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href="#Baxter's_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Baxter's notation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baxter's_notation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Baxter's notation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Baxter's_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alphabetic notation for Middle Chinese phonology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a>'s transcription for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> is an alphabetic notation recording phonological information from medieval sources, rather than a reconstruction. It was introduced by Baxter as a reference point for his reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old Chinese phonology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_for_Middle_Chinese">Sources for Middle Chinese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources for Middle Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime dictionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rime_table" title="Rime table">Rime table</a></div> <p>The centre of the study of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historical_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese historical phonology">Chinese historical phonology</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionary</a> created by Lu Fayan in 601 CE as a guide to the proper reading of classic texts. The dictionary divided characters between the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">four tones</a>, which were subdivided into 193 rhyme groups and then into homophone groups. The pronunciation of each homophone group is given by a <a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fanqie</a> formula, a pair of common characters respectively indicating the initial and final sounds of the syllable. Lu Fayan's work was very influential, and led to a series of expanded and corrected versions following the same structure. The most important of these was the <i><a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a></i> (1007–08), in which the number of rhyme groups was increased to 206, though without significantly changing the phonological system of the <i>Qieyun</i>. Since the <i>Qieyun</i> was thought lost until the mid-20th century, most scholarship has been based on the <i>Guangyun</i>, and its rhyme categories are still used. The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Chen_Li_(scholar)" title="Chen Li (scholar)">Chen Li</a> analysed the fanqie spellings of the <i>Guangyun</i>, determining which initial and final spellers represented the same sounds, and thus enumerating the initials and finals of the underlying system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824–28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824–28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–40_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–40-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of <a href="/wiki/Rime_table" title="Rime table">rime tables</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> applied a sophisticated analysis to the <i>Qieyun</i> system, though the language had changed in the interim. The initials were identified and categorized by place and manner of articulation. Finals were classified into 16 rhyme classes (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">攝</span></span> <i>shè</i>). Within each rhyme class, syllables were classified as either "open" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">開</span></span> <i>kāi</i>) or "closed" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> <i>hé</i>), as belonging to one of the four tones, and as belonging to one of four divisions (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">等</span></span> <i>děng</i>), indicated by rows of the table. The Qing philologists found that some of the finals of the rime dictionaries were always placed in the first row, some always in the second and some always in the fourth, and they were thus named finals of divisions I, II and IV respectively. The remaining finals were spread across the second, third and fourth rows, and were later called division III finals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198828–34_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198828–34-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–43_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–43-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division III finals can be further subdivided on the basis of their distribution: </p> <ul><li>Independent or pure division III finals occur only the third row of the rime tables, and occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.</li> <li>Mixed division III finals occur in the second, third and fourth rows of the rime tables.</li> <li>The so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B3ngni%C7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Chóngniǔ">chóngniǔ</a></i> are doublets of division III finals, one occurring in the third row of the rime tables and the other in the fourth, but not distinguished in any other way. These finals also occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199269–81_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199269–81-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baxter's_notation"><span id="Baxter.27s_notation"></span>Baxter's notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Baxter's notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many attempts to reconstruct the sounds or phonemes of the <i>Qieyun</i> system, conventionally called Early Middle Chinese, yielding a series of alphabetic transcriptions. Each of these is disputed to some extent, and many scholars doubt that the system corresponds to any single form of speech. The custom in Chinese scholarship is to neutrally describe a syllable with a string of six characters identifying its <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">攝</span></span> <i>shè</i>, whether it is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">開</span></span> <i>kāi</i> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> <i>hé</i>, the division, tone, <i><a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a></i> rime and initial. Needing a reference point for his reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old Chinese phonology</a>, Baxter designed an alphabetical presentation of the same information, rather than a reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199227,_818–819_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199227,_818–819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His system is a significant simplification of the <a href="/wiki/Karlgren%E2%80%93Li_reconstruction_of_Middle_Chinese" title="Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese">Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese</a>, but retains a similar structure, especially in the treatment of medials and vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2006269_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2006269-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baxter's transcriptions of the traditional initials are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Initials with traditional names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">stops and affricates </th> <th rowspan="2">nasals </th> <th colspan="2">fricatives </th> <th rowspan="2">glide </th> <th rowspan="2">Divisions </th></tr> <tr> <th>tenuis </th> <th>aspirate </th> <th>voiced </th> <th>tenuis </th> <th>voiced </th></tr> <tr> <th>Labials </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">幫</span></span> <i>p-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">滂</span></span> <i>ph-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">並</span></span> <i>b-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明</span></span> <i>m-</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>all </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dentals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">端</span></span> <i>t-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">透</span></span> <i>th-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">定</span></span> <i>d-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泥</span></span> <i>n-</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>I and IV </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">來</span></span> <i>l-</i></td> <td> </td> <td>I, III and IV </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex stops </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">知</span></span> <i>tr-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徹</span></span> <i>trh-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">澄</span></span> <i>dr-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">娘</span></span> <i>nr-</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>II and III </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dental sibilants </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">精</span></span> <i>ts-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清</span></span> <i>tsh-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">從</span></span> <i>dz-</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">心</span></span> <i>s-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邪</span></span> <i>z-</i></td> <td> </td> <td>I, III and IV </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex sibilants </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">莊</span></span> <i>tsr-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">初</span></span> <i>tsrh-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崇</span></span> <i>dzr-</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">生</span></span> <i>sr-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">俟</span></span> <i>zr-</i></td> <td> </td> <td>II and III </td></tr> <tr> <th>Palatals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">章</span></span> <i>tsy-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昌</span></span> <i>tsyh-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">禪</span></span> <i>dzy-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">日</span></span> <i>ny-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">書</span></span> <i>sy-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">船</span></span> <i>zy-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">以</span></span> <i>y-</i> </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <th>Velars </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">見</span></span> <i>k-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">溪</span></span> <i>kh-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">群</span></span> <i>g-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">疑</span></span> <i>ng-</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>all </td></tr> <tr> <th>Laryngeals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">影</span></span> <i>ʔ-</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曉</span></span> <i>x-</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">匣/云</span></span> <i>h-</i></td> <td> </td> <td>all </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li><i>-r-</i>, <i>-y-</i> and <i>-h-</i> do not represent separate segments, but <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> articulation respectively of the preceding consonant.</li> <li>The initial <i>h-</i> represents a voiced <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>) while <i>x-</i> represents its voiceless counterpart (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199245–46_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199245–46-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the rime tables, the palatal allophone of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">云</span></span> is combined with <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">以</span></span> as a single initial <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">喻</span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finals with vocalic endings could occur in the level, rising or departing tones; the few that occurred only in the departing tone are marked with <i>-H</i> in the following table. The <i>chóngniǔ</i> doublets of division III finals are not distinguished in the traditional categories. Adopting a purely notational device of <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fang-Kuei</a>, Baxter used the spelling <i>-ji-</i> for finals occurring in the fourth row of the rime tables, retaining <i>-j-</i> for those occurring in the third row. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Vocalic codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rhyme<br />class </th> <th colspan="5"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">開</span></span> <i>kāi</i> </th> <th colspan="5"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> <i>hé</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Div. I</th> <th>Div. II</th> <th>III mixed</th> <th>III indep.</th> <th>Div. IV </th> <th>Div. I</th> <th>Div. II</th> <th>III mixed</th> <th>III indep.</th> <th>Div. IV </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">果</span></span> <i>guǒ</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">歌</span></span> <i>-a</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">歌</span></span> <i>-ja</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">戈</span></span> <i>-wa</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">戈</span></span> <i>-jwa</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">假</span></span> <i>jiǎ</i> </th> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">麻</span></span> <i>-æ</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">麻</span></span> <i>-jæ</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">麻</span></span> <i>-wæ</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">遇</span></span> <i>yù</i> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魚</span></span> <i>-jo</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">模</span></span> <i>-u</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">虞</span></span> <i>-ju</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蟹</span></span> <i>xiè</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咍</span></span> <i>-oj</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皆</span></span> <i>-ɛj</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祭</span></span> <i>-j(i)ejH</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齊</span></span> <i>-ej</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">灰</span></span> <i>-woj</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皆</span></span> <i>-wɛj</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祭</span></span> <i>-jw(i)ejH</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齊</span></span> <i>-wej</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">佳</span></span> <i>-ɛɨ</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">佳</span></span> <i>-wɛɨ</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泰</span></span> <i>-ajH</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夬</span></span> <i>-æjH</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廢</span></span> <i>-jojH</i></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泰</span></span> <i>-wajH</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夬</span></span> <i>-wæjH</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廢</span></span> <i>-jwojH</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">止</span></span> <i>zhǐ</i> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">支</span></span> <i>-j(i)e</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">支</span></span> <i>-jw(i)e</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">脂</span></span> <i>-(j)ij</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">脂</span></span> <i>-(j)wij</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">之</span></span> <i>-i</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微</span></span> <i>-jɨj</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微</span></span> <i>-jwɨj</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">效</span></span> <i>xiào</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">豪</span></span> <i>-aw</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">肴</span></span> <i>-æw</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宵</span></span> <i>-j(i)ew</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕭</span></span> <i>-ew</i> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">流</span></span> <i>liú</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侯</span></span> <i>-uw</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尤</span></span> <i>-juw</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">幽</span></span> <i>-jiw</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>-j-</i> of division III finals is omitted after palatal initials, which end in <i>-y-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finals ending in nasals <i>-m</i>, <i>-n</i> and <i>-ng</i> could occur in the level, rising or departing tones, with parallel finals ending in <i>-p</i>, <i>-t</i> and <i>-k</i> placed in the entering tone. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Nasal codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rhyme<br />class </th> <th colspan="5"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">開</span></span> <i>kāi</i> </th> <th colspan="5"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> <i>hé</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Div. I</th> <th>Div. II</th> <th>III mixed</th> <th>III indep.</th> <th>Div. IV </th> <th>Div. I</th> <th>Div. II</th> <th>III mixed</th> <th>III indep.</th> <th>Div. IV </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咸</span></span> <i>xián</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">談</span></span> <i>-am</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">銜</span></span> <i>-æm</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嚴</span></span> <i>-jæm</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">凡</span></span> <i>-jom</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">覃</span></span> <i>-om</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咸</span></span> <i>-ɛm</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鹽</span></span> <i>-j(i)em</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">添</span></span> <i>-em</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">深</span></span> <i>shēn</i> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侵</span></span> <i>-(j)im</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">山</span></span> <i>shān</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">寒</span></span> <i>-an</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刪</span></span> <i>-æn</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元</span></span> <i>-jon</i></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">桓</span></span> <i>-wan</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刪</span></span> <i>-wæn</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元</span></span> <i>-jwon</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">山</span></span> <i>-ɛn</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仙</span></span> <i>-j(i)en</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先</span></span> <i>-en</i> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">山</span></span> <i>-wɛn</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仙</span></span> <i>-jw(i)en</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先</span></span> <i>-wen</i> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">瑧</span></span> <i>zhēn</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">痕</span></span> <i>-on</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">臻</span></span> <i>-in</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷</span></span> <i>-jɨn</i></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魂</span></span> <i>-won</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文</span></span> <i>-jun</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">真</span></span> <i>-(j)in</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">諄</span></span> <i>-(j)win</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宕</span></span> <i>dàng</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐</span></span> <i>-ang</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陽</span></span> <i>-jang</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐</span></span> <i>-wang</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陽</span></span> <i>-jwang</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梗</span></span> <i>gěng</i> </th> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庚</span></span> <i>-æng</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庚</span></span> <i>-jæng</i></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庚</span></span> <i>-wæng</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庚</span></span> <i>-jwæng</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">耕</span></span> <i>-ɛng</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清</span></span> <i>-jieng</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青</span></span> <i>-eng</i> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">耕</span></span> <i>-wɛng</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清</span></span> <i>-jwieng</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青</span></span> <i>-weng</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曾</span></span> <i>zēng</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">登</span></span> <i>-ong</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒸</span></span> <i>-ing</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">登</span></span> <i>-wong</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒸</span></span> <i>-wing</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">通</span></span> <i>tōng</i> </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">東</span></span> <i>-uwng</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">東</span></span> <i>-juwng</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">冬</span></span> <i>-owng</i></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍾</span></span> <i>-jowng</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">江</span></span> <i>jiāng</i> </th> <td></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">江</span></span> <i>-æwng</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vowels <i>æ</i>, <i>ɛ</i> and <i>ɨ</i> are spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨+⟩</span> in the ASCII transcription of the Baxter system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rising tone is marked with a trailing <i>X</i>, the departing tone with a trailing <i>H</i>. The level and entering tones are unmarked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231–32_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231–32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">幽</span></span> <i>-jiw</i> final also occurs after a few dental and sibilant initials, where it is spelled <i>-iw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199281_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">臻</span></span> <i>-in</i> final occurs only after retroflex sibilants, and is in complementary distribution with <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">真</span></span> <i>-in</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992821_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992821-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清</span></span> <i>-jieng</i> final is spelled <i>-jeng</i> after dental and sibilant initials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199280–81_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199280–81-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824–28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824–28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 24–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–40-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–40_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 33–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198828–34-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198828–34_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 28–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–43-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–43_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199269–81-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199269–81_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 69–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199227,_818–819-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199227,_818–819_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 27, 818–819.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2006269-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2006269_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199245–46-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199245–46_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199281-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199281_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992821-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992821_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 821.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199280–81-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199280–81_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231–32-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199231–32_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a> (1992), <i>A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology</i>, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1"><bdi>978-3-11-012324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012324-1&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaxter%27s+transcription+for+Middle+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranner2006" class="citation cs2">Branner, David Prager (2006), "Appendix II: Comparative Transcriptions of Rime Table Phonology", in Branner, David Prager (ed.), <i>The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 265–302, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8"><bdi>978-90-272-4785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+II%3A+Comparative+Transcriptions+of+Rime+Table+Phonology&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=265-302&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaxter%27s+transcription+for+Middle+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988), <i>Chinese</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaxter%27s+transcription+for+Middle+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2000" class="citation web cs1">Baxter, William H. (28 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120119/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/pdf/d001-020.pdf">"An Etymological Dictionary of Common Chinese Characters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/pdf/d001-020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Common+Chinese+Characters&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~wbaxter%2Fpdf%2Fd001-020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaxter%27s+transcription+for+Middle+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2006" class="citation web cs1">Baxter, William H. (7 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lodel.ehess.fr/crlao/docannexe.php?id=1227">"Middle Chinese readings in Baxter's notation for 9000 Guangyun characters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese+readings+in+Baxter%27s+notation+for+9000+Guangyun+characters&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flodel.ehess.fr%2Fcrlao%2Fdocannexe.php%3Fid%3D1227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaxter%27s+transcription+for+Middle+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&oldid=1220596575">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese&oldid=1220596575</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Chinese" title="Category:Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_1990s" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1990s">Writing systems introduced in the 1990s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transcription_of_Chinese" title="Category:Transcription of Chinese">Transcription of Chinese</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 April 2024, at 19:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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