wiki/Mandrill" title="Mandrill">mandrills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkeys</a>, and opossums such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_mouse_opossum" title="Mexican mouse opossum">Mexican mouse opossums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derby%27s_woolly_opossum" title="Derby's woolly opossum">Derby's woolly opossums</a>, have blue skin due to <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">light diffraction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2004_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2004-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sloths appear green because their fur hosts green <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>; this may be a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> relation that affords <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> to the sloths.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camouflage is a powerful influence in a large number of mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-bioscience.oxfordjournals.org_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioscience.oxfordjournals.org-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">arctic fox</a> (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Collared_lemming" title="Collared lemming">collared lemming</a> (<i>Dicrostonyx groenlandicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a> (<i>Mustela erminea</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a> (<i>Lepus americanus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_polyphenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal polyphenism">seasonal color change</a> between brown in summer and white in winter is driven largely by camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some arboreal mammals, notably primates and marsupials, have shades of violet, green, or blue skin on parts of their bodies, indicating some distinct advantage in their largely <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> habitat due to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2004_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2004-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a>, warning off possible predators, is the most likely explanation of the black-and-white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves, such as in the foul-smelling <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a> and the powerful and aggressive <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coat color is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism_in_non-human_primates#Pelage_color_and_markings" title="Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates">many primate species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in female and male coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, important in mate selection.<sup id="cite_ref-eva.mpg.de_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eva.mpg.de-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coat color may influence the ability to retain heat, depending on how much light is reflected. Mammals with a darker coloured coat can absorb more heat from solar radiation, and stay warmer, and some smaller mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, have darker fur in the winter. The white, pigmentless fur of arctic mammals, such as the polar bear, may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166–167">: 166–167 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dawson2014_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dazzling black-and-white striping of <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a> appear to provide some protection from biting flies.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_reproduction" title="Mammalian reproduction">Mammalian reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/250px-Goat_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/330px-Goat_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/500px-Goat_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a> kids stay with their mother until they are weaned.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mammals reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal fertilisation">internal fertilisation</a><sup id="cite_ref-naguib_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naguib-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are solely <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a> (an animal is born with either male or female genitalia, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a> where there is no such schism).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male mammals <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculate</a> <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> during <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>, which may be contained in a <a href="/wiki/Penile_sheath" title="Penile sheath">prepuce</a> when not erect. Male placentals also <a href="/wiki/Urinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinate">urinate</a> through a penis, and some placentals also have a penis bone (<a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lombardi1998_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombardi1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyman1992_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman1992-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naguib_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naguib-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsupials typically have forked penises,<sup id="cite_ref-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidna</a> penis generally has four heads with only two functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the species, an <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> may be fuelled by blood flow into vascular, spongy tissue or by muscular action.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombardi1998_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombardi1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a> of most mammals descend into the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> which is typically posterior to the penis but is often anterior in marsupials. Female mammals generally have a <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a>) on the outside, while the internal system contains paired <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a>, one or two <a href="/wiki/Uteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Uteri">uteri</a>, one or two <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervices</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsupials have two lateral vaginas and a medial vagina. The "vagina" of monotremes is better understood as a "urogenital sinus". The uterine systems of placentals can vary between a duplex, where there are two uteri and cervices which open into the vagina, a bipartite, where two <a href="/wiki/Uterine_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine horn">uterine horns</a> have a single cervix that connects to the vagina, a bicornuate, which consists where two uterine horns that are connected distally but separate medially creating a Y-shape, and a simplex, which has a single uterus.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 220–221, 247">: 220–221, 247 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/220px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/330px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/440px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matschie%27s_tree-kangaroo" title="Matschie's tree-kangaroo">Matschie's tree-kangaroo</a> with young in pouch</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancestral condition for mammal reproduction is the birthing of relatively undeveloped young, either through direct <a href="/wiki/Vivipary" title="Vivipary">vivipary</a> or a short period as soft-shelled eggs. This is likely due to the fact that the torso could not expand due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Epipubic_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipubic bones">epipubic bones</a>. The oldest demonstration of this reproductive style is with <i><a href="/wiki/Kayentatherium" title="Kayentatherium">Kayentatherium</a></i>, which produced undeveloped <a href="/wiki/Perinate" title="Perinate">perinates</a>, but at much higher litter sizes than any modern mammal, 38 specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman&Rowe_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman&Rowe-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern mammals are <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypus and the four species of echidna, lay eggs. The monotremes have a <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination system</a> different from that of most other mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosomes</a> of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. Marsupials have a short <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period, typically shorter than its <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a> and generally giving birth to a number of undeveloped newborns that then undergo further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the <a href="/wiki/Pouch_(marsupial)" title="Pouch (marsupial)">marsupium</a>, located in the front of the mother's <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. This is the <a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">plesiomorphic</a> condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placentals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-schulkin_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulkin-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The placentals give birth to relatively complete and developed young, usually after long gestation periods.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They get their name from the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, which connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In placentals, the epipubic is either completely lost or converted into the baculum; allowing the torso to be able to expand and thus birth developed offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman&Rowe_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman&Rowe-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> of mammals are specialised to produce milk, the primary source of nutrition for newborns. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a> seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to placental mammals, the milk of marsupials changes greatly in both production rate and in nutrient composition, due to the underdeveloped young. In addition, the mammary glands have more autonomy allowing them to supply separate milks to young at different development stages.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a> is the main sugar in placental milk while monotreme and marsupial milk is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a> is the process in which a mammal becomes less dependent on their mother's milk and more on solid food.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endothermy">Endothermy</h3></div> <p>Nearly all mammals are <a href="/wiki/Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermy">endothermic</a> ("warm-blooded"). Most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm. Like birds, mammals can forage or hunt in weather and climates too cold for <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic</a> ("cold-blooded") reptiles and insects. Endothermy requires plenty of food energy, so mammals eat more food per unit of body weight than most reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size. A rare exception, the <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole-rat</a> produces little metabolic heat, so it is considered an operational <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">poikilotherm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds are also endothermic, so endothermy is not unique to mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_lifespan">Species lifespan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></div> <p>Among mammals, species maximum lifespan varies significantly (for example the <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrew</a> has a lifespan of two years, whereas the oldest <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a> is recorded to be 211 years).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19896964_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19896964-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the underlying basis for these lifespan differences is still uncertain, numerous studies indicate that the ability to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair DNA damage</a> is an important determinant of mammalian lifespan. In a 1974 study by Hart and Setlow,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4526202_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4526202-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was found that DNA excision repair capability increased systematically with species lifespan among seven mammalian species. Species lifespan was observed to be robustly correlated with the capacity to recognise DNA double-strand breaks as well as the level of the DNA repair protein <a href="/wiki/Ku80" title="Ku80">Ku80</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19896964_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19896964-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of the cells from sixteen mammalian species, genes employed in DNA repair were found to be <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">up-regulated</a> in the longer-lived species.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27874830_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27874830-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cellular level of the DNA repair enzyme <a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">poly ADP ribose polymerase</a> was found to correlate with species lifespan in a study of 13 mammalian species.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1465394_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1465394-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three additional studies of a variety of mammalian species also reported a correlation between species lifespan and DNA repair capability.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7266079_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7266079-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7060140_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7060140-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3974310_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3974310-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Animal locomotion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Terrestrial locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/220px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running gait</a>. Photographs by <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>Most vertebrates—the amphibians, the reptiles and some mammals such as humans and bears—are <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a>, walking on the whole of the underside of the foot. Many mammals, such as cats and dogs, are <a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrade</a>, walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed. Some animals such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> are <a href="/wiki/Unguligrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguligrade">unguligrade</a>, walking on the tips of their toes. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few mammals, namely the great apes, are also known to <a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">walk on their knuckles</a>, at least for their front legs. <a href="/wiki/Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">Giant anteaters</a><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and platypuses<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also knuckle-walkers. Some mammals are <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipeds</a>, using only two limbs for locomotion, which can be seen in, for example, humans and the great apes. Bipedal species have a larger field of <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_vision" title="Mammalian vision">vision</a> than quadrupeds, conserve more energy and have the ability to manipulate objects with their hands, which aids in foraging. Instead of walking, some bipeds hop, such as kangaroos and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">horse gait</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait#Walk" title="Horse gait">walk</a>, then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the <a href="/wiki/Trot_(horse_gait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trot (horse gait)">trot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canter" class="mw-redirect" title="Canter">canter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait#Gallop" title="Horse gait">gallop</a>. Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main <a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">human gaits</a> are bipedal <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged <a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">crawl</a> in tight spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-dagg_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dagg-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals show a vast range of <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gaits</a>, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits and <a href="/wiki/Leaping_gaits" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaping gaits">leaping gaits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. Running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-dagg_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dagg-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arboreal">Arboreal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">Arboreal locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brachiating_Gibbon_(Some_rights_reserved).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg/170px-Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg/255px-Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Gibbons</a> are very good <a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">brachiators</a> because their elongated limbs enable them to easily swing and grasp on to branches.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arboreal animals frequently have elongated limbs that help them cross gaps, reach fruit or other resources, test the firmness of support ahead and, in some cases, to <a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">brachiate</a> (swing between trees).<sup id="cite_ref-Cartmill_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many arboreal species, such as tree porcupines, <a href="/wiki/Silky_anteater" title="Silky anteater">silky anteaters</a>, spider monkeys, and <a href="/wiki/Phalangeriformes" title="Phalangeriformes">possums</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Prehensile_tail" title="Prehensile tail">prehensile tails</a> to grasp branches. In the spider monkey, the tip of the tail has either a bare patch or adhesive pad, which provides increased friction. Claws can be used to interact with rough substrates and reorient the direction of forces the animal applies. This is what allows <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a> to climb tree trunks that are so large to be essentially flat from the perspective of such a small animal. However, claws can interfere with an animal's ability to grasp very small branches, as they may wrap too far around and prick the animal's own paw. Frictional gripping is used by primates, relying upon hairless fingertips. Squeezing the branch between the fingertips generates frictional force that holds the animal's hand to the branch. However, this type of grip depends upon the angle of the frictional force, thus upon the diameter of the branch, with larger branches resulting in reduced gripping ability. To control descent, especially down large diameter branches, some arboreal animals such as squirrels have evolved highly mobile ankle joints that permit rotating the foot into a 'reversed' posture. This allows the claws to hook into the rough surface of the bark, opposing the force of gravity. Small size provides many advantages to arboreal species: such as increasing the relative size of branches to the animal, lower center of mass, increased stability, lower mass (allowing movement on smaller branches) and the ability to move through more cluttered habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartmill_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size relating to weight affects gliding animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_glider" title="Sugar glider">sugar glider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of primate, bat and all species of <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a> achieve passive stability by hanging beneath the branch. Both pitching and tipping become irrelevant, as the only method of failure would be losing their grip.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartmill_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerial">Aerial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_locomotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial locomotion">Aerial locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/300px--Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Slow-motion and normal speed of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bats</a> flying</figcaption></figure> <p>Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly. They fly through the air at a constant speed by moving their wings up and down (usually with some fore-aft movement as well). Because the animal is in motion, there is some airflow relative to its body which, combined with the velocity of the wings, generates a faster airflow moving over the wing. This generates a lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards, and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards. The upwards components of these counteract gravity, keeping the body in the air, while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than those of birds, allowing bats to manoeuvre more accurately and fly with more lift and less drag.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anders_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anders-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By folding the wings inwards towards their body on the upstroke, they use 35% less energy during flight than birds.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The membranes are delicate, ripping easily; however, the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell" title="Merkel cell">Merkel cells</a>, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossorial_and_subterranean">Fossorial and subterranean</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wombat3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/250px-Wombat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/330px-Wombat3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/500px-Wombat3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ScalopusAquaticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/199px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/299px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/398px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Semi-fossorial <a href="/wiki/Southern_hairy-nosed_wombat" title="Southern hairy-nosed wombat">wombat</a> (left) vs. fully fossorial <a href="/wiki/Eastern_mole" title="Eastern mole">eastern mole</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">Fossorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">Burrow</a></div> <p>A fossorial (from Latin <i>fossor</i>, meaning "digger") is an animal adapted to digging which lives primarily, but not solely, underground. Some examples are <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole-rats</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> species are also considered fossorial because they live in burrows for most but not all of the day. Species that live exclusively underground are subterranean, and those with limited adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle sub-fossorial. Some organisms are fossorial to aid in <a href="/wiki/Temperature_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature regulation">temperature regulation</a> while others use the underground habitat for protection from <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> or for <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">food storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossorial mammals have a fusiform body, thickest at the shoulders and tapering off at the tail and nose. Unable to see in the dark burrows, most have degenerated eyes, but degeneration varies between species; <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gopher">pocket gophers</a>, for example, are only semi-fossorial and have very small yet functional eyes, in the fully fossorial <a href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">marsupial mole</a>, the eyes are degenerated and useless, <i><a href="/wiki/Talpa_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talpa (genus)">Talpa</a></i> moles have <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> eyes and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_golden_mole" title="Cape golden mole">Cape golden mole</a> has a layer of skin covering the eyes. External ears flaps are also very small or absent. Truly fossorial mammals have short, stout legs as strength is more important than speed to a burrowing mammal, but semi-fossorial mammals have <a href="/wiki/Cursorial" title="Cursorial">cursorial</a> legs. The front paws are broad and have strong claws to help in loosening dirt while excavating burrows, and the back paws have webbing, as well as claws, which aids in throwing loosened dirt backwards. Most have large incisors to prevent dirt from flying into their mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fossorial mammals such as shrews, hedgehogs, and moles were classified under the now obsolete order <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">Insectivora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquatic">Aquatic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">Aquatic locomotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Aquatic mammal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/220px--Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A pod of <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_common_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-beaked common dolphin">short-beaked common dolphins</a> swimming</figcaption></figure> <p>Fully aquatic mammals, the cetaceans and <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sirenians</a>, have lost their legs and have a tail fin to propel themselves through the water. <a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">Flipper</a> movement is continuous. Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. Most species have a <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> to prevent themselves from turning upside-down in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flukes of sirenians are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semi-aquatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-aquatic">Semi-aquatic</a> mammals, like pinnipeds, have two pairs of flippers on the front and back, the fore-flippers and hind-flippers. The elbows and ankles are enclosed within the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta63_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta63-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fish_2003_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they have smooth networks of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_fascicle" title="Muscle fascicle">muscle bundles</a> in their skin that may increase <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar flow</a> and make it easier for them to slip through water. They also lack <a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">arrector pili</a>, so their fur can be streamlined as they swim.<sup id="cite_ref-Riedman3_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riedman3-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish1996_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish1996-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish_2003_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limbs are reduced in length, which gives the locomotor muscles at the shoulder and elbow joints greater mechanical advantage;<sup id="cite_ref-Berta63_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta63-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the hind-flippers serve as stabilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Riedman3_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riedman3-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other semi-aquatic mammals include beavers, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> and platypuses.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hippos are very large semi-aquatic mammals, and their barrel-shaped bodies have <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graviportal" class="extiw" title="wikt:graviportal">graviportal</a> skeletal structures,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adapted to carrying their enormous weight, and their <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> allows them to sink and move along the bottom of a river.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_vocalisation">Communication and vocalisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/250px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/330px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/500px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">Vervet monkeys</a> use at least four distinct <a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">alarm calls</a> for different <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyfarth_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyfarth-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many mammals communicate by vocalising. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including in mating rituals, as <a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">warning calls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to indicate food sources, and for social purposes. Males often call during mating rituals to ward off other males and to attract females, as in the <a href="/wiki/Roar_(vocalization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roar (vocalization)">roaring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whale_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale song">songs</a> of the humpback whale may be signals to females;<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they have different dialects in different regions of the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social vocalisations include the <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> calls of <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>, and the use of frequency in <a href="/wiki/Greater_spear-nosed_bat" title="Greater spear-nosed bat">greater spear-nosed bats</a> to distinguish between groups.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkey</a> gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyfarth_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyfarth-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie dogs">Prairie dogs</a> similarly have complex calls that signal the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephants communicate socially with a variety of sounds including snorting, screaming, trumpeting, roaring and rumbling. Some of the rumbling calls are <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasonic</a>, below the hearing range of humans, and can be heard by other elephants up to 6 miles (9.7 km) away at still times near sunrise and sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Killer_whale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Killer_whale.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg/Killer_whale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Orca calling including occasional echolocation clicks</figcaption></figure> <p>Mammals signal by a variety of means. Many give visual <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">anti-predator signals</a>, as when deer and <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a> <a href="/wiki/Stotting" title="Stotting">stot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honestly indicating</a> their fit condition and their ability to escape,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> and other prey mammals flag with conspicuous tail markings when alarmed, informing the predator that it has been detected.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many mammals make use of <a href="/wiki/Scent-marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent-marking">scent-marking</a>, sometimes possibly to help defend territory, but probably with a range of functions both within and between species.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">Microbats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whales</a> including <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">oceanic dolphins</a> vocalise both socially and in <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/220px--Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna" title="Short-beaked echidna">short-beaked echidna</a> foraging for insects</figcaption></figure> <p>To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive—mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals—this is a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, eat plants, which contain <a href="/wiki/Complex_carbohydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex carbohydrate">complex carbohydrates</a> such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as <a href="/wiki/Granivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivory">granivory</a> (seed eating), <a href="/wiki/Folivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Folivory">folivory</a> (leaf eating), <a href="/wiki/Frugivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivory">frugivory</a> (fruit eating), <a href="/wiki/Nectarivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarivory">nectarivory</a> (nectar eating), <a href="/wiki/Gummivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummivory">gummivory</a> (gum eating) and <a href="/wiki/Mycophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycophagy">mycophagy</a> (fungus eating). The digestive tract of an herbivore is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances, and make them available for digestion, which are either housed in the multichambered <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> or in a large cecum.<sup id="cite_ref-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mammals are <a href="/wiki/Coprophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprophagous">coprophagous</a>, consuming <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested.<sup id="cite_ref-hair_89-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131–137">: 131–137 </span></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a> eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive tract</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> found in meat require little in the way of specialised digestion. Exceptions to this include <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> who also house <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> in a multi-chambered stomach, like terrestrial herbivores.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type (<a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_rule" title="Allen's rule">Allen's rule</a>). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic rate</a>. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of an herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (carnivores that feed on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores).<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (<a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/200px-Blacky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/300px-Blacky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/400px-Blacky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_(Monodon_monoceros)_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/200px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/300px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/400px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">hypocarnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) vs. the <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercarnivorous">hypercarnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-valkenburgh2007_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh2007-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory, generally leaning in favour of one more than the other. Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grouped into three categories: <a href="/wiki/Mesocarnivore" title="Mesocarnivore">mesocarnivory</a> (50–70% meat), <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">hypercarnivory</a> (70% and greater of meat), and <a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">hypocarnivory</a> (50% or less of meat). The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull, triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food. Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone-crushing, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the <a href="/wiki/Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">Machairodontinae</a>, had sabre-shaped <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_canine" title="Maxillary canine">canines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valkenburgh2007_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh2007-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioural aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to <a href="/wiki/Zoopharmacognosy" title="Zoopharmacognosy">zoopharmacognosy</a>. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as <a href="/wiki/Hairball" title="Hairball">hairballs</a>), aid with haemoglobin production, and as a laxative.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many mammals, in the absence of sufficient food requirements in an environment, suppress their metabolism and conserve energy in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period preceding hibernation, larger mammals, such as bears, become <a href="/wiki/Polyphagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphagic">polyphagic</a> to increase fat stores, whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash food.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slowing of the metabolism is accompanied by a decreased heart and respiratory rate, as well as a drop in internal temperatures, which can be around ambient temperature in some cases. For example, the internal temperatures of hibernating <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ground_squirrel" title="Arctic ground squirrel">Arctic ground squirrels</a> can drop to −2.9 °C (26.8 °F); however, the head and neck always stay above 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few mammals in hot environments <a href="/wiki/Aestivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestivate">aestivate</a> in times of drought or extreme heat, for example the <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_dwarf_lemur" title="Fat-tailed dwarf lemur">fat-tailed dwarf lemur</a> (<i>Cheirogaleus medius</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinking">Drinking</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Drinking#In_other_land_mammals" title="Drinking">Drinking § In other land mammals</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/220px--Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm/Cat_lapping_water_off_ground_in_slow_motion.gk.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cat lapping water in slow motion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg/170px-Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg/255px-Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg/340px-Jack_Russell_Terrier_takes_a_drink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier" title="Jack Russell Terrier">Jack Russell Terrier</a> laps in water with its tongue. </figcaption></figure> <p>By necessity, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a> in captivity become accustomed to drinking water, but most free-roaming animals stay hydrated through the fluids and moisture in fresh food,<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Mayer59_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Mayer59-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and learn to actively seek foods with high fluid content.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_pmid35831501_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_pmid35831501-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When conditions impel them to drink from bodies of water, the methods and motions differ greatly among species.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Broom105_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Broom105-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Cats">Cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a> all lower the neck and lap in water with their powerful tongues.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Broom105_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Broom105-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cats and canines lap up water with the tongue in a spoon-like shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Smith238_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Smith238-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canines lap water by scooping it into their mouth with a tongue which has taken the shape of a ladle. However, with cats, only the tip of their tongue (which is smooth) touches the water, and then the cat quickly pulls its tongue back into its mouth which soon closes; this results in a column of liquid being pulled into the cat's mouth, which is then secured by its mouth closing.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruminants and most other herbivores partially submerge the tip of the mouth in order to draw in water by means of a plunging action with the tongue held straight.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Smith237_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Smith237-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cats drink at a significantly slower pace than ruminants, who face greater natural predation hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Broom105_208-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Broom105-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Many <a href="/wiki/Desert_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert animals">desert animals</a> do not drink even if water becomes available, but rely on eating <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulent plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Broom105_208-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Broom105-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cold and frozen environments, some animals like <a href="/wiki/Hares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hares">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree squirrels">tree squirrels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a> resort to consuming snow and icicles.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Savannas" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannas">savannas</a>, the drinking method of <a href="/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a> has been a source of speculation for its apparent defiance of gravity; the most recent theory contemplates the animal's long neck functions like a <a href="/wiki/Plunger_pump" title="Plunger pump">plunger pump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniquely, <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a> draw water into their trunks and squirt it into their mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinking_Broom105_208-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinking_Broom105-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></div> <p>In intelligent mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> is larger relative to the rest of the brain. <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioural flexibility. <a href="/wiki/Rat_IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat IQ">Rats</a>, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonise a fresh <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">habitat</a>. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/220px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/330px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/440px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a> fishing for <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> with a stick</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">Tool use by animals</a> may indicate different levels of <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">cognition</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_sea_otters" title="Tool use by sea otters">sea otter</a> uses rocks as essential and regular parts of its foraging behaviour (smashing <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> from rocks or breaking open shells), with some populations spending 21% of their time making tools.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tool use, such as <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> using twigs to "fish" for termites, may be developed by <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">watching others use tools</a> and may even be a true example of animal teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools may even be used in solving puzzles in which the animal appears to experience a <a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">"Eureka moment"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mammals that do not use tools, such as dogs, can also experience a Eureka moment.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brain_size" title="Brain size">Brain size</a> was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of <a href="/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">brain to body mass</a> may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. <a href="/wiki/Allometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Allometric">Allometric</a> analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">encephalisation quotient</a> that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whales</a> have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth, averaging 8,000 cubic centimetres (490 cu in) and 7.8 kilograms (17 lb) in mature males.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a> appears to be a sign of abstract thinking. Self-awareness, although not well-defined, is believed to be a precursor to more advanced processes such as <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognitive reasoning</a>. The traditional method for measuring this is the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror test</a>, which determines if an animal possesses the ability of self-recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals that have passed the mirror test include <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> (some pass, some do not);<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chimpanzees;<sup id="cite_ref-robert_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-orangutan_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orangutan-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans, from 18 months (<a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror stage</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-archer_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archer-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">common bottlenose dolphins</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parker95_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker95-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Delfour_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delfour-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">false killer whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delfour_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delfour-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">Social animal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borneo_elephants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/220px-Borneo_elephants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/330px-Borneo_elephants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/440px-Borneo_elephants.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Female elephants live in stable groups, along with their offspring</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a> is the highest level of social organisation. These societies have an overlap of adult generations, the division of reproductive labour and cooperative caring of young. Usually insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, ants and termites, have eusocial behaviour, but it is demonstrated in two rodent species: the naked mole-rat<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Damaraland_mole-rat" title="Damaraland mole-rat">Damaraland mole-rat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presociality is when animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species, but fall short of qualifying as eusocial. That is, presocial animals can display communal living, cooperative care of young, or primitive division of reproductive labour, but they do not display all of the three essential traits of eusocial animals. Humans and some species of <a href="/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamarin" title="Tamarin">tamarins</a>) are unique among primates in their degree of cooperative care of young.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> set up an experiment with <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkey">rhesus monkeys</a>, presocial primates, in 1958; the results from this study showed that social encounters are necessary in order for the young monkeys to develop both mentally and sexually.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow71_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow71-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission–fusion society</a> is a society that changes frequently in its size and composition, making up a permanent social group called the "parent group". Permanent social networks consist of all individual members of a community and often varies to track changes in their environment. In a fission–fusion society, the main parent group can fracture (fission) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">environmental</a> or social circumstances. For example, a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day, but at night they may return to join (fusion) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities. Many mammals exhibit this, such as primates (for example orangutans and <a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkeys</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elephants,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lions,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dolphins.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solitary animals defend a territory and avoid social interactions with the members of its species, except during breeding season. This is to avoid resource competition, as two individuals of the same species would occupy the same niche, and to prevent depletion of food.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A solitary animal, while foraging, can also be less conspicuous to predators or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/220px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/330px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/440px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_kangaroo" title="Red kangaroo">Red kangaroos</a> "boxing" for <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, individuals are either dominant or submissive. A despotic hierarchy is where one individual is dominant while the others are submissive, as in wolves and lemurs,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Pecking_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecking order">pecking order</a> is a linear ranking of individuals where there is a top individual and a bottom individual. Pecking orders may also be ranked by sex, where the lowest individual of a sex has a higher ranking than the top individual of the other sex, as in hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant individuals, or alphas, have a high chance of reproductive success, especially in <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a> where one or a few males (resident males) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems, but some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>), may be more strict.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mammals are perfectly <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, meaning that they <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">mate for life</a> and take no other partners (even after the original mate's death), as with wolves, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beavers</a>, and otters.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three types of polygamy: either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights (<a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a>), multiple males that females mate with (polyandry), or multiple males have exclusive relations with multiple females (<a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">polygynandry</a>). It is much more common for polygynous mating to happen, which, excluding <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">leks</a>, are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lek mating occurs when males congregate around females and try to attract them with various <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship displays</a> and vocalisations, as in harbour seals.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Higher_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher mammal">higher mammals</a> (excluding monotremes) share two major adaptations for care of the young: live birth and lactation. These imply a group-wide choice of a degree of <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a>. They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in, or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time. Many mammals are <a href="/wiki/K-selected" class="mw-redirect" title="K-selected">K-selected</a>, and invest more time and energy into their young than do <a href="/wiki/R-selected" class="mw-redirect" title="R-selected">r-selected</a> animals. When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Mammalian females exhibit some degree of maternal aggression, another example of parental care, which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females; however, some mammals may "aunt" the infants of other females, and care for them. Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing, as with <a href="/wiki/Tenrec" title="Tenrec">tenrecs</a>, however this varies species to species, even within the same genus. For example, the males of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque" title="Southern pig-tailed macaque">southern pig-tailed macaque</a> (<i>Macaca nemestrina</i>) do not participate in child care, whereas the males of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_macaque" title="Japanese macaque">Japanese macaque</a> (<i>M. fuscata</i>) do.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans_and_other_mammals">Humans and other mammals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Human uses of mammals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/250px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/500px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> of a variety of large mammals, <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 17,300</span> years old</figcaption></figure> <p>Non-human mammals play a wide variety of roles in human culture. They are the most popular of <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>, with tens of millions of dogs, cats and other animals including <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and mice kept by families around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> such as at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major artists such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a> are known for their portraits of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of mammals have been <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a> for sport and for food; deer and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> are especially popular as <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">dogs</a> are widely raced for sport, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">betting on the outcome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">rights of their own</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals further play a wide variety of roles in literature,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> film,<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mythology, and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_and_importance">Uses and importance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/250px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/330px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/500px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">kept for milk</a> for thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The domestication of mammals was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic development of agriculture</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, causing farmers to replace <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition from hunting and gathering to <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">herding flocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">growing crops</a> was a major step in human history. The new agricultural economies, based on domesticated mammals, caused "radical restructuring of human societies, worldwide alterations in biodiversity, and significant changes in the Earth's landforms and its atmosphere... momentous outcomes".<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestic</a> mammals form a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> raised for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> across the world. They include (2009) around 1.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pigs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (1985) over 700 million rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working domestic animals</a> including cattle and horses have been used for work and <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> from the origins of agriculture, their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanised transport and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural machinery</a>. In 2004 they still provided some 80% of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world, and some 20% of the world's transport, again mainly in rural areas. In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> continue to transport goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Pond2004_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pond2004-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammal skins provide <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> from mammals including sheep, goats and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> has been used for centuries for clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Mammals_on_Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Distribution_of_Mammals_on_Earth.png/500px-Distribution_of_Mammals_on_Earth.png" decoding="async" width="431" height="504" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Distribution_of_Mammals_on_Earth.png/960px-Distribution_of_Mammals_on_Earth.png 1.5x" data-file-width="6450" data-file-height="7533" /></a><figcaption>Livestock make up 62% of the world's mammal biomass; humans account for 34%; and wild mammals are just 4%<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mammals serve a major role in science as <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">experimental animals</a>, both in fundamental biological research, such as in genetics,<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the development of new medicines, which must be tested exhaustively to demonstrate their <a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of mammals, especially mice and rats, are used in <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">experiments</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-EUstatistics2013_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUstatistics2013-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">genetically modified mouse</a> with an inactivated <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, replaced or disrupted with an artificial piece of DNA. They enable the study of <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequenced</a> genes whose functions are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small percentage of the mammals are non-human primates, used in research for their similarity to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlsson2004_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlsson2004-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weatherall_etal2006_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherall_etal2006-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the benefits domesticated mammals had for human development, humans have an increasingly detrimental effect on wild mammals across the world. It has been estimated that the mass of all <i>wild</i> mammals has declined to only 4% of all mammals, with 96% of mammals being humans and their livestock now (see figure). In fact, terrestrial wild mammals make up only 2% of all mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bar-On_2018_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-On_2018-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid (biology)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_quagga,_coloured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/250px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/330px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/500px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/250px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/330px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/500px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A true <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a>, 1870 (left) vs. a <a href="/wiki/Quagga_Project" title="Quagga Project">bred-back quagga</a>, 2014 (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>Hybrids are offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically distinct individuals, which usually will result in a high degree of heterozygosity, though hybrid and heterozygous are not synonymous. The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown for economic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a>) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural hybrids will occur in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zones</a>, where two populations of species within the same genera or species living in the same or adjacent areas will interbreed with each other. Some hybrids have been recognised as species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">red wolf</a> (though this is controversial).<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">Artificial selection</a>, the deliberate <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> of domestic animals, is being used to <a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">breed back</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">recently extinct</a> animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> that resembles that extinct <a href="/wiki/Wildtype" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildtype">wildtype</a> ancestor. A breeding-back (intraspecific) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance, ecological niche and to some extent genetics, but the initial <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> of that wild type is lost forever with its <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. As a result, bred-back breeds are at best vague look-alikes of extinct wildtypes, as <a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck cattle</a> are of the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanVuure_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanVuure-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a> wild species evolved to a specific ecology can be threatened with extinction<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the process of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">genetic pollution</a>, the uncontrolled hybridisation, <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> genetic swamping which leads to homogenisation or <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">out-competition</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosic</a> hybrid species.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When new populations are imported or selectively bred by people, or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact, extinction in some species, especially rare varieties, is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbreeding">Interbreeding</a> can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids, depleting the purebred gene pool. For example, the endangered <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a> is most threatened with extinction by genetic pollution from the <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">domestic water buffalo</a>. Such extinctions are not always apparent from a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> standpoint. Some degree of <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> is a normal evolutionary process, nevertheless, hybridisation threatens the existence of rare species.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif/330px-Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Biodiversity of large mammal species per continent before and after humans arrived there</figcaption></figure> <p>The loss of species from ecological communities, <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">defaunation</a>, is primarily driven by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-dirzo_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirzo-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Empty_forest" title="Empty forest">empty forests</a>, ecological communities depleted of large vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-primack2014_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primack2014-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a>, the mass die-off of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafaunal</a> variety coincided with the appearance of humans, suggesting a human influence. One hypothesis is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a>, into extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> states that the total <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of wild mammals has declined by 82 per cent since the beginning of human civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild animals make up just 4% of mammalian <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> on earth, while humans and their domesticated animals make up 96%.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-On_2018_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-On_2018-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various species are predicted to <a href="/wiki/List_of_critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of critically endangered species">become extinct in the near future</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and species of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a><sup id="cite_ref-primates_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primates-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the WWF's 2020 <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Report" title="Living Planet Report">Living Planet Report</a></i>, vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> populations have declined by 68% since 1970 as a result of human activities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a>, which is evidence that humans have triggered a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth mass extinction">sixth mass extinction</a> event.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting alone threatens hundreds of mammalian species around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists claim that the growing demand for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> is contributing to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> as this is a significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, are being converted to agricultural land for meat production.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influence is over-hunting and <a href="/wiki/Species_affected_by_poaching" title="Species affected by poaching">poaching</a>, which can reduce the overall population of game animals,<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially those located near villages,<sup id="cite_ref-peres2006_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peres2006-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of poaching can especially be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory trade</a> with African elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine mammals are at risk from entanglement from fishing gear, notably <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">cetaceans</a>, with discard mortalities ranging from 65,000 to 86,000 individuals annually.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attention is being given to endangered species globally, notably through the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, otherwise known as the Rio Accord, which includes 189 signatory countries that are focused on identifying endangered species and habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable conservation organisation is the IUCN, which has a membership of over 1,200 governmental and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental</a> organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_mammals" title="List of recently extinct mammals">Recent extinctions</a> can be directly attributed to human influences.<sup id="cite_ref-ceballos_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceballos-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dirzo_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirzo-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN characterises 'recent' extinction as those that have occurred past the cut-off point of 1500,<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 80 mammal species have gone extinct since that time and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>, and survive solely in captive populations. Other species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">ecologically extinct</a>, surviving in such low numbers that they essentially have no impact on the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-mckinney2013_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckinney2013-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 318">: 318 </span></sup> Other populations are only <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">locally extinct</a> (extirpated), still existing elsewhere, but reduced in distribution,<sup id="cite_ref-mckinney2013_326-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckinney2013-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75–77">: 75–77 </span></sup> as with the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Grey_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey whale">grey whales</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammal_genera" title="List of mammal genera">List of mammal genera</a> – living mammals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammalogists" title="List of mammalogists">List of mammalogists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monotremes_and_marsupials" title="List of monotremes and marsupials">List of monotremes and marsupials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placental_mammals" title="List of placental mammals">List of placental mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_mammals" title="List of prehistoric mammals">List of prehistoric mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_mammals" title="List of endangered mammals">List of endangered mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mammals_by_population" title="Lists of mammals by population">Lists of mammals by population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mammals_by_region" title="Lists of mammals by region">Lists of mammals by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammals_described_in_the_2000s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals described in the 2000s">Mammals described in the 2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammals_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals in culture">Mammals in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_mammal" title="Small mammal">Small mammal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decreased latency to approach the mirror, repetitious head circling and close viewing of the marked areas were considered signs of self-recognition since they do not have arms and cannot touch the marked areas.<sup id="cite_ref-parker95_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker95-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond discussed this matter further in his 1997 book <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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"Classification of mammals above the species level: Review". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1999.10011133">10.1080/02724634.1999.10011133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634">0272-4634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523980">4523980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Classification+of+mammals+above+the+species+level%3A+Review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0272-4634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4523980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.1999.10011133&rft.aulast=Szalay&rft.aufirst=FS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSW3intro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3intro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3intro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReeder2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Study+on+Tooth+Enamel+Microstructures+of+Lambdopsalis+bulla+%28Multituberculate%2C+Mammalia%29+%E2%80%93+Implications+for+Multituberculate+Biology+and+Phylogeny&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0128243&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4447277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26020958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0128243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1028243M&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Meng%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4447277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeeler1933" class="citation journal cs1">Keeler CE (June 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1086100">"Absence of the Corpus Callosum as a Mendelizing Character in the House Mouse"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>19</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">609–</span>611. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933PNAS...19..609K">1933PNAS...19..609K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.19.6.609">10.1073/pnas.19.6.609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/86284">86284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1086100">1086100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16587795">16587795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Absence+of+the+Corpus+Callosum+as+a+Mendelizing+Character+in+the+House+Mouse&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E611&rft.date=1933-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1086100%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F86284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933PNAS...19..609K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16587795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.19.6.609&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1086100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Jones and Bartlett. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6299-5"><bdi>978-0-7637-6299-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437300511">437300511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perissodactyla&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437300511&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JM&rft.au=Czaplewski%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqv4Lo1vpk4C%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlowerLydekker1946" class="citation book cs1">Flower WH, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker R</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3crAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA496"><i>An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2"><bdi>978-0-521-33792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Physiology+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33792-2&rft.aulast=Tyndale-Biscoe&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Renfree%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpjovN0vXW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonSmithPyneStenzel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston SD, Smith B, Pyne M, Stenzel D, Holt WV (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:130591/UQ130591_OA.pdf">"One-Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>170</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">E162 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E164</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ANat..170E.162J">2007ANat..170E.162J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F522847">10.1086/522847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171162">18171162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40632746">40632746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=One-Sided+Ejaculation+of+Echidna+Sperm+Bundles&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE162+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE164%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F522847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40632746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18171162&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ANat..170E.162J&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Smith%2C+B&rft.au=Pyne%2C+M&rft.au=Stenzel%2C+D&rft.au=Holt%2C+WV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A130591%2FUQ130591_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacha_Jr.Bacha2012" class="citation book cs1">Bacha Jr., William J.; Bacha, Linda M. 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Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-5988-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-5988-1"><bdi>978-1-4899-5988-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sex+Imperative%3A+An+Evolutionary+Tale+of+Sexual+Survival&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-5988-1&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=KE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddnf1BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaughanRyanCzaplewski2011" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan TA, Ryan JP, Czaplewski NJ (2011). <i>Mammalogy</i>. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1718-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-1718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annihilation+of+Nature%3A+Human+Extinction+of+Birds+and+Mammals&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1718-9&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+AH&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+PR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJiang,_Z.Harris,_R.B.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Z.; Harris, R.B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7121/22159785">"<i>Elaphurus davidianus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T7121A22159785. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Elaphurus+davidianus&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T7121A22159785&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Harris%2C+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F7121%2F22159785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckinney2013-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mckinney2013_326-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mckinney2013_326-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinneySchochYonavjak2013" class="citation book cs1">McKinney ML, Schoch R, Yonavjak L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBntufCOxAsC&pg=PA318">"Conserving Biological Resources"</a>. <i>Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions</i> (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6139-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6139-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-6139-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777948078">777948078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conserving+Biological+Resources&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Systems+and+Solutions&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777948078&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-6139-7&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Schoch%2C+R&rft.au=Yonavjak%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBntufCOxAsC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrinWürsigThewissen2009" class="citation book cs1">Perrin WF, Würsig BF, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thewissen" title="Hans Thewissen">Thewissen JG</a> (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of marine mammals</i>. Academic Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9"><bdi>978-0-12-373553-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/455328678">455328678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+marine+mammals&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F455328678&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373553-9&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=WF&rft.au=W%C3%BCrsig%2C+BF&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>As of <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammal&oldid=729857320">this edit</a>, this article uses content from </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/content/m46676/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">"Anatomy and Physiology"</a><i>, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>, but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. All relevant terms must be followed.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown WM (2001). "Natural selection of mammalian brain components". <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>16</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001TEcoE..16..471B">2001TEcoE..16..471B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2801%2902246-7">10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02246-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+of+mammalian+brain+components&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2801%2902246-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001TEcoE..16..471B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=WM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKennaBell1997" class="citation book cs1">McKenna MC, Bell SK (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=id=zS7FZkzIw-cC"><i>Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6"><bdi>978-0-231-11013-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37345734">37345734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Mammals+Above+the+Species+Level&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37345734&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11013-6&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Bell%2C+SK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Did%3DzS7FZkzIw-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNowak1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowak RM (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C"><i>Walker's mammals of the world</i></a> (6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937619124">937619124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+mammals+of+the+world&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937619124&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT37sFCl43E8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1945" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson GG (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>85</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+principles+of+classification+and+a+classification+of+mammals&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=GG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphyEizirikO'BrienMadsen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, et al. (December 2001). "Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics". <i>Science</i>. <b>294</b> (5550): <span class="nowrap">2348–</span>2351. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...294.2348M">2001Sci...294.2348M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067179">10.1126/science.1067179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11743200">11743200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34367609">34367609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+the+early+placental+mammal+radiation+using+Bayesian+phylogenetics&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=5550&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2348-%3C%2Fspan%3E2351&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34367609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11743200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...294.2348M&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Eizirik%2C+E&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+SJ&rft.au=Madsen%2C+O&rft.au=Scally%2C+M&rft.au=Douady%2C+CJ&rft.au=Teeling%2C+E&rft.au=Ryder%2C+OA&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+MJ&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+WW&rft.au=Springer%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpringerStanhopeMadsende_Jong2004" class="citation journal cs1">Springer MS, Stanhope MJ, Madsen O, de Jong WW (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729033207/http://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/springer200-phyl.pdf">"Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>19</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2004.05.006">10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16701301">16701301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1508898">1508898</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/springer200-phyl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Molecules+consolidate+the+placental+mammal+tree&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1508898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16701301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2004.05.006&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+MJ&rft.au=Madsen%2C+O&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+WW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zi.ku.dk%2Fevolbiology%2Fcourses%2FME04%2F7_9%2Fspringer200-phyl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaughanRyanCapzaplewski2000" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Capzaplewski NJ (2000). <i>Mammalogy</i> (4th ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025034-7"><bdi>978-0-03-025034-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42285340">42285340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+Texas&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42285340&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025034-7&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JM&rft.au=Capzaplewski%2C+NJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriegsChurakovKiefmannJordan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, Schmitz J (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351">"Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (4): e91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040091">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351">1395351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515367">16515367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Retroposed+elements+as+archives+for+the+evolutionary+history+of+placental+mammals&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e91&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1395351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16515367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040091&rft.aulast=Kriegs&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Churakov%2C+G&rft.au=Kiefmann%2C+M&rft.au=Jordan%2C+U&rft.au=Brosius%2C+J&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1395351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldNorris2006" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald DW, Norris S (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i> (3rd ed.). London: Brown Reference Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-681-45659-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-681-45659-4"><bdi>978-0-681-45659-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74900519">74900519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brown+Reference+Group&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74900519&rft.isbn=978-0-681-45659-4&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Norris%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Mammalia">Mammalia</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mammalia">Mammalia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org">ASM Mammal Diversity Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225111803/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm">Biodiversitymapping.org – All mammal orders in the world with distribution maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926130232/http://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleocene-mammals.de/">Paleocene Mammals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203140812/http://www.paleocene-mammals.de/">Archived</a> 3 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a site covering the rise of the mammals, paleocene-mammals.de</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml">Evolution of Mammals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191350/https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml">Archived</a> 25 January 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a brief introduction to early mammals, enchantedlearning.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php">European Mammal Atlas EMMA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191351/https://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php">Archived</a> 25 January 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Societas Europaea Mammalogica, European-mammals.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal93(14).pdf">Marine Mammals of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065724/https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal93(14).pdf">Archived</a> 8 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, both fully aquatic and semi-aquatic, noaa.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammalogy.org">Mammalogy.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301013904/http://www.mammalogy.org/">Archived</a> 1 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The American Society of Mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals, and this website includes a mammal image library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_chordate_classes597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chordata" title="Template:Chordata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata" title="Template talk:Chordata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_chordate_classes597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> classes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Clade <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Urochordata)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata87" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria81" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²classes of clade <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and descendants)</a></li> <li>³orders of traditional class <i><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cynodontia425" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cynodontia" title="Template talk:Cynodontia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cynodontia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cynodontia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cynodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida_*_Clade:_Eutheriodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cynodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cynodontia101" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dvinia" title="Dvinia">Dvinia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanocynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanocynodon (page does not exist)">Nanocynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Madysaurus" title="Madysaurus">Madysaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralocynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uralocynodon (page does not exist)">Uralocynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Charassognathidae" title="Charassognathidae">Charassognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdalodon" title="Abdalodon">Abdalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nshimbodon" title="Nshimbodon">Nshimbodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchidae" title="Procynosuchidae">Procynosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sludica" title="Sludica">Sludica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Epicynodontia" title="Epicynodontia">Epicynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bolotridon" title="Bolotridon">Bolotridon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanictosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanictosaurus (page does not exist)">Nanictosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nythosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nythosaurus (page does not exist)">Nythosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Platycraniellus" title="Platycraniellus">Platycraniellus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vetusodon" title="Vetusodon">Vetusodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Galesauridae" title="Galesauridae">Galesauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galesaurus" title="Galesaurus">Galesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progalesaurus" title="Progalesaurus">Progalesaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucynodontia" title="Eucynodontia">Eucynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kataigidodon" title="Kataigidodon">Kataigidodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Cynognathia" title="Cynognathia">Cynognathia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynognathia" title="Template:Cynognathia">Cynognathia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdalodon diastematicus"><img alt="Abdalodon diastematicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/140px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/210px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/280px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galesaurus planiceps"><img alt="Galesaurus planiceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/140px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/210px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/280px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Probainognathia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Probainognathia106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Agudotherium" title="Agudotherium">Agudotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Candelariodon" title="Candelariodon">Candelariodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Charruodon" title="Charruodon">Charruodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lumkuia" title="Lumkuia">Lumkuia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protheriodon" title="Protheriodon">Protheriodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tessellatia" title="Tessellatia">Tessellatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Chiniquodontidae" title="Chiniquodontidae">Chiniquodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleodon" title="Aleodon">Aleodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiniquodon" title="Chiniquodon">Chiniquodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromptodon" title="Cromptodon">Cromptodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojanodon" title="Riojanodon">Riojanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Probainognathidae" title="Probainognathidae">Probainognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonacynodon" title="Bonacynodon">Bonacynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probainognathus" title="Probainognathus">Probainognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ecteniniidae" title="Ecteniniidae">Ecteniniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diegocanis" title="Diegocanis">Diegocanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecteninion" title="Ecteninion">Ecteninion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trucidocynodon" title="Trucidocynodon">Trucidocynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodontia" title="Prozostrodontia">Prozostrodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Alemoatherium" title="Alemoatherium">Alemoatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Deccanodon" title="Deccanodon">Deccanodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dromatherium (page does not exist)">Dromatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Inditherium" title="Inditherium">Inditherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microconodon (page does not exist)">Microconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Polonodon" title="Polonodon">Polonodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudotriconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudotriconodon (page does not exist)">Pseudotriconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rewaconodon" title="Rewaconodon">Rewaconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Santacruzgnathus" title="Santacruzgnathus">Santacruzgnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Therioherpeton" title="Therioherpeton">Therioherpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tricuspes" title="Tricuspes">Tricuspes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prozostrodontidae">Prozostrodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodon" title="Prozostrodon">Prozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotherium" title="Pseudotherium">Pseudotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaliminia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaliminia (page does not exist)">Chaliminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diarthrognathus" title="Diarthrognathus">Diarthrognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elliotherium" title="Elliotherium">Elliotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irajatherium" title="Irajatherium">Irajatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachygenelus" title="Pachygenelus">Pachygenelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riograndia" title="Riograndia">Riograndia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tritheledon" title="Tritheledon">Tritheledon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliamorpha" title="Mammaliamorpha">Mammaliamorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Adelobasileus" title="Adelobasileus">Adelobasileus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Botucaraitherium" title="Botucaraitherium">Botucaraitherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilodon" title="Brasilodon">Brasilodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinoconodon" title="Sinoconodon">Sinoconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tikiodon" title="Tikiodon">Tikiodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienotherium" title="Bienotherium">Bienotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienotheroides" title="Bienotheroides">Bienotheroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bocatherium" title="Bocatherium">Bocatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianzhongia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianzhongia">Dianzhongia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinnebitodon" title="Dinnebitodon">Dinnebitodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fossiomanus" title="Fossiomanus">Fossiomanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentatherium" title="Kayentatherium">Kayentatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengia" title="Lufengia">Lufengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montirictus" title="Montirictus">Montirictus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuurtherium" title="Nuurtherium">Nuurtherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oligokyphus" title="Oligokyphus">Oligokyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polistodon" title="Polistodon">Polistodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shartegodon" title="Shartegodon">Shartegodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereognathus" title="Stereognathus">Stereognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tritylodon" title="Tritylodon">Tritylodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenocretosuchus" title="Xenocretosuchus">Xenocretosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanotherium" title="Yuanotherium">Yuanotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunnanodon" title="Yunnanodon">Yunnanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Probelesodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiniquodon theotonicus"><img alt="Chiniquodon theotonicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/140px-Probelesodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/210px-Probelesodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/280px-Probelesodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="866" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riograndia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riograndia guaibensis"><img alt="Riograndia guaibensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/140px-Riograndia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/210px-Riograndia_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/280px-Riograndia_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="319" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oligokyphus triserialis"><img alt="Oligokyphus triserialis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oligokyphus_BW.jpg/250px-Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oligokyphus_BW.jpg/330px-Oligokyphus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Mammaliaformes425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mammaliaformes105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bocaconodon" title="Bocaconodon">Bocaconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachyzostrodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachyzostrodon (page does not exist)">Brachyzostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bridetherium" title="Bridetherium">Bridetherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cherwellia" title="Cherwellia">Cherwellia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cifellilestes" title="Cifellilestes">Cifellilestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Delsatia" title="Delsatia">Delsatia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dianoconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dianoconodon (page does not exist)">Dianoconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinnetherium" title="Dinnetherium">Dinnetherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dyskritodon" title="Dyskritodon">Dyskritodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eozostrodon" title="Eozostrodon">Eozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwanadon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gondwanadon (page does not exist)">Gondwanadon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrocodium" title="Hadrocodium">Hadrocodium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hallautherium" title="Hallautherium">Hallautherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helvetiodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helvetiodon (page does not exist)">Helvetiodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Indotherium" title="Indotherium">Indotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indozostrodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indozostrodon (page does not exist)">Indozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Megazostrodon" title="Megazostrodon">Megazostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paceyodon" title="Paceyodon">Paceyodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paikasigudodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paikasigudodon (page does not exist)">Paikasigudodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Purbeckodon" title="Purbeckodon">Purbeckodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rosierodon" title="Rosierodon">Rosierodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinoconodon" title="Sinoconodon">Sinoconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Storchodon" title="Storchodon">Storchodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Stylidens" title="Stylidens">Stylidens</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Wareolestes" title="Wareolestes">Wareolestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Woutersia" title="Woutersia">Woutersia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kuehneotheriidae" title="Kuehneotheriidae">Kuehneotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fluctuodon" title="Fluctuodon">Fluctuodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotatherium (page does not exist)">Kotatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuehneon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuehneon (page does not exist)">Kuehneon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuehneotherium" title="Kuehneotherium">Kuehneotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Shuotheriidae" title="Shuotheriidae">Shuotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feredocodon" title="Feredocodon">Feredocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itatodon" title="Itatodon">Itatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paritatodon" title="Paritatodon">Paritatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotribos" title="Pseudotribos">Pseudotribos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuotherium" title="Shuotherium">Shuotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Docodonta" title="Docodonta">Docodonta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agilodocodon" title="Agilodocodon">Agilodocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealestes" title="Borealestes">Borealestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtlatherium" title="Cyrtlatherium">Cyrtlatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobunnodon" title="Dobunnodon">Dobunnodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docodon" title="Docodon">Docodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docofossor" title="Docofossor">Docofossor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dsungarodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dsungarodon (page does not exist)">Dsungarodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergetiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergetiis (page does not exist)">Ergetiis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondtherium" title="Gondtherium">Gondtherium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haldanodon" title="Haldanodon">Haldanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hutegotherium" title="Hutegotherium">Hutegotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itatodon" title="Itatodon">Itatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khorotherium" title="Khorotherium">Khorotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krusatodon" title="Krusatodon">Krusatodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microdocodon" title="Microdocodon">Microdocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paritatodon" title="Paritatodon">Paritatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peraiocynodon" title="Peraiocynodon">Peraiocynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibirotherium" title="Sibirotherium">Sibirotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simpsonodon" title="Simpsonodon">Simpsonodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tashkumyrodon" title="Tashkumyrodon">Tashkumyrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tegotherium" title="Tegotherium">Tegotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Haramiyida" title="Haramiyida">Haramiyida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avashishta" title="Avashishta">Avashishta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypsiprymnopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypsiprymnopsis (page does not exist)">Hypsiprymnopsis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haramiyavia" title="Haramiyavia">Haramiyavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalaallitkigun" title="Kalaallitkigun">Kalaallitkigun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kollikodon" title="Kollikodon">Kollikodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mojo_usuratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mojo usuratus (page does not exist)">Mojo</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theroteinus" title="Theroteinus">Theroteinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomasia_(animal)" title="Thomasia (animal)">Thomasia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euharamiyida" title="Euharamiyida">Euharamiyida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allostaffia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allostaffia (page does not exist)">Allostaffia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arboroharamiya" title="Arboroharamiya">Arboroharamiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baidabatyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baidabatyr (page does not exist)">Baidabatyr</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butlerodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butlerodon (page does not exist)">Butlerodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryoharamiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryoharamiya (page does not exist)">Cryoharamiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kermackodon" title="Kermackodon">Kermackodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiopatagium" title="Maiopatagium">Maiopatagium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaconus" title="Megaconus">Megaconus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qishou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qishou (page does not exist)">Qishou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharypovoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharypovoia (page does not exist)">Sharypovoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshou" title="Shenshou">Shenshou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sineleutherus" title="Sineleutherus">Sineleutherus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vilevolodon" title="Vilevolodon">Vilevolodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodeatonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodeatonia (page does not exist)">Woodeatonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshou" title="Xianshou">Xianshou</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gondwanatheria" title="Gondwanatheria">Gondwanatheria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hahnodontidae" title="Hahnodontidae">Hahnodontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cifelliodon" title="Cifelliodon">Cifelliodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denisodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denisodon (page does not exist)">Denisodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hahnodon" title="Hahnodon">Hahnodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Mammalia" title="Template:Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morganucodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morganucodon watsoni"><img alt="Morganucodon watsoni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/140px-Morganucodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/210px-Morganucodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/280px-Morganucodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="978" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Docofossor brachydactylus"><img alt="Docofossor brachydactylus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/140px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/210px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/280px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistecynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cistecynodon (page does not exist)">Cistecynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoraetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoraetia (page does not exist)">Eoraetia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaumia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaumia (page does not exist)">Gaumia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/%22Hahnia%22_obliqua" title=""Hahnia" obliqua">"Hahnia"</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kunminia" title="Kunminia">Kunminia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lepagia" title="Lepagia">Lepagia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meurthodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meurthodon (page does not exist)">Meurthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mitredon" title="Mitredon">Mitredon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Panchetocynodon" title="Panchetocynodon">Panchetocynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redondagnathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redondagnathus (page does not exist)">Redondagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saurodesmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saurodesmus (page does not exist)">Saurodesmus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">Paraphyletic</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">Polyphyletic</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dromatheriidae" title="Dromatheriidae">Dromatheriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganucodonta" title="Morganucodonta">Morganucodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrodonta" title="Symmetrodonta">Symmetrodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Triconodonta">Triconodonta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cynodonts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cynodonts (page does not exist)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammalia333" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammalia" title="Template:Mammalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammalia" title="Template talk:Mammalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammalia333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida_*_Clade:_Cynodontia_*_Clade:_Mammaliaformes333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Mammalia333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australosphenida?233" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ambondro_mahabo" title="Ambondro mahabo">Ambondro</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendagurutherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tendagurutherium (page does not exist)">Tendagurutherium</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Henosferidae" title="Henosferidae">Henosferidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltomylos" title="Asfaltomylos">Asfaltomylos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henosferus" title="Henosferus">Henosferus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ausktribosphenidae" title="Ausktribosphenidae">Ausktribosphenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausktribosphenos" title="Ausktribosphenos">Ausktribosphenos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bishops_(mammal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops (mammal)">Bishops</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kryoparvus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kryoparvus (page does not exist)">Kryoparvus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kollikodontidae" title="Kollikodontidae">Kollikodontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kollikodon" title="Kollikodon">Kollikodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kryoryctes" title="Kryoryctes">Kryoryctes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundrius" title="Sundrius">Sundrius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Steropodontidae" title="Steropodontidae">Steropodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvopalus" title="Parvopalus">Parvopalus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steropodon" title="Steropodon">Steropodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Teinolophidae" title="Teinolophidae">Teinolophidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stirtodon" title="Stirtodon">Stirtodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teinolophos" title="Teinolophos">Teinolophos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithorhynchoidea" title="Ornithorhynchoidea">Ornithorhynchoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Opalios" title="Opalios">Opalios</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithorhynchidae" title="Ornithorhynchidae">Ornithorhynchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dharragarra" title="Dharragarra">Dharragarra</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Monotrematum" title="Monotrematum">Monotrematum</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Obdurodon" title="Obdurodon">Obdurodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">Ornithorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Patagorhynchus" title="Patagorhynchus">Patagorhynchus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">Tachyglossidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Megalibgwilia" title="Megalibgwilia">Megalibgwilia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Murrayglossus" title="Murrayglossus">Murrayglossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna" title="Short-beaked echidna">Tachyglossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long-beaked_echidna" title="Long-beaked echidna">Zaglossus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Allotheria" title="Allotheria">Allotheria</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Allotheria" title="Template:Allotheria">Allotheria</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">multituberculates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theriimorpha" title="Theriimorpha">Theriimorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornithorhynchus anatinus"><img alt="Ornithorhynchus anatinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg/120px-Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg/250px-Genera_mammalium_Ornithorhynchus_anatinus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachyglossus_aculeatus-Cayley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tachyglossus aculeatus"><img alt="Tachyglossus aculeatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tachyglossus_aculeatus-Cayley.jpg/120px-Tachyglossus_aculeatus-Cayley.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tachyglossus_aculeatus-Cayley.jpg/250px-Tachyglossus_aculeatus-Cayley.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theriimorpha333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theriimorpha" title="Theriimorpha">Theriimorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theriimorpha103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theriimorpha" title="Theriimorpha">Theriimorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Acinacodus" title="Acinacodus">Acinacodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Amphidon" title="Amphidon">Amphidon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Amphilestes" title="Amphilestes">Amphilestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Aploconodon" title="Aploconodon">Aploconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangodens" title="Chaoyangodens">Chaoyangodens</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Comodon" title="Comodon">Comodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Condorodon" title="Condorodon">Condorodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dyskritodon" title="Dyskritodon">Dyskritodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Fruitafossor" title="Fruitafossor">Fruitafossor</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakusanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakusanodon (page does not exist)">Hakusanodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Indotriconodon" title="Indotriconodon">Indotriconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Juchilestes" title="Juchilestes">Juchilestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jueconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jueconodon (page does not exist)">Jueconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemchugia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemchugia (page does not exist)">Kemchugia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kryptotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kryptotherium (page does not exist)">Kryptotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoconodon" title="Liaoconodon">Liaoconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaotherium (page does not exist)">Liaotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchurodon (page does not exist)">Manchurodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakunodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakunodon (page does not exist)">Nakunodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phascolotherium" title="Phascolotherium">Phascolotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sangarotherium" title="Sangarotherium">Sangarotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendagurodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tendagurodon (page does not exist)">Tendagurodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Allotheria" title="Allotheria">Allotheria</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gobiconodontidae" title="Gobiconodontidae">Gobiconodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuxinoconodon" title="Fuxinoconodon">Fuxinoconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobiconodon" title="Gobiconodon">Gobiconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangjinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangjinia (page does not exist)">Hangjinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huasteconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huasteconodon (page does not exist)">Huasteconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meemannodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meemannodon (page does not exist)">Meemannodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repenomamus" title="Repenomamus">Repenomamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinolestes" title="Spinolestes">Spinolestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Jeholodentidae" title="Jeholodentidae">Jeholodentidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeholodens" title="Jeholodens">Jeholodens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanoconodon" title="Yanoconodon">Yanoconodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Klameliidae" title="Klameliidae">Klameliidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferganodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferganodon (page does not exist)">Ferganodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klamelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klamelia (page does not exist)">Klamelia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Triconodontidae" title="Triconodontidae">Triconodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alticonodon" title="Alticonodon">Alticonodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundelconodon" title="Arundelconodon">Arundelconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astroconodon" title="Astroconodon">Astroconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corviconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corviconodon (page does not exist)">Corviconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotriconodon" title="Eotriconodon">Eotriconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugulator_amplissimus" title="Jugulator amplissimus">Jugulator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meiconodon" title="Meiconodon">Meiconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priacodon" title="Priacodon">Priacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triconodon" title="Triconodon">Triconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trioracodon" title="Trioracodon">Trioracodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoriaconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoriaconodon (page does not exist)">Victoriaconodon</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Volaticotherini" title="Volaticotherini">Volaticotheria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Volaticotherini" title="Volaticotherini">Volaticotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argentoconodon" title="Argentoconodon">Argentoconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoconodon" title="Ichthyoconodon">Ichthyoconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triconolestes" title="Triconolestes">Triconolestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volaticotherium" title="Volaticotherium">Volaticotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tinodontidae" title="Tinodontidae">Tinodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobiotheriodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobiotheriodon (page does not exist)">Gobiotheriodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinodon" title="Tinodon">Tinodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trishulotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trishulotherium (page does not exist)">Trishulotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yermakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yermakia (page does not exist)">Yermakia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trechnotheria" title="Trechnotheria">Trechnotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Zhangheotheriidae" title="Zhangheotheriidae">Zhangheotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anebodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anebodon (page does not exist)">Anebodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiyatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiyatherium (page does not exist)">Kiyatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maotherium" title="Maotherium">Maotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ningchengodon" title="Ningchengodon">Ningchengodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origolestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Origolestes (page does not exist)">Origolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhangheotherium" title="Zhangheotherium">Zhangheotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Spalacotheriidae" title="Spalacotheriidae">Spalacotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akidolestes" title="Akidolestes">Akidolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliaga_(mammal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliaga (mammal) (page does not exist)">Aliaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cifellitherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cifellitherium (page does not exist)">Cifellitherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heishanlestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heishanlestes (page does not exist)">Heishanlestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infernolestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infernolestes (page does not exist)">Infernolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactodens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactodens (page does not exist)">Lactodens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalbaatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalbaatar (page does not exist)">Shalbaatar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacolestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalacolestes (page does not exist)">Spalacolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacotheridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalacotheridium (page does not exist)">Spalacotheridium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spalacotherium" title="Spalacotherium">Spalacotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacotheroides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalacotheroides (page does not exist)">Spalacotheroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetrodontoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symmetrodontoides (page does not exist)">Symmetrodontoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symmetrolestes" title="Symmetrolestes">Symmetrolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaverlestes" title="Yaverlestes">Yaverlestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cladotheria" title="Cladotheria">Cladotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Repenomamus robustus"><img alt="Repenomamus robustus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/120px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/180px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/240px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volaticotherium_Life_Reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Volaticotherium antiquum"><img alt="Volaticotherium antiquum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Volaticotherium_Life_Reconstruction.png/120px-Volaticotherium_Life_Reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Volaticotherium_Life_Reconstruction.png/250px-Volaticotherium_Life_Reconstruction.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cladotheria333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cladotheria" title="Cladotheria">Cladotheria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dryolestida" title="Dryolestida">Dryolestida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brancatherulum" title="Brancatherulum">Brancatherulum</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorsetodon" title="Dorsetodon">Dorsetodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drescheratherium" title="Drescheratherium">Drescheratherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthlastus" title="Euthlastus">Euthlastus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henkelotherium" title="Henkelotherium">Henkelotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paurodon" title="Paurodon">Paurodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tathiodon" title="Tathiodon">Tathiodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dryolestidae" title="Dryolestidae">Dryolestidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achyrodon" title="Achyrodon">Achyrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amblotherium" title="Amblotherium">Amblotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracolestes" title="Anthracolestes">Anthracolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beckumia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beckumia (page does not exist)">Beckumia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusafontia" title="Crusafontia">Crusafontia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryolestes" title="Dryolestes">Dryolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groebertherium" title="Groebertherium">Groebertherium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guimarotodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guimarotodus (page does not exist)">Guimarotodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hercynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hercynodon (page does not exist)">Hercynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krebsotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krebsotherium (page does not exist)">Krebsotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakotalestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakotalestes (page does not exist)">Lakotalestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laolestes" title="Laolestes">Laolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutolestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minutolestes (page does not exist)">Minutolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phascolestes" title="Phascolestes">Phascolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portopinheirodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portopinheirodon (page does not exist)">Portopinheirodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treslagosodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treslagosodon (page does not exist)">Treslagosodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Meridiolestida" title="Meridiolestida">Meridiolestida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarillodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarillodon (page does not exist)">Amarillodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotriconodon" title="Austrotriconodon">Austrotriconodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bondesius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bondesius (page does not exist)">Bondesius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casamiquelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casamiquelia (page does not exist)">Casamiquelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronopio_dentiacutus" title="Cronopio dentiacutus">Cronopio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groebertherium" title="Groebertherium">Groebertherium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakotalestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakotalestes (page does not exist)">Lakotalestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardus" title="Leonardus">Leonardus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necrolestes" title="Necrolestes">Necrolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraungulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraungulatum (page does not exist)">Paraungulatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quirogatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quirogatherium (page does not exist)">Quirogatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solanutherium" title="Solanutherium">Solanutherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesungulatoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesungulatoidea">Mesungulatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coloniatherium" title="Coloniatherium">Coloniatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesungulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesungulatum (page does not exist)">Mesungulatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orretherium" title="Orretherium">Orretherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peligrotherium" title="Peligrotherium">Peligrotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reigitherium" title="Reigitherium">Reigitherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Donodontidae" title="Donodontidae">Donodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazighodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazighodon (page does not exist)">Amazighodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anoualestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anoualestes (page does not exist)">Anoualestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donodon" title="Donodon">Donodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylodens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylodens (page does not exist)">Stylodens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Prototribosphenida" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototribosphenida">Prototribosphenida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Abelodon" title="Abelodon">Abelodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibetulimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphibetulimus (page does not exist)">Amphibetulimus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitherium" title="Amphitherium">Amphitherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arguimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arguimus (page does not exist)">Arguimus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brancatherulum" title="Brancatherulum">Brancatherulum</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chunnelodon" title="Chunnelodon">Chunnelodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Magnimus" title="Magnimus">Magnimus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimus_(mammal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimus (mammal) (page does not exist)">Minimus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozomus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozomus (page does not exist)">Mozomus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nanolestes" title="Nanolestes">Nanolestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoxonodon" title="Palaeoxonodon">Palaeoxonodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vincelestes" title="Vincelestes">Vincelestes</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Peramuridae" title="Peramuridae">Peramuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afriquiamus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afriquiamus (page does not exist)">Afriquiamus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kouriogenys" title="Kouriogenys">Kouriogenys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peramuroides" title="Peramuroides">Peramuroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peramus" title="Peramus">Peramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendagurutherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tendagurutherium (page does not exist)">Tendagurutherium</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribosphenida" title="Tribosphenida">Tribosphenida /<br />Boreosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Aegialodon" title="Aegialodon">Aegialodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argaliatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argaliatherium (page does not exist)">Argaliatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilestes" title="Brasilestes">Brasilestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carinalestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carinalestes (page does not exist)">Carinalestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eomaia" title="Eomaia">Eomaia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Holoclemensia" title="Holoclemensia">Holoclemensia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypomylos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypomylos (page does not exist)">Hypomylos</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Juramaia" title="Juramaia">Juramaia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kermackia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kermackia (page does not exist)">Kermackia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kielantherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kielantherium (page does not exist)">Kielantherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pappotherium" title="Pappotherium">Pappotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picopsis (page does not exist)">Picopsis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirotherium (page does not exist)">Tirotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribactonodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribactonodon (page does not exist)">Tribactonodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Patagomaia" title="Patagomaia">Patagomaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Eutheria" title="Template:Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placentals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Metatheria" title="Template:Metatheria">Metatheria</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cronopio_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cronopio dentiacutus"><img alt="Cronopio dentiacutus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cronopio_NT.jpg/120px-Cronopio_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cronopio_NT.jpg/250px-Cronopio_NT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eomaia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eomaia scansoria"><img alt="Eomaia scansoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Eomaia_NT.jpg/120px-Eomaia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Eomaia_NT.jpg/180px-Eomaia_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Eomaia_NT.jpg/240px-Eomaia_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_taxa333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other taxa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlasodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlasodon (page does not exist)">Atlasodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chronoperates" title="Chronoperates">Chronoperates</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microderson (page does not exist)">Microderson</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Thereuodon" title="Thereuodon">Thereuodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tingamarra" title="Tingamarra">Tingamarra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_Mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bathans Mammal">Saint Bathans Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA_8699" title="UA 8699">UA 8699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other taxa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prototheria" title="Prototheria">Prototheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutriconodonta" title="Eutriconodonta">Eutriconodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilestidae" title="Amphilestidae">Amphilestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriiformes" title="Theriiformes">Theriiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantotheria" title="Pantotheria">Pantotheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrodonta" title="Symmetrodonta">Symmetrodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupantotheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupantotheria">Eupantotheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paurodontidae" title="Paurodontidae">Paurodontidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheriidae" title="Amphitheriidae">Amphitheriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsupionta" title="Marsupionta">Marsupionta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_mammal_orders179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals" title="Template:Mammals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals" title="Template talk:Mammals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_mammal_orders179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">mammal</a> orders</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australosphenida20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata <small>(platypuses and echidnas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata <small>(shrew opossums)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">Didelphimorphia <small>(opossums)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria <small>(monitos del monte)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctemorphia <small>(marsupial moles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia <small>(quolls and dunnarts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia <small>(bilbies and bandicoots)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia <small>(kangaroos, koalas, and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placental</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata <small>(armadillos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(anteaters and sloths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(elephant shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orycteropodidae" title="Orycteropodidae">Tubulidentata <small>(aardvarks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(hyraxes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(elephants)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(dugongs and manatees)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla <small>(hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Chiroptera <small>(bats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota <small>(pangolins)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora <small>(dogs, cats and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla <small>(pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia <small>(rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(rabbits, hares and pikas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(treeshrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(colugos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates <small>(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/21px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/42px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Mammalia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7377" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7377">Q7377</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Mammalia">Mammalia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mammalia">Mammalia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=62">62</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6224G">6224G</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1642">1642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MAMMC">1MAMMC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12613">12613</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff">131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/359">359</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40151">40151</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1310">1310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179913">179913</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=40674">40674</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf">e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=244265">244265</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36651">36651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012">6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1837">1837</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956">D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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