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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Voting population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undemocratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undemocratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Undemocratic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Undemocratic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Undemocratic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Undemocratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_open_political_debate_or_an_informed_electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_open_political_debate_or_an_informed_electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_open_political_debate_or_an_informed_electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfair_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfair_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Unfair rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfair_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_with_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_with_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Interference with campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_with_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tampering_with_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tampering_with_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Tampering with mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tampering_with_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Shams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aristocratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristocratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_counts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_counts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Election counts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_counts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Election organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Election</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiesing" title="Verkiesing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkiesing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انتخابات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleiciones" title="Eleiciones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eleiciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7ki" title="Seçki – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seçki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu" title="Pemilu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pemilu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="নির্বাচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A1n-k%C3%AD" title="Soán-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soán-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выбары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выбары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выбары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выбары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="चुनाव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चुनाव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirilian" title="Pirilian – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pirilian" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votadeg" title="Votadeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Votadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3" title="Elecció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elecció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Суйлав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суйлав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volby" title="Volby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etholiad" title="Etholiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etholiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg" title="Valg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahl" title="Wahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valimised" title="Valimised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valimised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Εκλογές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones" title="Elecciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%89dono" title="Voĉdono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Voĉdono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauteskunde" title="Hauteskunde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauteskunde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انتخابات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection" title="Élection – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkiezing" title="Ferkiezing – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferkiezing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3ns" title="Eleccións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eleccións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C9%93e" title="Zaɓe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zaɓe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ընտրություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտրություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="चुनाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुनाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan" title="Pemilihan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosningar" title="Kosningar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezione" title="Elezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בחירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಚುನಾವಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚುನಾವಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არჩევნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არჩევნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Сайлау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сайлау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchaguzi" title="Uchaguzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchaguzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ksyon" title="Lélèksyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèksyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Шайлоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шайлоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia" title="Comitia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Comitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas" title="Vēlēšanas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēlēšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkimai" title="Rinkimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rinkimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkezinge" title="Verkezinge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verkezinge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C9%94n%C9%94mi" title="Lipɔnɔmi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lipɔnɔmi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1s" title="Választás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Választás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="निवडणूक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निवडणूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გიშაგორუეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გიშაგორუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya" title="Pilihan raya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pilihan raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сонгууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонгууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiezing" title="Verkiezing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkiezing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वाचन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्वाचन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वाचन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निर्वाचन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg" title="Valg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val" title="Val – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Val" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylov" title="Saylov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saylov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A3" title="ਚੋਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੋਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%90" title="ټولټاکنې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولټاکنې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory" title="Wybory – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Eleição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegere" title="Alegere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alegere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akllanakuy" title="Akllanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Akllanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выборы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выборы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="निर्वाचनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निर्वाचनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizzioni" title="Elizzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elizzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඡන්ද විමසීම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡන්ද විමසීම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="چونڊون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چونڊون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%BEby" title="Voľby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voľby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volitve" title="Volitve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volitve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ھەڵبژاردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبژاردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaali" title="Vaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val" title="Val – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Val" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halalan" title="Halalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தேர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎన్నికలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎన్నికలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="การเลือกตั้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Elect" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/-elect" title="-elect">-elect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Election_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Election (disambiguation)">Election (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Free election" redirects here. For the "free elections" of Polish kings, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Royal elections in Poland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_MG_3455.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/220px-Election_MG_3455.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/330px-Election_MG_3455.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/440px-Election_MG_3455.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a> used in <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">France</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Subseries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_administration" title="Election administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_close_election_results" title="List of close election results">Close elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" title="List of the most recent elections by country">Most recent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" title="List of next general elections">Next general elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_national_electoral_calendar" title="2024 national electoral calendar">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_local_electoral_calendar" title="2024 local electoral calendar">local</a> elections in 2024</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_candidate" title="Paper candidate">Paper candidate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections" title="Template:Elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections" title="Template talk:Elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>election</b> is a formal <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">group decision-making</a> process by which a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public office</a>. </p><p>Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> has operated since the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections may fill offices in the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, sometimes in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">regional and local government</a>. This process is also used in many other private and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> organisations, from clubs to <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. </p><p>The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a>, where the elections were considered an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> institution and most political offices were filled using <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a> describes the process of introducing fair <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a> where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems. <a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a> is the study of results and other <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results). Election is the fact of electing, or being elected. </p><p>To <i>elect</i> means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> are referred to as elections, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> . </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History of democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roman_Election.jpg/220px-Roman_Election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Roman_Election.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman coin">Roman coin</a> depicting election</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg/220px-Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg/330px-Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg/440px-Cardiganshire_Election_ballot_paper_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A British election campaign leaflet with an illustration of an example ballot paper, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Elections were used as early in history as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">imperial election</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Papal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election">papal election</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> King <a href="/wiki/Gopala_(Pala_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala (Pala king)">Gopala</a> (ruled <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750s</span> – 770s CE) in early medieval <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> was elected by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitish2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitish2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>, around 920 CE, in <a href="/wiki/Uthiramerur" title="Uthiramerur">Uthiramerur</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>), palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members. The leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the committee members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the <i>Kudavolai</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-VKA_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VKA_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded popular elections of officials to public office, by majority vote, where all citizens were eligible both to vote and to hold public office, date back to the <a href="/wiki/Ephors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephors">Ephors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> in 754 BC, under the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">mixed government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> democratic elections, where all citizens could hold public office, were not introduced for another 247 years, until the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the earlier <a href="/wiki/Solonian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Solonian Constitution">Solonian Constitution</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 574 BC</span>), all Athenian citizens were eligible to vote in the popular assemblies, on matters of law and policy, and as jurors, but only the three highest classes of citizens could vote in elections. Nor were the lowest of the four classes of Athenian citizens (as defined by the extent of their wealth and property, rather than by birth) eligible to hold public office, through the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartan election of the Ephors, therefore, also predates the reforms of Solon in Athens by approximately 180 years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg/220px-Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg/330px-Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg/440px-Election_of_Paasikivi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>In 1946 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a> resigned as president of Finland, and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">parliament of Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/1946_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1946 Finnish presidential election">elected</a> elected prime minister <a href="/wiki/J._K._Paasikivi" class="mw-redirect" title="J. K. Paasikivi">Paasikivi</a> to succeed him, with 159 votes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Questions of <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections. Males, the dominant cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:_electorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiki: electorate (page does not exist)">electorate</a> and continue to do so in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early elections in countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">the United States</a> were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> males.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal adult male suffrage (except Switzerland) and many countries began to consider <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for adult males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections (see <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexts">Contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elections are held in a variety of political, organizational, and corporate settings. Many countries hold elections to select people to serve in their governments, but other types of organizations hold elections as well. For example, many corporations hold elections among <a href="/wiki/Shareholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareholders">shareholders</a> to select a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, and these elections may be mandated by <a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">corporate law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places, an election to the government is usually a competition among people who have already won a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections within corporations and other organizations often use procedures and rules that are similar to those of governmental elections.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electorate">Electorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffrage">Suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of who may vote is a central issue in elections. The electorate does not generally include the entire population; for example, many countries prohibit those who are under the age of majority from voting. All jurisdictions require a minimum age for voting. </p><p>In Australia, Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962 (see <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 referendum entry</a>) and in 2010 the federal government removed the rights of prisoners serving for three years or more to vote (a large proportion of whom were Aboriginal Australians). </p><p>Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. </p><p>In the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence is not required. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElezioneMilano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElezioneMilano.jpg/220px-ElezioneMilano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElezioneMilano.jpg/330px-ElezioneMilano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElezioneMilano.jpg/440px-ElezioneMilano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Campaigners working on posters in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, voting is required by law. Eligible voters may be subject to punitive measures such as a fine for not casting a vote. In Western Australia, the penalty for a first time offender failing to vote is a $20.00 fine, which increases to $50.00 if the offender refused to vote prior.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_population">Voting population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Voting population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically the size of eligible voters, the electorate, was small having the size of groups or communities of privileged men like <a href="/wiki/Aristocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrats">aristocrats</a> and men of a city (<a href="/wiki/Citizens#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a>). </p><p>With the growth of the number of people with <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> citizen rights outside of cities, expanding the term citizen, the electorates grew to numbers beyond the thousands. Elections with an electorate in the hundred thousands appeared in the final decades of the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Elections in the Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, by extending voting rights to citizens outside of Rome with the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Lex_Iulia_de_Civitate_Latinis_et_Sociis_Danda_(90_BC)" title="Lex Julia">Lex Julia of 90 BC</a>, reaching an electorate of 910,000 and estimated <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> of maximum 10% in 70 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Rachel_Feig_Vishnia_pg._125_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Feig_Vishnia_pg._125-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only again comparable in size to the <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_elections" title="1788–89 United States elections">first elections of the United States</a>. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> had in 1780 about 214,000 eligible voters, 3% of the whole population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> can reshape the electorate of a country.<sup id="cite_ref-r054_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r054-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Candidates">Candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> requires a procedure to govern nomination for political office. In many cases, nomination for office is mediated through <a href="/wiki/Preselection" title="Preselection">preselection</a> processes in organized political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-partisan systems tend to be different from partisan systems as concerns nominations. In a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, one type of <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">non-partisan democracy</a>, any eligible person can be nominated. Although elections were used in ancient Athens, in Rome, and in the selection of popes and Holy Roman emperors, the origins of elections in the contemporary world lie in the gradual emergence of representative government in Europe and North America beginning in the 17th century. In some systems no nominations take place at all, with voters free to choose any person at the time of voting—with some possible exceptions such as through a minimum age requirement—in the jurisdiction. In such cases, it is not required (or even possible) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels (i.e., among the elected delegates). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/400px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/600px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/800px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower</a> or sole (<a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>) house of national legislatures, as of January 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian representation">Majoritarian representation</a> (winner-take-all)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0066FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian representation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5A2CA0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD42A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a> (non-mixed)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> No election (e.g. Monarchy)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Electoral systems are the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into a political decision. </p><p>The first step is for voters to cast the <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a>, which may be simple single-choice ballots, but other types, such as multiple choice or <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked ballots</a> may also be used. Then the votes are tallied, for which various <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote counting systems">vote counting systems</a> may be used. and the voting system then determines the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian">majoritarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed</a>. Among the proportional systems, the most commonly used are <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> (list PR) systems, among majoritarian are <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> electoral system (single winner <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a>) and different methods of majority voting (such as the widely used <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>). <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a> combine elements of both proportional and majoritarian methods, with some typically producing results closer to the former (<a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a>) or the other (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>). </p><p>Many countries have growing electoral reform movements, which advocate systems such as <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant runoff voting</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet method</a>; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods. </p><p>While openness and <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> are usually considered cornerstones of a democratic system, the act of casting a vote and the content of a voter's ballot are usually an important exception. The <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> is a relatively modern development, but it is now considered crucial in most free and fair elections, as it limits the effectiveness of intimidation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaign</a></div> <p>When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns. Supporters for a campaign can be either formally organized or loosely affiliated, and frequently utilize <a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">campaign advertising</a>. It is common for political scientists to attempt to predict elections via <a href="/wiki/Political_forecasting" title="Political forecasting">political forecasting</a> methods. </p><p>The most expensive election campaign included US$7 billion spent on the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> and is followed by the US$5 billion spent on the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timing">Timing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of democracy is that elected officials are accountable to the people, and they must return to the voters at prescribed intervals to seek their <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> to continue in office. For that reason, most democratic constitutions provide that elections are held at fixed regular intervals. In the United States, elections for public offices are typically held between every two and six years in most states and at the federal level, with exceptions for elected judicial positions that may have longer terms of office. There is a variety of schedules, for example, presidents: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> is elected every seven years, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> every six years, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> every five years, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> every four years. </p><p>Predetermined or fixed election dates have the advantage of fairness and predictability. They tend to greatly lengthen campaigns, and make <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolving the legislature</a> (parliamentary system) more problematic if the date should happen to fall at a time when dissolution is inconvenient (e.g. when war breaks out). Other states (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) only set maximum time in office, and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls. In practice, this means the government remains in power for close to its full term, and chooses an election date it calculates to be in its best interests (unless something special happens, such as a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of no-confidence">motion of no-confidence</a>). This calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority. </p><p><b>Rolling elections</b> are elections in which all <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representatives</a> in a body are elected, but these elections are spread over a period of time rather than all at once. Examples are the presidential <a href="/wiki/Primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Primaries">primaries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</a> (where, due to differing election laws in each member state, elections are held on different days of the same week) and, due to logistics, general elections in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">India</a>. The voting procedure in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic">Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic</a> are also a classical example. </p><p>In rolling elections, voters have information about previous voters' choices. While in the first elections, there may be plenty of hopeful candidates, in the last rounds consensus on one winner is generally achieved. In today's context of rapid communication, candidates can put disproportionate resources into competing strongly in the first few stages, because those stages affect the reaction of latter stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Undemocratic">Undemocratic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Undemocratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina,_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced,_Buenos_Ayres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg/300px-The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg/450px-The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg/600px-The_Presidential_Election_in_Argentina%2C_the_Polling-Station_at_the_Church_of_La_Merced%2C_Buenos_Ayres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> 1892: "The rival voters were kept back by an armed force of police out of sight to others. Only batches of two or three were allowed to enter the polling office at a time. Armed sentries guarded the gates and the doors." <a href="/wiki/Godefroy_Durand" title="Godefroy Durand">Godefroy Durand</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a></i>, 21 May 1892.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unfair_election" title="Unfair election">Unfair election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_integrity" title="Electoral integrity">Electoral integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a></div> <p>In many of the countries with weak <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government. <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">Dictators</a> may use the powers of the executive (police, martial law, censorship, physical implementation of the election mechanism, etc.) to remain in power despite popular opinion in favour of removal. Members of a particular faction in a legislature may use the power of the majority or supermajority (passing criminal laws, and defining the electoral mechanisms including eligibility and district boundaries) to prevent the balance of power in the body from shifting to a rival faction due to an election.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-governmental entities can also interfere with elections, through physical force, verbal intimidation, or fraud, which can result in improper casting or counting of votes. Monitoring for and minimizing electoral fraud is also an ongoing task in countries with strong traditions of free and fair elections. Problems that prevent an election from being "free and fair" take various forms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_open_political_debate_or_an_informed_electorate">Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electorate may be poorly informed about issues or candidates due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, lack of objectivity in the press due to state or corporate control, or lack of access to news and political media. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a> may be curtailed by the state, favouring certain viewpoints or state <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfair_rules">Unfair rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unfair rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a>, exclusion of opposition candidates from eligibility for office, needlessly high restrictions on who may be a candidate, like <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> rules, and manipulating thresholds for electoral success are some of the ways the structure of an election can be changed to favour a specific faction or candidate. Scheduling <a href="/wiki/Frequent_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequent elections">frequent elections</a> can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Voter_fatigue" title="Voter fatigue">voter fatigue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interference_with_campaigns">Interference with campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interference with campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a></div> <p>Those in power may arrest or assassinate candidates, suppress or even criminalize campaigning, close campaign headquarters, harass or beat campaign workers, or intimidate voters with violence. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a> can also occur, with the United States interfering between 1946 and 2000 in 81 elections and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 36.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinISQ2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinISQ2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the most intense interventions, utilizing false information, were by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>; the next highest levels were in Bahrain, Qatar and Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tampering_with_mechanisms">Tampering with mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tampering with mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Election audit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines" title="Certification of voting machines">Certification of voting machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_impersonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter impersonation">Voter impersonation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_ID_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter ID laws">Voter ID laws</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></div> <p>This can include falsifying voter instructions,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violation of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">ballot stuffing</a>, tampering with voting machines,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destruction of legitimately cast ballots,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a>, voter registration fraud, failure to validate voter residency, fraudulent tabulation of results, and use of physical force or verbal intimation at polling places. Other examples include persuading candidates not to run, such as through blackmailing, bribery, intimidation or physical violence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shams">Shams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/220px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/330px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/440px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></i> map</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Show_election"></span> A <b>sham election</b>, or <b>show election</b>, is an election that is held purely for show; that is, without any significant political choice or real impact on the results of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sham elections are a common event in <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorial regimes</a> that feel the need to feign the appearance of public <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>. Published results usually show nearly 100% <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> and high support (typically at least 80%, and close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidates or for the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> choice that favours the <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize sham elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, only one government-approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition candidates allowed, or opposition candidates are arrested on false charges (or even without any charges) before the election to prevent them from running.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlAlexei_Navalny_latest:_Russian_opposition_leader_arrested_ahead_of_presidential_election_|_The_Independent_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAlexei_Navalny_latest:_Russian_opposition_leader_arrested_ahead_of_presidential_election_|_The_Independent-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballots may contain only one "yes" option, or in the case of a simple "yes or no" question, security forces often <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecute</a> people who pick "no", thus encouraging them to pick the "yes" option. In other cases, those who vote receive stamps in their passport for doing so, while those who did not vote (and thus do not receive stamps) are persecuted as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemies of the people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlYes,_There_Are_Elections_in_North_Korea_and_Heres_How_They_Work_-_The_Atlantic_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlYes,_There_Are_Elections_in_North_Korea_and_Heres_How_They_Work_-_The_Atlantic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sham elections can sometimes backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion, fraud or suppressing the opposition. The most famous example of this was the <a href="/wiki/1990_Myanmar_general_election" title="1990 Myanmar general election">1990 Myanmar general election</a>, in which the government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Myanmar)" title="National Unity Party (Myanmar)">National Unity Party</a> suffered a landslide defeat by the opposition <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> and consequently, the results were annulled.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg/220px-Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg/330px-Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg/440px-Wahlzettel-3.-Reich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A ballot from the <a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936 elections in Nazi Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg/220px-Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg/330px-Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg/440px-Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>A ballot from the <a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938 elections in Nazi Germany</a> asking voters to approve the new <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>. The "no" box was made significantly smaller than the "yes" box.</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of sham elections include: the presidential and parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/1929_Italian_general_election" title="1929 Italian general election">1929</a> and <a href="/wiki/1934_Italian_general_election" title="1934 Italian general election">1934</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1942_Japanese_general_election" title="1942 Japanese general election">1942 general election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Elections in Germany">East Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Parliament" title="People's Parliament">1940 elections of Stalinist "People's Parliaments"</a> to legitimise the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Baltic States">Soviet occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Russia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 Crimean status referendum</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/2014_Donbass_status_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Donbass status referendums">2014 Donbass status referendums</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">2022 annexation referendum</a> in Russian-occupied <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1928_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1928 Portuguese presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/1935_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1935 Portuguese presidential election">1935</a>, <a href="/wiki/1942_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1942 Portuguese presidential election">1942</a>, <a href="/wiki/1949_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1949 Portuguese presidential election">1949</a>, <a href="/wiki/1951_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1951 Portuguese presidential election">1951</a> and <a href="/wiki/1958_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1958 Portuguese presidential election">1958 elections</a> in Portugal, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> during <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> regime, the <a href="/wiki/1991_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="1991 Kazakh presidential election">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2019 Kazakh presidential election">2019 Kazakh presidential elections</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">North Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-time_Insi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_Insi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/1995_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="1995 Iraqi presidential referendum">1995</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="2002 Iraqi presidential referendum">2002 presidential referendums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, all of the presidential elections from <a href="/wiki/1929_Mexican_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Mexican general election">1929</a> to <a href="/wiki/1982_Mexican_general_election" title="1982 Mexican general election">1982</a> are considered to be sham elections, as the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) and its predecessors governed the country in a <i>de facto</i> single-party system without serious opposition, and they won all of the presidential elections in that period with more than 70% of the vote. The first seriously competitive presidential election in modern Mexican history was that of <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">1988</a>, in which for the first time the PRI candidate faced two strong opposition candidates, though it is believed that the government rigged the result. The first fair election was held in <a href="/wiki/1994_Mexican_general_election" title="1994 Mexican general election">1994</a>, though the opposition did not win until <a href="/wiki/2000_Mexican_general_election" title="2000 Mexican general election">2000</a>. </p><p>A predetermined conclusion is permanently established by the regime through <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">suppression</a> of the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> of voters, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">vote rigging</a>, reporting several votes received greater than the number of voters, outright lying, or some combination of these. In an extreme example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._B._King" title="Charles D. B. King">Charles D. B. King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the <a href="/wiki/1927_Liberian_general_election" title="1927 Liberian general election">1927 general election</a>, a "majority" that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristocratic">Aristocratic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aristocratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars argue that the predominance of elections in modern <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a> masks the fact that they are actually aristocratic selection mechanisms<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that deny each citizen an equal chance of holding public office. Such views were expressed as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to French <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> Bernard Manin, the inegalitarian nature of elections stems from four factors: the unequal treatment of candidates by voters, the distinction of candidates required by choice, the cognitive advantage conferred by salience, and the costs of disseminating information.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four factors result in the evaluation of candidates based on voters' partial standards of quality and social saliency (for example, skin colour and good looks). This leads to self-selection biases in candidate pools due to unobjective standards of treatment by voters and the costs (barriers to entry) associated with raising one's political profile. Ultimately, the result is the election of candidates who are superior (whether in actuality or as perceived within a cultural context) and objectively unlike the voters they are supposed to represent.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that the concept of electing representatives was originally conceived to be different from <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 18th century, some societies in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> used <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a> as a means to select rulers, a method which allowed regular citizens to exercise power, in keeping with understandings of democracy at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of what constituted a legitimate government shifted in the 18th century to include <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent</a>, especially with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>. From this point onward, sortition fell out of favor as a mechanism for selecting rulers. On the other hand, elections began to be seen as a way for the masses to express popular consent repeatedly, resulting in the triumph of the electoral process until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This conceptual misunderstanding of elections as open and egalitarian when they are not innately so may thus be a root cause of the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">problems in contemporary governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in favor of this view argue that the modern system of elections was never meant to give ordinary citizens the chance to exercise power - merely privileging their right to consent to those who rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the representatives that modern electoral systems select for are too disconnected, unresponsive, and elite-serving.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deal with this issue, various scholars have proposed alternative models of democracy, many of which include a return to sortition-based selection mechanisms. The extent to which sortition should be the dominant mode of selecting rulers<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or instead be hybridised with electoral representation<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains a topic of debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a> - Use of AI in elections and political campaigning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">Concession (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a> – "democracy without elections"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral calendar">Electoral calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_integrity" title="Electoral integrity">Electoral integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_litter" title="Election litter">Election litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenno%27s_paradox" title="Fenno's paradox">Fenno's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_slate" title="Full slate">Full slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrat_Elections" title="Garrat Elections">Garrat Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_voting" title="Issue voting">Issue voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslide election">Landslide election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-human_electoral_candidate" title="Non-human electoral candidate">Non-human electoral candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism (political philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">Polling station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-election" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-election">Re-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunning_elections" title="Stunning elections">Stunning elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">Voting system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManin1997" class="citation book cs1">Manin, Bernard (1997). <i>The Principles of Representative Government</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511659935" title="Special:BookSources/9780511659935"><bdi>9780511659935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Representative+Government&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780511659935&rft.aulast=Manin&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182308/election">"Election (political science)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 18 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitish2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nitish2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitish_K._Sengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA40">"The Imperial Palas"</a>. <i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i>. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Palas&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=39-49&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.au=Nitish+K.+Sengupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiplab_Dasgupta2005" class="citation book cs1">Biplab Dasgupta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA341"><i>European Trade and Colonial Conquest</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 341–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-029-7"><bdi>978-1-84331-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Trade+and+Colonial+Conquest&rft.pages=341-&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-029-7&rft.au=Biplab+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRRnRK8lEYEC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VKA_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VKA_2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVK_Agnihotri2010" class="citation book cs1">VK Agnihotri, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL2-PA62"><i>Indian History</i></a> (26th ed.). Allied. pp. B-62–B-65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=B-62-B-65&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Allied&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL2-PA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029004115/http://tnsec.tn.nic.in/historical/Pre%20Independence.html">"Pre-Independence Method of Election"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/1927ElectionsMF.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberia+past+and+present+1927+elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberiapastandpresent.org%2F1927ElectionsMF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerejohnRosenbluth2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferejohn, John; Rosenbluth, Frances (2010). "10". In Shapiro, Ian; Stokes, Susan C.; Wood, Elisabeth Jean; Kirshner, Alexander S. (eds.). <i>Political Representation</i>. 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Princeton University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691181998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691181998"><bdi>978-0691181998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Democracy%3A+Reinventing+Popular+Rule+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0691181998&rft.aulast=Landemore&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandemore2020" class="citation book cs1">Landemore, Hélène (2020). "Prologue". <i>Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691181998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691181998"><bdi>978-0691181998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prologue&rft.btitle=Open+Democracy%3A+Reinventing+Popular+Rule+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0691181998&rft.aulast=Landemore&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandemore2020" class="citation book cs1">Landemore, Hélène (2020). <i>Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691181998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691181998"><bdi>978-0691181998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Democracy%3A+Reinventing+Popular+Rule+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0691181998&rft.aulast=Landemore&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReybrouck2016" class="citation book cs1">Reybrouck, David Van (2016). <i>Against Elections: The Case for Democracy</i>. Random House UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847924223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847924223"><bdi>978-1847924223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Elections%3A+The+Case+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Random+House+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1847924223&rft.aulast=Reybrouck&rft.aufirst=David+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastilWright2019" class="citation book cs1">Gastil, John; Wright, Erik Olin (2019). <i>Legislature by Lot: Transformative Designs for Deliberative Governance</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788736084" title="Special:BookSources/9781788736084"><bdi>9781788736084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legislature+by+Lot%3A+Transformative+Designs+for+Deliberative+Governance&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781788736084&rft.aulast=Gastil&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Wright%2C+Erik+Olin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow, Kenneth J.</a> 1963. <i>Social Choice and Individual Values</i>. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</li> <li>Benoit, Jean-Pierre and Lewis A. Kornhauser. 1994. "Social Choice in a Representative Democracy". <i>American Political Science Review</i> 88.1: 185–192.</li> <li>Corrado Maria, Daclon. 2004. <i>US Elections and War On Terrorism – Interview With Professor Massimo Teodori</i> Analisi Difesa, n. 50</li> <li>Farquharson, Robin. 1969. <i>A Theory of Voting</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Mueller, Dennis C. 1996. <i>Constitutional Democracy</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Owen, Bernard, 2002. "Le système électoral et son effet sur la représentation parlementaire des partis: le cas européen", LGDJ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">Riker, William</a>. 1980. <i>Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice</i>. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.</li> <li>Thompson, Dennis F. 2004. <i>Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the U.S.</i> Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226797649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226797649">978-0226797649</a></li> <li>Ware, Alan. 1987. <i>Citizens, Parties and the State</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Election" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Election">Election</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elections" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elections">Elections</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q40231" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q40231"><b>public election <small>(Q40231)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Election"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Election">"Election" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 169–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Election&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=169-172&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_counts">Election counts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Election counts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp">PARLINE database on national parliaments. Results for all parliamentary elections since 1966</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psephos.adam-carr.net/">"Psephos", archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org">ElectionGuide.org – Worldwide Coverage of National-level Elections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012214801/http://parties-and-elections.de/">parties-and-elections.de: Database for all European elections since 1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108113500/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/">Angus Reid Global Monitor: Election Tracker</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_organizations">Election organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Election organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a> – electoral encyclopedia and related resources from a consortium of electoral agencies and organizations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifes.org/">International Foundation for Electoral Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/electoral-management-bodies-conference">European Conferences of Electoral Management Bodies (Council of Europe)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections">OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427195545/http://www.eurela.org/">European Election Law Association (Eurela)</a>, closed in 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.killercampaigning.com/local-elections-list-political-campaign-candidate-offices/">List of Local Elected Offices in the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402070734/http://www.killercampaigning.com/local-elections-list-political-campaign-candidate-offices/">Archived</a> 2 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vote.caltech.edu/">Caltech/ MIT Voting Technology Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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