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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Universal suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-women's_suffrage_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-women's_suffrage_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Anti-women's suffrage propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-women's_suffrage_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equal_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Equal suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Passive suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Census suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Compulsory suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Business vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basis_of_exclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basis_of_exclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basis of exclusion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basis_of_exclusion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basis of exclusion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basis_of_exclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth,_tax_class,_social_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth,_tax_class,_social_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wealth, tax class, social class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth,_tax_class,_social_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Criminality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Residency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Naturalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority-Muslim_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority-Muslim_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Majority-Muslim countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority-Muslim_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suffrage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="حق التصويت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق التصويت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiv_se%C3%A7ki_h%C3%BCququ" title="Aktiv seçki hüququ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aktiv seçki hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভোটাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভোটাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragi" title="Sufragi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sufragi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volebn%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Volební právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volební právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etholfraint" title="Etholfraint – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etholfraint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgret" title="Valgret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valgret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlrecht" title="Wahlrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4%C3%A4le%C3%B5igus" title="Hääleõigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hääleõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%88%CE%AE%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Δικαίωμα ψήφου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δικαίωμα ψήφου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio" title="Sufragio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sufragio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balotrajto" title="Balotrajto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balotrajto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio" title="Sufragio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sufragio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%B1%D8%A3%DB%8C" title="حق رأی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق رأی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_vote" title="Droit de vote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de vote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesrjocht" title="Kiesrjocht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kiesrjocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="선거권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선거권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Ակտիվ ընտրական իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակտիվ ընտրական իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मताधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मताधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira%C4%8Dko_pravo" title="Biračko pravo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biračko pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_suara" title="Hak suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosningar%C3%A9ttur" title="Kosningaréttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosningaréttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragio" title="Suffragio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suffragio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="זכות בחירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכות בחירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatan_Magbotu" title="Karapatan Magbotu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Karapatan Magbotu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აქტიური საარჩევნო უფლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქტიური საარჩევნო უფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Франшиза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франшиза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Жигердүү шайлоо укугу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жигердүү шайлоо укугу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balssties%C4%ABbas" title="Balsstiesības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balsstiesības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1laszt%C3%B3jog" title="Választójog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Választójog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="വോട്ടവകാശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോട്ടവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="حق التصويت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حق التصويت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_mengundi" title="Hak mengundi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak mengundi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Сонгох эрх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонгох эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesrecht" title="Kiesrecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiesrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मताधिकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मताधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="参政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="参政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemmerett" title="Stemmerett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stemmerett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ysterett" title="Røysterett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røysterett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylov_huquqi" title="Saylov huquqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saylov huquqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਵੋਟ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੋਟ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="د رای حق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د رای حق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czynne_prawo_wyborcze" title="Czynne prawo wyborcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czynne prawo wyborcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufr%C3%A1gio" title="Sufrágio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sufrágio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept_de_vot" title="Drept de vot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept de vot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Активное избирательное право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Активное избирательное право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_drejta_e_vot%C3%ABs" title="E drejta e votës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E drejta e votës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suffrage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volilna_pravica" title="Volilna pravica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volilna pravica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مافی دەنگدان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافی دەنگدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бирачко право – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бирачко право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira%C4%8Dko_pravo" title="Biračko pravo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biračko pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nioikeus" title="Äänioikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänioikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6str%C3%A4tt" title="Rösträtt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rösträtt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வாக்குரிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாக்குரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy_hakk%C4%B1" title="Oy hakkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oy hakkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Право голосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право голосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Right to vote in public and political elections</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Right to vote", "Suffragist", and "The Franchise" redirect here. For the group, see <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Vote" title="Right to Vote">Right to Vote</a>. For the organisation, see <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Franchise_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Franchise (disambiguation)">The Franchise (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voters_standing_in_the_queue_to_cast_their_votes,_at_a_polling_booth,_during_the_9th_Phase_of_General_Elections-2014,_in_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh_on_May_12,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Voters_standing_in_the_queue_to_cast_their_votes%2C_at_a_polling_booth%2C_during_the_9th_Phase_of_General_Elections-2014%2C_in_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_May_12%2C_2014.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Voters_standing_in_the_queue_to_cast_their_votes%2C_at_a_polling_booth%2C_during_the_9th_Phase_of_General_Elections-2014%2C_in_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_May_12%2C_2014.jpg/495px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Voters_standing_in_the_queue_to_cast_their_votes%2C_at_a_polling_booth%2C_during_the_9th_Phase_of_General_Elections-2014%2C_in_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_May_12%2C_2014.jpg/660px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>People queuing and showing their <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity documents</a> for voting in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Suffrage</b>, <b>political franchise</b>, or simply <b>franchise</b> is the <b>right to vote</b> in <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">public, political elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> (although the term is sometimes used for any right to <a href="/wiki/Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">vote</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to vote is called <b>active suffrage</b>, as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Passive_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive suffrage">passive suffrage</a>, which is the right to stand for election.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called <i>full suffrage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most democracies, eligible voters can vote in elections for representatives. Voting on issues by referendum (<a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>) may also be available. For example, in Switzerland, this is permitted at all levels of government. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States#Types_of_initiatives_and_referendums" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">some states</a> allow citizens the opportunity to write, propose, and vote on referendums (<a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">popular initiatives</a>); other states and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">federal government</a> do not. <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">Referendums in the United Kingdom</a> are rare. </p><p>Suffrage continues to be especially restricted on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">residency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">citizenship status</a> in many places. In some countries additional restrictions exist. In Great Britain and the United States a felon might lose the right to vote. In some countries being under <a href="/wiki/Guardianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship">guardianship</a> may restrict the right to vote. <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen voting</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Emigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrant">emigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expat" class="mw-redirect" title="Expat">expats</a> of some countries to vote in their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-Umpierrez_de_Reguero_2024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umpierrez_de_Reguero_2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resident <a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote">non-citizens can vote</a> in some countries, which may be restricted to citizens of closely linked countries (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations#Commonwealth_citizenship_and_high_commissioners" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth citizens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament#Eligibility" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European Union citizens</a>) or to certain offices or questions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a> typically allows to vote in multiple countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Umpierrez_de_Reguero_2024_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umpierrez_de_Reguero_2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically the right to vote was more restricted, for example by gender, race, or wealth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>suffrage</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">suffragium</i></span>, which initially meant "a voting-tablet", "a ballot", "a vote", or "the right to vote". <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Suffragium</i></span> in the second century and later came to mean "political patronage, influence, interest, or support", and sometimes "popular acclaim" or "applause". By the fourth century the word was used for "an intercession", asking a patron for their influence with the Almighty. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Suffragium</i></span> was used in the fifth and sixth centuries with connection to buying influence or profiteering from appointing to office, and eventually the word referred to the bribe itself.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Smith rejects the connection of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">suffragium</i></span> to <i>sub</i> "under" + <i>fragor</i> "crash, din, shouts (as of approval)", related to <i>frangere</i> "to break"; Eduard Wunder writes that the word may be related to <i>suffrago</i>, signifying an ankle bone or knuckle bone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century the English <i>suffrage</i> regained the earlier meaning of the Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">suffragium</i></span></i>, "a vote" or "the right to vote".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_suffrage">Universal suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universal suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterloo_Massacre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/250px-Peterloo_Massacre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/330px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/500px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of 1819</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> would be achieved when all have the right to vote without restriction. It could, for example, look like a system where everyone was presumed to have the right to vote unless a government can prove beyond a reasonable doubt the need to revoke voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend towards universal suffrage has progressed in some democracies by eliminating some or all of the voting restrictions due to gender, race, religion, social status, education level, wealth, <a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">citizenship</a>, ability and <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">age</a>. However, throughout history the term 'universal suffrage' has meant different things with the different assumptions about the groups that were or were not deemed desirable voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a> (1755–1769) was the first country to grant limited universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 25. </p><p>In 1819, 60–80,000 women and men from 30 miles around Manchester assembled in the city's <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Square,_Manchester" title="St Peter's Square, Manchester">St. Peter's Square</a> to protest their lack of any representation in the Houses of Parliament. Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Poole_(historian)" title="Robert Poole (historian)">Robert Poole</a> has called the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> one of the defining moments of its age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The eponymous <i><a href="/wiki/Peterloo_(film)" title="Peterloo (film)">Peterloo</a></i> film featured a scene of women suffragists planning their contribution to the protest.) At that time Manchester had a population of around 140,000 and the population totals of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Demographics of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> were around 490,000.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was followed by other experiments in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871 and the island republic of <a href="/wiki/Franceville,_New_Hebrides" title="Franceville, New Hebrides">Franceville</a> (1889). From 1840 to 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawai'i">Kingdom of Hawai'i</a> granted universal suffrage without mention of sex. In 1893, when the Kingdom of Hawai'i was <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">overthrown in a coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was the only independent country to practice universal (active) suffrage, and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg/250px-SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg/330px-SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg/500px-SPD-Plakat_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>German election poster from 1919: <i>Equal rights – equal duties!</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> is the right of women to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the goal of the suffragists, who believed in using legal means, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a>, who used extremist measures. Short-lived suffrage equity was drafted into provisions of the State of New Jersey's first, 1776 Constitution, which extended the Right to Vote to unwed female landholders and black land owners. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>IV. That all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money, clear estate in the same, and have resided within the county in which they claim a vote for twelve months immediately preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote for Representatives in Council and Assembly; and also for all other public officers, that shall be elected by the people of the county at large. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <i>1776</i></p></blockquote> <p>However, the document did not specify an Amendment procedure, and the provision was subsequently replaced in 1844 by the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1844_New_Jersey_Constitution" title="1844 New Jersey Constitution">succeeding constitution</a>, which reverted to "all white male" suffrage restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Kingdom of Hawai'i granted female suffrage in 1840, the right was rescinded in 1852. Limited voting rights were gained by some women in Sweden, Britain, and some western U.S. states in the 1860s. In 1893, the British colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> became the first self-governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult women.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, the women of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> achieved the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Amendment_(Adult_Suffrage)_Act_1894" title="Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894">right to both vote and stand for Parliament</a>. The autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-women's_suffrage_propaganda"><span id="Anti-women.27s_suffrage_propaganda"></span>Anti-women's suffrage propaganda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-women's suffrage propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg/220px-Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg/330px-Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg/440px-Anti_Suffrage_Postcard_c.1908_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="3915" /></a><figcaption>A British postcard against women's suffrage postcard from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span>. It shows unflattering <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a> of suffragettes in front of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a> and the caption: "This is the house that man built" with a poem. From the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votes_For_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/250px-Votes_For_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/330px-Votes_For_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Votes_For_Women.jpg/500px-Votes_For_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WSPU</a> poster by <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Dallas" title="Hilda Dallas">Hilda Dallas</a>, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Those against the women's suffrage movement made public organizations to put down the political movement, with the main argument being that a woman's place was in the home, not polls. Political cartoons and public outrage over women's rights increased as the opposition to suffrage worked to organize legitimate groups campaigning against women's voting rights. The Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women was one organization that came out of the 1880s to put down the voting efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much anti-suffrage propaganda poked fun at the idea of women in politics. Political cartoons displayed the most sentiment by portraying the issue of women's suffrage to be swapped with men's lives. Some mocked the popular suffrage hairstyle of full-upward combed hair. Others depicted young girls turning into suffragettes after a failure in life, such as not being married.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_suffrage">Equal suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equal suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weighted_voting" title="Weighted voting">Weighted voting</a></div> <p>Equal suffrage is sometimes confused with <i>Universal suffrage</i>, although the meaning of the former is the removal of graded votes, wherein a voter could possess a number of votes in accordance with income, wealth or social status.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_suffrage">Passive suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Passive suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomination_rules&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a> in <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> regulate the conditions under which a candidate or <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> is entitled to stand for election. The right to stand for election, right to be a candidate or passive suffrage is one part of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nomination_rules_BishopHoeffler_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomination_rules_BishopHoeffler-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive suffrage is distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Active_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Active suffrage">active suffrage</a></i>, the right to vote. The criteria to stand as a candidate depends on the individual legal system. They may include the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">age of a candidate</a>, citizenship, endorsement by a political party and profession.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws' restrictions, such as competence or moral aptitude, can be used in a discriminatory manner. Restrictive and discriminatory nomination rules can impact the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> of candidates, political parties, and voters.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_suffrage">Census suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Census suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as "censitary suffrage", it is the opposite of <i>equal suffrage,</i> meaning that the votes cast by those eligible to vote are not equal, but weighed differently according to the person's income or rank in society (e.g., people who do not own property or whose income is lower than a given amount are barred from voting; or people with higher education have more votes than those with lower education; stockholders who have more shares in a given company have more votes than those with fewer shares). In many countries, census suffrage restricted who could vote and be elected: in the United States, until the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian reforms</a> of the 1830s, only men who owned land of a specified acreage or monetary value could vote or participate in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in Brazil, the Constitution of 1824 established that, in order to vote, citizens would need to have an annual income of 200,000 milréis and, to be voted, their minimum annual income would need to be 400,000 milréis.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_suffrage">Compulsory suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compulsory suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory suffrage">Compulsory suffrage</a></div> <p>Where <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory suffrage">compulsory suffrage</a> exists, those who are eligible to vote are required by law to do so. Thirty-two countries currently practise this form of suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_vote">Business vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Business vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Business_vote"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">Plural voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">Functional constituency (Hong Kong)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indirectly_elected_member" title="Indirectly elected member">Indirectly elected member</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">local government in England</a> and some of its ex-colonies, businesses formerly had, and in some places still have, a vote in the urban area in which they paid <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rates</a>. This is an extension of the historical property-based franchise from <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural persons</a> to other <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal persons</a>. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of the City of London">Corporation of the City of London</a> has retained and even expanded business vote, following the passing of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_(Ward_Elections)_Act_2002" title="City of London (Ward Elections) Act 2002">City of London (Ward Elections) Act 2002</a>. This has given business interests within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, which is a major <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> with few residents, the opportunity to apply the accumulated wealth of the corporation to the development of an effective <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> for UK policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Johal_2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johal_2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaver_2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaver_2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes having the <a href="/wiki/City_Remembrancer" title="City Remembrancer">City Remembrancer</a>, financed by the <a href="/wiki/City%27s_Cash" title="City's Cash">City's Cash</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_agent" title="Parliamentary agent">parliamentary agent</a>, provided with a special seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> located in the under-gallery facing the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>'s chair.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard_2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a leaked document from 2012, an official report concerning the City's Cash revealed that the aim of major occasions such as set-piece sumptuous banquets featuring national politicians was "to increase the emphasis on complementing hospitality with business meetings consistent with the City corporation's role in supporting the City as a financial centre".<sup id="cite_ref-Mathiason_2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathiason_2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first issue taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a> was the business vote, abolished in 1968 (a year before it was abolished in Great Britain outside the City of London).<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur_2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, commercial ratepayers<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can vote in local <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a>, for changing the <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">name of the locality or street</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or delimiting a <a href="/wiki/Business_improvement_district" title="Business improvement district">business improvement district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1930 to 1935, 5 of 35 members of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a> were "commercial members".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cities in most Australian states, voting is optional for businesses but compulsory for individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Delaware" title="List of municipalities in Delaware">municipalities in Delaware</a> allow corporations to vote on local matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivanova_2023_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivanova_2023-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis_of_exclusion">Basis of exclusion<span class="anchor" id="Forms_of_exclusion_from_suffrage"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basis of exclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">Disenfranchisement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg/220px-1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg/330px-1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg/440px-1912_Ohio_women_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption> Women's Suffrage Headquarters on Euclid Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athens</a>, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though various forms of parliament arose at different times. The high rank ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbesses</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> permitted some women the right to sit and vote at national assemblies – as with various high-ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany, who were ranked among the independent princes of the empire. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marie Guyart, a French nun who worked with the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples of Canada during the seventeenth century, wrote in 1654 regarding the suffrage practices of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> women, "These female chieftains are women of standing amongst the savages, and they have a deciding vote in the councils. They make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship system">kinship system</a>. Property and descent were passed through the female line. Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them. </p><p>The emergence of many modern democracies began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens, except in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawai'i">Kingdom of Hawai'i</a>, where universal suffrage without mention of age or sex was introduced in 1840; however, a constitutional amendment in 1852 rescinded female voting and put property qualifications on male voting. </p><p>Voting rights for women were introduced into <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> by the United Nations' Human Rights Commission, whose elected chair was <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>. In 1948 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>; Article 21 states: "(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures." </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Political_Rights_of_Women" title="Convention on the Political Rights of Women">Convention on the Political Rights of Women</a>, which went into force in 1954, enshrining the equal rights of women to vote, hold office, and access public services as set out by national laws. One of the most recent jurisdictions to acknowledge women's full right to vote was <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> in <a href="/wiki/2008_Bhutanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Bhutanese general election">2008</a> (its first national elections).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recently, in 2011 <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> of Saudi Arabia let women vote in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections" title="2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections">2015 local elections</a> (and from then on) and be appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> it was common in European countries for people of disfavored <a href="/wiki/Religious_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious denominations">religious denominations</a> to be denied civil and political rights, often including the right to vote, to stand for election or to sit in parliament. In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote from 1728 to 1793, and the right to sit in parliament until 1829. The anti-Catholic policy was justified on the grounds that the loyalty of Catholics supposedly lay with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> rather than the national monarch. </p><p>In England and Ireland, several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before admission to vote or to stand for office. The 1672 and 1678 <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Acts</a> forbade non-Anglicans to hold public offices, and the 1727 <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchising_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchising Act">Disenfranchising Act</a> took away Catholics' voting rights in Ireland, which were restored only in 1788. Jews could not even be naturalized. An attempt was made to change this situation, but the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Naturalization_Act_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Naturalization Act 1753">Jewish Naturalization Act 1753</a> provoked such reactions that it was repealed the following year. <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>) were only allowed to run for election to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> starting in 1828, Catholics in 1829 (following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>, which extended the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1791" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791</a>), and Jews in 1858 (with the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_Jews_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of the Jews in England">Emancipation of the Jews in England</a>). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> could only begin his political career in 1837 because he had been converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12. </p><p> In several states in the U.S. after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> or Catholics were denied voting rights and/or forbidden to run for office.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_1960_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson_1960-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Constitution_of_1776" title="Delaware Constitution of 1776">Delaware Constitution of 1776</a> stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house, or appointed to any office or place of trust, before taking his seat, or entering upon the execution of his office, shall (...) also make and subscribe the following declaration, to wit: <i>I, A B. do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only Son, and in the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for evermore; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration.</i></p></blockquote><p>This was repealed by article I, section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Constitution_of_1792" title="Delaware Constitution of 1792">1792 Constitution</a>: "No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under this State".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1778 <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Constitution">Constitution of the State of South Carolina</a> stated that "No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1777 <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S. state) Constitution">Constitution of the State of Georgia</a> (art. VI) that "The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county (...) and they shall be of the Protestent <i>(sic)</i> religion".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, voting rights and eligibility were extended to Jews in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, several religious groups (<a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a>) were disenfranchised by the wartime Elections Act of 1917, mainly because they opposed military service. This disenfranchisement ended with the closure of the First World War, but was renewed for Doukhobors from 1934 (via the <i>Dominion Elections Act</i>) to 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Constitution of modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in 1866 provided in article 7 that only Christians could become Romanian citizens. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jews native to Romania</a> were declared stateless persons. In 1879, under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Berlin Peace Conference</a>, this article was amended, granting non-Christians the right to become Romanian citizens, but naturalization was granted on a case-by-case basis and was subject to Parliamentary approval. An application took over ten years to process. Only in 1923 was a new constitution adopted, whose article 133 extended Romanian citizenship to all Jewish residents and equality of rights to all Romanian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth,_tax_class,_social_class"><span id="Wealth.2C_tax_class.2C_social_class"></span>Wealth, tax class, social class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wealth, tax class, social class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg/250px-Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg/330px-Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg/500px-Manifestace_za_hlasovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration for universal right to vote, Prague, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the nineteenth century, many Western proto-democracies had <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualifications</a> in their electoral laws; e.g. only landowners could vote (because the only tax for such countries was the property tax), or the voting rights were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid (as in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a>). Most countries abolished the property qualification for national elections in the late nineteenth century, but retained it for local government elections for several decades. Today these laws have largely been abolished, although the <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> may not be able to register because they lack regular addresses. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> who were members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> were excluded from voting for the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> as they were not commoners. Although there is nothing to prevent the monarch from voting, it is considered improper for the monarch to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, many nations made voters pay to elect officials, keeping impoverished people from being fully enfranchised. These laws were in effect in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Ferranti_2004_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Ferranti_2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge">Knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the right to vote has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test. In some US states, "<a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>" were previously implemented to exclude those who were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-Transcript_of_Voting_Rights_Act_1965_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcript_of_Voting_Rights_Act_1965-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black voters in the South were often deemed by election officials to have failed the test even when they did not.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1961 constitution of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, voting on the "A" roll, which elected up to 50 of the 65 members of parliament, was restricted based on education requirements, which in practice led to an overwhelming white vote. Voting on the "B" roll had universal suffrage, but only appointed 15 members of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Clarification needed: What is "A roll" and "B roll"? (December 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, many countries other than the US placed voting restrictions on illiterate people, including: <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Ferranti_2004_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Ferranti_2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various countries, usually countries with a dominant race within a wider population, have historically denied the vote to people of particular races, or to all but the dominant race. This has been achieved in a number of ways: </p> <ul><li>Official – laws and regulations passed specifically disenfranchising people of particular races (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum United States">Antebellum United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boer_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer republic">Boer republics</a>, pre-apartheid and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa, or many colonial political systems, who provided suffrage only for white settlers and some privileged non-white groups). Canada and Australia denied suffrage for their indigenous populations until the 1960s.</li> <li>Indirect – nothing in law specifically prevents anyone from voting on account of their race, but other laws or regulations are used to exclude people of a particular race. In southern states of the United States of America before the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy</a> and other tests were used to disenfranchise African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Transcript_of_Voting_Rights_Act_1965_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcript_of_Voting_Rights_Act_1965-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Property qualifications have tended to disenfranchise a minority race, particularly if tribally owned land is not allowed to be taken into consideration. In some cases this was an unintended (but usually welcome) consequence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many African colonies after World War II until decolonization had tough education and property qualifications which practically gave meaningful representation only for rich European minorities.</li> <li>Unofficial – nothing in law prevents anyone from voting on account of their race, but people of particular races are intimidated or otherwise prevented from exercising this right. This was a common tactic employed by white Southerners against <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">Freedmen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> and the following period before more formal methods of disenfranchisement became entrenched. Unofficial discrimination could even manifest in ways which, while allowing the act of voting itself, effectively deprive it of any value – for example, in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab minority</a> has maintained a party-system separate from that of the Jewish majority. In the run-up for the country's <a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Israeli_legsialtive_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Israeli legsialtive election (page does not exist)">2015 elections</a>, the electoral threshold was raised from 2% to 3.25%, thus forcing the dominant Arab parties – <a href="/wiki/Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27al" title="Ta'al">Ta'al</a> – either to run under <a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">one list</a> or risk losing their parliamentary representation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co." title="Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.">Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Deterrence_Act" title="Child Labor Deterrence Act">Child Labor Deterrence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids_Online_Safety_Act" title="Kids Online Safety Act">Kids Online Safety Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammer_v._Dagenhart" title="Hammer v. Dagenhart">Hammer v. Dagenhart</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_youth_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of youth rights in the United States">History of youth rights in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsboys%27_strike_of_1899" title="Newsboys' strike of 1899">Newsboys' strike of 1899</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prez_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prez (comics)">Prez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_in_the_Streets" title="Wild in the Streets">Wild in the Streets</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory / concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization" title="Criminalization">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Fear of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">Youth empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_exclusion" title="Youth exclusion">Youth exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_voice" title="Youth voice">Youth voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of marriage">Age of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification_facility" title="Behavior modification facility">Behavior modification facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children in the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">at home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">at school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_corporal_punishment_laws" title="Child corporal punishment laws">in law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">Emancipation of minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_age" title="Gambling age">Gambling age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_youth_sport" title="Human rights and youth sport">Human rights and youth sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">Juvenile court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_law" title="Juvenile law">Juvenile law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Minimum driving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavec" class="mw-redirect" title="Restavec">Restavec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_leaving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="School leaving age">School leaving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_offense" title="Status offense">Status offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Underage drinking in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt_(charity)" title="Akt (charity)">Akt</a></li> <li>Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Youth_for_Choice" title="Canadian Youth for Choice">Canadian Youth for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_des_droits_de_la_personne_et_des_droits_de_la_jeunesse" title="Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse">Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Cents" title="Common Cents">Common Cents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth" title="Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth">Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoSomething" title="DoSomething">DoSomething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Coalition" title="Future Coalition">Future Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Youth_Action_Network" title="Global Youth Action Network">Global Youth Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Climate_Network" title="Indian Youth Climate Network">Indian Youth Climate Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Falcon_Movement_%E2%80%93_Socialist_Educational_International" title="International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International">International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaids_(charity)" title="Mermaids (charity)">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_LGBT%2B_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign">National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Rights_Association" title="National Youth Rights Association">National Youth Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Youth_Project" title="One World Youth Project">One World Youth Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Youth_Network" title="Queer Youth Network">Queer Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freechild_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Freechild Project">Freechild Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_O%27Clock_Lobby" title="Three O'Clock Lobby">Three O'Clock Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Youth_Parliament" title="UK Youth Parliament">UK Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Liberation_of_Ann_Arbor" title="Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor">Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Youth_Cafe" title="The Youth Cafe">The Youth Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Canada" title="Young Communist League of Canada">Young Communist League of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Fletcher (activist)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Hanson" title="David J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Joseph_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="David Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Koroknay-Palicz" title="Alex Koroknay-Palicz">Koroknay-Palicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_A._Males" title="Mike A. Males">Males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Yaco" title="Sonia Yaco">Yaco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Ages of consent in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in North America">Ages of consent in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Ages of consent in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in South America">Ages of consent in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_petitions_against_age-of-consent_laws" title="French petitions against age-of-consent laws">French petitions against age-of-consent laws</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/40px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/60px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Youth_rights" title="Category:Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/40px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/60px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/120px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></div> <p>All modern democracies require voters to meet age qualifications to vote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Worldwide voting ages are not consistent, differing between countries and even within countries, though the range usually varies between 16 and 21 years. The United Kingdom was the first major democratic nation to <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">extend suffrage to those 18 and older in 1969</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bingham_2019_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bingham_2019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement to lower the voting age is one aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a> has been proposed as a form of proxy voting by parents on behalf of their children who are below the age of suffrage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a> generally inlude <a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">age of candidacy</a> rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminality">Criminality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criminality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement#Based_on_criminal_conviction" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement § Based on criminal conviction</a></div> <p>Some countries restrict the voting rights of convicted criminals. Some countries, and <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">some U.S. states</a>, also deny the right to vote to those convicted of serious crimes even after they are released from prison. In some cases (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">many U.S. states</a>) the denial of the right to vote is automatic upon a felony conviction; in other cases (e.g. France and Germany) deprivation of the vote is meted out separately, and often limited to perpetrators of specific crimes such as those against the electoral system or corruption of public officials. In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, prisoners are allowed the right to vote, following <a href="/wiki/Hirst_v_United_Kingdom_(No_2)" title="Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2)">the <i>Hirst v UK (No2)</i> ruling</a>, which was granted in 2006. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> allowed only prisoners serving a term of less than 2 years the right to vote, but this was found to be unconstitutional in 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sauv%C3%A9_v._Canada_(Chief_Electoral_Officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)">Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)</a></i>, and all prisoners have been allowed to vote as of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 Canadian federal election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residency">Residency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Residency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under certain electoral systems elections are held within subnational jurisdictions, thus preventing persons from voting who would otherwise be eligible on the basis that they do not reside within such a jurisdiction, or because they live in an area that cannot participate. In the United States, license plates in Washington, D.C. read "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION," in reference to the district not holding a seat in either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, however residents can vote in presidential elections based on the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution adopted in 1961. Residents of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> enjoy neither. </p><p>Sometimes citizens become ineligible to vote because they are <a href="/wiki/Right_of_expatriates_to_vote_in_their_country_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin">no longer resident in their country of citizenship</a>. For example, Australian citizens who have been outside Australia for more than one and fewer than six years may excuse themselves from the requirement to vote in <a href="/wiki/Australian_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian electoral system">Australian elections</a> while they remain outside Australia (voting in Australia is compulsory for resident citizens).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danish citizens that reside permanently outside Denmark lose their right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, a certain period of residence in a locality may required for the right to vote in that location. For example, in the United Kingdom up to 2001, each 15 February a new electoral register came into effect, based on registration as of the previous 10 October, with the effect of limiting voting to those resident five to seventeen months earlier depending on the timing of the election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality">Nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote">Right of foreigners to vote</a></div> <p>In most countries, suffrage is limited to citizens and, in many cases, permanent residents of that country. However, some members of supra-national organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the European Union have granted voting rights to citizens of all countries within that organisation. Until the mid-twentieth century, many Commonwealth countries gave the vote to all British citizens within the country, regardless of whether they were normally resident there. In most cases this was because there was no distinction between <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British and local citizenship</a>. Several countries qualified this with restrictions preventing non-white British citizens such as Indians and British Africans from voting. Under European Union law, citizens of European Union countries can vote in each other's local and European Parliament elections on the same basis as citizens of the country in question, but usually not in national elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalization">Naturalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Naturalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries, naturalized citizens do not have the right to vote or to be a candidate, either permanently or for a determined period. </p><p>Article 5 of the 1831 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgian Constitution</a> made a difference between ordinary naturalization, and <i>grande naturalisation</i>. Only (former) foreigners who had been granted <i>grande naturalisation</i> were entitled to vote, be a candidate for parliamentary elections, or be appointed minister. However, ordinary naturalized citizens could vote for municipal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinary naturalized citizens and citizens who had acquired Belgian nationality through marriage could vote, but not run as candidates for parliamentary elections in 1976. The concepts of ordinary and grande naturalization were suppressed from the Constitution in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the 1889 Nationality Law barred those who had acquired the French nationality by naturalization or marriage from voting, and from eligibility and access to several public jobs. In 1938 the delay was reduced to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These instances of discrimination, as well as others against naturalized citizens, were gradually abolished in 1973 (9 January 1973 law) and 1983. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, a former French <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, and in Guinea, a former French colony, naturalized citizens are prohibited from voting for five years following their naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, one must be a Micronesian citizen for at least 15 years to run for parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, only citizens by birth are eligible for being elected to the national legislature; naturalized citizens enjoy only voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, naturalized citizens have the right of eligibility to the parliament after five years.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the President and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> must be natural-born citizens. All other governmental offices may be held by any citizen, although citizens may only run for Congress after an extended period of citizenship (seven years for the House of Representatives and nine for the Senate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, an 1872 law, rescinded by a 1945 decree, prohibited all army personnel from voting.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, police (the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> and, before 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a>) were barred from voting in national elections, though not <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local elections</a>, from 1923 to 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1876 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Texas" title="Constitution of Texas">Constitution of Texas</a> (article VI, section 1) stated that "The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote in this State, to wit: (...) Fifth—All soldiers, marines and seamen, employed in the service of the army or navy of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of government a person is forbidden to be a legislator and an official of the executive branch at the same time. Such provisions are found, for example, in Article I of the U.S. Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_around_the_world">History around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage#Dates_by_country" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage § Dates by country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg/500px-Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Universal_suffrage_granted_to_women%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Countries with universal suffrage granted to women, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Suffrage in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Australian_Aboriginals" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals">Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals</a></div> <ul><li>1855 – South Australia is the first colony to allow all male suffrage to British subjects (later extended to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> over the age of 21.</li> <li>1894 – South Australian women eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-AEC_2011_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC_2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1896 – Tasmania becomes last colony to allow all male suffrage.</li> <li>1899 – Western Australian women eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-AEC_2011_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC_2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1902 – The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act</a> enables women to vote federally and in the state of New South Wales. This legislation also allows women to run for government, making Australia the first democratic state in the world to allow this.</li> <li>1921 – <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a> is elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly as member for West Perth, the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Australian Aborigines</a> guaranteed the right to vote in Commonwealth elections, however, in practice this right was dependent on Aboriginal voting rights having been granted by the individual's respective state.</li> <li>1965 – Queensland is the last state to grant voting rights to Aboriginal Australians.</li> <li>1973 - After South Australian Premier <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a> introduced the Age of Majority (Reduction) Bill in October 1970, the voting age in South Australia was lowered to 18 years old in 1973. Consequently, the voting age for all federal elections was lowered from 21 to 18. The states had lowered the voting age to 18 by 1973, the first being Western Australia in 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five (Canada)</a></div> <ul><li>1871 – One of the first acts of the new Province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> strips the franchise from First Nations, and ensures Chinese and Japanese people are prevented from voting.</li> <li>1916 – <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> becomes the first province in which women have the right to vote in provincial elections.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1917 – The federal <i><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Elections_Act" title="Wartime Elections Act">Wartime Elections Act</a></i> gives voting rights to women with relatives fighting overseas. Voting rights are stripped from all "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy aliens">enemy aliens</a>" (those born in enemy countries who arrived in Canada after 1902; see also <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Voters_Act" title="Military Voters Act">Military Voters Act</a></i> gives the vote to all soldiers, even non-citizens, (with the exception of Indian and Metis veterans)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to women serving as nurses or clerks for the armed forces, but the votes are not for specific candidates but simply for or against the government.</li> <li>1918 – Women gain full voting rights in federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty.marianopolis.edu_1916_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty.marianopolis.edu_1916-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1919 – Women gain the right to run for federal office.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty.marianopolis.edu_1916_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty.marianopolis.edu_1916-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1940 – Quebec becomes the last province where women's right to vote is recognized. (see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_women_during_the_world_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian women during the world wars">Canadian women during the world wars</a> for more information on Canadian suffrage)</li> <li>1947 – Racial exclusions against Chinese and Indo-Canadians lifted.</li> <li>1948 – Racial exclusions against Japanese Canadians lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955 – Religious exclusions are removed from election laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_2017_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_2017-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 – Right to vote is extended unconditionally to <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples. (Previously they could vote only by giving up their status as First Nations people.)<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Dyck_2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Dyck_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 – Right to vote in advance is extended to all electors willing to swear they would be absent on election day.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 – <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people granted the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> provincial elections, starting with the <a href="/wiki/1967_Alberta_general_election" title="1967 Alberta general election">1967 Alberta general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Dyck_2016_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Dyck_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people granted the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> provincial elections, starting with the <a href="/wiki/1970_Quebec_general_election" title="1970 Quebec general election">1970 Quebec general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Dyck_2016_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Dyck_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 – Voting age lowered from 21 to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982 – The new <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> guarantees all adult citizens the right to vote.</li> <li>1988 – Supreme Court of Canada rules mentally ill patients have the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993 – Any elector can vote in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_2017_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_2017-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 – Legislation is introduced making it easier for people of <a href="/wiki/No_fixed_abode" title="No fixed abode">no fixed address</a> to vote.</li> <li>2002 – Prisoners given the right to vote in the riding (voting district) where they were convicted. All adult Canadians except the Chief and Deputy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Officer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Officer (page does not exist)">Electoral Officers</a> can now vote in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 – The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> rules that portions of the federal <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a></i> which prevent citizens who have been living abroad for more than five years from voting by mail are in violation of <a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> and thus unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Union has given the right to vote in municipal elections to the citizen of another EU country by the Council Directive 94/80/EG from 19 December 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1907 - Universal suffrage in all elections for all over 24 years old<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 – Section 14, al. 2 of the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a> states that "Every Finnish citizen and every foreigner permanently resident in Finland, having attained eighteen years of age, has the right to vote in municipal elections and municipal referendums, as provided by an Act. Provisions on the right to otherwise participate in municipal government are laid down by an Act."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>11 August 1792: Introduction of universal suffrage (men only)</li> <li>1795: Universal suffrage for men is replaced with indirect <a href="/wiki/Census_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Census suffrage">Census suffrage</a></li> <li>13 December 1799: The <a href="/wiki/Consulat" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulat">French Consulate</a> re-establishes male universal suffrage increased from 246,000 to over 9 million.</li> <li>In 1850 (31 May): The number of people eligible to vote is reduced by 30% by excluding criminals and the homeless.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> calls a referendum in 1851 (21 December), all men aged 21 and over are allowed to vote. Male universal suffrage is established thereafter.</li> <li>As of 21 April 1944 the franchise is extended to women over 21.</li> <li>Effective 9 July 1974 the minimum age to vote is reduced to 18 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">1848</a> – male citizens (citizens of state in German Confederation), adult and "independent" got voting rights, male voting population - 85%<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1849 – male citizens above 25, not disfranchised, not declared legally incapable, did not claim pauper relief a year before the election, not a bankrupt nor in bankruptcy proceedings, not convicted of electoral fraud,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1866 – male citizens above 25 (citizen for at least three years), not disfranchised, not declared legally incapable, did not claim pauper relief a year before the election, enrolled on the electoral roll, inhabitant of the electoral district,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1869 – male citizens above 25 (citizens of state in North German Confederation), not disfranchised, not a bankrupt nor in bankruptcy proceedings, not serving soldier, did not claim pauper relief a year before the election, inhabitant of the electoral district, not in prison, not declared legally incapable,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1918 - full suffrage for all citizens above 20<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 - full suffrage for all citizens above 18<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 - suffrage for citizens with <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a>, and persons under <a href="/wiki/Guardianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship">guardianship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the very first <a href="/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1951%E2%80%9352" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian general election, 1951–52">Indian general election held in 1951–52</a>, universal suffrage for all adult citizens aged 21 or older was established under Article 326 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. The minimum voting age was reduced to 18 years by the <a href="/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">61st Amendment</a>, effective 28 March 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_franchise_in_Ireland" title="History of the franchise in Ireland">History of the franchise in Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court states that "the rules derogating from the passive electoral law must be strictly interpreted".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffrage in Japan">Suffrage in Japan</a></div> <ul><li>1889 – Male taxpayers above 25 that paid at least 15 JPY of tax got voting rights,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the voting population were 450,000 (1.1% of Japan population),<sup id="cite_ref-city.kawasaki.jp_2010_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city.kawasaki.jp_2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1900 – Male taxpayers above 25 that paid at least 10 JPY of tax got voting rights, the voting population were 980,000 (2.2% of Japan population),<sup id="cite_ref-city.kawasaki.jp_2010_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city.kawasaki.jp_2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1919 – Male taxpayers above 25 that paid at least 3 JPY of tax got voting rights, the voting population were 3,070,000 (5.5% of Japan population)<sup id="cite_ref-gakusyu.shizuoka-c.ed.jp_2021_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gakusyu.shizuoka-c.ed.jp_2021-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1925 – Male above 25 got voting rights, the voting population were 12,410,000 (20% of Japan population),<sup id="cite_ref-city.kawasaki.jp_2010_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city.kawasaki.jp_2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1945 – Japan citizens above 20 got voting rights, the voting population were 36,880,000 (48.7% of Japan population),<sup id="cite_ref-gakusyu.shizuoka-c.ed.jp_2021_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gakusyu.shizuoka-c.ed.jp_2021-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – Japan citizens above 18 got voting rights, voting population - 83.3% of Japan population.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></div> <ul><li>1853 – British government passes the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a>, granting limited self-rule, including a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a>, to the colony. The vote was limited to male British subjects aged 21 or over who owned or rented sufficient property and were not imprisoned for a serious offence. Communally owned land was excluded from the property qualification, thus disenfranchising most <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> (indigenous) men.</li> <li>1860 – Franchise extended to holders of miner's licenses who met all voting qualifications except that of property.</li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori seats">Māori seats</a> established, giving Māori four <a href="/wiki/Reserved_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved seats">reserved seats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>. There was no property qualification; thus Māori men gained universal suffrage before other New Zealanders. The number of seats did not reflect the size of the Māori population, but Māori men who met the property requirement for general electorates were able to vote in them or in the Māori electorates but not both.</li> <li>1879 – Property requirement abolished.</li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women won equal voting rights</a> with men, making New Zealand the first nation in the world to allow women to vote.</li> <li>1969 – Voting age lowered to 20.</li> <li>1974 – Voting age lowered to 18.</li> <li>1975 – Franchise extended to permanent residents of New Zealand, regardless of whether they have citizenship.</li> <li>1996 – Number of Māori seats increased to reflect Māori population.</li> <li>2010 – Prisoners imprisoned for one year or more denied voting rights while serving the sentence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1814 – The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norwegian constitution</a> gave male landowners or officials above the age of 25 full voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1885 – Male taxpayers that paid at least 500 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">NOK</a> of tax (800 NOK in towns) got voting rights.</li> <li>1900 – Universal suffrage for men over 25.</li> <li>1901 – Women, over 25, paying tax or having common household with a man paying tax, got the right to vote in local elections.</li> <li>1909 – Women, over 25, paying tax or having common household with a man paying tax, got full voting rights.</li> <li>1913 – Universal suffrage for all over 25, applying from the election in 1915.</li> <li>1920 – Voting age lowered to 23.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946 – Voting age lowered to 21.</li> <li>1967 – Voting age lowered to 20.</li> <li>1978 – Voting age lowered to 18.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1918 – In its first days of independence in 1918, after 123 years of partition, voting rights were granted to both men and women. Eight women were elected to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> in 1919.</li> <li>1952 – Voting age lowered to 18.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_Singapore" title="Voting rights in Singapore">Voting rights in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1910 – The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> is established by the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(South_Africa)" title="House of Assembly (South Africa)">House of Assembly</a> is elected by <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> voting in single-member constituencies. The franchise qualifications are the same as those previously existing for elections of the legislatures of the colonies that comprised the Union. In the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Free State Province">Orange Free State</a> the franchise is limited to <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">white</a> men. In <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a> the franchise is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications; it was theoretically colour-blind but in practise nearly all non-white men were excluded. The traditional "<a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications and is colour-blind; nonetheless 85% of voters are white. The rights of non-white voters in the Cape Province are protected by an <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched clause</a> in the South Africa Act requiring a two-thirds vote in a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.</li> <li>1930 – The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Enfranchisement_Act,_1930" title="Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930">Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930</a> extends the right to vote to all white women over the age of 21.</li> <li>1931 – The <a href="/wiki/Franchise_Laws_Amendment_Act,_1931" title="Franchise Laws Amendment Act, 1931">Franchise Laws Amendment Act, 1931</a> removes the property and literacy qualifications for all white men over the age of 21, but they are retained for non-white voters.</li> <li>1936 – The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_Natives_Act,_1936" title="Representation of Natives Act, 1936">Representation of Natives Act, 1936</a> removes <a href="/wiki/Black_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Black African">black</a> voters in the Cape Province from the common voters' roll and instead allows them to elect three "Native Representative Members" to the House of Assembly. Four <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senators</a> are to be indirectly elected by chiefs and local authorities to represent black South Africans throughout the country. The act is passed with the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.</li> <li>1951 – The <a href="/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Act,_1951" title="Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951">Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951</a> is passed by Parliament by an ordinary majority in separate sittings. It purports to remove <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">coloured</a> voters in the Cape Province from the common voters' roll and instead allow them to elect four "Coloured Representative Members" to the House of Assembly.</li> <li>1952 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris v Minister of the Interior">Harris v Minister of the Interior</a></i> the Separate Representation of Voters Act is annulled by the Appellate Division of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Supreme Court</a> because it was not passed with the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting. Parliament passes the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Parliament_Act,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Parliament Act, 1952">High Court of Parliament Act, 1952</a>, purporting to allow it to reverse this decision, but the Appellate Division annuls it as well.</li> <li>1956 – By packing the Senate and the Appellate Division, the government passes the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_Amendment_Act,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956">South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956</a>, reversing the annulment of the Separate Representation of Voters Act and giving it the force of law.</li> <li>1958 – The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Law_Amendment_Act,_1958" title="Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958">Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958</a> reduces the <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">voting age</a> for white voters from 21 to 18.</li> <li>1959 – The <a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_Bantu_Self-government_Act,_1959" title="Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959">Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959</a> repeals the Representation of Natives Act, removing all representation of black people in Parliament.</li> <li>1968 – The <a href="/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Amendment_Act,_1968" title="Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968">Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968</a> repeals the Separate Representation of Voters Act, removing all representation of coloured people in Parliament.</li> <li>1969 – The first election of the <a href="/wiki/Coloured_Persons_Representative_Council" title="Coloured Persons Representative Council">Coloured Persons Representative Council</a> (CPRC), which has limited legislative powers, is held. Every Coloured citizen over the age of 21 can vote for its members, in first-past-the-post elections in single-member constituencies.</li> <li>1978 – The voting age for the CPRC is reduced from 21 to 18.</li> <li>1981 – The first election of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Council" title="South African Indian Council">South African Indian Council</a> (SAIC), which has limited legislative powers, is held. Every <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian South African</a> citizen over the age of 18 can vote for its members, in first-past-the-post elections in single-member constituencies.</li> <li>1984 – The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">Constitution of 1983</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament" title="Tricameral Parliament">Tricameral Parliament</a>. Two new Houses of Parliament are created, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(South_Africa)" title="House of Representatives (South Africa)">House of Representatives</a> to represent coloured citizens and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_(South_Africa)" title="House of Delegates (South Africa)">House of Delegates</a> to represent Indian citizens. Every coloured and Indian citizen over the age of 18 can vote in elections for the relevant house. As with the House of Assembly, the members are elected by first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. The CPRC and SAIC are abolished.</li> <li>1994 – With the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Constitution of 1993">Interim Constitution of 1993</a> abolishes the Tricameral Parliament and all racial discrimination in voting rights. A new <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> is created, and every South African citizen over the age of 18 has the right to vote for the assembly. The right to vote is also extended to long term residents. It is estimated the 500 000 foreign nationals voted in the 1994 national and provincial elections. Elections of the assembly are based on <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Rights (South Africa)">Bill of Rights</a>.</li> <li>1999 – In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_and_Another_v_Electoral_Commission_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August and Another v Electoral Commission and Others (page does not exist)">August and Another v Electoral Commission and Others</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a> rules that prisoners cannot be denied the right to vote without a law that explicitly does so.</li> <li>2003 – The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Laws_Amendment_Act,_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Laws Amendment Act, 2003 (page does not exist)">Electoral Laws Amendment Act, 2003</a> purports to prohibit convicted prisoners from voting.</li> <li>2004 – In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Home_Affairs_v_NICRO_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Home Affairs v NICRO and Others (page does not exist)">Minister of Home Affairs v NICRO and Others</a></i> the Constitutional Court rules that prisoners cannot be denied the right to vote, and invalidates the laws that do so.</li> <li>2009 – In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_v_Minister_for_Home_Affairs_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richter v Minister for Home Affairs and Others (page does not exist)">Richter v Minister for Home Affairs and Others</a></i> the Constitutional Court rules that South African citizens outside the country cannot be denied the right to vote.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1931 - <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a> granted equal suffrage for women and men, with voting possible at 21 with no property restrictions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1809 – New <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> adopted and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of power">separation of powers</a> outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Instrument of Government</a>.</li> <li>1810 – The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Parliament_Act_of_1810" title="Swedish Parliament Act of 1810">Riksdag Act</a>, setting out the procedures of functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>, is introduced.</li> <li>1862 – Under the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_municipal_reforms_of_1862" title="Swedish municipal reforms of 1862">municipal laws of 1862</a>, some women were entitled to vote in <a href="/wiki/Local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Local elections">local elections</a>.</li> <li>1865 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Four_Estates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Four Estates (page does not exist)">Parliament of Four Estates</a> abolished and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. The members of the First Chamber were elected indirectly by the county councils and the municipal assemblies in the larger towns and cities.</li> <li>1909 – All men who had done their <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> and who paid <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> were granted suffrage.</li> <li>1918 – <a href="/wiki/Universal_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Suffrage">Universal</a>, and <a href="#Equal_suffrage">equal</a> suffrage were introduced for <a href="/wiki/Local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Local elections">local elections</a>.</li> <li>1919 – <a href="/wiki/Universal_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Suffrage">Universal</a>, <a href="#Equal_suffrage">equal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> granted for general elections.</li> <li>1921 – First <a href="/wiki/1921_Swedish_general_election" title="1921 Swedish general election">general election</a> with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Suffrage">universal</a>, <a href="#Equal_suffrage">equal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> enacted, although some groups were still unable to vote.</li> <li>1922 – Requirement that men had to have completed national <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> to be able to vote abolished.</li> <li>1937 – <a href="/wiki/Intern" class="mw-redirect" title="Intern">Interns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">institutions</a> granted suffrage.</li> <li>1945 – Individuals who had gone into <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> or were dependent on <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a> granted suffrage.</li> <li>1970 – Indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/Upper_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper chamber">upper chamber</a> dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Instrument of Government</a> stopped being enforced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may lack sufficient context. (May 2018)">needs context</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li> <li>1989 – The final limitations on suffrage abolished along with the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>'s decision to abolish the 'declaration of legal incompetency'.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkish_politics" title="Women in Turkish politics">Women in Turkish politics</a></div> <ul><li>1926 – <a href="/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Turkish civil code</a> (Equality in civil rights)</li> <li>1930 – Right to vote in local elections</li> <li>1933 – First woman muhtar (Village head) <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClk%C4%B1z_%C3%9Crb%C3%BCl" title="Gülkız Ürbül">Gülkız Ürbül</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karpuzlu" title="Karpuzlu">Demircidere</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın Province</a></li> <li>1934 – Right to vote in General elections</li> <li>1935 – First 18 Women MPs in <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish parliament</a></li> <li>1950 – First woman city mayor <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCfide_%C4%B0lhan" title="Müfide İlhan">Müfide İlhan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February,_1839,_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/220px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/330px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/440px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7590" data-file-height="5662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists'</a> National Convention at the British Coffee House in February 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1265, a few percent of the adult male population in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (of which Wales was a <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">full and equal member from 1542</a>) were able to vote in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">parliamentary elections</a> that occurred at irregular intervals to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The franchise for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> developed separately. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> established in 1432 that only <a href="/wiki/Forty_shilling_freeholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty shilling freeholders">owners of property worth at least forty shillings</a>, a significant sum, were entitled to vote in an English <a href="/wiki/County_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="County constituency">county constituency</a>. The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes were made to the details of the system, but there was no major reform until the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832#The_franchise" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act" title="Representation of the People Act">Representation of the People Acts</a> followed. In 1918, all men over 21 and some women over 30 won the right to vote, and in 1928 all women over 21 won the right to vote resulting in universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> – extended voting rights to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value, so allowing 1 in 7 adult males in the UK voting rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a> – The People's Charter was drawn up in 1838 by the <a href="/wiki/London_Working_Men%27s_Association" title="London Working Men's Association">London Working Men's Association</a>. The following year, the first Chartist petition was presented to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. Further Chartist petitions were presented in 1842 and 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> – extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met a property qualification, so increasing male suffrage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Reform Act 1884</a> – addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000, although 40% of males were still disenfranchised because of the property qualification.</li> <li>Between 1885 and 1918 moves were made by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom#Formation_of_a_national_movement" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage</a> movement to ensure votes for women. However, the duration of the First World War stopped this reform movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> – the consequences of World War I persuaded the government to expand the right to vote, not only for the many men who fought in the war who were disenfranchised, but also for the women who worked in factories, agriculture and elsewhere as part of the war effort, often substituting for enlisted men and including dangerous work such as in munitions factories. All men aged 21 and over were given the right to vote. Property restrictions for voting were lifted for men. The local government franchise was extended to include all women over 21, on the same terms as men. Parliamentary Votes were given to 40% of women, with property restrictions and limited to those over 30 years old. This increased the electorate from 7.7 million to 21.4 million with women making up 8.5 million of the electorate. Seven percent of the electorate had more than one vote, either because they owned business property or because they were university graduates. The first election with this system was the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a> – equal suffrage for women and men, with voting possible at 21 with no property restrictions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">Representation of the People Act 1948</a> – removed <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">plural voting</a> in parliamentary elections for university graduates and business owners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">Representation of the People Act 1969</a> – extension of suffrage to those 18 and older, the first major democratic country to do so,<sup id="cite_ref-Bingham_2019_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bingham_2019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and abolition of plural voting in local government elections.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to decide this status. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white</a> male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1856 property ownership requirements were eliminated in all states, giving suffrage to most white men. However, tax-paying requirements remained in five states until 1860 and in two states until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Engerman_2005_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engerman_2005-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, five amendments to the Constitution have limited the ways in which the right to vote may be restricted in American elections, though none have added a general right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> (1870): "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> (1920): "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd Amendment</a> (1961): provides that residents of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> can vote for the President and Vice President.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a> (1964): "The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax." This did not change the rules for state elections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th Amendment</a> (1971): "The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age."</li></ul> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clauses</a> to allow European-Americans to vote while excluding African-Americans from voting was ruled unconstitutional in the 1915 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States">Guinn v. United States</a></i>. States continued to use <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll taxes</a>, which also disenfranchised poor white citizens. Racial equality in voting was substantially secured after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, a major victory in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. State elections, it was not until the 1966 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_Board_of_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i> that the U.S. Supreme Court declared state poll taxes violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the Fourteenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-Scher_2015_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scher_2015-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHLTS_2009_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLTS_2009-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majority-Muslim_countries">Majority-Muslim countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Majority-Muslim countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">Voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-suffragism" title="Anti-suffragism">Anti-suffragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strictly speaking, all ratepayers; however, domestic rates were abolished after the <a href="/wiki/1977_Irish_general_election" title="1977 Irish general election">1977 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callanan_2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callanan_2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a href="/wiki/South_Dublin_County_Council" title="South Dublin County Council">South Dublin County Council</a> produced lists of addresses of residences<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ratepayers<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within <a href="/wiki/Palmerstown" title="Palmerstown">Palmerstown</a> for the 2014 plebiscite on changing the district's spelling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until this Act specified 'male persons', a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership, although this was rare.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> (1868) altered the way each state is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. It counted all residents for apportionment including former slaves, overriding the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-fifths compromise">three-fifths compromise</a> of the original Constitution; it also reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied the right to vote to males over age 21. However, this sanction was not enforced in practice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-suffrage" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=suffrage">"suffrage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=suffrage&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dsuffrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/suffrage">"Definition of "suffrage" – Collins English Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Espend Søbye. 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stemmerettens+historie+i+Norge&rft.pub=Espend+S%C3%B8bye&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FStemmerettens_historie_i_Norge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/norge/stemmerettens-historie-1.2678101">"Stemmerettens historie"</a> (in Norwegian). Laila Ø. 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Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tageerlanderserv00ruin/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822936312" title="Special:BookSources/9780822936312"><bdi>9780822936312</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/5791923">5791923</a>. <q>riksdag bicameral.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tage+Erlander%3A+serving+the+welfare+state%2C+1946%E2%80%931969&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pa.&rft.series=Pitt+series+in+policy+and+institutional+studies%2C+99-0818751-1&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780822936312&rft.aulast=Ruin&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftageerlanderserv00ruin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/how-the-riksdag-works/democracy/the-history-of-the-riksdag/">History of the Riksdag</a> Official Riksdag Website. 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Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengeofdemoc0009jand/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618990948" title="Special:BookSources/9780618990948"><bdi>9780618990948</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+challenge+of+democracy+%3A+government+in+America&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=9.+ed.%2C+update&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780618990948&rft.aulast=Janda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Berry%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchallengeofdemoc0009jand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2012" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSQOiy6uZUC&pg=PT337"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People</i></a> (6th ed.). 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(February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211244/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf">"The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 16, 35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Suffrage+Institutions+in+the+New+World&rft.pages=16%2C+35&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Engerman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rft.au=Sokoloff%2C+Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomics.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FWorkshops-Seminars%2FEconomic-History%2Fsokoloff-050406.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html">"U.S. Voting Rights"</a>. Infoplease<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Voting+Rights&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Ftimelines%2Fvoting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scher_2015-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scher_2015_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScher2015" class="citation book cs1">Scher, Richard K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POzqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. viii–ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317455363" title="Special:BookSources/9781317455363"><bdi>9781317455363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Disenfranchisement%3A+Why+is+it+So+Hard+to+Vote+in+America%3F&rft.pages=viii-ix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317455363&rft.aulast=Scher&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOzqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHLTS_2009-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHLTS_2009_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/CivilRights_VotingRights.pdf">"Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+in+America%3A+Racial+Voting+Rights&rft.pub=A+National+Historic+Landmarks+Theme+Study&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Flearn%2Fthemes%2FCivilRights_VotingRights.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom#Further_reading" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom § Further reading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Women's_suffrage_publications" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes § Women's suffrage publications</a></div> <ul><li>Adams, Jad. <i>Women and the vote: A world history</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014); wide-ranging scholarly survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Women-Vote-History-Jad-Adams/dp/0198706847/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Atkinson, Neill. <i>Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand</i> (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 2003).</li> <li>Banyikwa, A.K., "Gender and Elections in Africa" in <i>The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Elections</i> (2019)</li> <li>Banyikwa, A.K., and G.L. Brown. "Women's Suffrage in Africa" in <i>Encyclopedias of Contemporary Women's Issues</i> (2020)</li> <li>Barnes, Joel. "The British women's suffrage movement and the ancient constitution, 1867–1909." <i>Historical Research</i> 91.253 (2018): 505-527.</li> <li>Crook, Malcolm. "Universal Suffrage as Counter‐Revolution? Electoral Mobilisation under the Second Republic in France, 1848–1851." <i>Journal of Historical Sociology</i> 28.1 (2015): 49-66.</li> <li>Daley, Caroline, and Melanie Nolan, eds. <i>Suffrage and beyond: International feminist perspectives</i> (NYU Press, 1994).</li> <li>Edwards, Louise P. and Mina Roces, eds. <i>Women's Suffrage in Asia: Gender, Nationalism, and Democracy</i> (Routledge, 2004).</li> <li>Kenney, Anne R. <i>Women's Suffrage and Social Politics in the French Third Republic</i> (1984).</li> <li>Mukherjee, Sumita. <i>Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks</i> (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2018)</li> <li>Mukherjee, Sumita. "Sisters in Arms" <i>History Today</i> (Dec 2018) 68#12 pp. 72–83. Short popular overview woman suffrage of major countries.</li> <li>Oguakwa, P.K. "Women's suffrage in Africa" in <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History</i> (2008)</li> <li>Juhani Mylly: Edustuksellisen kansanvallan läpimurto. Helsinki: Suomen eduskunta (Edita), 2006. ISBN 951-37-4541-4</li> <li>Pedroza, Luicy. "The democratic potential of enfranchising resident migrants." <i>International Migration</i> 53.3 (2015): 22-35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/86221636/imig.1216220220520-1-1vve5kw.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Purvis, June, and June Hannam, eds. <i>The British Women's Suffrage Campaign: National and International Perspectives</i> (Routledge, 2021)</li> <li>Rose, Carol. "The Issue of Parliamentary Suffrage at the Frankfurt National Assembly." <i>Central European History</i> 5.2 (1972): 127-149. regarding universal suffrage in German history.</li> <li>Sangster, Joan. <i>One Hundred Years of Struggle: The History of Women and the Vote in Canada</i> (2018)</li> <li>Seghezza, Elena, and Pierluigi Morelli. "Suffrage extension, social identity, and redistribution: the case of the Second Reform Act." <i>European Review of Economic History</i> 23.1 (2019): 30-49. on 1867 law in Britain</li> <li>Senigaglia, Cristiana. "The debate on democratization and parliament in Germany from 1871 to 1918." <i>Parliaments, Estates and Representation</i> 40.3 (2020): 290-307.</li> <li>Smith, Paul. "Political parties, parliament and women's suffrage in France, 1919–1939." <i>French History</i> 11.3 (1997): 338-358.</li> <li>Teele, Dawn Langan. <i>Forging the Franchise</i> (Princeton University Press, 2018); why US and Britain came early.</li> <li>Towns, Ann. "Global Patterns and Debates in the Granting of Women's Suffrage." in <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Women's Political Rights</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2019) pp. 3–19.</li> <li>Willis, Justin, Gabrielle Lynch, and Nic Cheeseman. "Voting, Nationhood, and Citizenship in late-colonial Africa." <i>Historical Journal</i> 61.4 (2018): 1113–1135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/24586/1/24586.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Englert, Gianna. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Not more democratic, but more moral': Tocqueville on the suffrage in America and France." <i>The Tocqueville Review</i> 42.2 (2021): 105-120.</li> <li>Keyssar, Alexander. <i>The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States</i> (New York: Basic Books, 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02968-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02968-X">0-465-02968-X</a>.</li> <li>Lichtman, Allan J. <i>The Embattled Vote in America: From the Founding to the Present</i> (Harvard UP. 2018)</li> <li>U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=268118"><i>Reports on Voting</i> (2005)</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3103-2">978-0-8377-3103-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage&action=edit&section=51" 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Canada</a>, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122124056/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/encyclopedia/Canada-WomensVote-WomenSuffrage.htm">Suffrage in Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=web&ID=600">Women's suffrage in Germany</a>—19 January 1919—first suffrage (active and passive) for women in Germany</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Suffrage"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Suffrage">"Suffrage" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Akron_in_1851" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Akron in 1851">Ohio Women's Convention (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights" title="Template:Human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights" title="Template talk:Human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights317" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fundamental concepts<br />and philosophies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">List of human rights organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">National human rights institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights abuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_at_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Human rights violations at Guantánamo Bay detention camp">at Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_during_the_Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Human rights abuses during the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">during the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Gaddafi_regime" title="Human rights violations during the Gaddafi regime">during the Gaddafi regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">during the Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Angola" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Angola">in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Armenia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Australia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Austria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">in Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bahrain" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bahrain">in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Balochistan" title="Human rights abuses in Balochistan">in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bangladesh">in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Belarus" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Belarus">in Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bolivia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bolivia">in Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Botswana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Botswana">in Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Brazil" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Brazil">in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burkina Faso">in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burundi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burundi">in Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cambodia">in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Chile">in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile_under_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Human rights abuses in Chile under Augusto Pinochet">in Chile under Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_China" title="Category:Human rights abuses in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cuba" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Human rights abuses in El Salvador">in El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ethiopia">in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_France" title="Category:Human rights abuses in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Gabon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Gabon">in Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ghana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ghana">in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Germany" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Guatemala" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Guatemala">in Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Hong Kong">in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Haiti" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Haiti">in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_India" title="Category:Human rights abuses in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Indonesia">in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iran" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iraq" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ireland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ireland">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Israel" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Israel">in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Italy" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Italy">in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Japan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">in Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kazakhstan">in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kenya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kenya">in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kuwait" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kuwait">in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kyrgyzstan">in Kyrgyzstan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Libya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Libya">in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malawi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malawi">in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malaysia">in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Manipur" title="Human rights abuses in Manipur">in Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mexico" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mexico">in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Morocco" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Morocco">in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar">in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nepal" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nepal">in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_North_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Palestine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Palestine">in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Panama" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Panama">in Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Papua New Guinea">in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Peru" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Peru">in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Poland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Poland">in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Romania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Romania">in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Russia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Russia">in the Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone">in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Sindh" title="Human rights abuses in Sindh">in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Africa">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Korea">in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka">in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sudan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sudan">in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Switzerland">in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Syria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Syria">in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Thailand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Thailand">in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Dominican Republic">in the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Soviet Union">in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United Arab Emirates">in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Turkey" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uganda" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uganda">in Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Venezuela">in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Yemen" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Yemen">in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Zimbabwe">in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">of the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)">of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_by_country" title="Category:Human rights abuses by country">List of human rights abuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Victims of human rights abuses">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">List of human rights awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a 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